66

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|JBrlsqY

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BIIBrlsnYurelsall-qlnos Jo lsorod uraqlnos oql q asBasl(I Jo suollBrlldrul lBrlSolorfl aqJ

9 Ii!IJdVHJ Table 1 Diseasesof the Ercalypt&r speciesoccurring in the Woo&hip Licence Area in southrvestemAustralia. X indicatesoccurence of disease,susceptibility obtained from inoculation or observationindicated in parenthesisand referencenumber ill sq)erscript.

Red FloweF Tingle DiseaselPathogen ing Gum Yellow Red

SOUTH-WESTERNAUSTRALIA

ROOT CANKERS PlEtophthora cimanoni xGf'Y (R)ro (Rf (R)' x(Ms)"'Y G', Phltophthora citricola (Msf (MS)t" Plty top ht hor a dr echs ler i r Phy topht hor a me g asperm a (R-Ms)k. vllf. soJae Phy top ht lwr a nicotiana e r Phytoptt ora nicoriarae (MS)kr vat. p@asirica wooD RoTs Armillaria lu eobubalina X(Ms)h'r'P X(Ms-MR)*n x(Ms-Mn;h'Px(s)P (White rot) Phellhu$ gilvus xs'* Phellinus rimosus xt'' (White pocket heart rot) Piptoporus austaliensi$ xs'* (Brown cubical hes.t tot) Piptoporusportefiosus x&* (Brown rot) Po typ o r us p eI li culos us Xt,* (Brown powdery rct) Polyporus tumulosus x?c.* (Heafi ro$ Poria mutaB xs'* (Yellow straw rot)

BRANCH AND STEM CANKERS Botryosphoeio ibis rG){ r tr(Ms)q r Endothiagyrcsa r r )f Ranulorio pirereka x(s)t" x(sI'" (Sporotichum d esbuctor'!)

LEAF SPOTS Daisionellz eucalypti Faimaniella sp. L eptom e lanc o ni un a ust r ali erce r Phoma sp. r

UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY Brown wood x Crown decline x

100 r01

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(^rapll^l ,&ap^Lod) r(s^)x aoplwaqqo ocaqotao4dg rX lrqttl olsauloH srods Jva'I

€x oata4c 4tf,itog xlDrNvc I lals

J (peu.rtuun)'ds otor4rldotttl4 x oa 3 o t dtur Dr oqtqdottt l J .x lluou@uulco,totltrldot Kqd cJo 9NIdI lvq

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lix wflullDp?tbtto mllaqtoctw ,x 'ds onalaoqdsottt^J qx ydQocna otodsoc.taS slods dva'I ,x oroxluosslp oltolD$ad il( osort8 olqtopuT "x aoqoa D oJodsot(C sda)Nvc htals

J m,q13 smtlpaq4 'lx ouloqnqoatq oyollluuv srod qoo,^d. vrTvursnvNusJssat-Hmos sfi srno

pat ^lollel rttng &t! urSoqlsd/rosBesrq oopurA qurBl qgurJ -re^\ou ped glg)t IJJBIAI g,,tuor) | .tqsl More is known of environmental factors affecting important form of reproduction of homotballic species disease and 0re ecology of pathogens occuring in srch as P, citricola and P. megasperma var. sojae south-westem Australia, than on the implications of because the thick-walled spores ere more resisiant to disease in an ecosystem conlext. For this reason tbe desiccation than mospores, diseases occurring ia the forests of south-westem Australia are described under five broad types (Iable Favourable environments for sporulation and survival vary 1). Table 2 summarizes the life cycles and Table 3 between areas and from ye3r to year. The coincidence possible implications of representative pathogens for of warm moist conditions depends on the commencement the four disease types of known etiology. As an aid 0o atrd finishing of frontal winter rains, the the assessment of potential disease problems, Table I frequency of summer rain, the occurrence of water-geining also includes those pathogens reported when the areas from near-surface seepage above impeding Euca.Iyptus species were grown outside of horimns within the soil profile, the amount south-weslernAustralia and in nurseries. of soil cover, and of disturbance. The dishibution of susceptible host malerial is also an important factor.

Infected moist soil moved by human activity is the DISEASES OF JARRAII, KARRI, main way the Phytophthora species are dispersed over MARRI AND WANDOO FORESTS OF large distances. Natural dispersal occurs by water flowing in surface and near-surface SOUTH- drainage systems and by growth through root systems (lable 2).

Root Cankers Phyophthora cinnatnomi snd, P. citicola arc the most frequently recovered and widely distributed PhytophJhoraspecies are the main pathogensinfecting Phyophthora species in the southem forest region secondary phloem of roots of Eucatyptus tn (Table 4). T\e two Phytophthora species have been south-western Australia (Table l). Although mainly recovered nrainly from janah (E. marginata) forest, root pathogens,Phytophthora species can also invade but also from karri (E. forest (Schuster the collar and lower stem. The Phytophthora species Qiversicolor) 1978; Shrkely and Hill', personal commrmication; in Table I are introduced soil borne opportunists unpublished reports by CALM's dieback mapping whose life cycles are characteristically dependenton group). Often sympiom expression is zubtle, resulting noisture for sporulation, survival and dispersal (Dell in underestimation of the occurrence of the and Malajczuk 1989; Shearerand Tippett 1989).The Phytophthora species in southern forests. Disease may soils and topography in conjunction with the only be evident as sparsely scatlered deaths of hyclrological cycle and a susceptibleplant comrnunity susceptible hosts, I-arge areas are classified as of south-western Australia have provided niches uninterpretable (Table 4) because of either the lack of whereby Phytoplxhora species can survive dry visible susceptible indicator species on aerial conditions, despite the harsh dry summersexperienced photograpbs or resistant species have colonized and in the region. The inieractions that have created the dominate infected areas in which the susceptible diversity of microenvironments and conditions vegetation has been kitled. Checks on the ground may favourable for spodation, survival and dispersal of improve the precision of inlerpretation by identifying Pltytophthora species in south-westem Australia are infection in the shrub layer not evident on aerial detailed in Shearer and Tippett (1989) and can only photograplrs. An area infected with P. cinnqrnomi was briefly be describedhere. mapped through a kari stand in this manner (Cell 13 Phytophthora species are probably r strategistsin Report by CALM's dieback mapping group). the r-K continuum of MacArthur and Wilsou (1967) as Unrecog zed infections in uninterpretable areas bave they can quickly reproduce and complete their life the potential of providing sources of inoculum for cycles (fable 2) when conditions are favourable. The inadvertent spread, sporangium-zoosporecycle can rapidly produce and Infections associated with P. citricolq have been releaselarge numbers of zoospores(Table 2) into the noted as part of mapping for P. cinnqmomi, bna fu soil when conditions are warm and moist. Favourable areas infected by P. citricola have not been conditions for sporulation in the mediterraneanclimate determined. Inpact of P. citricoln is confined to experiencedin south-westemAustralia, are most likely isolaied deaths in the shrub layer. However, little is to occur in auturnn and spring. Low temperaturesin known of the susceptibility of native flora to winter and low moisture levels in summer inhibit P. citricola infection. sporulation. Conditions for survival are not as restrictive as those for sporulation aud the fungi survive wherever the soil is moist or infected host tissue is present. Sexual production of oosporesis an I M,.I. StukelyanC T. Hill, CALM, Como

102 €0r

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BII"JlsnV uJelsa^1,-qlnosJo EseJoJ ur SutunoJo sueSoqlrd p8rm3 pelceles go ,{3olo€ eql Jo ,{reurutng z elq?r Table 3 Summary of the imptcations of infection of selectedfungal pathogensoccuring in forests or south-*estem Australia Disease/Pathogen Factor Root cankers Wood rots Stem cankers l,€af spots (Pttytophthora lArmillaria (Piptoponts (Botryosphaeria ciruanom, Ineobrbaliaa) ausrraliensis) nbis) Host range very wide very wide naIIow widc naEow? Impact on: ,| Understorey death death none ,| ,| Regeneration death death none 1 Overstorey decline & death decline & death decline & decline & death deolino deoth Effeot on diversity reduction rcduction none ? ? Part of natural not in past, but yes yes probablyn probably succession now an influence Occurrenceof damage all stages all stages thirming,harvest all stages all stages in host rotation, utilization Affects growth of reduce(?) rcduc€(?) none(?) reduce-{?) none(?) Et6alypttlt host

Canopy reduction ye3 yes no yes some Influences energy & yes y€s yes yes yes nutrient cycling

Hazard rating yes no no no no

Rating of risk of pgssible no llo no no infection Controloptions: Minimizo disturbance yes yes yes ye3 yes Current hygiene applicable applicable a nla nla pructices Reductionby fre of: suso?tiblehosts inoculum inoculum inoculum inoculum Reductionby inoculum substrate& substrute& ? ? antagonistsol inoculum inoculum Enhancehost ? rcduce stress rcduce stress r€duca $tress rcduce resistance str€s$ Fertilization ?'! ? ? ,l unemtcal spotinfections nla nla nla nla Resistanco inrehabilitation inrehabilitation ,| ,| ,|

? = insuffrcientinformation n/a = not applicablc a endemicfungi would

.Researchconducted in the northem jarrah forest the intensity of human activity betwe€n the regions, provides most of the information on the ecology of resulb from research in northern forest csnnot be P. cinnarnomi in south-westernAustralia (Shearerand extrapolated south of the Preston River (Shearer and Tippett 1989). I-ess research has been done on Tippett 1989). P, cinnatnotni in southern forests; this is documented Chrislensen (1975) monitored moishue in four publications (Palzer and Rockel 1973; end iemprature in the top 75 nn of soil and formd thst Cbristensen1975; Schusler1978; Strelein 1988) and a removal of canopy, scrub or report (Grant and Blankendaal 1988). Because of litter cover fron the soil increased differences in climate, landform, soils, vegetation and the coincidence of wann moist conditions

\M 90r

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factors have effected differences in disease incidence Wood Rots and impact between the two regions. Wood rotting fungi have cellulolytic and lignolitic Historically, southem jarrah forest has been enzymes and are important contributors to nutrient exposed to less disturbance that favours spread and cycling within an ecosystemthrough the decomposition intensifrcation of P. cinnamomi than northern forest. of material including standing timber. Table 1 Most of the northern forest has been logged at least lists only decay organisms that attack the sapwood or two or three times (Abbott and Loneragan 1986) while heartwood of standing trees. The volume of timber lost southern forest has mainly been logged only once. through decay has not been determined for forests of Southem forest has not be€n exposed to the south-westem Australia, despite the growing widespread mineral exploration and 0re road appreciation of the need for betier utilization and construction and earth movement associated with conservationof the present timber resource. bauxite mining carried out in northern forest. Little research has been undertaken on the ecology Strelein (1988) and Christensen(1975) suggestthat of wood rots caused by basidiomyceles (Table 1) that disturbance from more intensive managementmay lead are native to south-western Australia (Table 2). to intensification of diseaseowing to P. cintnmomi it Tamblyn (1937) determined the identity and incidence southern forest. Accurate predictions are difhcult, of a number of decay fi.mgi in south-western forests however, without more information on the influence of (Table 1) and the was updated by Hilion the microclimates experiencedin southern forest on the (1982, 1988). A general description of wood rotting development of P. ci namomi. Furthermore, the use fungi attacking sianding jarrah is given by l{lltot et al. of integrated control can rninimize the effects of (1989). disturbance ot P. cintamomi intensification and Although specific details are lacking, the life cycles spread. Hygiene procedures aheady in practice of the wood rotting fungi occurring in forests of (Underwood and Murch 1984) need to be integrated south-weslern Australia (Table 2) are comparable to with control methods that reduce the rate of disease similar organisms in other forests. Wood rotting fungi development. However, integrated control measures can be considered as intermediate or J( strategists ir require further development before practical the r-K continuum (MacArther and Wilson 1967) as application (Shearer and Tippett 1989). their life cycles are mainly dependenton the ability to Localized death of jarrah has occurred in infected maintain stable population canying capacity (K; from areas of southem forest, but little is known of the annual reproduction (Table 2). This is in contrast to timing of these deaths and the climatic conditions the / strategists, such as the causal firngi of root and when they occurred. The hazard rating system of stem cankers, that have fluctuating population levels Grant and Blankendaal (1988) allows the mapping of and rapid reproduction (Table 2) in response to high hazard sites, but cannot predict how quickly transient favourable conditions in a fluctuatins disease will be expressed following infection. envlronment. Prediction of the rate of diseaseexpression in sites of Infection from wood decay fungi occurs mainly different hazard ratings needs a better understanding, from aerial dispersed basidiospores or through than is presently available, of the occurrence of mycelium in root systems. Basidiospores, formed by conditions favourable for P. cinnunomi sporulation sexual recombination of gametes, are shed in winter and survival and host infection in southem forest sites, from annual or perennial fruiting bodies found on especially at depth in the soil profile. decayed roots and stems of dead and living trees, Host studies have shown that site factors affect the Fruiting bodies of A. luteobubalina are rrninly susceptibility of jarrah to invasion by P. cinnamomi produced in June and July (Pearce er al. 1986; Shearer (Tippett €/ al. 1987). The susceptibility of jarrah on and Tippett 1988), but the environmental stimuli sites of different hazard ratings has yet to be assessed. favouring fruiting at this time of the year are poody Insufficient is known of the physiological status of host understood. Dead trees foltowing wildfrre, or karri on different sites under different climatic and stumps left after logging may provide a long-term food management conditions to determine when and for base for sporulation of Phelinus species tbat cause how long some species are vulnerable to infection and serious heartwood decay of standing trees (Pearce and invasion by P. ci nalnomi (Shearer and Tippett 1989). Malajczuk 1990a). On intermediate hazard sites where jarrah is likely to Infection points for entry of germinating survive, the effect of P, cirnrunomi infection on basidiosporesare mainly provided by wounds caused regeneration, growth and leaf area is poorly by fire, logging injuries, dead or broken limbs or understood0able 3). insect damage. The effect of environment on the survival and infectivity of basidiosporesof most decay

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JoJ sed,{loue8 luereJJrpJo uollnqglslp pu" requnu '(ggOf ueddlt puu rerueqg) poulruJeleP eql sad.(1oua8luereJJrp Jo suollceJul Jo uo4nql4slp 'snonutuoJsrp q ol 1ef sBq uoqcqrrl o1 esuodser uI uoll€uel alaiJsrp " ul sllnser se.rodsotptsuq o1 uaEoqled Jo lsoq Jo ed,(loueE eql Jo sJolcEJ pesradsrpleuee puu slutod uoltceJulJo uoqnqlllslp €qJ 'Ers 'l€rluelod 'sserls 'slsoJoJ crlslu{c pu" Iros runF.osl tr€rlBllsnv tuelse,\\-rDnosw PaururleleP ueeq JO UolnqrJluoc eql PUE u^\oDI lou sr uoll€ua^ slql tou sfl{ pue (0/6I U1:re1,tDpoolsropun ,{1:ood sr t8ury forests. Nevertheless care must be taken that forest but the identity remains uncertaia until fresh isolates operations do not shift the balance ia favour of the can be examined (Walker and Bertus 1971). fungi by providing infection sites through wounding Canker fungi are opporhrnistic r strategists (fable and a large food base for reproduction. Information on 2). They spodate in dead bark and are dispersed as the distribution, incidence and ecology of fungi sexually produced ascospores in wind currents or causing decay is needed to predict the effects of forest asexually produced pycnidiospores in rain splash. operations on decay organisms under different climatic Entry of germinating spores is probably gained and site conditions, through lenticels or wounds from branch shrbs, broken and sapwood Stem and Branch Cankers branches and insect damage. Phloem invasion results in sunken cracked areas on the stem Even though tle incidence of eucalypt dieback-decline that may expose the xylem and exude kino. Girdling has increased in south-western Australia since the by cankers can result in gradual decline from death of 1970s (Kimber 1980), the contribution of canker fungi twigs and lateral branches to rapid death of leaders. to stem and branch deatl has largely been ignored. No determination bas been made of the losses of leaf Mortality and decline of marri and red flowering gum area and tree function from stem and branch death in (8. fcifolia) was associated with slem cankers in the forests of south-westem Australia. Progressive canker mid 1930s (Smifi 1970). Davison and Tay (1983) development may lead to death of diseased trees identifred a number of pathogenic fungi associated with (Smith 1970; Shearer e, al. 1987b). stem and branch cankers of forest trees in south-westem Australia. Canker flrngi were associated Disease caused by canker fungi can be aggravated with a complex of factors causing crown declile of by transient stress factors (Schoeneweiss1975). Trees wandoo (.8 wandoo) (Nbone 1989). Severe cankering planied outside the normal geographic range may of marri in southem forest is causing concem experience environmental stress with an associated (C. Mulfer2 personal communicarrbn), bui bas not decline in resistance to infection by canker organisms been investigated. (Shearer er al. 1987b). Stress from defoliation by insects (Abbott, this volume) can predispose tre€s to Table I lists the primary pathogens that cause canker organisms (Schoeneweiss1975). perennial cankers. Not included are fungi tbat are frequently isolated from cankers but are nonagressive Leaf Spob facultative parasiie (e.g. Cytospora eucalypticola). There has been no syslematic investigation of leaf spot Botryosphaeria ribr.s is an aggressive pathogen widely firngi on forest trees in south-westem Australia similar distributed in tropical and temperate regions and able to shrdies in eastem Australia (e.g. Park and Keane to infe{t at least 34 genera and 20 families of plants 1982). Table 1 list leaf spot fungi collected and (Smith 1934). Wlereas B. ribis is possibly an identified during the investigation of other pathogenic introduced pathogen (Davison and Tay 1983), organisms. More species, than ilr Table 1, would be Ramularia pitereka is probably native to south-western described from a systematic survey of leaf spots on Australia (Walker and Bertus 1971). Although Davison eucalypts in south-weslernAustraUa. and Tay (1983) corsrder Endothiq gyrosq to be native to the region, Walker (1987) questions the native In general leaf spots are opportunistic r strategists status of this pathogen. (Table 2). They sporulate in lesions and are dispersed as sexually produced ascospores in wind currents or IIow the canker causing fungi complele their life asexually produced conidia in air and pycnidiospores cycles in south-westem forest is poorly understood, in rairr splash. Many leaf spot fungi are weak This is complicated by uncertainties in the identity of facultative pathogens and are associated with insect canker fungi. The identity of ttp Endothia gyosa ia damage to leaves. south-weslem forests was recently confirmed by isozyme analysis against voucher specimens Most of the leaf spot frrngi of eucalypts would be (E. Davison', personal communiccrion). The firngus native to south-weslem Australia and play an causing the canker on red flowering gum was called important role in litter decomposition and nutrient Sporotrichtan destructor, but the name was never cycling. Defoliation of eucalypt seedlings by validly published and no description of the firngus host-specific leaf pathogens affect the composition of exists in the literature. The fungus causing cankering regeneration in forests of easlem Australia @urdon of red flowering gum and marri rrny be R. pitereka, and Chilvers 1974). Severe defoliation of eucalypts by leaf spots has not been reported in Western Australia. Karri seedlings are very susceptible io leaf infection by 2 C. Muller, CAIM, Bunbury 3 E. Davison,CALM, Como 60t

'8, otut: slqy pue sercads o.to1lt1dofiq4 pacnpoJlur eseasrp epedur o1 ,{1e.lqce11oc1cr 1uq1 uelsfsoce 'sruegs,{soce ,{1r,rr1ce ueum11 lsero; ur espeslp lseJoJ s Jo f1rs.re,,rrpcrleue8 pue lplueuruoJrluaoJcrru puE 'lBlnlcn4s IoJluoc ro o1EABJSSEreq11a o1 ueSoqled e 3o e1c,{c orJBtu crlsllelca]Eqc aqg sesrrduoc .(tg6l oJII eqt Jo sU?d luaJaJJp tceJJB slrorlce rrrrunH ,{ sre^rp l€uortcmJ peqsA pup roouro :g16l suels,{sooe 'uorlcaJur lprurqJs) lseJoJ ;o ,(lrsre,rtp lsuoqcurg ol saeJl eqt i(q petu8qrur eq ol pareplsuoc $ essesrp puerds sesodsrpeld pue 3o uorlerJoJapruo{ ssaJls puB spuno^i pu? esEeJcrIl elBJ pu? uorl€rllur .uorlua^JEut .peurruslep Jo orIJ Jo ecqoPrcu eql ses?aJcurlcEle l€sul uuurnq fq lnoqe lq8no:q ,{1utruracurlequl ;o ruoldur,(s eq ol speau sueSoqludgo selcfc a;q uo slsed lcasur eql e:otu Sureq 'uorldecxe 'lseroJ eql sr e8rruyp Suqelselep Jo qreJJe eqJ ruaqlnos ur sueSoqlud salc,{c .a8euvp Jo Sursnuceseasrq 3urle1se,rap;o ueql se8ueqc eJll eql lueserd 1e elqBIr"ABsr uvql SurpuEs:epun Jo rurel-3uo1 luelsrsred Jo uoqceual B u€Uo eJoru snql Je eq qcnu s serrnber espesrp uo elururlr .Jncco e:e suoqelndod 1uu1duo eseesrpJo slcaJJaeqJ ur seSueqc aqJ .stsaloJ uaqlnos l?rluepd Jo EceJJa i(eqgqcq,r rn suorlrpdod luu1d eq1 ,{grpour,(llpnuluoc ur pecuauedxe slueuruoJrlue erp ur ,{lqtqqdecsns 'suels,{soJe sueSoqled Jo Suruogcurgeq1 go lrud sy pIJB uorloeJul lsoq sB lle^\ se peerds puu uorlep:ods 'l"Ar^Jns "senp,r ueSoqled JoJ sluauermber cgrcads uoqcnpord eql uo papeau s! uorlerrrloJrn aro;41 ',ftt,r.qcu uurunq pup uorlzl-resqoc uo slceJJBsnouelelep ol SurpJoJcB 'ueEorllEd ,lsoq prrE luauuorr^ue uaa,rleq suorlcBJelur elqrssod eq ueqt plno^\ es"esrp Jo ecuayodur .(gSOt) ;o xeldruoc B ruJoJ slseJoJuJerlnos sr sesresrper{J e^leler eg go 3ur1uv5 ,(sf pup uosrl€C ,{q sraluuc uo ,sue8oqlzd '(I ,(e,t.rnseql ,{q peleJlsn r s? elqsJ) peuruuelep eq ol llrls sBqsestesrp pazruSocelm ,(1snor.le.rd(;guap1 p1no,u .?rlsrlsnv s,(e,rrns qcng Jo Jequnu " esnEc erLL ulelse^\-qlnos 'BIleJlsnV Jo rualse,tr-qlnosJo ESeJoJur esaasrp Sursnut w poolsreprm ,{llood eJ? pur pele8qse,rur sueSoqlzd3o eJueplcur puu ,{1r1uapreql uo uonauloJur ueaq e^Eg spds geel puB .sre{u€c lou qcu8Jq pu? ruals e,.'ordrur ol peJlnbeJ el€ s,{earns ctleruals,{5 'fpr€p poo,!\ Eursnm r8ung a\Il prtz. ,turowouuv .d urql roqlo seyceds otoqn1dotKrq4 3o se1c,{c e;q eq1 'JeAe,,t\oH'(€ SNOISN'IJNOJ elq8J) sue1s,(socelseroy ;o Suuogcrng eq1 ur lrud r {z1d puz ?rlBJlsnv uelse^\-qlnos 'uollqseroJ?al (q uorso:e pue ,ftur1us;o Jo se^-rleu err I alqBJ ur pelsll sueSoqled eq1 loJluoJaqt pue rpur{s.;o uorsr.r.ordeql sE qJns sJnlu^ ;o ,{uep1 (7 elqea) 1sa:o3rueqlnos ur asresrp Sursnec ,{lruarxe'seSJoA eprspeol Jo uotlellesuoc,slqrq€q sueSoqledeql yo se1c,(ceJll perJBA aq1go SurpuEsrepun eJIIplI,r JoJ suorlecrldrur snorlqo stq eurlJep-{Juqerp ue serrnhor eseesrpJo uoqecrldurreql sqoqcrpeld Jo q8norql uorlelsero;€q esnzJ aql Jo uotlBuruualep '16961 eqt selecqdwoc ualgo 'sueSoqled 11edd11 ,(q uoqce3ur o1 seerl esodsrperd ssarls pus JeJReqS) ,{ll(munuoc luu1d alqqdecms ,(1uruu 1rq1 cqorq ro ctqdepa 'crl€u.rllc 'srolcp,J .ursuecun lnq esrelrp r o1 e8erurp Sursnuce8uer epr,t sB qcns Jo uorsseccnseqJ leer8 lsoq 'sasnBc sr ,{3o1oqeeql lnq palse33nse:e sueSoqled e rpr,r uaSoqlad pecnpolur uu ;o elduruxe puorldecxe 114s pug uB sr lseJoJ qe.rcf eql uo uorlceJur twoaDuutJ .d Esad'ecuBqlnlsrp,flrurl€s,lq8nolp,lsog ruo{ e8eureq 'uoquel1e lcedtur eql 'sor1rrurJ esre,,rrp uor3 serceds elllJl pe^receJ sErI eurlJ€p-{c"qep 3o ,Je^eaoH Jo sesnac eq1 go uotle8rlse^ul .(9g6l 1uu1dgo e8urr ept,rl B lceJw pu" plJo,,lr eql 1o suor8a: eeqg pue 1eddr1 :096I reqtur;4) epecep eql ra^o lecrdorl-qns puz el"JedurE ur lrelnqulsp ,{lepu 1s"[ '(6961 ID€oPeluos eullcep uo{ pereJJns eru sueSoqlud aseqJ 11eddr; pue rerueq5) Pu" eAEqs"eJ" IaJnI pu? EtE4SnV Uelse^l-qlnos qlur pecnpo4rn ueeq e^sq oslB EseroJ rn oopup,r\ puB rJJBtuJo sEaJBeruos Keut rwowouurc 'd rrerll Jaqlo sewads o.toqtqdo$t14 'pnle8qse,rur3ureq,(puerrnc 'QL6l re8po4 puu \eN) .d {ooq lwowttuutr arr ,(lqrqeeutred pue ,(lqrqernp Jeqrurl uo lceJJa puu (/g6I reII"iA) osotK8 .g .(eSOr ,(uJ .slsoc slr puu loJ rr,rorq Jo asneJ eqJ Surlpru pesee:cur puv uosr^"() uqu 'g Klaweu.Brl?Jlsnv urelsenA-qlnos pu" ,fte^ocer pecnpeJ ol Suraro urecuoc sesnrc oltn pernpoJlrrr ue€q e^"q I eIqBJ r{ IrotsrT su€Eoqled 'stseJoJ ql,ror8er ruorg 'e8uer lI s3o1 ur srncco osly pue aql Jo eeJql 1see11y lsoq epr,,\\ e r4r,n suaSoqled s3o1alusr::a1 ql,tror8er ur ,{puenbe:g srncco poo^\ Jo peJnpoJlur lsure8y sruels,{soceraggnq louuec uaSoqlud ',{Soyoge Suruaorg u,noulun Jo sesaesrperu ooprr"A\ puB lsoq Jo uorlnlo^eoc puB ,{lrsJa^rp l"uoqcunC Pu€ t]Isru Jo auqcep-Iceqolp puB utp{ Jo poo,t\ u/(org .(9/6I .{€W) secuslsrneruos ur ,{8olonf, ,flrsJe^lp u^{ou{ufl asBesrpJo EceJJeeql SurtB8rlJurw uBqt elol Eurzrpqqs releet8 r e.req {rur uoqnlo,teo3 .pellol€oc .ua\ou{ e.teg ueSoqlud pw lsoq arurl go rp8uey eq1 o1 lou sr pleg eql ur lueuqsrTqqse pue ,{lrllqqdecsns peteleJ osl" sr sseastpqlln adoc o1 urEs,{s e;o ,Qqrqe Suqpees u:rq uo uorlceJsr .replrur ,{rep,nod go '(t eqJ (816I lpluqcs) eurl pus ecads u1 luaurdola.rap lceJJea{L alqe'1) ,{resrnu eql ur sareplru f,_rep,,nod diverse but susceptible plant commrmities of forests of HIGH PRIORITY ADDITIONAL south-weslem Australia. Movement of infected soils by RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS human activity is an important raechanism of dispersal of Phytophthorq species and has necassitated the Shearer and Tippett (1989) detail research priority commitment of considerable resources into hygiene areas and questions for P. cinnamomi and other messures to prevent and ninimize this type of spread. Phyophthora species. Research on diseases in southern Fungi causing wood decay, cankers and leaf spots are forests needing immediale attention are listed in order mainly dispersed by natural neans (Table 2), but care of priority: must be taken io ensure that human &ctivity does not . Determine the cause of cankering and dieback cause wolmds favourable to infection (Table 2). decline of marri and options for control. Cutting ftequency and regeneration from coppice stumps can exacerbate the ilcidence of wood decay. r Develop a data base of the susceptibility of plant Fire may cause wounds favourable for infection by species to Phytophthora species and delermine the decay fungi, but destroy inoculum of canker and leaf long-term effects of hfection on community spot fungi, Stand management must aim to prevent diversity. stress and physiological imbalance that may predispose . a tree species to infection. Determine the relationships between climatic events and the processes affecting the development of The life cycles of different pathogens can be linked P. cinnamomi avJ P. citricola and host infection in by the stimuli and iateractions occurrirg within forest soil profiles of southem forest. Use the information ecosystems. Care must therefore be taken to ensure to apply risk and hazard rating systems. that the management of a forest does not consider a o few pathogens to the exclusion of others that may Identify and rank diseases in southern forest from occur, an assessmentof thei impact and potential threat to forest health.

CURRENT RESEARCH . REFERENCES Identification of the organisms causing brown wood in (1986). karri is the only current research on disease being Abbott, I. and I-oneragan, O. Ecology of undertaken in southem forcst. Armillaria luteobubalina janah (Eucalytus mqrginqtq) in the northem is an intermediate-K strategist and probably sensitive jarrah forest of Western Australia. Department of to control by reducing the food base for reproduction. Conservation and I-and Manasement Research The use of decay fungi !o reduce stumps as a food Bulletin 1. base for ,4. luteobubalin& in southem forest has been Albone, P. (1989). Wandoo dieback. In Insect qnd investigated (Pearce and Malajczuk i990b). Rural Tree Declinc: In Search of Solutions. (ed. B. Research on diseases in the forest is mainly being Schur), Denmark Environment Centre, Weslem carried out north of the Preston River or in woodlands Australia, 17-18. and shrublands of the coastal Research is Plain. Alexopoulos, CJ. (1962). Introductory Mycology. continuing on the faciors affecting the development John Wiley, New York. and control of P. cinnqmomi in the northern jarrah forest (Shearer and Tippett 1989) and coastal plain Boesewinkel, H.J. (1981). A first recording of rose (Shearer and HiU 1989). Current research on mildew, Sphaerothecctpannosa, on three species of A. luteobubqlinq has determined the irnpact of the Eucalyptus. Nova Hedwigia 34, 721-730. pathogen in the wandoo forest and coastal shrublands. (1968). and Methods for pathogenicity tests are being developed.A Browne, F.G. and l-aurie, M.V. Pests survey of diebackdecline of wandoo has been Diseqses of Forest Pl{utlqtion Trees. An Annotated completed but the data requires analysis (Albone List of the Principal Species Occuring in the 1989). Brit ish Commonweqbh. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

There is no research in progress on the cause of Burdon, J.J. (1987). Diseases and Plant Populution dieback-decline diseases and carkering of marri. No Biology. Cambidge University Press, Cambridge. determination is being made of the environmental Burdon, J.J. and Chilvers, G.A. (1974). Fungal and factors affecting the life cycles of Phytophthora insect parasites contributing to niche differentiation species, ,4. luteobubaliru and other decay organisms, in mixed species stands of eucallpt saplings. stem cankers and dieback-decline of unknown etiology Australian lourutl of 22, lO3-1I4. in southern forest.

110 Y

III rolorlsa^lp nrd{prng) FrE{ eql q Dwf)qnqoafil t11to||lalv lo EreJJe pu? ecueImcco eql '60I-68'lqcerpro('sJsqsrTqnd '(986I) 'V 'C 'olr,X '1r1'1nzcfrp1r1 ''H'1,{ 'ecr"ed crruep?cv pus '(lnzclqrhl 'N 'I'I '11eq 'A rezrnp4 puz le^"H 'SE-EE'II K8ololltDd tut4l uDlsvlD4snv sya) 'walstsocg nD"uDl"tatpan raldwo3 y 'ra.rcg 'Brrolrr1 q swtdt1otng p slods;ra1 ql!,{ tIDJtot aql rq 'fa^Jns cruouoxsl puy pcrSoyoce '(286I) 'I'd 'euBex 'd'U 'IrBd '(6961) pal€rcossB!3unC prr8 uV :lseJoJ qerruf aql go r8urg re8rzl 'H'lI 'ecreed 'N 'Inzcf€IBI ''N'U 'uolllH puB I 'oe-tz '9 qc.tDasa{$ato{ uolryrasnY 'lwoumuulJ .8II-III ,0, ptoqtqdot&td ,(q uorlceJlrl o1 ,(lrgqqdecsns o1o4snV utalsaal lo fuanog 'II neql pu€ sEurlpeesurul 3o ql,nort eqt rn uoqBuBA ptoy aqr p pwno1 lrBd "rlrrlsnv ruEse1\ 'V'S 'lelcol{ 'lI'C 'rezl€d '(886I) 'N'U 'uo{!H ecrrcue^ord (gl,6l) pu" ;o lEurg reErel eql Jo snsuec V '9ZE-667,'0I 'SI-l '99 ollttqsrv uDtsaL\ 'EseroJ 'BrJcrlsnv Kto1otlodot{44lo ua!^ay lonuuv puB[BeZ {o Klalcog 1ofuy aqt p /m/lrol tuetse1\ '(286I) 'N 'uolllg ^\eN puu rr"llpJlsnv I lutowtruuD otorqtrqdotKrq1 3o t6urg reEnl erp Jo snsuer V U '(ZL6I\ 'q't 'reEpod 'I'd 'Iooq Jo elor eqJ puB \eN ' '7L LEV,EI anasry 'OOC-I8Z'8 KSogotqtodotKtq4p uanay luold 'etlerlsnv ruEse4\ rn sar.rasrnu m s1ue1d pnuuyselec(uoueufq Suqlorgueq,{q uorlurleued u,rorE-ranrEuoc qll4[ pel?rcoss?'dds otot6tt1dotttq4 '(016I) 'A\ 'llyrel '(886I) 'X 'ur"r"dusqtrse^rs 'g'9 '{pru11 lsoq pu" uorleunura8 erods I pue 'z9I-ZlI'prol\o'suorl8Jlqnd cuquerrs 'prlpilsnV u-re1sa16'lueroe8uwyl '((eI,I 'r{U 11e^DIcBlg pe) wogoctlddy puo pqe-l pu" uorl"AJesuoJ Jo luauyedaq ' saldtcutt4'(8o1ocg ytc4atoaqz uI'sellruntutuoc oded ts?JoJ qrrru! uraqtnos eqt u1 tcedun ssrc.ads-qpur In sruelBd '(9/6I) 'hl'U ',{"hI Eugcrpe:d '(886I) 'd 'lEBpue{uBlg pu? 'JAI 'luBJg

',{asre1 ,tatr1 'ssejd ,qrsJe^run .OZ-1I ,lI t8oloqtod tuDld 'Kt1dotSoa8otg uolacurrd Wolq lo &rcaq1 uDlsra.lol;sTtv'pu€lsueenb ul EUBId lquaruBuro afJ '(L96D 'O.g uosllid puB .H.U .rnquvc"hl uo sarceds ototgrqdolKtq{ '(SgOt) 'f'f 'Ereqsrod '92-ZZ 'gtl '08r-9rI lou.nof {rrsarol '!.nltll ' uocl{V rynq usawoH ,{q pesnuc seuesrnu I KJapoS 1oct3o1oqmdofi44 upayawv s3urpaaaot4 'suEs,(soca u"cr{V rllnos ur s8uqpeas sndqDxnl Jo tq8llq lseJoJ snoJeJruoc In uorsseccns '(936I) 'J'I 'uBluarod J"el V puB g'I lsmbpurrl pue 3uqc,(c lueulnu prre ,{3raue uo sesrasrp lseJoJ '(tr6l) 'd 'sqflos "I 'spuoulpg ;o lcudur eql puB U '6I-6 'SgI ytutnoT tusa-rc4 tmcr{V qmos 'ecl4y qlnog ur sadtlocna qlr.,rr pe1ercoss" '6r '(9961) 'd'V 'Jelx?{ 'g'_t 'l4.eo 13ung pu? lsFbpun'I Kwouo.tSy lo dta! aV {Joc aql rn ses"esrp oA! 'S '€rro^rlo.q 'El- 'erJqrrB] 'qcrBesed Jo ,{prqs or1 JoJ sauBumrrlerd (lg6l) LE lseJoc uorsr^r(I '(u"uqo 'd'C 'v'C 'pto '9W-EW OUISJ pu" aIDI 'hi 'Wt\poo 'tZ 'serlrrmurtroc X spe) . ?m srsarotr u! ryDqalo KSolorllDdottqdp uayoy Ttnuuy 'ErlE4snV fiQocng u1 ruEsa1\ Jo lse^\qlnos 1ue1d lsJrqeu w sueSoqled ;o acuu1todun '(086I) 'C'd 'requrJ '(t86I) 'poqsg 'V 'rooulo eql uI $lcBqerp td,(l8cng puB elor eqJ N puB

'OZ-BI 'ZI KSoloqnd tuold uols14olts'nv 'sll"rlsnv '18-1.9 'lqraryro(I rsreqsllqnd '(InzcfBIBI,N urqse A rn elD{ pu" 3wpe16 o41oqnqoaq1 c[uep"cv Je^\nl){ '1 'N 'I'I 'lle( 'g ptrolltulrv Jo oruermrrg (ggOt) S prre Ie^€H spa) ua|s4socg 'rer"eqs 'tr1 'ryzcfep11 ''U 'tutFBiA ''V 'elD{ pup C uo?uo.uatlpahl rapwo1 y ts"Jol qoJJDI' 'tuout ' 'Il aql uI uutx ototqtrldot(rl4 ,(q pasnec eseesrp LL-Eq tpfiasav tsalo{ uollpJlsnv - '(686I) 'p 'g 'lleq 'BrJolcr1 B {caqep qBrr"f lnzcfupq pu" l"Jluec ur qseJoJ 1d,{1ucnasalcads pexrur ' ' m seert Jo rp"ep pue ernlcap Jo asnuc ,{rsu ud LSZI-9821 Lg astaslQ tu2ld '(186I) 'V'C 'aII.t 'pturr&tpw B :DuqDqnqoaml Dlrollluuv snrd{lo?ng Jo sre{uuJ 1uru1 .reddn pue qcwrq '3r.n1 (ggOt) 'S'C'S '.{EJ pu? 'l^l'g 'uosr^?q 'qLZ-E9Z 'LI tlctpasav tsatol tm\Dasnv 'Euolcrl- 'lsarod '88 lBquoAA eql ur spu"ts 1d,{1ucne pexrur urJellng 8ll"4snv 'sad,{1 ur Sursnc prpad Eut,n'o11ojouryoqnqoatry DyDl1ltury ruetsart\ Jo luaugedeq qselog 6eroy 'U.86I) 'J'I's Jo slcoJJa PUB ecuaumro aql ruaqlnos eruos Jo serur8e.rerrqsrou pur e,rnlr.radrual 'lleu?f "V'C ''('I 's"IIaX 'Gr6I) 'd 'uesuelsuq3 uu8ro141pue g'U elu IoS - IcBqelp qEu"I F . Muell. ) forests of Western Australia. Australiqn Shearer, B.L. and Hill, T.C. (1989). Diseases of Forest Reseqrch 16. 243-259. Banksia wood(ands on the Bassendean and Spearwood Dune Systems. Jourrul of the Royal Pearce, M.H. and Malajczuk, N. (1990a). Stump Society of WesternAustalia 71, ll3-114. colonization by Armillaria luteobubqlita and other wood decay fungi in an age series of cut-ovei Shearer, B.L. and Tippett, J.T. (1989). Jarrah stumps in kani (Ercalyptus diversicolor) regrowtb dieback: The dlnamics of Phytophthora cinnamomi forests in south-weslem Australia. New Phytologist in the jarrah (Eucalyptus meginatq) forest of 115, 129-138. south-western Australia. Department of Conservation and l-and Manasement Research Pearce, M.H. and Malajczuk, N. (19mb). Inoculation Bulletin 3. of thimiry snJmps with wood decay fungi for control of Armillqriq Shivas, R.G. (1989). Fungal and bacterial diseasesof luteobubalina. Mycological Research 94, 32-37. plants in Westem Australia. Jourrnl of the Royal Society of rMesternAustalia, 72, 142.. Podger, F.D. (1968). Aetiology of jarrah dieback. A disease of dry sclerophyll Eucqlrytw marqinata Smith, C.O. (1934). Inoculations showing the wide Sm. forests in Westem Australia. M. Sc. thesis, host range of Botryosphaeria ribis. Journal of University of Melbourne. Agricukural Research 49 , 467-47 6 .

Schmidt, R.A. (1978). Diseases in forest ecosysiems: Smith, W.P.C. (1970). Stem canker disease of red The irnportance of functional diversity. In Planr flowering gtms- The Journal of Agricukure of Diseqse sn Advanced Treqti.se. Volurne II. How Western Austrqlie ll, 33-39 - Disease Develops in Populations (eds J.G. Horsfall Smith, L. and Kile, G.A. (1981). Distribution and and E.B. Cowling). Acadenic Press, New York, hosts of Armillaria root rot in Melboume suburban 287-315. gardens. Australasian Plant Pathology 10, 41-42. Schoeneweiss,D.F. (1975), Predisposition, stress, and Strelein, G.J. (1988). Site classification in the southem plant disease.Annual Review of Phytopathology 13, jarrah forest of Western Australia. Department of r93-2t1. Conservation and I-and Manaeement Research Schuster, C.J. (1978). A preliminary investigation of Bulletin 2. the relationship br-tweet Phytophthora cinrumomi Sutlon, B.C. (1974). Miscellaneous coelornycetes on and soil tlpes in the southern forest of Weslem Euealyptus. Nova Hedwigia 25, 16l-172. Australia. Forests Department of Weslem Australia Research Paper 40. Swart, H.J. (1988). Australian leaf-iahabithg fungi. XXVI. Some noteworthy coelomyceles on Shearer, B.L., Micbaelsen, B.J. and Warren, H.J, Eucalyptus. Trqnsqctions of the British Mycology (1987a). Comparative behaviour of Phytophthora SocieE90,279-291. species in the secondary phloem of stems and excised roots of Banl

Shearer,B.L., Tippett, J.T. and Bartle, J.R. (1987b). Tippett, J.T. and Shea, S.R. (1985). Adverse effects Botryosphaeria ribis infection associated with death of micro-organisnrs on tre€s. ln Research for of Eucalyptus radiua it species selection trials. Forest Mqnagemert. (eds J.J. I-andsberg and W. Plqnt Diseqse 71, 140-145. Parsons). CSIRO, Canbern, 202-212.

Shearer, B.L. and Tippett, J.T. (1988). Distribution Tippett. J.T., Hill, T.C. and Shearer, B.L. (1985). and impact of Armillaia luteobubqlina i the Resistance of Eucalyptus spp. to invasion by Eucqlyptus marginata forest of South-weslern Phyophtfura cinnanomi. Austalian Journal of Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 36, Botarry 33, 4O9-418. 433-445. Tippett, J.T., Crombie, D.S. and Hitl, T.C. (f987). Shearer, B.L., Michaelsen, B.J. and Somerford, P.J. The effect of phloem waier relations on the growth (1988). Effects of isolate and time of inoculation of Plrytophthora cinnamomi in Eucalyptus on invasion of secondary phloem of . Plrytopalhology 77, 246-250. spp. arnd by Phltophthora spp. Plnn Disease 72, 12l-126.

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