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Characterization and Application of User-Centred System Tools As Systems Engineering Support for Satellite Projects

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Characterization and Application of User-Centred System Tools As Systems Engineering Support for Satellite Projects UNIVERSITÄT DER BUNDESWEHR MÜNCHEN FAKULTÄT FÜR LUFT- UND RAUMFAHRTTECHNIK INSTITUT FÜR RAUMFAHRTTECHNIK UND WELTRAUMNUTZUNG Characterization and Application of User-Centred System Tools as Systems Engineering Support for Satellite Projects Tanja Nemetzade Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät für Luft- und Raufahrttechnik der Universität der Bundeswehr München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines DOKTORS DER INGENIEURWISSENSCHAFTEN (DR.-ING.) genehmigten Dissertation. Gutachter/Gutachterin: 1. Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Roger Förstner 2. Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Kristin Paetzold Diese Dissertation wurde am 23.05.2019 bei der Universität der Bundeswehr München eingereicht und durch die Fakultät für Luft- und Raumfahrttechnik am 12.12.2019 angenommen. Die mündliche Prüfung fand am 16.01.2020 statt. Das Ganze ist mehr als die Summe seiner Teile. Aristoteles Danksagung Diese Arbeit wäre nicht möglich gewesen, wenn ich die letzten Jahre nicht durch viele Menschen unterstützt worden wäre. Meinem Doktorvater Prof. Dr.-Ing. Roger Förstner vom Institut für Raumfahrttechnik und Weltraum- nutzung der Universität der Bundeswehr München danke ich herzlich für die umfassende akademische Betreuung dieser Arbeit. Jede der vielen kurzweiligen Besprechungen führte zu wertvollen Denkanstößen und vermittelte das gute Gefühl, als Systemmensch verstanden zu werden. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Kristin Paetzold vom Institut für Technische Produktentwicklung der Universität der Bun- deswehr München danke ich für die Inspirationen aus einer Nicht-Raumfahrtbranche. Ehemaligen und aktuellen Mitarbeitern der Firma Airbus Defence and Space GmbH, die mir diese Arbeit erst ermöglicht haben, gilt mein besonderer Dank. Insbesondere möchte ich Herrn Andreas Lindenthal und Herrn Dr. Marc Steckling danken, die stets an mich und den Erfolg dieser Arbeit geglaubt haben. Herrn Dr. Thomas Pietrus danke ich für Fortführung der Unterstützung. Herrn Dr. Frank Döngi und Herrn Reiner Schricke danke ich für die Aufnahme in die Future Programs Abteilung in Friedrichshafen. Die hier gewonnenen Einblicke und die Zusammenarbeit mit den Kollegen ermöglichte einen Großteil der Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit. In diesem Zusammenhang möchte ich auch den Herren Manfred Langemann, Dr. Ulrich Johann, Michael Kersten, Gerald Hechenblaikner, Dr. Ralf Münzen- meyer und Noah Saks sowie allen weiteren Mitarbeitern der Abteilung für das entgegengebrachte Vertrauen und die gemeinsame Zeit einen Dank aussprechen. Stellvertretend für das gesamte JUICE-Team von Airbus Defence and Space SAS in Toulouse danke ich Herrn Thomas Schirmann und Frau Sandie Deslous für die gute Zusammenarbeit. Bei Herrn Jan van Casteren, Herrn Markus Schelkle und Frau Susanne Fugger bedanke ich mich für die Unterstützung aus dem BepiColombo-Team von ESA und Airbus Defence and Space GmbH. Herrn Pius Butz und Herrn Marcel Anklam von VECTRONIC Aerospace GmbH, Berlin danke ich für die professionelle Zusammenarbeit. Den Mitarbeitern vom Institut für Raumfahrttechnik und Weltraumnutzung danke ich sowohl für Ihre fach- liche Unterstützung als auch ihre Freundschaft. Außerdem gilt mein Dank meinen Bachelor-, Projekt-, Master- und Diplomarbeitsstudenten, die mit ihren Studien zu dieser Dissertation beigetragen haben. Und schließlich: meiner Familie, meinen Freunden und meinem Partner - für Eure Geduld, Euer Verständ- nis, Euren Zuspruch, Eure Anregungen, Eure Kritik, Eure Ablenkungen und dafür, dass Ihr alle - ob persön- lich oder im Geiste - immer an meiner Seite wart. Danke. Zusammenfassung Modellbildung & Simulation (M&S) ist in Raumfahrtprojekten ein wichtiger Aspekt, der zu ihrem Erfolg in technischer und finanzieller Hinsicht beiträgt. Jedoch ist die aktuelle Umsetzung von M&S in frühen Ent- wurfsphasen gekennzeichnet durch eine begrenzte Nützlichkeit, Wissensweitergabe und Anwendung auf Systemebene. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt einen neuartigen M&S-Ansatz, das Systemsimulator-Konzept (engl. System Simulator Concept (SSC)), zur Überwindung dieser Schwächen vor und verifiziert diesen. Kernidee des Konzeptes ist eine stärkere Einbindung des Nutzers im Entwurfs- und Entwicklungsprozess von Softwarelösungen im Sinne des nutzerzentrierten Entwurfsansatzes. Das SSC wurde von einem kundenindividuellen, missionsspezifischen Simulator abgeleitet, welcher im Rahmen des ESA Projektes BepiColombo entwickelt wurde. Dessen seit 2001 kontinuierlicher und erfolgrei- cher Einsatz wurde auf seinen nutzerzentrierten Entwicklungsansatz und der daraus folgenden Implemen- tierung von Relationen zwischen einzelnen Systemelementen zurückgeführt, welche letztlich erlauben, die emergente operationelle Leistungsfähigkeit des Satelliten zu bestimmen. Als Leitfaden spezifiziert das SSC den Entwicklungsansatz, den Umfang sowie die Handhabung eines erfolgreichen Simulators zur Unter- stützung der Systems Engineering-Aktivitäten im Projekt. Die Gebrauchstauglichkeit des Konzeptes wurde durch seine Anwendung in der Machbarkeitsstudie von ESAs LOFT-Mission und der Definitionsphase von ESAs JUICE-Mission bei Airbus Defence and Space zur Unterstützung der industrieseitigen Entwurfsvali- dierung sowie durch die Entwicklung einer generischen Simulatorlösung zur Nutzung in frühen Satelliten- entwurfsphasen verifiziert. Die neu entwickelte Parameter-Einfluss-Netz-Methode (engl. Parameter Influ- ence Net Method (PINM)) als Interpretation des SSCs komplementiert die Vorzüge von Simulatoren, die nach dem SSC gebaut wurden, durch die Auswertung der Systemstruktur zwecks Steuerung der System- emergenz. Sie erfasst den Einflussgrad von Elementen innerhalb eines komplexen Systems durch Quan- tifizierung und Visualisierung der Sensitivität von Parametern hinsichtlich Werteänderungen. Zusätzlich zum SSC wurde das Tool- und Simulatorqualitätsmodell (engl. Tool and Simulator Quality Model (TSQM)) als Ausdruck realer Nutzerbedürfnisse in frühen Entwurfsphasen von industriespezifischen Um- fragen und Interviews abgeleitet, um Entwurf und Umsetzung von Softwarelösungen hin zu hoher Ge- brauchstauglichkeit und Akzeptanz zu unterstützen. Das TSQM definiert Gebrauchstauglichkeit als einen Satz individuell gewichteter, zusammenwirkender Qualitätskriterien. In diesem Zusammenhang wurde festgestellt, dass technische Kriterien und solche, die die Handhabung des Produktes bestimmen, gleicher- maßen bedeutend für die Gebrauchstauglichkeit einer Softwarelösung sind und dass die Akzeptanz durch den Nutzer unabdingbar für den Erfolg eines Produktes in einem Projekt ist. Zum Abschluss wird die Validität des SSCs und des TSQMs hinsichtlich aktueller Trends und Entwicklungen im M&S-Bereich diskutiert. Es wird gezeigt, dass die präsentierten Konzepte eine stichhaltige Lösung bieten die vorhandenen M&S-Schwächen zu überwinden und für zukünftige Anwendungen mit wachsender Sys- temkomplexität vorbereitet zu sein. Page VII Abstract Modelling & Simulation (M&S) is an important aspect in space projects which contributes to their success in both a technical and a financial perspective. However, the current M&S implementation in the early de- sign stages is characterized by limited usefulness, knowledge transfer and application on system level. The present work introduces and verifies the System Simulator Concept (SSC) as novel M&S approach to over- come these weaknesses by fostering an increased involvement of the user in the design and development process of software solutions following the user-centred design approach. The SSC has been derived from a customized, mission specific simulator developed in ESA’s BepiColombo project. The continuous and successful use of this simulator since 2001 has been traced back to its user- centred development approach and the consequent implementation of system element relations that ul- timately allow the assessment of the satellite’s emergent operational performance. As guideline, the SSC specifies the development approach, scope and handling for a successful simulator supporting the systems engineering activities within a project. The usability of the concept has been verified by its application in ESA’s LOFT feasibility phase and ESA’s JUICE definition phase at Airbus Defence and Space in support of the industrial design validation activities and by creation of a generic simulator solution applicable to early satellite design activities. The newly developed Parameter Influence Net Method (PINM) as interpretation of the SSC complements the benefits of the simulators build according to the SSC by specifically targeting at the assessment of the system structure to provide control over the system emergence. It yields the degree of influence of elements within a complex system by quantifying and visualizing the sensitivity of system parameters to value changes. In addition to the SSC, the Tool and Simulator Quality Model (TSQM) as expression of real user needs in early design phases has been derived from industry-specific surveys and interviews to support the design and implementation of software solutions towards high usability and acceptability. The TSQM defines usa- bility as a set of individually important, co-acting quality criteria. It has been revealed that technical and handling criteria are equally important for the usability of a software solution and that the acceptability by the user is indispensable for the success of a product within a project. To conclude, the validity of the SSC and the TSQM in view of the current trends and evolutions in the M&S domain is discussed, showing that the presented concepts are a sound solution to overcome the present M&S weaknesses and to be prepared
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