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Mit Icat Mit Icat MIT ICAT M I T I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r A i r T r a n s p o r t a t i o n! Avia%on Security Professor John Hansman Istanbul Technical University Air Transporta,on Systems and Infrastructure Air Transporta,on Management Strategic Planning M.Sc. Program Module 17 : April 2014 Reasons for Aviation Security! q Hijacking and Air Piracy! • Politically Motivated" •! Financially Motivated" q! Smuggling & Illegal Transport ! q! Stowaway! q! Cargo Theft! q! Sabotage! q! Terrorism ! 2 History of Turkish Hijacks! q! THY Had over 15 hijacking events since 1972! q! May 3, 1972 – A DC-9 airplane of Turkish Airlines (THY) named Bo"aziçi on the way from Ankara to Istanbul was hijacked by four Turkish leftist militants to Sofia, Bulgaria. After landing in Sofia, they handed over the aircraft to the Bulgarian authorities and applied for political asylum.! q! October 22, 1972 – THY aircraft Truva on a scheduled domestic flight from Istanbul to Ankara was hijacked and diverted to Sofia by another four members of THKO. Landed in Sofia, the hijackers handed over the airplane to the Bulgarian authorities and applied for political asylum.! q! May 1, 1976 – Zeki Ejder, a Turkish citizen working in France, attempted to hijack the a DC-10 aircraft named #zmir of Turkish Airlines bound to Istanbul from Paris in order to land it in Marseille. The hijacker could be persuaded and the airliner returned safely to Charles De Gaulle Airport in Paris.! q! February 13, 1977 – A police academy cadet, Adnan Minta", attempted to hijack the Turkish Airlines Trakya to Belgrad, Yugoslavia, which had departed from Istanbul for #zmir.! Source: Wikipedia 3 History of Turkish Hijacks! q! March 19, 1977 – Turkish Airlines aircraft with 173 passengers on board flying from Diyarbakır to Ankara was hijacked by two underaged hijackers armed with hand guns to Beirut, Lebanon. wanted to go to Palestine, surrendered with the initiative of Lebanon's Prime Minister Selim al-Hoss.! q! October 13, 1980 – A Turkish Airlines Boeing 727 was hijacked on a flight from Munich, Germany to Ankara via Istanbul by four radical Islamist militants. The hijackers were arrested in Diyarbakır as the aircraft landed for refueling.! q! May 24, 1981 – Four Turkish leftist militants hijacked the Turkish Airlines DC-9 on a domestic flight from Istanbul to Ankara and demanded to go to Burgas, Bulgaria. As two of the hijackers left the airliner for a while after landing, the two others were overwhelmed by the passengers.! q! April 15, 1983 – Turkish Airlines aircraft Ankara, flying from Istanbul to #zmir with 6 crew and 107 passengers on board, was hijacked to Athens, Greece by Mehmet Kalkan, who was believed to be a psychopathic.! q! June 28, 1985 – Turkish citizen Yusuf Örer, who was deported from Germany, attempted to hijack the Turkish Airlines on the deportation flight from Frankfurt, Germany to Istanbul for landing in Vienna, Austria. Captain pilot and he flight engineer overwhelmed him with the help of passengers immediately after the attempt.! Source:q! .Wikipedia! 4 History of Turkish Hijacks! q! March 8, 1996 – A Boeing 727 of Cyprus Turkish Airlines on a flight from Nicosia to Istanbul was hijacked by Ramazan Aydın to Munich, Germany.! q! February 24, 1998 – Turkish Airlines RJ 100 bound for Ankara from Adana with 63 passengers and 5 crew on board was hijacked by Mehmet Da$ (36) to Diyarbakır. The hijacker, stating he had a bomb inside the teddy bear in his hand, wanted to divert the airliner to Iran. The passengers overwhelmed him.[2]! q! March 30, 1998 – Cyprus Turkish Airlines aircraft on the way from Nicosia to Ankara was hijacked by Mehmet Ertürk, who had in his hand a lighter in the form of a hand grenade. The airliner landed in Ankara, and the hijacker was arrested.! q! September 14, 1998 – A Turkish Airlines Airbus departed from Ankara for Istanbul, was hijacked by #hsan Akyüz, who was armed with a toy pistol. Following the forced landing in Trabzon, the hijacker surrendered.! q! October 29, 1998 – Turkish Airlines Flight 487 on a Boeing 737 en route from Adana to Istanbul was hijacked by a PKK terrorist on the Republic Day. The hijacker, armed with a pistol and a hand grenade demanded to fly to Zurich, Switzerland via Sofia in Bulgaria.[3]! q! March 28, 2003 – Turkish Airlines aircraft Ergene enroute from Ankara to Istanbul was hijacked and forced to land in Athens, Greece. The Turkish citizen hijacker Özgür Genç surrendered.! Source: Wikipedia 5 History of Turkish Hijacks! q! October 3, 2006 – Turkish Airlines Flight 1476 en route from Tirana, Albania to #stanbul was hijacked by Turkish citizen Hakan Ekinci in Greek airspace. The hijacker surrendered after the forced landing in Brindisi, Italy.! q! April 10, 2007 – Pegasus Airlines aircraft on the way from Diyarbakr to Istanbul was hijacked by Mehmet Gök"ingöl and was forced to land at Esenbo$a Airport in Ankara. Security forces overwhelmed the hijacker some time later.! q! August 18, 2007 – A Palestinian and a Turkish citizen hijacked an MD-83 leased to World Focus Airlines from Nicosia to Istanbul. The hijackers, armed with a knife and fake plastic bomb, tried unsuccessfully to enter the cockpit, demanded to fly to Teheran, Iran. The aircraft landed in Antalya for refueling. The hijackers released the children and the women on board. By this opportunity, the pilots and most of the passengers escaped by jumping from the aircraft. The hijackers held a few passengers and flight attendants hostage, but surrendered five hours later.[4]! q! January 5, 2011 – Turkish Airlines Flight 1754, flying from Oslo to Istanbul, was in Bulgarian airspace when, allegedly, an unsuccessful attempt was made to hijack it. The suspect allegedly said that he had a bomb and that he would blow up the aircraft unless the plane returned to Norway. Some passengers overpowered the hijacker and the flight safely landed at Atatürk Intl. Airport.! Source: Wikipedia 6 System Requirements% Objectives! q! Safety of Passengers and Crew! •! Detection and Management of; " –! Explosives and Incendiary Devices" –! Biological Agents" –! Hazardous Materials" –! Weapons" –! Sabotage " q! Cargo Crime (Illegal Transport, Import or Theft) " •! Nuclear Materials" •! Drugs and Narcotics" •! Agricultural Products (Fruit & Meat)" •! Gold and Currency" •! Stowaways" •! Other?" 7 System Requirements% Performance! q! Effectiveness against objectives! •! Difficult to measure success at a system level" q! Cost ! •! Capital Costs" –! Equipment" –! Facilities" •! Operating Costs" –! Manpower and Training" –! Maintenance and Calibration" q! Capacity and Throughput! q! Flexibility and Adaptability! •! Response to New Threat Vectors" •! Response to Countermeasures" 8 Strategic Architectures! q! Sterile Environment with Comprehensive Screening! q! Problems! •! Cost and Scale " •! Probability of Detection (POD) performance < 100%" •! Variable Threat Vectors" •! Easy to Probe" •! Distributed Nature of Air Transportation" 9 Perimeter Security! q! Airside Access! •! Flight Crew " –! Known Crew Members KCM" •! Ground Personnel" –! Fueling" –! Catering" –! Maintenance" –! Gate" –! …" •! Airport Personnel" •! Fire Fighters" •! Security Personnel" •! Contractors " 10 Perimeter Security! q! Controls! •! Identification" •! Challenge" •! Monitoring" •! Access Points" –! Gate" –! Terminal" –! Road" 11 Security (Passenger) q! Overall security processes have increased q! Some efficiency improvements q! TSA Workforce issues 12 Key Terminal System Flows! Add’l Pax! Screen! Gate% Security! Passengers! Boarding! Check! Drop-off! Check-In! Parking! Ckd Bag! Bags/Cargo! Screen! Ground% Gates! Transport! Pick-up! Bag Claim! Parking! Security! Point! Airside! Landside! 13 Passenger Screening Controversy q! Enhanced Passenger Screening Announced April 2010 q! Privacy and Radiation Concerns on Backscatter X-Ray and MMW Scanners •! 63 Airports •! Pilots exempted q! Aggressive Patdowns for “Opt-Out” Driven by Christmas 2009 Bomb Attempts 14 q! Suppression of Demand Security (Cargo) q! Yemen Bomb Plot (9/28/10) •! UPS (East Midlands) and FedEx (Dubai) Aircraft Involved •! Re-evaluation of 9/3/10 UPS (Dubai) Take-off Accident q! Implications for Air Cargo Security Requirements •! 100 % Belly Freight Screen (August 2010) •! Certified Shipper Programs at Risk •! Potential for 100% Screen Requirement •! Lack of standard international protocols q! Need to Balance Real vs Perceived Risk 15 System Requirements% Operational Feasibility! 16 Strategic Architectures! q! Dynamic Layered Architecture! •! Reason Swiss Cheese Model" q! Advantages! •! Not dependent on 100% POD" •! Use of Mixed Cost Elements" •! Deterrence - Difficult to Prove" •! Adaptability and Flexibility" •! Rotation of New Technologies" 17 General Detector System! Alert or Threshold Sensor Display Logic q! Equipment Detection Performance! q! Human Performance ! q! Throughput! q! Cost! 18 Role of Technology! q! Technology is one component of the Air Security System which also includes:! •! Humans and Human Judgment" •! Procedures" •! Physical Infrastructure (eg Barriers and Facilities) " •! Detection and Deterrence Strategies" •! Intelligence" •! Information Technology" •! Network of Trusted Agents" q! Technology is not a panacea! •! There is no magic bullet" 19 Alerting Threshold Placement% System Operating Characteristic Curve! Ideal Alerting System 1.0 1 0.9 0.8 2 0.7 0.6 0.5 P(SA) 0.4 Example Alerting Threshold Locations 0.3 0.2 Probability of Successful Alert 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Probability of False Alarm P(FA) Courtesy: Jim
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