THANK YOU!

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Bayou Preservation Association (BPA) is grateful to the following individuals, organizations and companies for contributing to the creation and update of this publication.

Concept, Text, Editing & Production Author, Mark Bowen Judy Boyce, Ralph De Leon, The Garden Club of Houston, Terry Hershey, Steve Hupp, Kathy Lord, Mickey Merritt, Marina Rossow, Eric Ruckstuhl, Evelyn Shanley, Kevin Shanley, Brenda Buest Smith, BAYOU PRESERVATION ASSOCIATION MISSION: Carolyn White and Mary Ellen Whitworth Protect and restore the richness and diveresity of our waterways through activism, advocacy, collaboration and education.

Photography Armand Bayou Nature Center, Brazos Bend State Park, THE BAYOU PLANTING GUIDE THIS GUIDE BELONGS TO The Chickadee Nature Store, The Houston Advanced Research Center, The Houston Arboretum and Nature Center, NAME The Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, Treesearch Farms and photographers ADDRESS Lucy Barrow, Georgia Carter, Ralph De Leon, Martha Henschen, Robert Rayburn, Eric Ruckstuhl and Heidi Sheesley

DATE

Printed on recycled paper with soy-based inks. FUNDED BY THE GARDEN CLUB OF HOUSTON 3rd Revision, Printed February 2014 2 3 FOREWORD is intended to help concerned citizens and agencies In the case of Buffalo Bayou, George Mitchell, then recapture some of these surrendered attributes and president of the BPA, enlisted the help of Congressman by Terry Hershey prevent further degradation. George H.W. Bush, who requested the Army Corps of Engineers conduct a re-study of the plan in 1966 and Preservation of our precious few unaltered streams, 1967. Subsequently, the Corps withdrew its structural generally tributaries to the main bayous and upper solution. In the 1970’s, the Corps began to heed the Terry Hershey co-founder of Buffalo Bayous, is critical. Through restoration efforts, call for nonstructural solutions to riverine flooding. In the Bayou Preservation Association, bayou corridors can become affective again in providing other states, previously concreted waterways were being board member of the Association rainwater absorption, floodwater management, pollutant restored to their natural condition. of Floodplain Managers filtration, air and climate quality improvement through Foundation and the National planting efforts, and vital natural habitats for the wildlife What was once perceived as a “green” environmental Recreation Foundation, and former that shares our space. issue is now also recognized as an important economic Commissioner of the Texas Parks issue. Expenditures that were once devoted to altering and Wildlife Commission Revitalization of a portion of Buffalo Bayou, from Mother Nature’s rivers are now directed toward Shepherd to the Turning Basin, has been proposed changing our previous detrimental behavior. Through in conjunction with the 2002 Thompson Design Plan, the Federal Flood Insurance Program, some relief is sponsored by the Buffalo Bayou Partnership. This plan being granted to those already improvidently located ats off to the Garden Club of Houston for has the potential to restore some of the attributes of in the floodplain. Efforts are also underway to prevent providing a grant to Bayou Preservation a river and provides an economic boost to an under- additional imprudent development. In Harris County, Association for this edition of the Bayou utilized section of downtown to the Turning Basin. repetitive losses due to flooding place a serious strain Planting Guide. A special thank you to Texas on private and public budgets. Both the Harris County Forest Service for underwriting and to Bayou The Memorial Park Demonstration Project along Flood Control District and FEMA are now buying out HPreservation Association for sponsoring the first bayou Memorial Park and River Oaks Country Club is planned repeatedly flooded properties and removing high-risk planting guide. The guide is created for citizens who to restore a portion of Buffalo Bayou to a more natural and buildings as quickly as funding permits. own land along one of the bayous, for those who have sustainable configuration with fluvial geomorphologic detention swales, diversion swales, rain gardens and/ features and native plantings. Finally, this planting guide comes as a crucial and or ponds on their properties and for agencies who have overdue endeavor. It is important for the owners and some responsibility for bayou maintenance. A citizen-pushed endeavor, termed the Quality of Life managers of property along our bayous to realize that Coalition, has pinpointed the economic value of our to continue enjoying bayou views and other benefits, we Since 1912, water and land use experts have riverine system. Knowledge of native vegetation, trees, must work together with nature to preserve and restore encouraged Harris County, the City of Houston and and plants is critical to efforts to protect and restore our streambanks. the greater Houston area to better utilize our extensive watersheds. bayou system, which extends through 22 watersheds. This publication provides essential knowledge. Mindful Our bayou corridors can and should serve a vital role In November 2012, City of Houston voters passed a of the Association of State Floodplain Manager’s providing parklands, open green spaces and water resolution by a wide margin to establish more park space mantra, “No Adverse Impact,” we must remember that amenities. along our bayous with the “Parks By You” referendum. our impact on the land in bayou watersheds affects those What a resounding endorsement of the value of our who live downstream. Plans and warnings have often been ignored over the bayous! years resulting in missed opportunities to improve the quality of life and economic vitality of our community. The Bayou Preservation Association was incorporated In recent years, knowledge regarding the hydrological as a tax-deductible nonprofit organization in 1966 by value of the bayou system and its ecological and a group of citizens alarmed by what was happening economic significance has emerged as an important to our rivers. The organization began an effort to “We all look at Nature too much, tool for use in urban planning. protect Buffalo Bayou from the concreted fates of Brays and live with her too little.” Bayou and White Oak Bayou. Knowledge of fluvial Unfortunately, many of our bayous have been altered geomorphology, the study of riverine landforms, was - Oscar Wilde through straightening, stripping of bank-holding becoming increasingly important. Locally, people began vegetation and lining with concrete bottoms as well as to recognize that straightening and stripping rivers of grass and concrete lined banks – practices that make it their curves and vegetation contributed to downstream difficult to restore the bayous usefulness. This publication flood transference.

4 5 6 INTRODUCTION sediments and pollutants from runoff; and promoting bank stability. by Carolyn White and Steve Hupp While there is some regulatory protection for wetlands through a permit process, many smaller wetlands THE avigating the greater Houston area, from and especially riparian corridors are not adequately prairie uplands and edges of the piney protected by existing laws and their enforcement. BAYOU woods to coastal wetlands and bays, the Development trends also constrain land available to PLANTING waterways of our region host a diverse support freshwater wetlands in the Houston area. mix of plants and wildlife unmatched in GUIDE Nits richness. These bayous, along with their associated Loss of saltwater wetlands along the wetlands, provide connections between unique habitats. upper Texas coast and bays has These riparian areas are also vital to maintaining water resulted from land subsidence TABLE OF CONTENTS quality, buffering flood risk potential, providing nurseries due to geologic compaction of for fish, controlling erosion and supporting recreational ancient coastal plain sediments, pursuits. hastened by extraction of oil, Acknowledgment ...... 3 gas and groundwater. Freshwater Wetlands are transitional areas between uplands and inflows required to support estuarine Foreword ...... 4 water. They host water-dependent vegetation in their wetlands along the bays of the upper Introduction ...... 7 water-logged soils. Within the greater Houston area, Gulf Coast region are also threatened. The increases there are three major types of wetlands: tidal or estuarine in impervious cover from development has reduced the Tips ...... 10 wetlands located along the coast, freshwater wetlands of infiltration of rainfall and reduced the amount of shallow the prairies and flat woods, and forested wetlands along groundwater that also supports riparian habitats. Large Trees ...... 22 rivers and bayous. Medium to Small Trees ...... 33 It is important for individual landowners to act as stew- Systematic changes in wetland plant species follow the ards by fostering healthy riparian and wetland vegeta- Shrubs ...... 38 transition from inland freshwater habitats to coastal tion on their properties. This guide provides a key to Succulents ...... 48 saltwater habitats as two critical parameters change, the native vegetation associated with riparian habitats salinity and elevation above the water surface. Changes in the Houston region for the purposes of conservation Grasses ...... 50 in salinity within the wetlands dictate the diversity of and enhancement. Groundcovers ...... 57 plants that are supported. Riparian restoration practices involving vegetation are Annuals ...... 61 Plant diversity decreases as salinity increases. In addition, outlined for landowners, decision makers and other as one moves higher in elevation, away from and above stakeholders. In addition to being useful along bayou Perennials ...... 65 the water surface, the mixture of species comprising the corridors, many of the plants profiled in this guide are Ferns ...... 78 plant community also changes. This variation in plant life also suitable for use in and around bioretention areas, associated with a water system is especially dramatic swales, ditches, bogs, seasonal wetlands, bottomlands, Vines ...... 79 in riparian areas. Riparian areas comprise the unique moist forests and wet prairies. Wetland Plants ...... 83 vegetative zone found along rivers and bayous. This updated second edition of the Bayou Planting Guide Resources ...... 93 Over a short distance, the list of plants that can be doubles the number of plants profiled and lists species Recommended Reading ...... 93 supported shifts depending upon the amount of and that are often commercially available. duration of water they receive from rivers or bayous. Glossary ...... 94 Riparian vegetation is particularly important in maintaining water quality and providing habitats. Carolyn White is an environmental planner, Advisory Index ...... 96 Board member of the Bayou Preservation Association, Harris County Watershed Map ... 102 Critical functions of a riparian ecosystem with canopy and member of the Water Quality Committee. cover include providing shade, which moderates water Steve Hupp is the Bayou Preservation Association’s temperature and increases the oxygen necessary to Water Quality Director. support aquatic life; providing inputs of nutrients; filtering

7 8 9 RESTORING OUR BAYOUS basis if a woodland ecosystem is established rather are in plugs or containers, before seeding. than a simple collection of trees. • Broadcast prairie plant seeds by hand or with a seed • Plant during winter months if possible, so trees have spreader (available at most feed stores and nurseries) the best chance to become established enough to sur- after mixing the seeds with coarse sand at the ratio of he following general suggestions relate to vive their first summer in the ground. one part seed mix to four parts sand in order to make four major types of land restoration efforts • Remove noxious weeds manually as needed. Undesir- broadcasting easier. conducted along riparian corridors in south- able grasses can often be allowed to grow between • Proceed by rolling or pressing the seeds into the soil east Texas. For additional technical assistance, trees over the short term. As the trees begin providing to keep them in place and to minimize loss to birds. see Resources (page 93) and Recommended an increasing amount of shade, most grasses as well • Weed aggressively, by hand if possible, for the first TReading (page 93). as many sun-loving pio- several years after planting and mow to a six-inch neer weeds will begin height once a year or implement a controlled burn RIPARIAN WETLAND RESTORATION TIPS to decline in health. At once each year if possible. that point, shade-toler- “There is no • Use weed eaters as needed to keep weeds and non- Wetlands are transitional areas between water and up- ant understory shrubs, native grasses less than one foot in height the first lands. They host water-dependent plants in their water- groundcover and peren- unemployed force two years if weeding by hand has not kept unwanted logged soils. nials can be established in Nature. All weeds in check. with greater ease. • Avoid scraping or otherwise severely disturbing toe • Mulch new trees and decomposition is WILDFLOWER MEADOW RESTORATION TIPS (foot of a bank, see Glossary) of the streambank or seedlings three to recomposition.” water’s edge on project sites to keep from causing four inches thick with Wildflower meadow restora- unacceptable levels of erosion. Install live stakes, seed- pine straw or coarsely tion projects typically involve ling, plugs or containerized plants manually. - Ralph Waldo shredded native mulch. adding native wildflowers • Use erosion control fabric or tacked-down straw to • Avoid removing lower Emerson (but not tall prairie grasses) to prevent erosion and to increase the odds of plant sur- “I am at two limbs on young trees existing non-native grassland vival. if possible. Trees will that is periodically mowed. • Locate plants with regular moisture needs low enough with nature.” develop more qualita- Wildflower meadows can oc- (toe or water’s edge) to ensure adequate moisture is tively if greater quantities of branches are present. cur along the top banks and present during low water periods. Conversely, check - Woody Allen • Please note that purchasing trees in container sizes of slopes of streams provided plant descriptions and check out local native and natu- 65-100 gallons rarely provides a good return on the adequate sunlight is present. ralized ecosystems for reference, to determine which initial investment when a large numbers of trees are plants will tolerate heavy water flow and submersion needed. When planted at the same time, 15-gallon • Select well-drained, sunny during high water periods. trees and 100-gallon trees are often the same size sites for wildflower seeding • Weed manually or mechanically (with caution) as after 10 years. projects for best results. Add seeds in early fall to needed and fill in bare areas after weeding with more • Water new trees as needed and pay especially close optimize germination. plants if possible. attention to their health during the first summer follow- • Choose regionally adapted wildflower blends. ing planting. Consider wildflower mixes produced by Wildseed RIPARIAN WOODLAND RESTORATION TIPS Farms, www.wildseedfarms.com, (800) 848-0078; PRAIRIE RESTORATION TIPS or Native American Seed, http://seedsource.com, Riparian woodlands consist of various types of wood- (800) 728-4043. land forest ecosystems located along streams that are A prairie is a grassland of native grasses, sedges, rushes • Scalp existing non-native grasses and weeds to the mostly, if not completely, dominated by trees. and forbs with woody plants making up less than 10 ground. remove debris and rake soil with a steel bow percent of the plant community. Prairie ecosystems can rake to a depth of one inch. • Plant densely with a substantial number of trees from occur along the banks and slopes of streams when ad- • Broadcast seed at recommended rates by hand or with seedling size to 15-gallon container size. Expect a equate sunlight is present. a seed spreader after mixing one part seed mix to four moderate percentage of plant loss when seedlings parts coarse sand to make spreading easier. are planted. • Scalp existing non-native grasses and weeds to the • Roll the ground after broadcasting seeds to press them • Keep in mind that native trees in woodlands are often ground, remove the debris and then lightly rough up into the soil. capable of growing much closer to each other than the topsoil layer to a one-inch depth with a steel bow • Wildflowers must be given a chance to go to seed non-native trees in cultivated landscape settings. Res- rake (soil rake) or a comparable tool. in the spring. The naturalization process requires the toration efforts will be most successful on a long-term • Plant any plants intended for the restoration area, that skipping of a few mowing cycles in the spring. Wild-

10 11 12 flowers need to be left alone for two to three weeks TOP BANK BERMS. Consider improving the grade along the label (by law), for the herbicide and the type of ap- after flowering has finished. Avoid mowing lower than the top bank above erosion-prone slope areas in order to plication being performed. six inches to avoid damaging perennial wildflowers. spread out and lesson the force of water runoff. Or, con- • Wildflowers generally do not need to be fertilized. sider establishing top bank berms (raised soil areas) to FEASIBILITY. Assess whether or not vegetative resto- Fertilization can actually give weeds an advantage. divert water runoff from highly erosion-prone slope areas. ration alone will provide a sufficient remedy along a • Supplemental seeding will be necessary for several streambank, or whether the risk of slope failure exists. years after the initial seeding. Newly seeded areas MINIMIZE SOIL DISTURBANCES. Tilling, needlessly If slope failure is a possibility, professionally installed may need to be watered periodically to prevent the stripping helpful vegetation, careless grading and con- and permitted bioengineering solutions may be needed. soil from becoming completely dry. struction activities create bare soil or disturbed soil con- Local governmental agencies such as city public works ditions which are far more erosion prone. Avoid strip- departments, the Army Corps of Engineers and county EROSION CONTROL TIPS ping a site clean when conducting restoration projects. flood control districts are responsible for permitting is- Remove only aggressive alien weed species that present sues. For more information, consult the booklet “Guide- MULCHING. Tacked-down straw, including pine straw, a threat to restoration success. lines for Streambank Restoration” (see bibliography), is the most effective mulch for bayou slopes, followed the book, “Soil Bioengineering Slope Stabilization” (see by coarsely ground, recycled native mulch, shredded VEGETATION DIVERSITY. By planting a diverse mixture bibliography), and the book, “Stream Corridor Restora- to three to six-inch lengths. Avoid fine-textured mulches of overstory, understory and ground-dwelling native plant tion, Principles, Process and Practices “ by the Federal or those likely to species, the variety of root structures will collectively lead Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group, 1998. decompose quick- to a mosaic-like fabric of roots capable of providing enor- ly. Install a three mous erosion resistance to streambanks. Vegetation helps PLANTING TIPS to six-inch mulch prevent rainfall-related erosion and wind erosion, and is layer. Mulch lay- “Plant and your spouse beneficial by filtering sediment out of water runoff. Veg- OBSERVE. Study riparian ecosystems in the general ers need to be plants with you; weed etation helps improve streambank absorption capacity so area to determine which plants are touched-up peri- that more moisture is retained in the streambank. affective in the immediate vicinity. odically during and you weed alone.” Find out which plants are typical- the first few years STAKE STONE TOES. If stone toes are present along bay- ly among the dominant species, of restoration until - Jean-Jacques ou bottom areas, consider driving cut branches (stakes) which species occur on an accent plantings have be- Rousseau into the soil through openings in the stones. Willow, or complementary basis and which come dense. Jute elderberry and cottonwood cuttings are conducive to plants appear to function well as netting, netting being used as stakes. companion plants. made of organic fibers, can provide additional strength to banks until HERBICIDES. Careful use of herbicides can be a use- Keep in mind that some of the plant species observed plants have had a chance to become established. Jute ful tool in vegetation management for habitat restora- may be undesirable, aggressive alien weed species ca- netting should be overlaid with other mulches. tion, particularly in removal of non-native, invasive plant pable of taking over a bayou corridor and compromis- species. Herbicides kill target species and should be ing its biological diversity. Some native species that were BANK RESTORATION. If slope failure should occur, con- managed to not kill non-target species. The killing of historically present in the area, but are currently absent, sult “Biotechnical and Soil Bioengineering Slope Stabi- non-target species can lead to bare soil and increased may be worthy of reintroduction. Also, consider that lization,” by Sotir and Gray for ideas regarding bio- erosion. If herbicides run off into bayous, the active streambank characteristics can vary enormously from engineering solutions for streambank restoration. Other ingredients may kill aquatic vegetation and/or harm place to place, even within a small bio-region. resources for natural channel design and stream restora- other aquatic life. Herbicides also degrade the quality of tion are available through various consultants includ- soils by suppressing helpful microbe populations. Weed CHOOSE NATIVES. The term native is generally defined ing Dave Rosgen of Wildland Hydrology Consultants. species should be controlled manually, mechanically, as referring to those plants that were present in a given area Slope failure has occurred when erosion has degraded and by outcompeting them through active restoration when European explorers arrived in the area and started a streambank to the point that plants alone will not be of tough native species, whenever possible. Herbicides chronicling plant species. Native plant species are ultimate- capable of stabilizing a streambank. According to en- can be valuable tools for controlling non-native, invasive ly time-tested plants and usually perform reliably when rein- vironmental planner Carolyn White, channel stability is vegetation, when they are used properly by an educated troduced and sited properly in their native ranges. the ability of a stream to transport the water and sedi- and careful user. Pinpointed applications on targeted ment of its watershed in such a manner as to maintain its individual plants can be done with no to minimal effect BE CAUTIOUS WITH NON-NATIVE SPECIES. It is gener- dimensions, patterns and profile over time without either on non-target plants. Avoid general broadcast of herbi- ally advisable to avoid introducing non-native plants to aggrading or degrading. cide as this leads to bare soils, erosion and impacts in native riparian ecosystems, since they may take over or waterways. Always read and follow the instructions on cause unforeseen problems. While it is true that several

13 14 15 non-native plant Visit climax-plant community models (mature ecosystems) and spread them outward when placing the root ball in species can make before undertaking restoration projects. Implement di- the planting hole, so that the roots will have a chance to complementary “Nature will out.” verse planting schemes rather than monocultural (one grow outward, rather than in circles. companions to species) or limited diversity schemes. Avoid menagerie native plants in - Aesop plantings with an emphasis on planting of one of every Keep in mind that even moderately root-bound plants cultivated gar- (6th cent. B.C.) known species that might have a chance of survival. often revert back to root-girdling growth patterns even dens and land- if root pruned. The girdling problem is mostly related scapes, riparian Instead, plant larger numbers of several different co-domi- to woody plant species such as trees and shrubs. ecosystems are nant plant species (foundation, staple plants) that are com- Many herbaceous perennials will outgrow root-bound not considered cultivated. Unwanted dispersion from monly found in large quantities in native ecosystems. Subse- conditions. water movement can spread non-native species. quently, plant smaller numbers of a larger variety of accent or complementary species to increase overall diversity, BACKFILL WITH NATIVE SOIL. Backfill planting holes Complementary non-native plant species for cultivated performance, habitat value and ornamental interest. Avoid with native soil, the same soil that was removed from the gardens are those that tolerate local conditions, provide lining plants up in rows so that roots can more quickly form hole. Do not add improved soils around the sides of the wildlife habitat, food, and medicine, benefit soils or pro- mosaic growth patterns to stabilize banks quicker. root ball. Improved soils below ground level can lead vide other useful functions without becoming pests after to root rotting escaping cultivation. SPACING. Conventional planting schemes (specimen since they often landscape collection) in cultivated landscapes involv- contain more On the other hand, aggressive and invasive non-native ing non-native plants often emphasize distant spacing moisture-reten- plants can damage riparian ecosystems by displacing patterns between woody species (trees and shrubs) to “I think that I shall never see tive organic native plants and by reducing biological diversity, a prevent disease and insect problems. Conversely, native matter than the process that can lead to land degradation involving companion plants can often be spaced closer to one an- A billboard lovely as a tree. surrounding na- decreased habitat value (fewer types of berries, nuts, other than non-natives because these plants have been Indeed, unless the tive soils. Also, leaves, nectar sources, cover, etc.) and a reduction in the historically conditioned to grow together as integrated the organic mat- variation of different root structures and plant canopies, components of multi-species ecosystems. billboards fall ter (compost, leading to compromised bank stability. I’ll never see a tree at all. bark mulch, PRACTICE LAYERING. When restoring a woodland, rice hulls) in The following aggressive and invasive non-native plant prairie or wetland, it is important to make sure multiple - Ogden Nash improved bed- species are occasionally planted along and near bayou vertical layers of plants are represented. Plant overstory, ding soils will corridors but should be strictly avoided: Triadica sebifera understory, and ground dwelling plants together. Lay- eventually de- (Chinese Tallow), Ligustrum sinese (Chinese Privet), Wis- ering increases the overall resilience and compose, caus- teria sinensis (Chinese Wisteria) and Lonicera japonica habitat value of an ecosystem. ing the level of (Japanese Honeysuckle). Aggressive non-natives often soil around the do not experience the same natural checks and bal- WHEN DIGGING. Dig holes for root ball to drop, possibly exposing roots or leaving ances (diseases and pests) that may keep them from container-grown plants at least sink holes around the root ball. causing severe damage to ecosystems in their lands twice as wide as the diameter of of origin. For information on the “Dirty Dozen”, visit the root ball. Dig holes slightly more SEEDINGS. Sharpshooters are spades with long, narrow www.bayoupreservation.org. shallow than the depth of root balls so blades that can be used to slice the soil and create a plant- the top of the root ball is slightly above ing wedge suitable for inserting seedlings without lateral PLANT IN WAVES. It is advisable to approach a plant grade (ground level) when planting is finished. Dig plant- roots. After inserting a seeding into the sliced opening, the restoration project as a three to seven-year process. The ing holes with jagged sides, so that spreading roots will soil can be pressed into place around the seedling with firm risk of substantial plant loss due to floods, drought or be less likely to grow in circles causing eventual plant foot pressure. other factors can be greatly minimized by planting the death or lack of vigor from root girdling. bulk of the plants over the first year or two at differ- CUTTINGS. Fresh cuttings of black willow, eastern cot- ent times during the same year. Additional plantings in AVOID ROOT-BOUND PLANTS. Steer clear of planting tonwood and rough-leaf dogwood can be driven into subsequent years can help with fine tuning and filling in plants with roots already growing in circular patterns slopes and toes as live stakes, which are living, woody areas that have suffered plant losses. around the edge of the root ball. Check plants before plant cuttings capable of rooting with relative ease. Live purchasing them to try to prevent this problem. If you find staking is an effective system for securing natural mate- ORGANIZED CHAOS. Plant in semi-random but planned yourself stuck with root-bound plants, prune some of the rial erosion control fabrics such as jute mesh, coir or patterns that resemble those found in natural ecosystems. outlying roots as if cutting into a pie. Then pull the roots other blanket surfaces.

16 17 18 Cuttings can be ac- WATERING. Ideally, planting should take place between quired from native or fall and early spring to minimize the chances of plant SUPPLEMENTAL PLANTINGS. Supplemental plantings naturalized popula- “Even if I knew that death due to drought stress. During the first year, new will usually be necessary on a periodic basis for several tion, with permission. plantings should be watered twice per week for the first years to fill in sections with struggling plants, to replace Stems to be used for tomorrow the world four weeks (on average), once every two weeks from No- dead plants and to compensate for environmental or cuttings should be cut would go to pieces, vember to February, once per week during the months of construction related damage to restored bayou areas. 8-12 inches from the October, March and April, and once to twice per week ground. Side branches I would still plant my from May to September. Schedule adjustments should be ANIMAL DAMAGE. In some instances it may be neces- should be removed. apple tree.” made during drought or rainy periods. Plantings should sary to protect new plantings from forage The stakes will work require less supplementation during the second year. It damage by using tree shelters, selective best if they are 1.5 is extremely important to water as slowly and deeply as fencing or by reintroducing predators inches in diameter and - Martin Luther possible to encourage deep rooting and to minimize ero- if appropriate. Careful consideration 2 to 3-feet long. The sion. It may be necessary to water a specific area two should be given to whether desired bottom ends should be to three times back to back in order to be able to water plant species will survive foraging cut at an angle and the deeply enough without causing runoff. damage. Some plant species such tops should be flat. A dead blow hammer (filled with as Ruellia will suffer severe damage sand) can be used to drive in the stakes. SOIL FERTILITY. It is often not necessary to fertilize early, and then they will self-propagate streambanks if the fertility of existing soils aggressively until a sustainable population level has Stakes can be spaced 2 to 3 feet apart in staggered has not been degraded. Consider been achieved. patterns. Eighty percent of the length of stakes should testing soil as needed to assess fer- be driven into the ground at right angles to slopes. If tility levels or toxin levels if needed. MONITORING. buds are present, make the end on which they occur If fertilizing, use low analysis, slow Streambank restora- the top end. release, dry natural organic fertil- tion projects should izers such as alfalfa meal 3-1-2, be monitored rou- Consult the book, “Biotechnical and Soil Bioengineering Microlife 6-2-4, or Earth’s Essentials “Nothing in nature tinely during the first Slope Stabilization,” by Sotir and Gray for information 5-1-3. These fertilizers can be applied is isolated. Nothing seven to ten years, about advanced techniques for using cuttings including in early spring and again in the fall at an average rate and especially af- fascine, brushlayer and branchpacking installation. Cut- of 20 pounds per 1,000 square feet. Trees should not is without reference ter each significant tings should be used during the dormant season, they be fertilized individually. Instead, fertilizers should be to something else. high-water period. need to be kept moist during storage, and they should be broadcast over the entire soil area. It is important not to Erosion damage used when fresh on the same day as installation. use quick release, high nitrogen or phosphorous fertil- Nothing achieves discovered during izers due to the runoff pollution that will result. Slow meaning apart monitoring must STAKING Placing stakes around trees for stability is only release organic fertilizers are preferable to time release be addressed pro- recommended if trees are very top heavy. Staking trees chemical fertilizers due to the fact that organic fertil- from that which actively in order to with balanced tops and bottoms retards their resilience izers add helpful organic matter to bayou slopes and sustain streambank and development. stimulate the development of the soil food web (benefi- neighbors it.” integrity. Detailed cial microbial populations). The soil microbes help make field notes should THE KEYS FOR SUCCESSFUL ESTABLISHMENT nutrients available to plants, help convert organic matter be kept that chroni- to humus and help fight off disease causing pathogenic - Goethe; 1749-1832 cle the changes that ESTABLISHMENT PERIOD. Case studies have indicated microbes. occur over the years it generally takes at least seven to ten years of intensive to facilitate a deep- work and monitoring to restore an ecosystem or natural MULCH. Maintain adequate mulch layers during estab- er understanding of habitat. lishment periods where possible to prevent erosion, to the natural and un- minimize weed intrusion and to preserve moisture. Pine natural processes affecting a particular bayou corridor. WEEDING. Preventing alien invasive plants such as Chi- straw often works best, followed by coarse shredded The success or demise of specific plant species, chal- nese tallow from taking over newly restored areas may native mulch. Pine straw may need to be tacked down lenges with aggressive weed species and changes in the be the most serious threat to success. Weeds should on steep slopes. Erosion control fabrics are useful for course and condition of the bayou should be chronicled. be removed by hand or mechanically depending on providing extra support to slopes during the establish- The effects of erosion and sedimentation as well as the the situation. Increasing plant density may help restored ment period. maturation or degradation of the overall riparian ecosys- ecosystems outcompete seeds of invasive plants. tem should be carefully noted.

19 20 21 Black Cherry : Prunus serotina Bald Cypress : Taxodium distichum American Elm : Ulmus americana COMMENTS: TRADE AVAILABILITY: WILDLIFE VALUE: PROPAGATION: SPACING: BARK/BRANCHES: FRUIT: FLOWERS: park planting. COMMENTS: TRADE AVAILABILITY: leaves arebrowsedbywhite-taileddeer, opossumandcottontails. WILDLIFE VALUE: PROPAGATION: SPACING: fissures deep. BARK/BRANCHES: FRUIT: FLOWERS: for erosioncontrol.The“knees”arelikeanaturalbulkhead. COMMENTS: TRADE AVAILABILITY: WILDLIFE VALUE: PROPAGATION: SPACING: BARK/BRANCHES: drupe borne inracemes,thinskinned,blackwhenripe. drupeborne asamara,about½inchlong,redtogreen,March-June. 10-18feet. 30-60feet. 40-50feet. racemeswithwhiteflowersinspring. February-April, beforetheleaves,petalsabsent,redtogreen. February-April, Thefruitisedibleonlywhenripe. A very desirable ornamental treeforstreetand desirableornamental Avery Thistreewasoncewidespreadandisanexcellentchoice seed,cuttings. byseed,cuttings. byseed. fruit for birds, foliage for butterfly larvae. fruitforbirds,foliagebutterfly fruitiseatenbybirds,andtheyoungtwigs seedsforbirds,nesting. reddishbrown,grayorwhite. lighttodarkgray, ridgesflattenedandscaly, graytoreddishbrown. poor. fair. good. to goldinfall. FOLIAGE: LIGHT: well drained. SOIL TYPE: BAYOU SITE: USUAL SIZE: PREFERRED HABITAT: LIGHT: and routinesubmersionokay. SOIL TYPE: BAYOU SITE: 3-6 foottrunkdiameter. FRUIT: FLOWERS: FOLIAGE: USUAL SIZE: riverbanks. PREFERRED HABITAT: LARGE TREES LARGE part shade,fullsun. part deciduous, with leaves turning lemon deciduous,withleavesturning 22 ½inchconesinfall. partial shadetofullsun. partial sand,loam,clay, limestone;moist, FOLIAGE: LIGHT: SOIL TYPE: upper slope. BAYOU SITE: 100 feet. PREFERRED HABITAT: USUAL SIZE: along streams. 40-80feet. topbank,upperslope. deciduous,feathery, copperinfall. March-April. sand,loam,clay, poordrainage 45-60feet,upto150 toe,lowerslope. shadetofullsun. deciduous, finely callous-serrate. deciduous,finelycallous-serrate. moistwoods,alongstreams. loam, clay-loam, well drained. loam, clay-loam, welldrained. 40-80feet,canreach topbank,midto forestedwetlands, forests,and

COMMENTS: TRADE AVAILABILITY: WILDLIFE VALUE: PROPAGATION: SPACING: BARK/BRANCHES: FRUIT: FLOWERS: green, and11-23leaflets. PROPAGATION: SPACING: BARK/BRANCHES: FRUIT: Stands willdeclineintheshade. to fullsuntodowell. erosion pronebanks.Musthavepartial COMMENTS: existing populationswithpermission. TRADE AVAILABILITY: twigs andbarkconsumedbysomebirds,nectarforbees. WILDLIFE VALUE: or securedinbanksasbundles. growing andhasataproot.Gooderosioncontrolforsandysoils. COMMENTS: TRADE AVAILABILITY: birds andmammals. WILDLIFE VALUE: PROPAGATION: SPACING: BARK/BRANCHES: FRUIT: largeediblenutripeninginSeptember-October. tinycapsules,May-June. blue-blackdrupeinlatesummertoearlyfall. 20to30feet,ormuchcloserifplantingWillow stakes. 50-60feet. 30feet. yellowishgreeninMay-June. An extremely aggressive tree capable of stabilizing Anextremelyaggressivetreecapableofstabilizing Longlived,moderatelyfastgrowingtree. Agreataccenttreewithoutstandingfallcolor. Slow by seed, cuttings root when driven into banks as stakes byseed,cuttingsrootwhendrivenintobanksasstakes byseed,cuttings. byseedinthefall,cuttings. nestinghabitatandcover, foliagefordeerandrabbits, nuts for squirrels, and a larval plantformoths. nutsforsquirrels,andalarval nectarsourceforinsects,foliagedeer, fruitfor lightbrowntoblack,scaly, deep,fissures. grayishbrown,black,orreddish. grayishbrowntoblackbark. poor, bestacquired bycuttingbranchesfrom poor. fairtopoor. FLOWERS: narrow leaveswithpaleundersides. FOLIAGE: LIGHT: SOIL TYPE: BAYOU SITE: USUAL SIZE: PREFERRED HABITAT: fullsun. FLOWERS: red leavesinfall. FOLIAGE: LIGHT: drainage ok. SOIL TYPE: BAYOU SITE: feet, trunkis3-4feetindiameter. USUAL SIZE: woods. PREFERRED HABITAT: compound, 1-2 FOLIAGE: LIGHT: calcareous. SOIL TYPE: BAYOU SITE: 160 feet. USUAL SIZE: bottomland woods. PREFERRED HABITAT: deciduous, 3-6 inch long, green, deciduous,3-6inchlong,green, springinaromaticcatkins,April-May. clay, loam,sand,poordrainageokay. to70feet,canreach120feet. toe,lowerslope. partial shadetofullsun. partial part shadetofullsun. part 23 deciduous,2-5incheslong, deciduous,pinnately April-June,greenish. sand,loam,clay, acid;poor deeploam;slightlyacidto 30-60feet,canreach140 topbank,lowerslope. banksofriversandstreams. 50-80feet,canreach topbank. feet long,yellowish wetlands,low prairiesandrich

: Nyssa sylvatica Nyssa : : Salix nigra Salix : Black Willow Willow Black Gum Black : Juglans nigra Juglans : Black Walnut Black Eastern Cottonwood PREFERRED HABITAT: woods, along PREFERRED HABITAT: along streams. streams. USUAL SIZE: up to 100 feet, 3-4 foot USUAL SIZE: 60-80 feet. trunk diameter. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. BAYOU SITE: toe, lower slope. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, caliche. SOIL TYPE: moist sandy loams. LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. LIGHT: sun. FOLIAGE: deciduous. FOLIAGE: deciduous, light green, broad, FLOWERS: yellowish green. sometimes heart shaped, yellow in FRUIT: large acorns. the fall. BARK/BRANCHES: light brown as twigs, light gray to reddish brown FRUIT: May-June, small green capsules. with fissures as bark. BARK/BRANCHES: stout trunk, large branches, rounded crown, gray SPACING: : Populus deltiodes

: Quercus macrocarpa 30-50 feet. to blackish bark on mature trees with ridges. PROPAGATION: acorns. PROPAGATION: by seed, cuttings. WILDLIFE VALUE: mammals and birds eat the acorns, and it is a WILDLIFE VALUE: seeds for birds. larval host for butterflies. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair to poor. TRADE AVAILABILITY: good. COMMENTS: A superb erosion management tool. Fast growing. COMMENTS: This has one of the largest acorns. Drought tolerant. Relatively shallow, spreading roots. A prolific self-seeder. Cuttings Bur Oak can be used for live stakes. High flood tolerance even though damage may occur.

PREFERRED HABITAT: forests and prairies. Eastern Red Cedar PREFERRED HABITAT: along streams, USUAL SIZE: 30-50 feet. bayous, and uplands. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. USUAL SIZE: 30-60 feet. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, caliche, BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. limestone, limestone, well-drained. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, LIGHT: dappled shade, part shade, caliche, and limestone. full sun. LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. FOLIAGE: evergreen, coarse or fine-cut FOLIAGE: deciduous, leaves turn and can vary in color from gray to blue, yellow in fall. to dark green to light green. FLOWERS: borne in July. FLOWERS:

September-December, cone : Juniperus virginiana FRUIT: : Ulmus crassifolia small seeds that are less berry-like, pale blue, and sub-globose. than ½ inch long. FRUIT: March-May, fleshy, purplish. BARK/BRANCHES: brown, gray, or reddish, with flattened ridges. BARK/BRANCHES: Reddish brown, trunk more or less fluted and SPACING: 20-30 feet apart. basally buttressed. PROPAGATION: by seed. SPACING: 20 feet. WILDLIFE VALUE: the seeds feed birds and mammals. PROPAGATION: by seed, cuttings.

Cedar Elm TRADE AVAILABILITY: good. WILDLIFE VALUE: fruit for birds and mammals, nesting, cover. COMMENTS: Good tree for dry areas. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. COMMENTS: Good tree for urban habitats; in particular if the bottom is not trimmed. Eastern Persimmon, Common Persimmon PREFERRED HABITAT: swamps, moist forests, PREFERRED HABITAT: woods, fields. along streams. USUAL SIZE: 25-50 feet, can reach USUAL SIZE: 50-60 feet, can reach 100 feet. 70 feet. BAYOU SITE: toe, lower slope, top bank. BAYOU SITE: top bank. SOIL TYPE: sandy loam, clay, tolerates poor SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. drainage. LIGHT: partial shade to moderate sun.

LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. FOLIAGE: large smooth leaves, Diospyros virginiana FOLIAGE: deciduous, leaves turn red and 2-6 inches long, deciduous, fall color. orange in fall, whitish undersides. FLOWERS: April-June, dioecious. FLOWERS: red to green blooms on males in late winter to spring. FRUIT: August-February, to 2 inches, orange when ripe, edible when FRUIT: red to green, or brown fruit on females in spring to early soft after exposure to cold temperatures. summer, 1-1 ½ inch fruits have wings. BARK/BRANCHES: brown to black bark, fissured, in block patterns. BARK/BRANCHES: upright crown; smooth, light gray bark when young, SPACING: 20-25 feet. darker and more furrowed with age. PROPAGATION: by seed, cuttings. SPACING: 30-40 feet. WILDLIFE VALUE: fruit for wildlife and people. PROPAGATION: by seed. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair to poor. WILDLIFE VALUE: COMMENTS: Drummond Red Maple seeds for mammals, birds, foliage for deer. A very useful tree for erosion control along a bayou Acer rubrum var. drummondii Acer rubrum var. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair to good. corridor due to its deep roots. COMMENTS: A very fast growing tree if sufficient moisture is present. Fall color can be outstanding.

24 25 PREFERRED HABITAT: pineywoods, gulf PREFERRED HABITAT: along rivers, creeks. prairies, marshes, post oak savannahs. USUAL SIZE: up to 70 feet. USUAL SIZE: 60-110 feet, can reach BAYOU SITE: top bank, slopes, toe.

170 feet, trunks to six feet in diameter. Loblolly Pine SOIL TYPE: moist sandy loam, clay. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. LIGHT: sun. SOIL TYPE: sand, sandy loam, FOLIAGE: deciduous, bright green, well drained. 2-6 inches long, 1-2 inches wide. LIGHT: full sun to partial shade. FLOWERS: April-May dioecious. FOLIAGE: evergreen, clusters of three FRUIT: summer-fall, 1 ¼ inch long seed. (sometimes 2), 5-10 inches long, light to dark green. BARK/BRANCHES: brown bark, flat ridges, furrowed. FLOWERS: yellowish green flowers. : Pinus taeda SPACING: 40-50 feet. FRUIT: cones ripen in September-November, 3-5 inches long, no stalk

: Fraxinus pennsylvanica PROPAGATION: by seed. BARK/BRANCHES: reddish brown, scaly blocks, deep furrows, large WILDLIFE VALUE: fruit for birds, leaves for mammals. sections, papery scales. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. SPACING: 2-25 feet. COMMENTS: Fast growing roots make Green Ash one of the best trees PROPAGATION: seeds planted in the fall, spreads well by volunteering. for erosion control. WILDLIFE VALUE: seeds for birds. TRADE AVAILABILITY: good.

Green Ash COMMENTS: An excellent top bank and upper slope stabilizing tree due to its extensive lateral root system, especially where deep sandy loam soils exist. Fast growing. Pine straw makes excellent mulch.

PREFERRED HABITAT: woods, swamps,

PREFERRED HABITAT: forested edges of streams. Northern Catalpa USUAL SIZE: wetlands, along streams. usually 50 feet or less, rarely USUAL SIZE: up to 100 ft. to 120 feet. BAYOU SITE: BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. top banks, slopes. SOIL TYPE: SOIL TYPE: moist sandy soils. sand, loam, clay, moist, well LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. drained. LIGHT: FOLIAGE: almost evergreen leaves, partial shade to full sun. FOLIAGE: 2-6 inches long. deciduous. FLOWERS: FLOWERS: staminate and pistillate white with yellow blotches and catkins are borne separately on purplish spots. FRUIT: : Quercus laurifolia capsule in October. the same tree in spring. : Catalpa speciosa BARK/BRANCHES: FRUIT: acorn, ½ inch long. gray to brown or reddish. SPACING: BARK/BRANCHES: gray to black when older with furrows separated 20-30 feet. PROPAGATION: by flat ridges. seed. WILDLIFE VALUE: SPACING: 50-75 feet. hummingbirds and insects are attracted to the PROPAGATION: by seed flowers, and it is the larval host plant for the Catalpa Sphinx Moth. TRADE AVAILABILITY: WILDLIFE VALUE: The acorns provide food for mammals and birds. poor. Laurel Oak COMMENTS: TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair to poor. The Southern Catalpa – Catalpa bignonioides is more COMMENTS: This is an attractive tree that is almost evergreen and it common in the landscape trade, and it does occur in our area. But likes sandy soils. many botanists believe it is an out of range native from Georgia and Florida to Louisiana.

PREFERRED HABITAT: prairies, and PREFERRED HABITAT: bottomlands of rivers upland areas of tree canopies. and creeks. USUAL SIZE: 40-60 feet. USUAL SIZE: 80-120 feet. BAYOU SITE: upper slope. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. Nuttall Oak SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, poor SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. drainage is ok. LIGHT: part shade to full sun. LIGHT: full sun. FOLIAGE: deciduous, alternate, 5-7 lobed. FOLIAGE: evergreen leaves. FLOWERS: borne in separate staminate FLOWERS: pale yellow, 2 to 3 inches and pistillate catkins. long, in spring. FRUIT: acorns.

FRUIT: acorns. BARK/BRANCHES: light to dark gray or : Quercus nuttallii BARK/BRANCHES: dark gray-brown and rough. brownish to black. SPACING: 30-60 feet. SPACING: 40 feet apart. : Quercus virginiana PROPAGATION: by seed. PROPAGATION: by seed. WILDLIFE VALUE: the acorns are eaten by birds and mammals. WILDLIFE VALUE: the acorns are eaten by birds and mammals. TRADE AVAILABILITY: good. TRADE AVAILABILITY: good. COMMENTS: Live Oak is probably the most commonly planted COMMENTS: The leaves will usually turn yellow in the fall.

Live Oak native tree.

26 27 PREFERRED HABITAT: moist forests, banks PREFERRED HABITAT: near creeks, bottomlands. of streams. USUAL SIZE: 30-50 feet, sometimes to 90 feet. USUAL SIZE: 80-100 feet, can reach 150 BAYOU SITE: toe, lower slope.

feet, 3-5 foot trunk diameter. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, acid; poor River Birch BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. drainage okay. SOIL TYPE: poorly drained clay soils. LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. LIGHT: full sun to partial shade. FOLIAGE: medium coarse textured leaves, FOLIAGE: deciduous, thin leaves, 7-9 bright green, whitish undersides, toothed inches long, 2-4 inches wide. edges, yellow leaves in fall, deciduous. : Quercus lyrata FLOWERS: March-April, catkins. FLOWERS: flowers bloom in early spring, : Betula nigra FRUIT: acorn, ½-1 inch tall, 1 inch across. male and female in separate catkins. BARK/BRANCHES: trunk can reach 2-3 feet in diameter, bark is grayish FRUIT: winged nutlets, 1/8 inch long, ripen April-June. brown-reddish. BARK/BRANCHES: pale brown to reddish brown, peels back creating SPACING: 50-75 feet. a beautiful effect. Often multi trunked. PROPAGATION: by seed. SPACING: 25-30 feet. WILDLIFE VALUE: acorns for deer and birds, good cover, foliage for PROPAGATION: by seed, cuttings. butterfly larvae. WILDLIFE VALUE: seeds for birds, foliage for deer. Overcup Oak TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. TRADE AVAILABILITY: good. COMMENTS: This oak fits the bill when a poor drainage, heavy clay COMMENTS: A very helpful tree for erosion prone areas, attractive tolerant tree is needed. Somewhat oak wilt resistant. Slow growing. features. Fast growing, somewhat short-lived. Shallow spreading roots.

PREFERRED HABITAT: along streams, PREFERRED HABITAT: woodlands, near

bottomlands. streams. Shagbark Hickory USUAL SIZE: often 60-70 feet USUAL SIZE: Often 50-60, can reach commonly, can reach 160 feet. 110 feet with a trunk 4 feet in BAYOU SITE: top bank. diameter. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, caliche, BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. well drained. SOIL TYPE: sandy loam. LIGHT: full sun. LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. FOLIAGE: coarse textured, yellowish FOLIAGE: deciduous, yellow green, green, 3-8 inch long, toothed 5-7 inches long. edges, deciduous. FLOWERS: March-June, in clusters. FLOWERS: male and female flowers separate on the same tree. FRUIT: nuts in September-October. : Carya ovata : Carya : Carya illinoiensis FRUIT: large, hard shelled nut in September-November. BARK/BRANCHES: light gray bark, shaggy, separates from tree into BARK/BRANCHES: broad rounded crown, brittle wood, gray to light strips up to 12 inches long. brown bark. SPACING: 40-50 feet. SPACING: Pecan 50-75 feet. PROPAGATION: by seed. PROPAGATION: by seed, cuttings. WILDLIFE VALUE: nuts, birds. WILDLIFE VALUE: nuts for birds and mammals. TRADE AVAILABILITY: poor. TRADE AVAILABILITY: good. COMMENTS: The bark is a very interesting feature. A solid COMMENTS: A long-lived tree with a taproot. State tree of Texas. performer in moist, rich soils.

PREFERRED HABITAT: prairies and PREFERRED HABITAT: along streams, woods. Shumard Red Oak woodlands. USUAL SIZE: 50-120 feet. USUAL SIZE: to 75 feet. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. BAYOU SITE: top bank. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. SOIL TYPE: sand, acid, well drained. LIGHT: full sun to partial shade. LIGHT: part shade to full sun. FOLIAGE: deciduous, red in fall. FOLIAGE: deciduous with leaves turning FLOWERS: light brown, 6 to 7 inches brown in fall. long, spring. FLOWERS: appearing with the leaves FRUIT: acorns. March-May. BARK/BRANCHES: gray to reddish brown. FRUIT: acorns ripen in September- SPACING: 50-75 feet.

November. PROPAGATION: by seed. : Quercus shumardii : Quercus stellata BARK/BRANCHES: thick, gray to reddish brown bark and brown WILDLIFE VALUE: acorns for mammals and birds. branches. TRADE AVAILABILITY: good. SPACING: 30-40 feet apart. COMMENTS: Commonly sold in the landscape trade. PROPAGATION: by seed and cuttings. WILDLIFE VALUE: acorns for mammals, nesting for birds. Post Oak Post TRADE AVAILABILITY: poor. COMMENTS: Many different varieties of Post Oak exist.

28 29 Swamp Chestnut Oak PREFERRED HABITAT: PREFERRED HABITAT: along streams. coastal plains, USUAL SIZE: 10-50 feet. moist forests. USUAL SIZE: BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. 60-80 feet, up to 100 feet, SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. 2-7 foot trunk diameter. BAYOU SITE: LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. top bank. SOIL TYPE: FOLIAGE: deciduous, leaves turn shades of sand, loam, clay, tolerates yellow and gold in fall. poor drainage. LIGHT: FLOWERS: white, 5-10 inch panicles in partial shade to full sun. FOLIAGE: May or June. deciduous, large leaves turn FRUIT: white to yellow or black berry. red in fall, wavy leaf edges. FLOWERS: BARK/BRANCHES: gray to reddish. catkins, April-May. FRUIT: one seeded nut, ¾-1 ½ inch long. : Quercus michauxii : Sapindus drummondii SPACING: 12-20 feet. BARK/BRANCHES: PROPAGATION: by seed. narrow head, distinctive light gray bark. SPACING: WILDLIFE VALUE: berries for birds. 50-75 feet. PROPAGATION: TRADE AVAILABILITY: poor to fair. by seed. WILDLIFE VALUE: COMMENTS: The berries have historically been used for a soap like acorns for deer and birds, good cover, foliage substance, even though they are considered poisonous. for butterfly larvae. TRADE AVAILABILITY: poor to fair. Soapberry COMMENTS: This oak is at its best in natural settings such as heavy soils along top banks. Some what oak wilt resistant. Slow growing.

PREFERRED HABITAT: moist woods, along PREFERRED HABITAT: moist upland

streams. Sweetgum woods, fields. USUAL SIZE: 50 feet, up to 135 feet, trunk USUAL SIZE: often 50-70 ft, up to 150 diameter of 2-3 feet. feet, trunk diameter of 3-5 feet. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, well-drained. SOIL TYPE: moist sandy loam, clay loam. LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. LIGHT: sun. FOLIAGE: large, dark green, 5-8 inches long,

FOLIAGE: star-shaped leaves, deciduous, : Liquidambar styraciflua glossy leaves, rusty undersides, evergreen. outstanding fall color (red and yellow). FLOWERS: showy white flowers, May–early FLOWERS: March-May, small green. summer, 6-9 inches, fragrant. FRUIT: FRUIT: September-November, 1-1 ½ inch balls.

: Magnolia grandiflora cone with exposed red seeds, BARK/BRANCHES: often cork winged branches, rough bark, furrowed, July-October. brown to gray. BARK/BRANCHES: brown, dense branching structures, rounded crown. SPACING: 25-35 feet SPACING: 50-75 feet. PROPAGATION: by seed, cuttings. PROPAGATION: by seed, cuttings. WILDLIFE VALUE: fruit for birds, mammals. WILDLIFE VALUE: fruit for birds and mammals. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. TRADE AVAILABILITY: good. COMMENTS: A fast growing tree well suited to bayou corridors. Its fall S. Magnolia COMMENTS: This elegant tree is “tough as nails” and forms dense root color is the tree’s most distinctive feature. mats. Often has a pyramidal shape. Avoid pruning off lower branches.

PREFERRED HABITAT: along streams, woods. PREFERRED HABITAT: forested wetlands, USUAL SIZE: usually 40-60 feet, rarely to along streams. 100 feet with a trunk 2-3 feet in diameter. USUAL SIZE: 65-75 feet, can reach 170 Sycamore BAYOU SITE: top banks, slopes. feet, trunk, 3 to 12 feet in diameter. SOIL TYPE: sandy, loam, clay. BAYOU SITE: top bank, slope, toe. LIGHT: sun to partial shade. SOIL TYPE: sandy loam. FOLIAGE: light green, deciduous, 2-4 LIGHT: full sun to partial shade. inches long. FOLIAGE: deciduous, large, broad leaves FLOWERS: spring, small, inconspicuous,

turn yellow in fall. : Platanus occidentalis

: Celtis laevigata greenish. FLOWERS: April-May, inconspicuous green balls. FRUIT: orange or red to black drupe. FRUIT: September-October, 1-1 ½ inch brown balls. BARK/BRANCHES: light gray-brown, with warts. BARK/BRANCHES: reddish brown to brown bark, scales flake off, SPACING: 20-30 feet. whitish new bark. PROPAGATION: by seed. SPACING: 40-50 feet. WILDLIFE VALUE: fruit for birds, foliage for butterfly larvae. PROPAGATION: by seed, cuttings. TRADE AVAILABILITY: poor. WILDLIFE VALUE: seeds for birds. COMMENTS: A tough tree that reseeds so easily, it’s often considered TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair to good. a nuisance in home landscaping. Although native, it is not usually COMMENTS: This long-lived tree is very helpful in terms of stabilizing

advisable to plant this tree due to its aggressiveness, but it can make Sugar Hackberry bayou banks due to its interwoven root system. It also has beautiful sense to preserve existing stands along highly erodible stream banks. bark and foliage.

30 31 PREFERRED HABITAT: waterways PREFERRED HABITAT: along streams, woods. and swamps. USUAL SIZE: 50-60 feet, 1-2 ½ feet. USUAL SIZE: up to 100 feet, usually less. trunk diameter. Winged Elm BAYOU SITE: toe and moist top banks. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. SOIL TYPE: loam. LIGHT: part shade to full sun. LIGHT: full sun. 2 FOLIAGE: deciduous. FOLIAGE: deciduous, 1 /3 inches long, FLOWERS: yellow catkins. serrate, pointed tips. FRUIT: thin shelled, brown Hickory nuts. FLOWERS: before leaves in Spring. : Carya aquatica BARK/BRANCHES: grayish brown. FRUIT: winged nutlet, orange to red, in the fall. : Ulmus alata SPACING: 20 feet. BARK/BRANCHES: gray to reddish brown bark, thin branches, corky PROPAGATION: seed. wings on twigs. WILDLIFE VALUE: squirrels and ducks eat the nuts. SPACING: 40-50 feet. TRADE AVAILABILITY: poor. PROPAGATION: by seed, easily. COMMENTS: This species of Hickory is the most tolerant of WILDLIFE VALUE: foliage for butterfly larvae. wet conditions. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. COMMENTS: A very well adapted Elm for bayou corridors. Water Hickory Water

MEDIUM TO SMALL TREES PREFERRED HABITAT: in woods and along PREFERRED HABITAT: moist woodlands, banks streams.

of streams. American Holly USUAL SIZE: to 80 feet. USUAL SIZE: often 15-25 feet, can reach 70 BAYOU SITE: lower slope, upper slope, feet or more, up to 1-2 foot trunk diameter. top bank. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, acidic. LIGHT: full sun to partial shade. LIGHT: shade to full sun. FOLIAGE: deciduous, but closer to being FOLIAGE: 2-4 inch classic holly-shaped leaves evergreen than most Oaks. with spines, evergreen. : Quercus nigra FLOWERS: with the leaves in Spring. FLOWERS: white to yellowish, spring-summer. FRUIT: ripening September-October. FRUIT: red drupes, only on female plants, ¼ to ½ inch, late fall-winter. : Ilex opaca BARK/BRANCHES: gray to light brown. BARK/BRANCHES: pyramidal crown, light or gray bark. SPACING: 20-40 feet. SPACING: 20 feet. PROPAGATION: by seed. PROPAGATION: seed or cuttings. WILDLIFE VALUE: acorns for mammals WILDLIFE VALUE: seed for birds. Valuable due to duration of seeds on trees. and birds. TRADE AVAILABILITY: Water Oak Water poor for species, but good for hybrids. TRADE AVAILABILITY: good. COMMENTS: The Topel Holly is a naturally occurring hybrid of American COMMENTS: Often a host for Mistletoe. Holly and Dahoon Holly (far Southeastern U.S.). It is readily available in the nursery trade as the Savannah, Foster’s, and East Palatka Hollies.

PREFERRED HABITAT: moist forests. PREFERRED HABITAT: well drained areas Anacua, Sandpaper Tree USUAL SIZE: 80-100 feet, can reach 150 feet, of stream corridors. 3-5 foot trunk diameter. USUAL SIZE: 20-30 feet, sometimes BAYOU SITE: top bank. reaches 45 feet. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. BAYOU SITE: upper slope, top bank. LIGHT: full sun to partial shade. SOIL TYPE: well drained sand, FOLIAGE: deciduous, leaves turn red in fall , clay, caliche. 5-9 inches long, multiple round leaf lobes, LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. dead leaves in winter stay on the tree for a long time. FOLIAGE: nearly evergreen leaves feel FLOWERS: April-May, yellow green catkins. like sandpaper. FRUIT: acorns in September-October, ¾-1 inch long. FLOWERS: white blooms in March and occasionally to November. : Quercus alba BARK/BRANCHES: bark is off white, light gray or reddish brown. FRUIT: edible, sweet, yellow orange ¼ inch drupe. SPACING: 50-75 feet. BARK/BRANCHES: reddish brown to gray or black. PROPAGATION: fresh acorns. SPACING: 20 feet.

WILDLIFE VALUE: acorns for deer, birds, good cover, twigs for PROPAGATION: seed or cuttings. : Ehretia anacua nesting, foliage for butterfly larvae. WILDLIFE VALUE: fruit is eaten by mammals and birds. Insects are also TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair to good. attracted to its flowers. White Oak COMMENTS: This stately tee is becoming less common in southeast TRADE AVAILABILITY: poor. Texas due to habitat loss. The White Oak family is somewhat COMMENTS: This tree is rare in the Houston area, but commonly resistant to oak wilt. Slow to medium growth rate. found west and southwest of here. It is often used like a Live Oak.

32 33 PREFERRED HABITAT: PREFERRED HABITAT: along streams, moist woods, thickets. USUAL SIZE: bayous. 15-25 feet, sometimes Fringe Tree USUAL SIZE: 25-40 feet tall, can reach 75 30 feet. BAYOU SITE: feet; trunk, 2 to 4 feet in diameter. top bank, upper slope. SOIL TYPE: BAYOU SITE: toe, lower slope. sand, loam, clay. LIGHT: SOIL TYPE: moist soils, sandy loam, shade to partial shade. FOLIAGE: clay loam. deciduous to semi-evergreen, LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. 3-6 inches long, oval, dark, glossy, : Chionanthus virginicus FOLIAGE: bright green leaves, deciduous, looks a bit like Poison Ivy. yellow fall color. FLOWERS: FLOWERS: March-May, greenish, drooping clusters. white drooping blooms (panicles), March to June, : Acer negundo FRUIT: August-October in clusters, reddish brown, winged. 4-8 inch fringe-like clusters. FRUIT: BARK/BRANCHES: green bark when immature, gray–brown when August-October, dark blue clusters of fruit (drupes) in late mature, ridged, bushy crown. summer or fall on females. BARK/BRANCHES: SPACING: 20-25 feet. often multi-trunked, pale gray with white bands. SPACING: PROPAGATION: cuttings, by seed. 15-20 feet. PROPAGATION: budding, cuttings, layering, stratified seed. Box Elder WILDLIFE VALUE: seeds for birds and squirrels. WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: poor. seeds for birds, foliage for mammals. TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: A fast growing, resourceful, but short-lived tree likely to fair to poor. COMMENTS: colonize lower banks. Shrubby growth in early years. Has medium An absolutely beautiful tree when in bloom. Lush, coarse depth, spreading roots and tolerates flooding and soil deposition well. textured leaves are very attractive. Has a taproot.

PREFERRED HABITAT: forests. PREFERRED HABITAT: coastal prairies and USUAL SIZE: 10-20 feet, sometimes edges of woods. USUAL SIZE: 40 feet. 15-20 feet, can reach 30 feet. Huisache BAYOU SITE: top bank. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, well-drained. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, caliche. LIGHT: dappled shade to moderate sun. LIGHT: full sun, partial shade. FOLIAGE: dull green, heart shaped FOLIAGE: deciduous, pinnately compound, leaves, deciduous, yellow fall color. 1-4 inches long. FLOWERS: early spring bloom, rose-pink (rarely white, edible). FLOWERS: orange-yellow ¼ inch fragrant, : Acacia farnesiana FRUIT: legume, with small seeds, ripen summer-fall. before new leaves in spring. : Cercis canadensis BARK/BRANCHES: reddish-brown bark, trunk is often almost straight, FRUIT: legume, reddish-brown to purple or black, seeds brown. with a rounded or flattened crown. BARK/BRANCHES: reddish brown. SPACING: 15-25 feet. SPACING: 15-20 feet. PROPAGATION: by seed, a prolific self seeder. PROPAGATION: seeds, cuttings. WILDLIFE VALUE: foliage is a butterfly larvae food source. WILDLIFE VALUE: flowers for insects, cover. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair to good. TRADE AVAILABILITY: poor to fair. COMMENTS: An attractive understory tree. Will not tolerate routinely COMMENTS: It is resistant to drought and heat. It can be an invasive wet, compact soils. A relatively short-lived tree. in cleared areas. Eastern Redbud Ironwood, American Hornbeam, Musclewood Ironwood, American Hornbeam, Musclewood

PREFERRED HABITAT: woodlands. PREFERRED HABITAT: rich woods, USUAL SIZE: 15-40 feet. bottomlands. BAYOU SITE: top bank. USUAL SIZE: 15-25 feet. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. LIGHT: part shade. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, well Carpinus caroliniana FOLIAGE: deciduous, with red fall color. drained. FLOWERS: white blooms in spring. LIGHT: shade to partial shade. FRUIT: red berries in fall and winter. FOLIAGE: deciduous, 2-4 inches long, : Cornus florida BARK/BRANCHES: grayish brown. yellow fall color. SPACING: 10 feet. FLOWERS: April-June, in catkins. PROPAGATION: seed, cuttings. FLOWERS: ribbed nutlet, late WILDLIFE VALUE: birds and mammals August-October. eat the fruit. BARK/BRANCHES: branches, drooping, graceful. Trunk with TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. muscle-like patterns. COMMENTS: This native is rare in our area and can be particular SPACING: 12-15 feet. about drainage and other site conditions. PROPAGATION: fresh seed. WILDLIFE VALUE: seeds for birds, cover. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair to poor. COMMENTS: This tree is very tough, has unique bark and fall color. Flowering Dogwood

34 35 Retama : Parkinsonia aculeata Sassafras : Sassafras albidum Sweetbay Magnolia : Magnolia virginiana

thin or open woods. woods, swamps, open woods, brush. woods, brush. open top bank. 20 feet, can reach 90 feet. top bank. 20-30rarely to 60 feet, feet, sand, loam, acidic. lime green, to brownish red. lime green, to sandy loam, clay loam. yellow, 2 inch clusters in yellow, May and June bloom, white deciduous, with red, yellow, deciduous, with red, yellow, nectar for insects. almost evergreen, 3-6 inches seed and cuttings. 37 partial shade to full sun. blue, ½ inch long. partial shade to partial sun. top bank, slopes. top bank, 12-15 feet, sometimes to 35 ft. feet, sometimes 12-15 sand, loam, clay, caliche. clay, sand, loam, yellow blooms, spring to fall. yellow blooms, 12-15 feet. deciduous. PREFERRED HABITAT: boggy streams. SIZE: USUAL ½ feet in diameter. 1-1 trunk up to SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: long, light green leaves. FLOWERS: fragrance, lemon 2-3 inches in diameter, ornamental. PREFERRED HABITAT: SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: aromatic. and orange fall color, FLOWERS: early spring. FRUIT: partial sun. shade to full linear legume. USUAL SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: FLOWERS: FRUIT: BARK/BRANCHES: SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: PREFERRED HABITAT: PREFERRED good. poor. fair to poor. reddish brown to gray, aromatic. reddish brown to gray, light gray-brown bark, narrow crown. birds eat the fruit. leaves for deer, seeds for birds and mammals. seeds for birds leaves for deer, seed, cuttings. by seed, cuttings. This out of range Texas native is firmly established This out of range Texas The oil and leaves are used as a flavoring. Can be a good choice when a smaller Magnolia is desired 10-15 feet apart. 20 feet. 1-2 inch long cylindrical cone with red seeds in the fall. TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: here and is very for dry useful slopes. BARK/BRANCHES: SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: BARK/BRANCHES: SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: thicket forming. Can be Slow growing. along a bayou corridor. FRUIT:

tall grass prairies, prairies, tall grass understory tree in moist woods, floodplains. . top bank, upper slope. top bank, upper 15-30 feet. 15-30 top bank, lower slope, toe. 15-25 feet; rarely reaches up sand, loam, clay-loam, sand, loam, rich sandy loam. early spring before leaves, early spring pale yellow, tiny, bell shaped, tiny, pale yellow, deciduous, light green, deciduous, light evergreen, 3-4 inches long, two top bank, upper slope, mid slope. often to 40 feet, rarely to 70 feet. moist soil, sandy loam, clay loam. dappled shade to moderate sun. dappled shade spring, green, catkins. May to August, ¾-1 inch long shade to partial shade. 3-9 inches long, often oval, serrate, partial shade to full sun. 36 2 ½-4 inches long, turning2 ½-4 inches yellow in fall. FLOWERS: pink, 1 inch across, white to faintly FOLIAGE: PREFERRED HABITAT: PREFERRED woods. SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: well-drained. LIGHT: PREFERRED HABITAT: swamps. woods, along streams, near SIZE: USUAL to 70 feet, up to 3 foot trunk diameter. SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: aromatic. inches wide, shiny, FLOWERS: spring-summer. Persea palustris PREFERRED HABITAT: USUAL SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: some with lobes, yellow fall color. FLOWERS: FLOWERS: drupes, red at first, then purplish good. poor to fair. poor. bark is gray with burgundy and fissured. bark is gray with burgundy spreading crown, brown to gray bark. fruit for birds and mammals, foliage for butterfly fruit for birds and mammals, fruit for birds, foliage for butterfly larvae. fruit for birds and mammals, foliage for mammals. stratified seed, cuttings. by seed. cuttings, by seed, a prolific self-seeder. Swamp Bay – A tough tree when placed in well-drained soils. A tough tree when placed Likes wet soils. Can form thickets. Moderately deep, A resourceful, fast growing, tough accent tree for wildlife. 20-25 feet. 25-30 feet. drupes, ripens in mid-summer to fall, good for jelly. reddish purple ½ inch blue-black drupe. BARK/BRANCHES: fragrant, ornamental. FRUIT: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: larvae, rotting fruit for butterflies. TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: black, edible. BARK/BRANCHES: SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: Many non-native Mulberry trees are erroneously sold as Red It is recommended to check botanical descriptions before Mulberry. planting this species. FRUIT: SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: spreading roots. BAYS: OTHER

: Morus rubra Morus : : Persea borbonia Persea : Redbay Redbay Red Mulberry Red : Prunus mexicana Prunus : Mexican Plum Mexican Arrowood Viburnum : Viburnum dentatum Buttonbush : Cephalanthus occidentalis Carolina Buckthorn Frangula caroliniana,(Rhamnus caroliniana) sluggish streams, woods, moist woods, along woods, along moist toe. up to 30 feet. top bank. 12-15 feet, sometimes up to moist soils, sandy loam. June-September, white to June-September, sand, loam, clay, tolerates tolerates sand, loam, clay, deciduous, dark green, 2-8 deciduous to almost full sun-partial shade. 39 top bank, upper slope. top bank, upper often 5-15 feet, can reach 20 feet, can often 5-15 dappled shade to moderate sun. sandy loam, well drained, with sandy loam, June-August, small white flowers. June-August, small white deciduous, medium texture, red deciduous, medium PREFERRED HABITAT: wetlands. SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: inches long, 1-3 inches wide. FLOWERS: shade to partial shade. PREFERRED HABITAT: bottomlands, along streams. SIZE: USUAL 35 feet, trunk to eight inches. SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: somewhat poorly draining soils. LIGHT: FOLIAGE: evergreen, dark green, yellow fall streams. SIZE: USUAL feet. SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: matter content. high organic LIGHT: FOLIAGE: fall color. FLOWERS: PREFERRED HABITAT: PREFERRED fair to poor. fair. fair. fair. smooth bark, brown-gray, open crown. smooth bark, brown-gray, gray to grayish-brown bark. gray-brown bark, upright growth habit. foliage for deer, fruit for birds. foliage for deer, fruit for birds. seeds for birds, nectar for butterflies, bees. by seed. by seed, cuttings. seed, cuttings, root division. Moderate growth rate. Has a spreading, fairly shallow This shrub is a tough competitor along bayou corridors. This shrub is a tough competitor Fast growing. Needs routine moisture. Striking large Fast growing. Needs routine moisture. Striking large May-June, small greenish yellow. May-June, small greenish yellow. 15-20 feet. 6-12 feet. 10-15 feet. fall, red to black drupe, 1/4-1/2 inch, clusters along stem, August-November, bluish-black drupe. August-November, September-October, cluster of reddish brown nutlets, ¾ inch September-October, color, 2-6 inch leaves, shiny, prominent veins, ornamental. 2-6 inch leaves, shiny, color, FLOWERS: FRUIT: ornamental. BARK/BRANCHES: SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: root system. FRUIT: BARK/BRANCHES: SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: yellowish, in button-shaped heads, 1-2 inch diameter, fragrant. yellowish, in button-shaped heads, 1-2 inch diameter, FRUIT: diameter. BARK/BRANCHES: SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: shrub to small tree. has white woods. brown, smooth moist woods, moist top bank. 10-15 feet. sand, loam, clay. yellow, 1 inch flowers in yellow, deciduous, with great partial shade. woody capsule with shiny top bank, upper slope. top bank, upper 15-25 feet tall, 3-12 inch feet tall, 3-12 15-25 moist thickets, rich sand, loam, acidic. sand, loam, deciduous, three to four deciduous, three PREFERRED HABITAT: SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: fall color. FLOWERS: fall and winter. FRUIT: black seeds. BARK/BRANCHES: shade to partial shade. top bank, upper slope. 4-5 feet. sand, loam, clay, well drained. well sand, loam, clay, 38 FOLIAGE: yellow fall color. inches long, PREFERRED HABITAT: PREFERRED banks, bottomlands. stream SIZE: USUAL trunk diameter. SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: deciduous, light green, 3-6 inches SHRUBS dappled shade to partial shade. Callicarpa americana var. lactea Callicarpa americana var. SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: long, coarse textured. PREFERRED HABITAT: bottomlands. SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU fair to poor. fair to good. poor. slender, brittle branches, small rounded crown. brittle branches, small rounded slender, grayish bark, arching branches. fruit for mammals. fruit valuable to birds. birds eat the fruits. seed or cuttings. seeds in the fall, cuttings. stratified seed, layering. An extremely beautiful tree when in bloom. Use in small An extremely beautiful tree This shrub will not tolerate continuously soggy areas. This is the source for the Witch Hazel medicinal extracts. Hazel medicinal extracts. This is the source for the Witch early-mid spring flowers, white, 1-inch bell shaped, very flowers, white, 1-inch early-mid spring June-November, small, white rosy pink flowers in clusters. small, white June-November, 15-20 feet. 5-7 feet. 8-10 feet. 1 ½-2-inch drupe with wings. 1 ½-2-inch drupe with wings. late summer-fall, purple, white or pink, ¼ inch berry-like BARK/BRANCHES: FLOWERS: ornamental. FRUIT: with fissures. Reddish brown to gray bark SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: for best chances of survival.numbers. Plant in fall or winter FLOWERS: FRUIT: drupes in clusters. BARK/BRANCHES: SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: It should be considered a staple shrub, where site conditions are favorable. The variety fruit. A fairly prolific self-seeder. when immature, scaly when mature. SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS:

Callicarpa americana Callicarpa

: Hamamelis virginiana Hamamelis : Witch Hazel Witch : Halesia diptera Halesia : Two Wing Silverbell Silverbell Wing Two American Beauty Berry Berry Beauty American PREFERRED HABITAT: forests, thickets, Coralberry along streams. PREFERRED HABITAT: along streams and as USUAL SIZE: 15-20 feet. a ground cover under Post Oaks. BAYOU SITE: top bank, mid to upper USUAL SIZE: 1 ½ feet, can reach 6 feet. slope. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay-loam, SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. LIGHT: part shade.

well drained. : Symphoricarpos orbiculatus LIGHT: shade to full sun. FOLIAGE: almost evergreen, light green FOLIAGE: evergreen, dark green, leaves. shiny, 2-4 inch leaves, aromatic. FLOWERS: greenish white, June-August. FRUIT: : Prunus caroliniana FLOWERS: February-April, white, up to ½ inch. clusters of 1/8 inch purple berries. FRUIT: April-October. ½ inch, black drupe. BARK/BRANCHES: brown to gray. BARK/BRANCHES: gray, smooth until mature, mottled. SPACING: 1 ½ feet apart. SPACING: 8-15 feet. PROPAGATION: cuttings. PROPAGATION: stratified seed, cuttings. WILDLIFE VALUE: fruit for birds and mammals, and browse for deer. WILDLIFE VALUE: fruit for birds, foliage for butterfly larvae. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. TRADE AVAILABILITY: good. COMMENTS: An excellent shrub for erosion control. COMMENTS: This shrub to tree will reseed itself persistently. It is

Cherry Laurel important to have deep, well drained soils to ensure establishment success and to prevent loss due to root rot in later years. A staple shrub or tree, often taken for granted.

PREFERRED HABITAT: woods, brush. USUAL SIZE: PREFERRED HABITAT: sandy pinelands

2 feet, can reach 5 feet. Dwarf Wax Myrtle BAYOU SITE: and prairies. top bank, upper slope. USUAL SIZE: SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, caliche. 2-6 feet. LIGHT: BAYOU SITE: top bank. partial shade. SOIL TYPE: FOLIAGE: deciduous to semi-evergreen. sand, loam, clay. FLOWERS: LIGHT: part shade to full sun. white, ever blooming. FOLIAGE: FRUIT: red to green small peppers, evergreen. FLOWERS: n/a. April-November. FRUIT: BARK/BRANCHES: green to light brown. pale blue, small, SPACING: waxy berries. 2 feet. BARK/BRANCHES: PROPAGATION: seed. brownish. : Myrica pusilla WILDLIFE VALUE: SPACING: 2 feet. birds eat the fruits. PROPAGATION: TRADE AVAILABILITY: good. seed or cuttings.

: Capsicum annuum var. aviculare : Capsicum annuum var. WILDLIFE VALUE: COMMENTS: This is one of the hottest peppers. excellent cover and berries for birds. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. COMMENTS: This plant is also good for small hedges. Chili Pequin

PREFERRED HABITAT: coastal plains and PREFERRED HABITAT: along streams, moist woods. wooded areas. USUAL SIZE: often 12-15 feet, can reach 30 feet. USUAL SIZE: 6 feet, can reach 15-20 feet, BAYOU SITE: toe, slopes, top bank. Elderberry trunk diameter to 10 inches. SOIL TYPE: moist soils, sandy loam, BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper-mid slope. clay loam. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, well drained. LIGHT: full sun-partial shade. LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. FOLIAGE: deciduous, bright green, 2-7 inches. FOLIAGE: deciduous, light green, FLOWERS: May-July, white flower clusters (cymes). somewhat triangular, 3-6 inches long. FRUIT: July-September, purple black pome, : Sambucus canadensis FLOWERS: April-June, red spikes, 8-12 inches. 1/6-1/4 inch, edible when ripe only, and FRUIT: 4-6 inches long, poisonous, bright red beans are produced in should be made into jelly or wine. Unripe green fruit has small pea-like pods in autumn. amounts of arsenic in it. : Erythrina herbacea BARK/BRANCHES: branches smooth and green when young, reddish BARK/BRANCHES: herbaceous and woody branches, often green-red brown when mature, with thorns. SPACING: when young and gray-red when mature, rangy growth habit. 5-7 feet. SPACING: PROPAGATION: 5-10 feet. scarified seed, cuttings, root division. PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: by seed, cuttings. nectar for hummingbirds. WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: fruit for birds, mammals. poor to fair. TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: fair to poor. Coralbean Unusual looking flowers, fruits, and leaves. These COMMENTS: Fast-growing. An aggressive self seeding pioneer capable attributes make it a sought after accent plant. It will not tolerate of colonizing disturbed areas. continuously soggy locations.

40 41 PREFERRED HABITAT: fields and woodlands. PREFERRED HABITAT: woods, USUAL SIZE: 15 feet, can reach 30 feet. bottomlands. BAYOU SITE: USUAL SIZE: top bank, upper slope. to 30 feet. Mayhaw SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, limestone. BAYOU SITE: top bank, slopes. LIGHT: dappled to full sun. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. FOLIAGE: deciduous. LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. FLOWERS: pink drooping clusters in spring. FOLIAGE: deciduous. FLOWERS: FRUIT: black strings of beads. white flowers in spring. : Crataegus opaca BARK/BRANCHES: gray to reddish brown. FRUIT: Pome in May, 1/2-3/4 inch, red when ripe.

: Styphnolobium affine SPACING: 10 feet apart. BARK/BRANCHES: maroon-brown bark and brown to gray twigs. PROPAGATION: scarified seed. SPACING: 10-15 feet. WILDLIFE VALUE: Ring Tailed Cats eat the fruits and the foliage is browsed PROPAGATION: by stratifies seed. by White Tailed Deer. WILDLIFE VALUE: flowers provide nectar, and the fruit feeds mammals TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. and birds. COMMENTS: This Texas native has been found in counties adjacent to TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair to poor. Harris County. COMMENTS: This is the source of the delicious May Haw Jelly. Eve’s Necklace

PREFERRED HABITAT: along wooded Mexican Buckeye PREFERRED HABITAT: woods, along streams, bottomlands. streams. USUAL SIZE: 12-15 feet, can reach USUAL SIZE: 8-12 feet. 25 feet. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. SOIL TYPE: moist acidic soils, sandy LIGHT: part shade to full sun. loam, well-drained. FOLIAGE: deciduous with yellow fall LIGHT: partial shade. color. FOLIAGE: semi-evergreen to FLOWERS: pink in late spring. deciduous, dark green, 1-3 inches long, leathery, glossy above, FRUIT: black fruit in fall and winter. fall color. : Ungnadia speciosa BARK/BRANCHES: gray to brown. : Vaccinium arboreum : Vaccinium FLOWERS: bell-shaped, white or pinkish in spring. SPACING: 10 feet apart. FRUIT: blue to black berries, ¼-3/8 inch in diameter, ripen in PROPAGATION: scarified seed. winter, many seeds. WILDLIFE VALUE: nectar for insects, seeds eaten by a few species of BARK/BRANCHES: bark grayish to dark brown. animals, but poisonous to humans. SPACING: 6-15 feet. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. PROPAGATION: by seed, cuttings. COMMENTS: This plant is rare in the Houston area and is normally WILDLIFE VALUE: berries for birds, mammals. found farther out west. Farkleberry TRADE AVAILABILITY: poor to fair. COMMENTS: Attractive, accent understory shrub. Adequate drainage is important.

PREFERRED HABITAT: banks of PREFERRED HABITAT: wet woods, waterways. flood plains. USUAL SIZE: 10 feet, can reach USUAL SIZE: 4-5 feet, sometimes 15-20 feet. 18 feet. BAYOU SITE: toe, lower slope, top bank. BAYOU SITE: SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, tolerates

top bank to toe line. Palmetto SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. poor drainage. LIGHT: part shade to full sun. LIGHT: shade to full sun. FOLIAGE: deciduous with pinnately FOLIAGE: evergreen, fan-like, 2-8 feet in compound leaves. diameter, clustered from the base, pale FLOWERS: purple 6-8 inch spikes, green. with orange anthers May-June. FLOWERS: May-June, cream colored and borne erect, can reach eight feet. : Sabal minor FRUIT: : Amorpha fruticosa FRUIT: ¼-1/3 inch long legume. fall, 1-6 ft. drooping clusters, ¼ inch black drupes. BARK/BRANCHES: brown or gray. BARK/BRANCHES: stems and leaves arise fan-like from the crown. SPACING: 7-15 feet apart. SPACING: 4-6 feet. PROPAGATION: seed or cuttings. PROPAGATION: by stratified seed. WILDLIFE VALUE: nectar source for insects, leaves are browsed by WILDLIFE VALUE: cover, fruit for mammals. deer, and it is a larval host plant for butterflies. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: A slow growing plant that can eventually colonize an area.

Indigobush fair to poor. COMMENTS: This underused plant is one of the most versatile species An extremely tough plant in bottomland settings. Dense, spreading available and is excellent for erosion control. root system. Tolerates flooding well and is great for erosion control.

42 43 PREFERRED HABITAT: woods, bottomlands. PREFERRED HABITAT: woods, along USUAL SIZE: 10-15 feet, sometimes streams, bayous. Red Buckeye 25 feet. USUAL SIZE: 25-40 feet tall, can reach BAYOU SITE: top bank, lower slope. 75 feet; trunk, 2 to 4 feet in diameter. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, tolerates BAYOU SITE: top bank. poor drainage. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, LIGHT: dappled shade to full sun. well-drained. FOLIAGE: parsley shaped leaves, LIGHT: shade to partial shade. : Aesculus pavia var. pavia deciduous, leaves turn red in fall. FOLIAGE: deciduous, palmate, 3-6 FRUIT: March, white to pinkish, inches long, thin dark green shiny leaves, often defoliates in summer. : Crataegus marshallii ornamental. FLOWERS: March-May, clusters, ¾-1 inch red tubular individual FLOWERS: ripening in fall, 1/3 inch red berries (pomes), ornamental. flowers, ornamental. BARK/BRANCHES: branches slender, gray-brown, thorny; bark smooth, FRUIT: 1-2 inch rounded capsules. peeling. BARK/BRANCHES: thin, gray to brown, smooth. Branches usually short, SPACING: 15-20 feet. crooked and upright. PROPAGATION: by stratified seed. SPACING: 10-15 feet. WILDLIFE VALUE: nesting site for birds, fruit for birds, leaves for butterfly PROPAGATION: fresh seed, dormant root cuttings. larvae. Very valuable for wildlife. WILDLIFE VALUE: nectar for hummingbirds. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair to poor. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair to poor. COMMENTS: This understory shrub to small tree is very tolerant of poorly COMMENTS: An understory shrub to small tree with attractive foliage Parsley Hawthorn Parsley drained soils along bayou corridors. Has deep roots relative to it’s size. and flowers. Very tough when sited well.

PREFERRED HABITAT: Roughleaf Dogwood PREFERRED HABITAT: woodlands, banks of thickets, along streams. USUAL SIZE: streams. 20 to 30 feet tall. BAYOU SITE: USUAL SIZE: 12-30 feet. top bank, upper slope, lower BAYOU SITE: woodlands, banks of streams. slope, sometimes the toe. SOIL TYPE: SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. moist soils, sandy loam, clay loam. LIGHT: LIGHT: part shade to full sun. shade to moderate sun. FOLIAGE: FOLIAGE: deciduous with serrated leaf deciduous, often oval, 2-4 inches, margins. dull green, rough texture, purplish fall color. FLOWERS: FLOWERS: small white flowers March-May. May-August, yellowish white, clustered. FRUIT: FRUIT: red berries in fall and winter. August-October, off white drupes about 1/8-1/4 inch wide, : Ilex decidua BARK/BRANCHES: mottled gray to brown. late fall. : Cornus drummondii BARK/BRANCHES: SPACING: 12-15 feet. gray to reddish brown bark. SPACING: PROPAGATION: seed or cuttings. 15-20 feet. PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: birds eat the berries, and it is also good cover. by seed, from cuttings. WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. fruit for birds. TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: This great plant should be used more often in fair to poor. COMMENTS: Possumhaw landscapes. Not usually long lived. Grows suckers from spreading roots, a helpful tendency for erosion control. Can use for live stakes. Has a shrubby growth habit, handles heavier soils than Cornus florida, Flowering Dogwood.

PREFERRED HABITAT: forests, along PREFERRED HABITAT: woods, edges of streams, streams, and boggy areas. river bottomlands. USUAL SIZE: 1-3 feet, can reach 6 feet USUAL SIZE: 10-20 feet, occasionally 30-40 or more. feet, up to 1 ½ trunk diameter. Rusty Blackhaw Viburnum BAYOU SITE: top bank. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam. SOIL TYPE: well-drained deep, loamy soils. LIGHT: LIGHT: partial shade. dappled shade to full sun. Viburnum rufidulum FOLIAGE: deciduous, dull green leaves, FOLIAGE: 1 ½-4 inches long, glossy, oval, good fall color. dark green, deciduous, with red and yellow fall colors. : Vaccinium virgatum : Vaccinium FLOWERS: pink blooms in spring. FLOWERS: March-April, white in brilliant clusters, (cymes). FRUIT: black to dark bluish-black berries. FRUIT: ½ inch blue-black drupes in hanging clusters, July-October. BARK/BRANCHES: younger growth is green and the older branches BARK/BRANCHES: bark rough, fissured, dark brown to almost black, are reddish brown or gray. irregularly shaped branches, broad crown, usually single trunk. SPACING: 4-6 feet. SPACING: 15-20 feet. PROPAGATION: cuttings, seed. PROPAGATION: by seeds, hardwood cuttings. WILDLIFE VALUE: fruit for birds and mammals, cover for wildlife. WILDLIFE VALUE: fruit for birds, foliage for butterfly larvae, nectar for TRADE AVAILABILITY: good for “improved” varieties. butterflies and bees. COMMENTS: This is one of the species used for commercial TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. blueberries. It is also one of the parent species for the hybrid; COMMENTS: A beautiful shrub to small tree with outstanding wildlife “Southern Highbush” Blueberries. value. Plant in small numbers at first, since it can be a bit tricky to find the ideal conditions. Slow-growing. Rabbiteye Blueberry 44 45 PREFERRED HABITAT:

woods, along streams, moist Southern Wax Myrtle PREFERRED HABITAT: moist woods, grasslands, upper edges of brackish marshes. openings, and edges. USUAL SIZE: often 10-15 feet, can reach 40 feet. USUAL SIZE: 8-20 feet, sometimes 30 BAYOU SITE: top bank, slopes. feet. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. BAYOU SITE: top bank. LIGHT: part shade to full sun. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. FOLIAGE: olive green, 1 1/2 -5 inches long, LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. narrow, fragrant, evergreen. FOLIAGE: deciduous with outstanding FLOWERS: dioecious, yellow green, March-April.

: Rhus copallina fall color. FRUIT: ¼ inch waxy bluish drupe in the fall. FLOWERS: white blooms in summer. Bark/branches: multi-trunked, dense branching patterns, light brown- FRUIT:

red, edible fruit in winter. grayish green, rounded crown. : Morella cerifera BARK/BRANCHES: brown to greenish. SPACING: 10-15 feet. SPACING: 10-15 feet. PROPAGATION: by seeds, cuttings. PROPAGATION: seed or semi-hardwood cuttings. WILDLIFE VALUE: very valuable, cover, fruit for birds, leaves for butterfly WILDLIFE VALUE: fruit and cover for wildlife. larvae. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. TRADE AVAILABILITY: very good. COMMENTS: The fruit is edible and is made into a COMMENTS: Should be a staple plant due to its tenacity, evergreen nature Shining Sumac Pink Lemonade-like drink. and wildlife value. Wax Myrtles also fix nitrogen and return it to the soil this plant does best in partial to full sun. Can colonize by suckering, a helpful tendency for erosion control. Handles salinity up to 3.5 ppt.

PREFERRED HABITAT: dry banks. PREFERRED HABITAT: along forested streams, Bush Strawberry USUAL SIZE: 5-15 feet or more. wetlands. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. USUAL SIZE: 6-8 feet. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. BAYOU SITE: top bank. LIGHT: full sun to partial shade. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. FOLIAGE: deciduous, red fall color. LIGHT: shade to partial shade. FLOWERS: white blooms in spring or summer. FOLIAGE: deciduous, 1-3 inches long, leaves FRUIT: red drupes in hairy clusters. turn red in the fall. : Rhus glabra BARK/BRANCHES: FLOWERS: May-June, greenish purple,

brownish. : Euonymus americanus SPACING: 2-4 feet. inconspicuous. PROPAGATION: seed, or division. FRUIT: fall and winter, red, 1 inch across, very unusual. WILDLIFE VALUE: fruit and cover for wildlife. Bark/branches: stems green to light brown. TRADE AVAILABILITY: poor. SPACING: 3-5 feet apart. COMMENTS: The fruit is eaten fresh or made into a Pink Lemonade PROPAGATION: by seed in the fall. drink, just like Shining Sumac. WILDLIFE VALUE: fruit for birds. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. COMMENTS: This shrub has a nice vertical growth habit and is very Smooth Sumac attractive when turning fall colors and when producing fruit. Best planted in the fall to allow root establishment before the plant experiences its first summer.

PREFERRED HABITAT: fields, along PREFERRED HABITAT: swamps, along

streams, woodland edges. woodland streams. Swamp Privet USUAL SIZE: 2 feet or more, USUAL SIZE: to 30 ft. trailing. BAYOU SITE: top bank, slopes, toe. BAYOU SITE: top bank, slopes. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, poor SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. drainage okay. LIGHT: partial shade to moderate LIGHT: shade to full sun. FOLIAGE: deciduous, elliptical or

: Rubus trivialis sun. FOLIAGE: coarsely toothed, oblong-ovate leaves. FLOWERS: dormant in winter. green and yellow : Forestiera acuminata FLOWERS: March-April, white, 5 petaled. flowers in spring. FRUIT: black, up to 1 ¼ inch. FRUIT: purplish drupe. SPACING: 3-4 feet. BARK/BRANCHES: brown or grayish. PROPAGATION: cuttings, ground layering. SPACING: 10-15 feet. WILDLIFE VALUE: fruit for birds, mammals. PROPAGATION: seed or cuttings. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. WILDLIFE VALUE: fruit for ducks, other birds and mammals, and nectar COMMENTS: This plant is outstanding for minimizing erosion. for insects. Deer may browse the leaves. TRADE AVAILABILITY: poor. COMMENTS: This large shrub to small tree is good for erosion control Southern Dewberry and it can handle a variety of conditions.

46 47 PREFERRED HABITAT: swamps, along woodland streams. PREFERRED HABITAT: open woods, meadows. USUAL SIZE: USUAL SIZE: 4-5 feet, sometimes 10 feet, 1 foot without bloom stalk. False Aloe and 2-3 feet for dwarf cultivars. BAYOU SITE: top bank. BAYOU SITE: top bank, toe. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, poor LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. drainage okay. FOLIAGE: succulent strap-like leaves to LIGHT: dappled shade to part shade. 16 inches long. : Itea virginica FOLIAGE: deciduous to semi-evergreen. FLOWERS: greenish white, tubular flowers on : Manfreda virginica FLOWERS: April-May, white, 3-5 inch spires (racemes). a bloom stalk in May-August. FRUIT: oblong capsule with small seeds in the fall. SPACING: 1 foot. BARK/BRANCHES: brown-gray bark, slender branches, elegant and PROPAGATION: seed, division of offsets. draping growth habit. WILDLIFE VALUE:. cover for small creatures, and nectar for insects. SPACING: 4-5 feet apart. TRADE AVAILABILITY: poor to fair. PROPAGATION: by seed, cuttings. COMMENTS: This plant was previously classified as Agave virginica WILDLIFE VALUE: wildlife cover and seed source for birds. and Polianthes virginica. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair to good. COMMENTS: An extremely well adapted shrub for bayou corridors. Plant where moisture levels will be higher and avoid planting Virginia Sweetspire on steep slopes. If sited properly, it will usually colonize. A very attractive and useful shrub.

PREFERRED HABITAT: woods, thickets, upper edges of brackish marshes. PREFERRED HABITAT:

prairies, edges of Louisiana Yucca USUAL SIZE: 12-15 feet, sometimes 25 feet, up to woods, open areas. 12 inch trunk diameter. USUAL SIZE: 2 to 3 feet, to 9 feet with BAYOU SITE: top bank, slopes. blooming flower stalk. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, tolerates poor drainage. BAYOU SITE: top bank. LIGHT: shade to full sun. SOIL TYPE: sandy soils. FOLIAGE: evergreen, small, dark green. LIGHT: full sun to partial shade. FLOWERS: April-May, tiny, white. FOLIAGE: green flexible leaves. FRUIT: red drupes on females in fall and winter. FLOWERS: greenish white flowers BARK/BRANCHES: brown to gray bark, many stems from base, on a large bloom stalk. : Yucca lousianensis dense and rounded crown. FRUIT:

: Ilex vomitoria brown capsule. SPACING: 12-15 feet. SPACING: 3-6 feet. PROPAGATION: by seed, semi-hardwood cuttings. PROPAGATION: division of pups. WILDLIFE VALUE: shelter, butterfly larval food (leaves), fruit for birds. WILDLIFE VALUE: cover, and the flowers are eaten by wildlife. Very valuable to wildlife, with berries often present in the winter. TRADE AVAILABILITY: poor. Yaupon TRADE AVAILABILITY: good. COMMENTS: This species and the Arkansas Yucca are two of the COMMENTS: Large specimens could be considered trees. Slow smallest types of Yucca. growing and stabilizes banks well. Density helps soften rainfall impact on soil. Handles any light condition and tolerates abuse well. Plant in fall or winter for best results. Cultivars of plant are available in the nursery trade.

SUCCULENTS Texas Prickly Pear PREFERRED HABITAT: coastal to inland PREFERRED HABITAT: prairies. areas. USUAL SIZE: 3 feet, to 7 feet in bloom. USUAL SIZE: 3-12 feet. BAYOU SITE: top bank. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. SOIL TYPE: dry, gravelly soils. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. caliche, well drained. FOLIAGE: evergreen, with sharp points on the LIGHT: full sun to partial shade. end of the leaves, bluish when mature. FOLIAGE: evergreen. FLOWERS: white blooms on a stalk from FLOWERS: yellow blooms in spring.

: Yucca arkansana : Yucca May to October. FRUIT: red to purple fruit in fall. FRUIT: dark brown capsule. : Opuntia lindheimeri SPACING: 2-4 feet apart. SPACING: 3-6 feet. PROPAGATION: pads. PROPAGATION: division of pups. WILDLIFE VALUE: man and animals eat the fruit, and the pads, and WILDLIFE VALUE: cover for small animals, nesting, flowers are eaten the flowers attract insects. by a variety of wildlife. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. TRADE AVAILABILITY: poor. COMMENTS: Can be used on very dry slopes. COMMENTS: This plant is often confused with Louisiana Yucca – Yucca lousianensis. Arkansas Yucca Arkansas Yucca

48 49 GRASSES PREFERRED HABITAT: prairies. Buffalograss PREFERRED HABITAT: prairies, openings USUAL SIZE: 3-12 inches. in woods. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. USUAL SIZE: 3-6 feet tall. SOIL TYPE: loam, clay, caliche, well BAYOU SITE: top bank. drained. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. LIGHT: full sun to light shade. LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. FOLIAGE: dormant in winter and in FOLIAGE: green with whitish waxy drought. coating, dormant in winter. FLOWERS: when not dormant. : Buchloe dactyloides FLOWERS: August-November. SPACING: 2 lbs. seed per 1,000 square feet. SPACING: ½-2 lbs. pure live seed per PROPAGATION: seed. : Andropogon gerardii 1000 square feet, or 2 feet apart for plants. WILDLIFE VALUE: birds eat the seeds, cover for wildlife. PROPAGATION: seed, root division while dormant. TRADE AVAILABILITY: good. WILDLIFE VALUE: forage grass, butterfly larval food source. COMMENTS: Buffalo Grass is used as a lawn and a pasture grass. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair to good. It is rare in the Houston area and needs very good drainage. COMMENTS: A tall perennial bunchgrass. Can colonize through rhizomes. Was once a dominant tall-grass prairie climax species. Big Bluestem

PREFERRED HABITAT: PREFERRED HABITAT: prairies, open woods. openings in USUAL SIZE: 2-5 feet. forests and moist sandy areas. BAYOU SITE: USUAL SIZE: 8-20 inches (including top bank, upper slope. Carpetgrass SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. seed heads). BAYOU SITE: LIGHT: full sun to partial shade. top bank, slopes. SOIL TYPE: FOLIAGE: dormant in winter. moist, sandy soils. LIGHT: FLOWERS: Arranged in clusters along the full sun to partial shade. FOLIAGE: flower stalks, and are surrounded by semi dormant in winter. FLOWERS: long, silky, white hairs, giving them a The inflorescence has two

feathery appearance. to three racemes on a long, slender : Axonopus affinis 1/10 SPACING: 2 feet for plants. stem. The spikelets are fuzzy and not more than inch long. SPACING: PROPAGATION: seed. 5-10 lbs. per 1000 sq. ft. (less when used in seed mixes). PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: food for deer, larval host plant for butterflies, by seed. WILDLIFE VALUE: seed for birds. forage. TRADE AVAILABILITY: Andropogon virginicus TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. good. COMMENTS: This grass is native to much of the Southern United States Broomsedge Bluestem COMMENTS: This species is often misidentified as Little Bluestem – Schizachyrium scoparium. and is used for a lawn grass and for pastures. It has a higher shade tolerance than most turf type grasses. It is readily available in seed. Eastern Gamagrass PREFERRED HABITAT: PREFERRED HABITAT: moist areas. prairies, bottomlands, USUAL SIZE: 2-5 feet. along brackish streams. USUAL SIZE: BAYOU SITE: toe, wet top bank. 2-3 feet, sometimes 8-10 feet SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. in large clumps. BAYOU SITE: LIGHT: full sun. top bank, slopes. SOIL TYPE: FOLIAGE: dormant in winter. sand, loam, clay, moist. LIGHT: FLOWERS: late summer to fall, white. partial shade to full sun. FOLIAGE: SPACING: 2 feet apart for plants, or dormant in winter. FLOWERS: 2 lbs. seed per 1,000 square feet. April-November. SPACING: PROPAGATION: seed. ½-2 lbs. pure live seed per : Tripsacum dactyloides WILDLIFE VALUE: seed for birds. 1000 sq. ft., or 3-4 feet apart for plants.

: Andropogon glomeratus PROPAGATION: TRADE AVAILABILITY: poor. seed, root division when dormant, clumps COMMENTS: Excellent plant for the toe in sunny areas. by rhizomes. WILDLIFE VALUE: butterfly larval food plant, cover, seeds for birds. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. COMMENTS: This large grass works well as an edge buffer plant. Brushy Bluestem 50 51 PREFERRED HABITAT: low areas, bayous, PREFERRED HABITAT: prairies. rivers, sloughs. USUAL SIZE: up to 6 feet. Indian Grass USUAL SIZE: to 30 feet, usually BAYOU SITE: top bank. much less. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, tolerates BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper and poor drainage. mid slopes. LIGHT: full sun to partial shade. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. FOLIAGE: dormant in winter. LIGHT: shade to partial shade. FLOWERS: fall. FOLIAGE: evergreen. SPACING: ½ - 2 lbs pure live seed per : Sorghastrum nutans FLOWERS: panicles of flattened spikelets. 1000 square feet, or 3-5 feet apart SPACING: 6-10 feet. for plants. : Arundinaria gigantea PROPAGATION: root division. PROPAGATION: by seed, root division when dormant, clumps WILDLIFE VALUE: cover and shoots. by rhizomes. TRADE AVAILABILITY: poor. WILDLIFE VALUE: forage grass. COMMENTS: This species can be very hard to find. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. COMMENTS: A good companion to Little Bluestem, Big Bluestem, and Switchgrass. Giant Cane Jamaican Sawgrass PREFERRED HABITAT: well drained PREFERRED HABITAT: margins of prairies, openings in woods. streams, lakes, fresh water to USUAL SIZE: 1 ½ feet, sometimes slightly brackish marshes. 4 feet. USUAL SIZE: 4-8 feet. BAYOU SITE: top bank. BAYOU SITE: toe, wet top banks. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay-loam. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, moist, LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. or slightly elevated, well drained. FOLIAGE: dormant in winter. LIGHT: full sun to partial shade. FLOWERS: usually in mid-October, FOLIAGE: long, stiff , leaves with deep pink. saw toothed margins. SPACING: ½ - 2lbs. pure live seed per 1000 square feet, or two FLOWERS: reddish brown clusters of spikelets. feet apart for plants. SPACING: 4-6 feet. : Cladium jamaicense : Muhlenbergia capillaris PROPAGATION: by seed. PROPAGATION: seed, transplants. WILDLIFE VALUE: nesting cover. WILDLIFE VALUE: birds eat the seeds. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair to good. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. COMMENTS: Stunning color in the fall when blooming. A good COMMENTS: Can form dense colonies. The saw toothed margins of foundation plant prairie component. this grass can give “paper cuts”, so direct contact should be avoided. Gulf Muhly

PREFERRED HABITAT: creek bottoms, PREFERRED HABITAT: prairies, Little Bluestem moist woods. open areas. USUAL SIZE: 2-4 feet. USUAL SIZE: 1-2 feet, sometimes BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope, 5 feet. lower slope. BAYOU SITE: top bank. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, tolerates SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. poor drainage. LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. LIGHT: shade to partial shade. FOLIAGE: light blue and dormant in FOLIAGE: dormant in winter or winter rosette. winter. : Schizachyrium scoparium FLOWERS: flowers in the summer and fall. FLOWERS: fall. SPACING: ½-2 lbs. pure live seed per 1000 square feet, or 1 foot SPACING: ½ - 2 lbs pure live seed per 1000 square feet or 1 ½ feet

: Chasmanthium latifolium apart for 1 containerized plants. apart for plants. PROPAGATION: seed, root division. PROPAGATION: seed, root division. WILDLIFE VALUE: cover for ground dwellers, seeds for birds, WILDLIFE VALUE: butterfly larval food plant, cover. a forage grass. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair to good. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. COMMENTS: A relatively low growing foundation prairie bunchgrass. COMMENTS: A very tough grass for wet shady locations. Can be moderately aggressive. It has seed heads that resemble Oats. Great for erosion control. Inland Sea Oats 52 53 Sideoats Gramma

PREFERRED HABITAT: marshes, prairies, PREFERRED HABITAT: prairies, meadows, fresh and saltwater habitats. openings in woods. USUAL SIZE: 5-7 feet. USUAL SIZE: 2-3 feet, can reach 6 feet. BAYOU SITE: toe, wet top banks. BAYOU SITE: top bank, slopes. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, some SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. saline ok. LIGHT: full sun to partial shade. LIGHT: full sun to partial shade. FOLIAGE: dormant in winter. FOLIAGE: dormant in winter. SPACING: 1-2 feet.

: Spartina pectinata FLOWERS: PROPAGATION: seed. SPACING: 2 feet apart for plants. WILDLIFE VALUE: seeds for birds. Bouteloua curtipendula : PROPAGATION: seed, root division. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. WILDLIFE VALUE: seeds and cover for wildlife. COMMENTS: This is the state grass of Texas. The seed heads are all TRADE AVAILABILITY: poor. on one side of the stem. COMMENTS: The strong roots are very capable of holding banks together. Prairie Cordgrass Smooth Cordgrass PREFERRED HABITAT: open woods, PREFERRED HABITAT: brackish prairies. to saline rivers, bayous and USUAL SIZE: 2-5 feet. marshes. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. USUAL SIZE: up to 6 feet. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. BAYOU SITE: toe, water’s edge. LIGHT: full sun to partial shade. SOIL TYPE: wet, saline. FOLIAGE: perennial with wide leaf LIGHT: full sun. blades. FOLIAGE: dormant in winter. FLOWERS: the seedhead is an open FLOWERS: July-November. : Tridens flavus : Tridens panicle that is dark purple in color. SPACING: 2-3 feet. : Spartina alterniflora SPACING: 2-3 feet for plants, or 1 lb per 4000 sq. ft. PROPAGATION: seed, division. PROPAGATION: seed. WILDLIFE VALUE: fish habitat, food for geese. WILDLIFE VALUE: forage, larval host for butterflies. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. COMMENTS: A staple grass for saline and brackish areas. COMMENTS: The purple seedheads can be very attractive in

Purple Top Purple Top large stands. Sugarcane Plumegrass PREFERRED HABITAT: prairies, meadows. PREFERRED HABITAT: edges of wetlands, USUAL SIZE: 10-20 inches. along creeks. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. USUAL SIZE: 6 feet, can reach 10 feet. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, caliche. BAYOU SITE: toe, top bank. LIGHT: full sun to partial shade. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, moist. FOLIAGE: dormant in winter. LIGHT: sun-partial shade. FLOWERS: attractive purple tinted awns. FOLIAGE: dormant in winter. SPACING: 4lbs seed per acre. FLOWERS: October, reddish, 6-10 inch heads. PROPAGATION: SPACING: 2-4 feet for plants.

: Aristida purpurea seed. WILDLIFE VALUE: cover. PROPAGATION: by seed, root division. WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. cover, seed for birds. : Saccharum giganteum COMMENTS: Rare in the Houston area. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. COMMENTS: A densely bunched perennial grass tolerant of poor drainage. Purple Three Awn Purple Three Awn

54 55 GROUNDCOVERS Carolina Modiola PREFERRED HABITAT: moist open places, PREFERRED HABITAT: slightly brackish marshes, wet prairies. prairies, open USUAL SIZE: 3 feet, sometimes 6 feet. areas, edges of salt marshes, BAYOU SITE: toe, top bank (if routinely disturbed areas. USUAL SIZE: moist). 2-12 inches, creeping. BAYOU SITE: SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, tolerates top bank, upper slope. SOIL TYPE: poor drainage. sand, loam, clay. LIGHT: LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. full sun to partial shade. FOLIAGE: FOLIAGE: dormant in winter. dormant in winter. FLOWERS: FLOWERS: fall flowers. salmon colored flowers : Modiola caroliniana : Panicum virgatum : Panicum SPACING: 1/2 lbs. pure live seed per 1000 square feet, or 3 feet March-May. SPACING: apart for plants. 6 inches to 1 foot. PROPAGATION: PROPAGATION: seed, root division while dormant. cuttings, transplants. WILDLIFE VALUE: WILDLIFE VALUE: cover, seeds for birds, butterfly larval food plant. cover for small creatures. TRADE AVAILABILITY: TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. poor. COMMENTS: COMMENTS: A coarse bunchgrass for moist, erosion prone areas. This is a member of the Mallow family, and it roots Was once a dominant tall-grass prairie component in at the nodes. Switchgrass lowland prairies.

PREFERRED HABITAT: bottomlands. PREFERRED HABITAT: woodlands. Cherokee Sedge USUAL SIZE: 1-2 feet. USUAL SIZE: 12-18 inches. BAYOU SITE: top banks, slopes. BAYOU SITE: top bank. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, caliche, SOIL TYPE: sand, loam. usually calcareous soils. LIGHT: shade to partial shade. LIGHT: full sun to partial shade. FOLIAGE: evergreen, grass-like. FOLIAGE: evergreen. FLOWERS: April to June (seeds). FLOWERS: twisted, 3 inch long awn, SPACING: 1 foot. with a barb. PROPAGATION:

: Nassella leucotricha seed, division. SPACING: 15 lbs. seed per acre. WILDLIFE VALUE: cover, animals : Carex cherokeensis PROPAGATION: seed. may eat the seeds. WILDLIFE VALUE: spring forage and also a larval host plant TRADE AVAILABILITY: poor. for butterflies. COMMENTS: An excellent shade loving groundcover. TRADE AVAILABILITY: poor. COMMENTS: This grass is also known as Speargrass. Texas Wintergrass Wintergrass Texas

PREFERRED HABITAT: PREFERRED HABITAT: woods and streams. woods, stream banks. Florida Hedge Nettle USUAL SIZE: 16-31 inches. USUAL SIZE: 8-20 inches. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. BAYOU SITE: top bank, slopes. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam. LIGHT: shade or sun. LIGHT: partial shade. FOLIAGE: dormant in summer. FOLIAGE: leaves are elliptic or ovate, FLOWERS: 3-6 inch long spike. normally with serrated edges. SPACING: 2-3 lbs. pure live seed per FLOWERS: lavender flowers in spring and 1,000 sq. ft., or 1 foot apart for plants. summer. SPACING: : Elymus virginicus PROPAGATION: seed, and root division. 1 foot. WILDLIFE VALUE: grain-like seeds for small mammals and birds. PROPAGATION: division, transplants. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. WILDLIFE VALUE: nectar for insects.

COMMENTS: This very shade tolerant, cool season grass is usually TRADE AVAILABILITY: poor. : Stachys floridana available in seed. COMMENTS: The tubers are edible. This plant can be invasive, but it is good for shady slopes. Virginia Wildrye

56 57 Ponyfoot : Dichondra caroliensis Powder Puff : Mimosa strigillosa Shaggy Portulaca : Portulaca pilosa prairies, fields, fields, open woods. fields, gravelly slopes. cover for small cover for small division. top bank, upper slope. trailing stems to 6 feet top bank, upper slope. top bank, trailing. division. sand, loam, clay. sand, loam, clay. sand, loam, pink balls, April-November. 1/8 inch white flowers. 1/8 inch white 1 foot apart for plants. pinnae with leaflets. top bank, upper slope. 6 inches to 1 foot. 6 inches to 2-8 inches, mat forming. evergreen. sandy, gravelly soils. sandy, 59 hot pink blooms May-December. full sun to partial shade. 1 foot. partial sun. shade to full strong annual, succulent leaves. . full sun to partial shade. PREFERRED HABITAT: open areas in woods. SIZE: USUAL long. SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: FLOWERS: SPACING: PREFERRED HABITAT: PREFERRED SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: FLOWERS: SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: creatures. PREFERRED HABITAT: SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: FLOWERS: SPACING: PROPAGATION: poor. poor. poor. leaves are eaten by deer. insects are attracted to the flowers. seed. Portulaca grandiflora This useful groundcover roots at the nodes. This useful groundcover roots The seed is very hard and requires scarification to This plant is very similar to the South American native, TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: germinate. WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: Moss Rose –

woods. woods. woods, prairies. woods, top bank. 2 inches. sand, loam, acidic. white flowers, ¼ inch, ½ inch red berries in 9-12 inches. evergreen. shade to partial shade. top bank, upper slope. 1-3 feet. top bank, slope. top bank, sand, loam, clay. 8-10 inches. pink and white flowers unless red berries from spring to fall. 1 foot. loam, clay, well-drained. loam, clay, evergreen to dormant in yellow blooms sporadically yellow blooms evergreen to sometimes evergreen to partial shade. PREFERRED HABITAT: SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: FLOWERS: in summer. FLOWERS: winter. SPACING: shade to partial shade. PREFERRED HABITAT: SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: winter. FLOWERS: below freezing. FLOWERS: SPACING: 58 FOLIAGE: dormant. FLOWERS: during warm seasons. PREFERRED HABITAT: PREFERRED SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: poor. poor. fair. fruit for birds and mammals. cover for ground dwellers. root divisions. birds eat the berries. seed, root divisions. seed, root divisions. seed, cuttings. Colonizes by stolons, spreads during wet periods. Although this plant is not commonly found in the Although this plant is not The berries and the flowers are on the plant at the 1-2 feet. WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: PROPAGATION: SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: nursery existing populations, trade, it can be transplanted from to the new site. and it will spread if well adapted same time. PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS:

: Rivina humilis Rivina : : Mitchella repens repens Mitchella : Partidgeberry Pigeonberry : Calyptocarpus vialis Calyptocarpus : Horseherb Horseherb Wild Strawberry : Fragaria virginiana Black Eyed Susan : Rudbeckia hirta Bluebonnet : Lupinus texensis

prairies and openings and openings prairies, top bank, upper slope. 1 foot. top bank. top bank, slopes. 1 foot or less. 1 foot 1-2 feet. sand, loam, clay, caliche. sand, loam, clay, blue, 2 to 4 inch spikes sand, loam. sand, loam, clay. annual with palmately white flowers late spring to white flowers ½ to sweet edible May or June, yellow with perennial with long stolons. perennial with annual to short lived perennial 61 full sun to light shade. full sun to partial shade. sun-partial shade. PREFERRED HABITAT: meadows. SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: compund leaves, with 5 leaflets. FLOWERS: for 2-4 weeks in March and April. PREFERRED HABITAT: PREFERRED of woods. edges SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: FLOWERS: early summer. FLOWERS: ¾ long berry. PREFERRED HABITAT: open woodlands. SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: with rough pubescent leaves. FLOWERS: brown center. ANNUALS , which is an invasive, exotic plant from India , which is an invasive, exotic good. poor. good. bees and other insects forage on the nectar, and it bees and other insects forage on the nectar, insects are attracted to the flowers and many insects are attracted to the nectar for insects and seeds for birds. seed. seed, division. seed. This legume is a great plant for sunny slopes and it This is one of the parents of the Garden Strawberry. of the Garden Strawberry. This is one of the parents This common plant is readily available in seed and in This common plant is readily available in seed and 6 inches to 1 foot. 1 foot. 1-2 feet. Duchesnea indica SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: is a host plant for Hairstreak and Elfin Butterflies. TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: mixes well with other low growing wildflowers and grasses. SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: animals eat the fruit. TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: StrawberryPeople may confuse Wild Indian Strawberry with the – that has yellow flowers. SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: pots. Many cultivars exist.

swamps, banks. fields, bayou woods. top bank, slopes. creeping stems to sand, loam. white blooms May- 1 foot. dormant in winter. partial shade to full sun. top bank. up to 1 ft. up to top bank. 2-6 inches. sand, loam, clay, caliche, clay, sand, loam, spring – fall, small white spring – fall, sand, loam, clay. 1-2 ft. 2 inch toothed leaves. 2 inch toothed purple, 1 inch flowers evergreen foliage, roundish PREFERRED HABITAT: meadows, coastal prairies, along streams. SIZE: USUAL 2 feet. SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: FLOWERS: October. SPACING: shade to partial sun. shade. 60 SOIL TYPE: ok. limestone, saline LIGHT: FOLIAGE: FLOWERS: centers. heads with yellow SPACING: PREFERRED HABITAT: PREFERRED SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU PREFERRED HABITAT: SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: leaves, purple undersides. FLOWERS: in spring. poor. fair. fair. cover for small creatures. nectar for insects. seeds for birds. division. root division. root division, by seed This plant is normally thought of as a lawn weed, but Colonizes when well adapted. Colonizes when well adapted. An attractive woodland groundcover, must have An attractive woodland groundcover, 9-12 inches. SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: adequate moisture to survive. PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: it has great potential as a groundcover. PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS:

: Diodia virginiana virginiana Diodia : Virginia Buttonweed Virginia : Phyla incisa Phyla : Texas Frogfruit Frogfruit Texas : Viola walteri Viola : Walter’s Violet Violet Walter’s PREFERRED HABITAT: moist prairies, PREFERRED HABITAT: prairies,

meadows. open areas. Greenthread USUAL SIZE: 2 feet. USUAL SIZE: 1 foot. BAYOU SITE: top banks, upper and BAYOU SITE: top bank, slopes. mid slopes. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. LIGHT: full sun to light shade. LIGHT: part shade to full sun. FOLIAGE: thin, threadlike leaves. FOLIAGE: annual. FLOWERS: yellow blooms, FLOWERS: April-June, 2 inch, yellow February to December. : Thelesperma with dark center. SPACING: 1 foot. SPACING: 2lbs seed per acre or 1 foot apart for plants. PROPAGATION: seed. PROPAGATION: seed. WILDLIFE VALUE: butterflies feed on the nectar. WILDLIFE VALUE: nectar for insects. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. COMMENTS: This plant is normally available in seed. COMMENTS: A dependable, and easy to grow annual. filifolium Dracopis amplexicaulis Clasping Coneflower

PREFERRED HABITAT: prairies, meadows. PREFERRED HABITAT: prairies, meadows, USUAL SIZE: 4-12 inches. woodland openings. Indian Blanket BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. USUAL SIZE: 1 foot. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. BAYOU SITE: top bank, slopes. LIGHT: full sun to part shade. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. FOLIAGE: annual, lemon scented when LIGHT: full sun to part shade. crushed. FOLIAGE: annual. FLOWERS: yellow flowers from March FLOWERS: spring-fall, red, yellow, to frost. orange. SPACING: 9-12 inches apart. SPACING: 1 foot. : Gaillardia pulchella PROPAGATION: seed. PROPAGATION: seed. : Dyssodia tenuiloba WILDLIFE VALUE: nectar for insects. WILDLIFE VALUE: bees, butterflies, and other insects forage on TRADE AVAILABILITY: good. the nectar. COMMENTS: This plant is available in seed and is also often found TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. in nurseries in spring. COMMENTS: Availability for the hybrid “Blanket Flower” – Gaillardia x grandiflora is good. This is Gaillardia pulchella mixed with Gaillardia aristata. Dahlberg Daisy

PREFERRED HABITAT: prairies and PREFERRED HABITAT: prairies, meadows. meadows. USUAL SIZE: 6-12 inches. Indian Paintbrush USUAL SIZE: 6-12 inches, can reach BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. 20 inches. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. LIGHT: full sun to partial shade. SOIL TYPE: sandy soils. FOLIAGE: annual. LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. FLOWERS: orange-red, 3-8 inch spikes FOLIAGE: annual. from March to May. FLOWERS: : Phlox drummondii red, pink, lavender, SPACING: 6-12 inches. peach, or white flowers in spring. PROPAGATION: seed. SPACING: 1 foot. WILDLIFE VALUE: insects and hummingbirds feed from the flowers. PROPAGATION: seed. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair to good. : Castilleja indivisa WILDLIFE VALUE: nectar for insects. COMMENTS: This annual has been shown to do better mixed in with TRADE AVAILABILITY: good. native grasses. COMMENTS: Sometimes these plants are grown by nurseries for use as color in fall and winter. Drummond’s Phlox

62 63 PREFERRED HABITAT: slopes, prairies, PREFERRED HABITAT: prairies, meadows, and meadows. open woods, disturbed areas.

USUAL SIZE: 1-1 ½ feet. USUAL SIZE: up to 10 feet. Sunflower BAYOU SITE: top bank, slopes. BAYOU SITE: top bank, slopes. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. LIGHT: full sun to part shade. LIGHT: full sun. FOLIAGE: annual with aromatic, FOLIAGE: annual, light green,

lanceolate, oblong leaves. 1 foot leaves. : Helianthus annuus FLOWERS: purple 6 inch spikes, FLOWERS: 1 ft. across, yellow petals April to June. surround a large seed head. SPACING: 9 inches. SPACING: 3-5 feet. : Monarda citriodora PROPAGATION: seed. PROPAGATION: seed. WILDLIFE VALUE: nectar for butterflies, bees, and many other insects. WILDLIFE VALUE: seeds for wildlife. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. TRADE AVAILABILITY: good. COMMENTS: This is a useful plant that can be made into teas with COMMENTS: This is the source of the commercial Sunflower seeds. medicinal qualities. Lemon Mint White Prickly Poppy PREFERRED HABITAT: fields and PREFERRED HABITAT: prairies, open woods. embankments. USUAL SIZE: 1-3 feet. USUAL SIZE: 1 ½-5 feet. BAYOU SITE: top bank, slopes. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. FOLIAGE: annual with 8-15 pairs FOLIAGE: annual with of leaflets. grayish-green, prickly leaves. FLOWERS: yellow 1-2 inch blooms, FLOWERS: white blooms from March June-October. to June. SPACING: 1-2 feet, 20lbs seed per acre. SPACING: 1 foot. : Argemone albiflora : Chamaecrista fasciculata PROPAGATION: seed. PROPAGATION: seed. WILDLIFE VALUE: flowers attracts butterflies and bees. Seeds are WILDLIFE VALUE: insects forage on the pollen and nectar. eaten by birds. Larval host plant for butterflies. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. COMMENTS: Deer dislike this plant because of the prickly leaves. COMMENTS: This plant is usually available in seed only. It is a legume, so it has nitrogen fixing properties. Partridge Pea Pea Partridge

PREFERRED HABITAT: prairies, PERENNIALS Blue Mist Flower meadows. USUAL SIZE: 1 ½ feet, can reach up PREFERRED HABITAT: woody areas, to 4 feet. edges of shady streams. BAYOU SITE: top bank, slopes. USUAL SIZE: 10 inches-3 feet. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. BAYOU SITE: top bank, slopes. LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. SOIL TYPE: moist soils, sand, loam, FOLIAGE: annual. clay, tolerates poor drainage. FLOWERS: 1 inch yellow and maroon LIGHT: shade to partial shade. flowers in spring and early summer. FOLIAGE: dormant in winter, up to 3

SPACING: 1 foot apart for plants and 2 lbs. seed per acre. : Conoclinum coelestinum : Coreopsis tinctoria inches long. PROPAGATION: seed. FLOWERS: late summer-fall, violet- WILDLIFE VALUE: nectar for butterflies and other insects, and seeds purple, ¼ inch, clusters. for birds. SPACING: 1-2 feet. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. PROPAGATION: root division, seeds. COMMENTS: A red flowering variety of this plant can sometimes be WILDLIFE VALUE: nectar source for butterflies. found in nurseries. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. COMMENTS: It can re-seed itself prolifically. This plant will seem like it is coming and going due to its erratic nature. A pioneer plant. Plains Coreopsis

64 65 PREFERRED HABITAT: prairies, meadows, PREFERRED HABITAT: prairies,

edges of woods. meadows. Coreopsis USUAL SIZE: 2-3 feet, can reach 8 feet. USUAL SIZE: to 3 feet. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. LIGHT: full sun to partial shade. LIGHT: full sun to part shade. FOLIAGE: usually dormant in winter. FOLIAGE: evergreen, linear to : Coreopsis grandiflora FLOWERS: white or rarely pink blooms, lanceolate leaves. April to November. FLOWERS: yellow blooms April to June.

: Gaura lindheimeri SPACING: 2 feet apart. SPACING: 1 foot. PROPAGATION: seed. PROPAGATION: seed or division. WILDLIFE VALUE: nectar for insects. WILDLIFE VALUE: nectar for butterflies and bees. TRADE AVAILABILITY: good. TRADE AVAILABILITY: good. COMMENTS: This plant is very popular and several white and pink COMMENTS: This species is less drought tolerant than Lanceleaf cultivars exist. Coreopsis – Coreopsis lanceolata. Butterfly Gaura

PREFERRED HABITAT: along streams, PREFERRED HABITAT:

open areas and Crow Poison wetlands. prairies. USUAL SIZE: 2-4 feet tall. USUAL SIZE: 8-16 inches. BAYOU SITE: toe. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper and SOIL TYPE: moist, rich soils, sandy loam. mid-slopes. LIGHT: partial shade to partial sun. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. FOLIAGE: 3-6 inches long, dark green, LIGHT: full sun to partial shade.

dormant in winter. FOLIAGE: grass-like leaves. : Nothoscordum bivalve FLOWERS: August-October, tubular, red, FLOWERS: white flowers, intermittently, individual flowers to 1 ½ inches long, : Lobelia cardinalis

throughout the year. around a twelve to twenty inch stalk. SPACING: 1 foot. SPACING: 1-2 feet. PROPAGATION: seed, or transplants of bulbs. PROPAGATION: by seed, ground layering. WILDLIFE VALUE: nectar for insects. WILDLIFE VALUE: nectar for hummingbirds. TRADE AVAILABILITY: poor. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. COMMENTS: This species is very common and is often considered to COMMENTS: Likely to naturalize along sluggish, shady bayou edges. be a weed. Cardinal Flower

PREFERRED HABITAT: moist places along PREFERRED HABITAT: open woods, Evening Rain Lily streams and prairies. meadows. USUAL SIZE: 6-12 inches. USUAL SIZE: BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. FOLIAGE: grass-like leaves. FOLIAGE: evergreen, narrow-linear, gray FLOWERS: yellow-orange, trumpet green to glaucous. shaped flowers after rains. FLOWERS: white flowers, mostly May- SPACING: 6-12 inches. September, but can bloom anytime. : Cooperia drummondii PROPAGATION: seed, division. SPACING: 6 inches to 1 foot. : Habranthus tubispathus WILDLIFE VALUE: flowers attract insects, but the plant can be PROPAGATION: seed, division of bulbs. poisonous to grazing animals. WILDLIFE VALUE: nectar for insects, plant may be poisonous to TRADE AVAILABILITY: poor. grazing animals. COMMENTS: This species also occurs in Argentina. TRADE AVAILABILITY: poor, (off and on). COMMENTS: This plant should be grown more often. The Hill Country Rain Lily – Cooperia pedunculata, may also be available, but its range is really more western. Copper Rain Lily 66 67 PREFERRED HABITAT: streams, meadows. PREFERRED HABITAT: floodplains, Giant Goldenrod USUAL SIZE: 2-4 feet. borders of woodlands, and BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. prairies. SOIL TYPE: sand, clay. USUAL SIZE: 3-5 feet. LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. BAYOU SITE: top bank, slopes. FOLIAGE: lanceolate, serrated leaves. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. FLOWERS: pinkish lavender flowers LIGHT: full sun to partial shade. in spikes. FOLIAGE: The alternate leaves are SPACING: 2 feet apart. narrowly lanceolate to elliptic. : Physostegia virginiana PROPAGATION: seed, root division. FLOWERS: yellow flowers July to : Solidago gigantea WILDLIFE VALUE: nectar for insects. November. TRADE AVAILABILITY: good. SPACING: 2-4 feet. COMMENTS: This is an easy plant to grow and it is very dependable. PROPAGATION: seed. WILDLIFE VALUE: nectar for insects, birds and mammals eat the seeds, leaves, and, flowers. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. COMMENTS: This species is normally found in seed, and other Solidago species may occasionally be available in containers. Fall Obedient Plant Fall Gulf Coast Penstemon PREFERRED HABITAT: woodlands and PREFERRED HABITAT: prairies, stream banks. marshes, riparian areas USUAL SIZE: usually 3 feet, can reach USUAL SIZE: 1 ½-2 ft. 6 feet. BAYOU SITE: top bank. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, SOIL TYPE: loam. tolerates poor drainage. LIGHT: shade to part shade. LIGHT: dappled shade to moderate FOLIAGE: dormant in winter. sun. FLOWERS: white flowers in fall. FOLIAGE: evergreen to dormant in SPACING: 2 feet. winter. PROPAGATION: root division in winter. FLOWERS: flowers March-May, purplish pink, 1 inch across. WILDLIFE VALUE: SPACING:

: Verbesina viginica : Verbesina nectar for insects. 12-15 inches. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair to poor. PROPAGATION: by seed. : Penstemon tenuis COMMENTS: After the first hard freeze, the stems split open and expose WILDLIFE VALUE: nectar for bees. ice from the moisture inside. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair to good. COMMENTS: A tenacious plant to use for filler. Green foliage is usually present during most winters – a big plus. Frostweed

PREFERRED HABITAT: prairies, meadows, PREFERRED HABITAT: wetlands, wet Halberd Leaf Hibiscus moist openings in woods. woodland edges. USUAL SIZE: 6-10 feet. USUAL SIZE: 3-7 feet, can reach 12 feet. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. BAYOU SITE: toe, top bank. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, acidic. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, moist. LIGHT: full sun. LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. FOLIAGE: leaves are 8 inches to 2ft. FOLIAGE: dormant in winter, triangular, long and light gray-green. up to 6 inches long, light green. FLOWERS: 3 inch wide yellow blooms FLOWERS: May-October, white or pink, : Rudbeckia maxima with a large brown cone in July. 4 inches in diameter, funnel shaped. SPACING: 2 feet. SPACING: 4-6 feet. PROPAGATION: seed, division. PROPAGATION: seed, cuttings. WILDLIFE VALUE: deer will browse this plant. WILDLIFE VALUE: foliage for butterfly larvae. : Hibiscus laevis TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. COMMENTS: This can be a reliable and long lived plant. COMMENTS: A tough, root hardy, moisture loving Hibiscus. Giant Coneflower

68 69 Lanceleaf Loosestrife Lanceleaf Coreopsis : Coreopsis lanceolata Lythrum alatum var. lanceolatum Lyre Leaf Sage : Salvia lyrata

Lythrum Lythrum prairies, prairies, wet meadows, prairies and open top bank. 1 ½-2 feet. 1 ½-2 top bank, slopes. sand, clay, loam. sand, clay, to 5 feet. April-June, yellow, 2-3 April-June, yellow, 12-18 inches apart for moist soils. dormant in winter. top bank, upper slope. purple blooms 18 inches when blooming, leaves are oblong-ovate sand, loam, clay. partial sun. shade to full light blue flowers in April. dormant in dry summers. full sun to partial shade. shade to full sun. 71 woodlands. woodlands. SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: FLOWERS: on 2-3 foot tall inches across, stems. SPACING: acre. plants, or 10 lbs. seed per PREFERRED HABITAT: PREFERRED PREFERRED HABITAT: ditches, edges of wetlands. SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: to linear-lanceolate, the upper leaves are small, and flat against the stem. FLOWERS: April-October. PREFERRED HABITAT: woods. SIZE: USUAL much less otherwise. SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: FLOWERS: good. fair to good. poor to fair. nectar for insects. butterfly source. nectar attracts bees and butterflies. seed, root division. seed in spring or fall, division of clumps, seed in spring or fall, division cuttings, seed. This plant can be like a ground cover when conditions Should be added to prairie or wildflower meadow Should be added to prairie This native is usually overlooked because of the bad . 1 ft. apart. 1 foot. SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: are good. SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: reputation of the invasive, exotic Purple Loosestrife – salicaria PROPAGATION: self layering. WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: after established. seed mixes. Self-seeds well prairies, meadows. prairies, woods. food source for birds. food source seed. cuttings. top bank, upper slope. top bank, 1-3 feet. top bank, upper slope. to 2 feet. prairies, open sandy areas, sand, loam, clay. sand, loam, white blooms, May-September. white blooms, sand, loam, clay (prefers 15 lbs. pure live seed for acre. 15 lbs. pure dormant in winter. pink blooms in summer. pink blooms in summer. 1-2 feet. dormant in winter. full sun to partial shade. partialshade to full sun. are declining because of the loss top bank. 2-5 feet. sandy, acidic soils. sandy, PREFERRED HABITAT: PREFERRED SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: FLOWERS: SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: 70 dormant in winter. PREFERRED HABITAT: SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: clay). LIGHT: FOLIAGE: FLOWERS: SPACING: PROPAGATION: Liatris full sun. PREFERRED HABITAT: bogs. SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: fair. fair. fair. nectar for insects. butterflies are fond of the flowers. seed, division of corms. A form with white edged leaves is sold in the Many species of This legume is a great addition for seed mixes. This legume is a great addition purple spikes, 1-3 feet long, for a couple of weeks in late purple spikes, 1-3 feet long, for a couple of weeks 2 feet.

TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: landscape trade. WILDLIFE VALUE: of viable prairie habitats. FLOWERS: summer or early fall. SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS:

iana pycnostachya Liatris

: Talinum paniculatum Talinum : : Desmanthus illinoensis Desmanthus : Jewels of Opar Opar of Jewels Illinois Bundleflower Bundleflower Illinois Kansas Gayfeather Kansas PREFERRED HABITAT: hardwood PREFERRED HABITAT: prairies, open bottomlands. woods. USUAL SIZE: 1-2 feet. USUAL SIZE: 1-2 feet. BAYOU SITE: top bank. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. Pink Evening Primrose SOIL TYPE: SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, acid. sandy loam, clay loam. Oenothera speciosa LIGHT: shade to partial shade. LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. FOLIAGE: the leaves form an umbrella FOLIAGE: semi-evergreen to shape, goes dormant after going dormant, up to 3 inches, lobed. to seed. FLOWERS: spring-summer, pink with FLOWERS: white blooms in April. yellow center, cup shaped, up to 3 FLOWERS: yellow, oval shaped fruit in May. inches across. : Podophyllum peltatum : Podophyllum SPACING: 2 feet. SPACING: 10-12 inches. PROPAGATION: division or seed. PROPAGATION: cuttings, root division, by seed- ½ lb per acre. WILDLIFE VALUE: nectar for insects and turtles and small mammals WILDLIFE VALUE: nectar for butterflies. eat the ripe fruit. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair-poor. TRADE AVAILABILITY: poor. COMMENTS: A scrappy, beautiful perennial that holds its own. COMMENTS: It is thought that Mayapple has beneficial

Mayapple medicinal uses.

PREFERRED HABITAT: stream banks, PREFERRED HABITAT: prairies, prairies, moist ditches. meadows, open woods. USUAL SIZE: 4-6 feet, sometimes USUAL SIZE: 1½-2½ feet, can reach

9-10 feet. Pitcher Sage 6 feet. BAYOU SITE: top bank, slopes. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. FOLIAGE: dormant in winter, 2-10 FOLIAGE: winter rosette. inches long, hairy. FLOWERS: sky blue blooms in fall. FLOWERS: SPACING:

August-October, yellow, 2 feet. : Salvia azurea PROPAGATION: 3 inches across. seed, cuttings. SPACING: 3-4 feet. WILDLIFE VALUE: nectar for insects and hummingbirds. PROPAGATION: root division, seed, colonization. TRADE AVAILABILITY: poor. WILDLIFE VALUE: nectar and larval food plant for butterflies, seeds COMMENTS: This Salvia species has been in decline in our area. enjoyed by deer and birds, beneficial insectary plant. Helianthus maximilianii TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. Maximilian Sunflower COMMENTS: A very tough, resourceful, pioneer plant, handles abuse well.

PREFERRED HABITAT: prairies, meadows, PREFERRED HABITAT: grasslands, moist, woodland openings. well-drained woods. USUAL SIZE: 1 ½ - 3 feet. USUAL SIZE: 8-12 inches. BAYOU SITE: Prairie Phlox top banks, slopes. BAYOU SITE: top bank. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. LIGHT: part shade to full sun. LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. FOLIAGE: evergreen in warmer winters. FOLIAGE: grayish green, dormant in FLOWERS: red, yellow, and orange winter. mixes of flowers May to Frost. FLOWERS: April-May, pale pink to SPACING: 1-2 feet. lavender, 1 inch across. PROPAGATION: seed, cuttings. SPACING: 12-15 inches apart. : Phlox pilosa : Ratibida columnifera WILDLIFE VALUE: nectar for insects and ripe achenes are eaten PROPAGATION: cuttings, root division, seed. by birds. WILDLIFE VALUE: butterfly nectar plant. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. COMMENTS: This is a reliable plant for restoration projects. All COMMENTS: Outstanding color in the spring more than makes up for yellow varieties of this plant are known as Prairie Coneflower. its disappearance during winters and summers. Mexican Hat

72 73 PREFERRED HABITAT: prairies, open Pine PREFERRED HABITAT: low, wet areas woodlands. on edges of woods, swamps, and USUAL SIZE: 3-4 feet, can reach 6 feet. wet meadows.

BAYOU SITE: top bank. USUAL SIZE: 3-8 feet. Swamp Rose Mallow SOIL TYPE: BAYOU SITE: sand, loam, clay, acid or toe, lower slope, moist Hibiscus moscheutos lime. top banks. LIGHT: full sun. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, moist. FOLIAGE: dormant in winter. LIGHT: full sun to partial shade.

: Eryngium yuccifolium FLOWERS: pale green, 1 inch globe, FOLIAGE: dormant in winter, oval late spring or early to mid-summer. heart shaped leaves. SPACING: 3 feet. FLOWERS: white or cream blooms, PROPAGATION: seed, root division. July-September. WILDLIFE VALUE: attracts butterflies. SPACING: 3-5 feet. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair to poor. PROPAGATION: seed, cuttings. COMMENTS: This plant closely resembles plants in the Yucca genus. WILDLIFE VALUE: nectar for insects. TRADE AVAILABILITY: good. COMMENTS: This species normally has white or cream colored flowers, but there are many cultivars and hybrids with pink, swirls, and maroon blooms. Rattlesnake Master

PREFERRED HABITAT: fields, woods, PREFERRED HABITAT: swamps, wet Swamp Sunflower Pinelands. pinelands, coastal prairies. USUAL SIZE: 1 foot or less. USUAL SIZE: 3-6 feet. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. BAYOU SITE: toe* (when slow and SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, well drained. sluggish), wet top banks and LIGHT: part shade to full sun. slopes. FOLIAGE: evergreen to semi-dormant. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, moist. FLOWERS: pink for wild species, purple, LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. pink, or white for cultivars. FOLIAGE: linear or narrowly SPACING: 1 foot. lanceolate leaves, dormant : Helianthus angustifolius PROPAGATION:

cuttings, seed. in winter. : Verbena canadensis : Verbena WILDLIFE VALUE: nectar for insects and browse for mammals. FLOWERS: yellow blooms in October. TRADE AVAILABILITY: poor for wild species, good for cultivars. SPACING: 1 foot. COMMENTS: The wild variety can be found in seed. Scrutinize and PROPAGATION: seed, division. research the cultivars well, as many of them are hybrids and may not WILDLIFE VALUE: the seeds are eaten by goldfinches, nectar for be suitable for wild plantings. butterflies and bees. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. COMMENTS: This species can handle being up to 6 inches

Rose Vervain Rose Vervain underwater.

PREFERRED HABITAT: prairies, meadows. PREFERRED HABITAT: prairies, open areas, USUAL SIZE: 1-1 ½ feet. banks. Texas Bluebells BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. USUAL SIZE: 1-3 feet. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. BAYOU SITE: top bank. LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. FOLIAGE: semi-evergreen. LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. FLOWERS: yellow blooms from March- FOLIAGE: November, but mostly in spring time. FLOWERS: purple, pink, blue, or whitish SPACING: 1 foot. blooms, summer to fall. PROPAGATION: SPACING: seed. 1 foot. : Eustoma grandiflorum WILDLIFE VALUE: insects are attracted to the flowers. PROPAGATION: seed. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. WILDLIFE VALUE: attracts insects. COMMENTS: TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair to good.

: Calylophus berlandieri This species is native to the western edges of our watersheds and it needs good drainage. COMMENTS: The cultivars of this plant are known as “Lisianthus”. Sundrops

74 75 PREFERRED HABITAT: fields, swamps, PREFERRED HABITAT: prairies, rich sandy woods. meadows, open woods. USUAL SIZE: 1 ½-3 feet. USUAL SIZE: 2-3 feet. BAYOU SITE: BAYOU SITE: Tradescantia occidentalis top bank, upper slope. top bank, upper slope. Western Spiderwort SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. FOLIAGE: deciduous. FOLIAGE: dormant in summer. FLOWERS: orange and yellow blooms, FLOWERS: blue to magenta blooms spring to frost. March-July. FLOWERS: small, bluish black berries. SPACING: 1 foot. BARK/BRANCHES: woody stems. PROPAGATION: seed, root division. SPACING: 2-3 feet. WILDLIFE VALUE: herbivorous mammals eat the foliage. PROPAGATION: seed, cuttings, layering. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair.

Texas Lantana Texas WILDLIFE VALUE: nectar for insects and hummingbirds, fruit for birds, COMMENTS: Ohio Spiderwort – Tradescantia ohioensis, is more larval host plant of the Painted Lady butterfly. common in our area, but is usually harder to find. Hybrids of TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. different species also exist in the nursery trade. The young stems, Lantana horrida, (L. urticoides) COMMENTS: Most of the Lantana encountered in our area is the leaves, and flowers are edible. invasive, exotic – Lantana camara.

PREFERRED HABITAT: open woods, near PREFERRED HABITAT: prairies and open streams. areas. USUAL SIZE: 2-4 feet. USUAL SIZE: 2-3 feet. BAYOU SITE: top bank. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope.

SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. SOIL TYPE: clay, caliche. Dalea candida var. candida LIGHT: dappled shade to full sun. LIGHT: full sun. White Prairie Clover FOLIAGE: 1-2 ½ inches long, dormant to FOLIAGE: perennial, dormant in semi-evergreen, hairy leaves and stems. winter. FLOWERS: May-November, red, pink, FLOWERS: white blooms in June and July.

: Salvia coccinea white, coral, 1 inch tubular.

SPACING: 1-2 feet. SPACING: 3lbs of seed per acre. PROPAGATION: seeds, cuttings. PROPAGATION: seed. WILDLIFE VALUE: nectar for WILDLIFE VALUE: beneficial to birds, butterflies, and bees. hummingbirds, and insects, butterfly TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. larval food source. COMMENTS: This legume needs well drained soil. TRADE AVAILABILITY: good. COMMENTS: Usually re-seeds if parent plants are killed by hard winters. Tropical Sage Tropical

PREFERRED HABITAT: along streams, woodlands. PREFERRED HABITAT: prairies and thin USUAL SIZE: 2-4 feet. woods. BAYOU SITE: top bank, slopes. USUAL SIZE:

1-3 feet. White Sage SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. BAYOU SITE: top bank, upper slope. LIGHT: shade to full sun. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, caliche. FOLIAGE: semi-evergreen to dormant in winter, LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. light green, 2-4 inches wide and long. FOLIAGE: silver-gray leaves, can be FLOWERS: red or white flowers arranged in a loose whorl, bloom is mowed once or twice a year. sporadic during warm seasons. FLOWERS: yellow flowers in summer. : Artemisia ludoviciana FLOWERS: August-September, red, usually mealy, berry-like fruit, SPACING: 1 foot. ¾ inch, in fall, edible. PROPAGATION: seed or division. BARK/BRANCHES: stems are woody to semi-woody. WILDLIFE VALUE: cover for creatures and nectar for insects. SPACING: 3-4 feet apart. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. PROPAGATION: : Malvaviscus drummondii by seed, cuttings, divisions. COMMENTS: “Valerie Finnis”, and “Silver King”, are two cultivars. WILDLIFE VALUE: nectar for hummingbirds, fruit for mammals, foliage for butterfly larvae. TRADE AVAILABILITY: good. COMMENTS: This plant is extremely tough and tolerant of extreme conditions. The flowers are very attractive, and this plants many

Turk’s Cap Turk’s values qualify it as a staple for bayou corridors.

76 77 Royal Fern : Osmunda regalis Sensitive Fern : Onoclea sensibilis Wood Fern, Southern Shield Fern Thelypteris kunthii

swamps, swamps, moist swamps, wetlands, moist provides cover for cover, deer may deer cover, division. division. top bank, upper wet top banks. 1-3 ft. 4-6 feet. toe, wet top banks. 1 ½ feet tall, can reach sand, loam, clay, handles clay, sand, loam, sand, loam. sandy loam, clay, tolerates sandy loam, clay, 3-4 feet. 1-2 feet. dormant in winter. to 4 ½ ft. (sterile leaves), to light green, lush, dormant in 79 shade to partial shade. shade to full sun. shade to partial shade. PREFERRED HABITAT: meadows, streams. SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU PREFERRED HABITAT: PREFERRED stream banks. woods, SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: poor drainage. LIGHT: FOLIAGE: SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: wildlife. slope (moist). SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: 2 ½ ft. (fertile leaves). SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: PREFERRED HABITAT: woods. SIZE: USUAL 4-5 feet. SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: moist, poorly drained soils. LIGHT: FOLIAGE: winter. good. poor. poor. cover for ground dwellers. root divisions. A good choice when a lush filler plant is needed, A fern and should be used that can stand hot summers This species is native to Asia as well. 2-3 feet apart. SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: provided the location is routinely moist. more often. more often. TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: browse on a limited extent. TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: woodlands, and prairies, prairies, ravines, streams, division. seed. root division. top bank. 1 foot. top bank, upper slope. top bank, upper 1-2 feet. top bank, upper slope. 1-2 feet. sand, loam. sand, loam, clay, gravel. clay, sand, loam, sand, loam, moist, well wine colored blooms wine colored 1 foot. dormant in winter or when 2 feet. winter rosette. 1-2 feet. evergreen leaves. shade. partial sun. shade to full shade to dappled shade. FERNS PROPAGATION: FOLIAGE: too dry. SPACING: LIGHT: PREFERRED HABITAT: along streams. SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: 78 PREFERRED HABITAT: PREFERRED open woods. meadows, SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: FLOWERS: February to June. SPACING: PROPAGATION: SOIL TYPE: drained. LIGHT: FOLIAGE: SPACING: PROPAGATION: PREFERRED HABITAT: swamps, thickets. SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU poor. fair to poor. poor. cover for small creatures. bees gather pollen from the flowers. bees gather pollen from the cover for small creatures. This plant does not like wet clays. This plant can handle mowing. This plant can handle mowing. This is a plant that must have ideal conditions to flourish. This is a plant that must have ideal conditions to flourish. TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: WILDLIFE VALUE: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS:

: Polystichum arostichoides Polystichum : Christmas Fern Christmas : Asplenium platyneuron Asplenium : : Callirhoe involucrata Callirhoe : Ebony Spleenwort Ebony Winecup Winecup Carolina Jessamine Blue Jasmine : Clematis crispa Alamo Vine : Ipomoea sinuata Gelsemium sempervirens COMMENTS: TRADE AVAILABILITY: good coverforbirds. COMMENTS: TRADE AVAILABILITY: WILDLIFE VALUE: PROPAGATION: ground. COMMENTS: TRADE AVAILABILITY: nectar. WILDLIFE VALUE: This plant is very commoninlandscapes. Thisplantisvery This “Morning Glory” actuallybloomsaroundnoon. Glory” This“Morning This plant can bloom while it is still very lowtothe Thisplantcanbloomwhileitisstillvery seed. nectar for butterflies. nectarforbutterflies. birds eat the seeds and butterflies feedonthe birdseattheseedsandbutterflies good. poor. poor. SPACING: April toNovember, intheafternoons. FLOWERS: FOLIAGE: LIGHT: SOIL TYPE: BAYOU SITE: USUAL SIZE: ground. PREFERRED HABITAT: 80 WILDLIFE VALUE: PROPAGATION: SPACING: toApril. orFebruary January FLOWERS: or ovateleaves. FOLIAGE: LIGHT: SOIL TYPE: BAYOU SITE: or openings. PREFERRED HABITAT: VINES PREFERRED HABITAT: PROPAGATION: SPACING: sometimes toOctober. FLOWERS: FOLIAGE: LIGHT: SOIL TYPE: BAYOU SITE: USUAL SIZE: wooded areas,andalongstreams. partial shadetofullsun. partial part shadetofullsun. part palmatelylobedleaves. 6feet. partial shade. partial whitebloomswithredcenter, evergreen,elliptic,lanceolate, 3feetapart. sand,loam,clay. yellowfunnelshaped, sand,loam,clay. dormant inwinter. dormant climbsto10feet. topbank,slopes. 2feetapart. springtoearlysummer, topbank,slopes. sand,loam,clay. upto10feetlong. topbank,upperslope. cuttings. nectarforinsects, cuttings. streambanks,open woodlandedges wetlands,

from thegrapes. COMMENTS: TRADE AVAILABILITY: exotic JapaneseHoneysuckle– COMMENTS: TRADE AVAILABILITY: WILDLIFE VALUE: cling tothings. COMMENTS: TRADE AVAILABILITY: WILDLIFE VALUE: cuttings, androotcuttings. Manydifferentcultivarsofthisplantexist.Wine isalso made Thisspeciesshouldbeplantedinsteadoftheinvasive, Thisvinedoesnotneedatrellisasithasclawsthatwill nectar for butterflies andhummingbirds. nectarforbutterflies nectarforinsectsandhummingbirds. good. good. good. BAYOU SITE: PREFERRED HABITAT: PROPAGATION: SPACING: ever-blooming inmildweather. FLOWERS: glaucous below. ovate tooblong,greenabove,and FOLIAGE: LIGHT: SOIL TYPE: PROPAGATION: SPACING: bell shapedflowers,spring-fall. FLOWERS: leaves to6inches. FOLIAGE: LIGHT: SOIL TYPE: BAYOU SITE: PREFERRED HABITAT: the fruit. WILDLIFE VALUE: PROPAGATION: SPACING: September. FLOWERS: FLOWERS: FOLIAGE: LIGHT: SOIL TYPE: BAYOU SITE: PREFERRED HABITAT: Lonicera japonica part shadetofullsun. part shadetofullsun. 81 shadetofullsun. almostevergreenleavesare 6-8feet. red,2inchclusters,canbe deciduous. ovatetooblong,evergreen 10feet. 3feet. sand,loam,clay. ediblegrapesfromJuly- insignificant. redororangeandyellow sand,loam,clay. sand,loam,clay. topbanks. topbank. topbank,slopes. cuttings,layering. seedorcuttings. seed,softwood many creatures eat manycreatureseat woodlands. woods. woodlands. .

Lonicera sempervirens Lonicera

: Bignonia capreolata Bignonia : : Vitis rotundifolia rotundifolia Vitis : Crossvine Muscadine Grape Muscadine Coral Honeysuckle Honeysuckle Coral PREFERRED HABITAT: fields, woods, PREFERRED HABITAT: woodlands. along streams. BAYOU SITE: top banks, slopes. BAYOU SITE: top banks, slopes. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. Parthenocissus quinquefolia SOIL TYPE: sand, loam. LIGHT: shade to full sun. LIGHT: part shade to full sun. FOLIAGE: deciduous, with palmately FOLIAGE: perennial vine with palmately, compound leaves. Virginia Creeper three-lobed leaves. FLOWERS: inconspicuous. FLOWERS: lavender flowers, FRUIT: blue-black berries in fall. : Passiflora incarnata : Passiflora May-August. SPACING: 1 to 8 feet, depending on site. FLOWERS: edible fruit with little pulp. PROPAGATION: seed, cuttings, layering. SPACING: 2-3 feet. WILDLIFE VALUE: many species of PROPAGATION: seed or cuttings. birds eat the berries. WILDLIFE VALUE: larval food for butterflies and birds eat the fruit. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair to poor. TRADE AVAILABILITY: poor, fair for the hybrid “Incense”. COMMENTS: This vine climbs by tendrils. COMMENTS: The fruit is known as a “Maypop”. Passionflower Vine Passionflower

WETLAND PLANTS PREFERRED HABITAT: open

woods, along streams, and in Bulltongue PREFERRED HABITAT: fresh to intermediate low places. marshes, and along streams. USUAL SIZE: high climber. USUAL SIZE: 4 feet tall. BAYOU SITE: top banks. BAYOU SITE: toe, wet top banks. SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, SOIL TYPE: mud. moist, well-drained. : Clematis pitcheri LIGHT: LIGHT: full sun to partial shade. partial shade. FOLIAGE:

leaves are 4 inches wide : Sagittaria lancifolia FOLIAGE: dormant in winter. and 2 ft. long. FLOWERS: purple blooms FLOWERS: white blooms, May-November. in summer. SPACING: 2 feet apart. SPACING: 2 feet. PROPAGATION: root division. PROPAGATION: cuttings. WILDLIFE VALUE: seeds for puddle ducks. WILDLIFE VALUE: cover and food for birds. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. TRADE AVAILABILITY: poor. COMMENTS: Several other species of Sagittaria might also be used. COMMENTS: This plant is very tough after it is firmly established. Purple Leather Flower

PREFERRED HABITAT: woodland PREFERRED HABITAT: freshwater and edges or openings. intermediate marshes, shallow water, BAYOU SITE: top bank, slopes. and along streams. Common Cattail SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay. USUAL SIZE: 7 feet. LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. BAYOU SITE: toe, wet top banks. FOLIAGE: deciduous. SOIL TYPE: mud. FLOWERS: red, yellow, or orange, LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. 3-4 inch flowers from June to FOLIAGE: dormant in winter. September. FLOWERS: brown fruiting stalks. SPACING: 3-4 feet. SPACING: 3-4 feet apart. PROPAGATION: seed, stem, or PROPAGATION: root division. : Campsis radicans

root cuttings. WILDLIFE VALUE: rhizomes are eaten by muskrats and geese and : Typha latifolia WILDLIFE VALUE: nectar for hummingbirds and butterflies. smaller birds forage among Cattail colonies. TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. TRADE AVAILABILITY: poor. COMMENTS: This plant is very common in the wild. COMMENTS: Cattail is one of the best aquatic plants for improving water quality. Trumpet Vine Trumpet

82 83 Giant Bulrush : Scirpus californicus Golden Canna : Canna flaccida Hornwort : Ceratophyllum demersum

fresh and slow streams and marshes and toe, shallow water. water. toe, shallow 4-8 feet. moist soils. branched, terminal submersed. 2-4 feet. long stems form dense evergreen. toe, lower slope, wet top 2-4 feet. sand, loam, clay. tiny white flowers. sand, loam, clay, moist. sand, loam, clay, full sun to light shade. full sun to light evergreen, turns almost black yellow blooms in spring. leaves are 2 ft. long and 85 full sun. full sun to partial shade. PREFERRED HABITAT: PREFERRED marshes, mouthsbrackish of rivers. SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: FLOWERS: spikelets. cluster of brownish SPACING: PREFERRED HABITAT: quiet water of ponds and lakes. SIZE: USUAL colonies. SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: in winter. FLOWERS: swamps along the coast. SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU banks. SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: 6 inches wide, dormant in late winter. FLOWERS: PREFERRED HABITAT: fair. good. poor. nectar for insects. excellent habitat for small fish and invertebrates and waterfowl eat the seeds. seed, division. vegetative fragments and seed. root division. This is a parent of the yellow flowering Garden Cannas. This is a parent of the yellow flowering Garden Cannas. Removes excess nutrients from water. This plant is being used in our area for marsh This plant is being used in 2 feet. 6 inches to 1 foot. SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: quality. It is one of the best plants known for improving water SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: ducks eat the seeds. TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: COMMENTS: restoration. PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY:

wetlands, mud of stagnant wetlands and wetlands transplants. toe. stems can creep to over sand, loam, clay, moist. sand, loam, clay, yellow. below toe in calm, clear toe, wet top banks. toe, wet top stems have a very fast 1 foot. 1-3 feet. deciduous. mud. sand, loam, clay, handles clay, sand, loam, white flowers in summer white flowers full sun to partial shade. semi-evergreen, shade to full sun. shade to full full sun to light shade. PREFERRED HABITAT: ditches, and margins of streams. SIZE: USUAL 6 feet. SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: FLOWERS: SPACING: PROPAGATION: 84 strap-like leaves. FLOWERS: and fall. PREFERRED HABITAT: PREFERRED edges of streams. edges SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: poor drainage. LIGHT: FOLIAGE: waterways. SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: PREFERRED HABITAT: to slow moving water. SIZE: USUAL growth rate and are 2-5 ½ inches wide. SITE: BAYOU good. poor. fair. oxygenator, nurseryaquatic life. for oxygenator, nectar for insects, marginal habitat for aquatic ducks and mammals feed on seeds. ducks and mammals feed seed and transplants. bulb division. Easily found in the aquarium trade. This plant may have the ability to cleanse pesticides Excellent plant for the toe of waterways. Excellent plant for the toe white flowers above the waterline. 6 inches to 1 foot. mostly winter hardy but somewhat brittle. 1-2 feet. FOLIAGE: FLOWERS: SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: WILDLIFE VALUE: wildlife, seeds for water fowl. TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: from water. SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS:

: Cabomba caroliniana Cabomba : : Crinum americanum Crinum : Fanwort Fanwort : Ludwigia peploides Ludwigia : Crinum Lily Lily Crinum Floating Primrose Primrose Floating Maidencane : Panicum hemitomon Pink Smartweed : Polygonum pensylvanicum Powdery Thalia : Thalia dealbata spp. Canna wetlands, swamps, ditches. marshes, along toe, shallow water. toe, shallow 3 feet. seed, transplants. moist mineral or organic moist mineral long, narrow, obscure long, narrow, 4-10 inch leaf blades. 4-10 inch leaf toe, wet top bank. 6-8 feet with flowers. toe, moist top banks. 2-4 feet. muddy soils, some saline purple spikes in summer. moist sand, loam or clay. full sun to partial shade. 2 feet. dormant in winter, leaves dormant in winter, pink blooms, June to frost. 1-2 feet. annual. 87 partial shade to full sun. full sun to partial shade. PREFERRED HABITAT: PREFERRED and of lakes, ponds, margins streams. SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: soils. LIGHT: FOLIAGE: FLOWERS: inflorescence. FLOWERS: SPACING: PREFERRED HABITAT: SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: is ok. LIGHT: FOLIAGE: resemble those of the streams, ditches. SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: FLOWERS: SPACING: PROPAGATION: PREFERRED HABITAT: poor. fair. fair. birds eat the seeds. cover, nectar for insects. cover, rhizomes are consumed by muskrat. rhizomes are consumed by division. transplanting rhizomes. This plant requires periodic water level draw downs in This plant requires periodic water level draw downs This plant is useful for erosion control. This plant is useful for erosion This plant has been shown to significantly improve 6 inches to 1 foot. SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: spring and early summer. PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: water quality.

open and wooded open and wetlands, margins of streams cover for small animals, division. toe, lower slope. 1-3 feet, occasionally to occasionally 1-3 feet, water’s edge. water’s 1-3 feet. sand, loam, clay, handles clay, sand, loam, wet soils, clay, loam. wet soils, clay, spring-summer, 1/8 inch spring-summer, 1-2 feet. evergreen. toe, wet top banks (bogs). 6 inches high, creeping. heart-shaped, dormant in moist soils. partial shade to full sun. shade-partial shade. succulent, lemon scented full sun to partial shade. PREFERRED HABITAT: PREFERRED and wet areas. streams, areas along SIZE: USUAL 9 feet. SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: poor drainage. LIGHT: FOLIAGE: SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: on it.and some wildlife may browse SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: 3-6 inches long. winter, FLOWERS: white individuals, drooping spikes. PREFERRED HABITAT: slightly brackish marshes, ditches. SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU 86 PREFERRED HABITAT: areas. and ponds, also brackish SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: leaves. good. fair. good. nectar for bees nursery plant for fish and amphibians. division of plants. transplants of stems with roots. Once this plant gets established, it is great for erosion Once this plant gets established, An aggressive water’s edge colonizer. A companion edge colonizer. An aggressive water’s An easy plant to find in the aquarium trade. blue flowers about 1 centimeter wide. 2 feet. 6 inches to 1 foot. Dragonflies lay their eggs on the stems. Dragonflies lay their eggs TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: control. SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: to Bald Cypress. Handles salinity up to 0.5 ppt. FLOWERS: SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS:

: Equisetum hyemale Equisetum : Horsetail Reed Reed Horsetail : Bacopa caroliniana caroliniana Bacopa : Lemon Bacopa Bacopa Lemon : Saururus cernuus Saururus : Lizard’s Tail Tail Lizard’s Soft-Stem Bulrush Smooth Water Hyssop : Bacopa monnieri Soft Rush : Juncus effuses Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani

wet prairies, moist sandy soils fresh to brackish fresh to toe (of slow moving 4-6 feet. toe, wet top banks. to 3 feet. toe, slopes and top bank toe, slopes and 1 or 2 inches tall and mat inches tall and 1 or 2 mucky and moist sandy terminal cluster of moist soils. sand, loam, clay, moist. clay, sand, loam, perennial. white flowers followed by 1-2 feet. evergreen. succulent stems 89 full sun to partial shade. full sun to partial shade. partial shade to full sun. marshes, borders of bodies of water. marshes, borders of bodies of water. SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU waterways), moist top banks. SOIL TYPE: soils. LIGHT: FOLIAGE: FLOWERS: brownish spikelets. PREFERRED HABITAT: PREFERRED HABITAT: or shallow freshwater. SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: FLOWERS: brown seeds. SPACING: PREFERRED HABITAT: PREFERRED of waterwaysmargins and wetlands. SIZE: USUAL forming. SITE: BAYOU moist.when consistently SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: and leaves. fair. poor. fair, but easy to find in the wild. fair, ducks and mammals eat the seeds. seeds, rhizomes, and shoots are eaten by cover for insects and other small creatures. cover for insects and other division or seed. transplants, division. division. Often used for water gardens. Has been shown to Can form extensive colonies. Tough plant that withstands flooding and mowing. plant that withstands flooding and Tough small, white to light purple blooms, April to frost. small, white to light purple 2-3 feet. 6 inches apart for sprigs. PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: remove Atrazine from water. SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: waterfowl. TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: A great stabilizer for shorelines and it also provides some wetlandA great stabilizer for shorelines margin habitat. FLOWERS: SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS:

shorelines brackish and wetlands, edges edges wetlands, toe, lower slope, 3 feet. moist soils. white blooms. annual to perennial, toe, wet top banks. toe, wet top toe, wet top bank. 2-3 feet. full sun to partial shade. 4-6 feet. mud. sand, clay, saline ok. sand, clay, June-September, purple-blue, June-September, pink or white flowers, 1-2 feet. dormant in winter, lance or dormant in winter, 2-6 inch long leaves, dormant water’s edge. water’s full sun. LIGHT: FOLIAGE: lanceolate leaves. FLOWERS: PREFERRED HABITAT: of waterways, ponds, and in ditches. SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU moist top banks. SOIL TYPE: PREFERRED HABITAT: PREFERRED of streams. SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: leaves to eight inches. triangular shaped FLOWERS: 6 inch spikes. SPACING: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: in winter. FLOWERS: PREFERRED HABITAT: fresh marshes. SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: 88 fair. poor. good to fair. good to fair. nectar for hummingbirds and butterflies. seeds are eaten by waterfowl. attracts dragonflies and damselflies, nectar for attracts dragonflies and damselflies, seed, cuttings. seed, transplants. root division, colonizes by rhizomes. root division, colonizes by Although this is thought of a coastal marsh plant, it has Although this is thought of a coastal marsh plant, it This plant endures water level fluctuations. Often does best in sluggish bayous or in wetlands adjacent Often does best in sluggish tan, ring shaped, with seeds that ripen quickly. 4-6 feet. 1-2 feet. WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: been found in two far inland counties in Texas. summer to fall. FLOWERS: SPACING: PROPAGATION: SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: beneficial insects. TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: up to 0.5 ppt.to bayous. Handles salinity WILDLIFE VALUE: PROPAGATION:

: Polygonum hydropiperoides hydropiperoides Polygonum : Smartweed Smartweed : Pontederia cordata cordata Pontederia : : Kosteletzkya virginica Kosteletzkya : Purple Pickerelweed Pickerelweed Purple Salt Marsh Mallow Mallow Marsh Salt White Topped Sedge Water Willow : Justicia americana Rhynchospora colorata White Water Lily : Nymphaea odorata

Justicia ponds, lakes, streams, mud, streams, wetlands, bayous. division, seed. shallow water. flowers can rise up to 6 toe, bottom portions 3 feet. most wet soils. toe. 12-30 inches. white, fragrant, 4-7inch moist soils. moist, sandy loam, clay. orbicular lily pads, dormant white or violet blooms with white or violet 1-2 feet. spring-summer, small white- spring-summer, linear to lanceolate leaves. linear to lanceolate 1-2 feet. glossy green, long, narrow. full sun. 91 full sun. partial shade to full sun. sluggish streams. SIZE: USUAL inches above the water. SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: in winter. FLOWERS: flowers. PREFERRED HABITAT: PREFERRED HABITAT: PREFERRED water. shallow SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU submerged. SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: FLOWERS: purple dots. SPACING: PREFERRED HABITAT: SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: FLOWERS: green bracts. SPACING: PROPAGATION: fair. fair. poor. beaver, muskrat, and deer will consume the leaves beaver, seeds. attracts butterflies and is the larval host for the division of rhizomes. . division. This widespread species is also one the parents for This plant can usually be found in the water This plant is related to the Shrimp Plant – This plant is related to the 10 feet. SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: and rhizomes, the seeds are eaten by ducks. Provides habitat for aquatic creatures. TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: many of the hybrid water lilies in the landscape trade. WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: garden trade. PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: Texan Crescentspot Butterfly. Texan TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: brandegeana

sluggish streams, sluggish stream banks, marshes, swamps, nectar for insects. seed, division. waters edge. 1-3 feet. toe, wet top banks. 1 ½-2 ½ feet. toe, wet top banks. 3-6 ft. wet soils, loam, clay. wet soils, loam, April-June, large, ornamental, April-June, large, capsule. moist, sand, loam, clay. sand, loam, clay, moist. sand, loam, clay, 2-3 feet. upright, sword shaped. upright, sword white, fragrant blooms in yellow blooms April to October. yellow blooms April to October. 2-3 feet. 2 foot long leaves, narrow blue-green leaves to with several different terrestrial sun-partial shade. partial shade to full sun. full sun to partial shade. PREFERRED HABITAT: PREFERRED brackish marshes. slightly SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: FLOWERS: bluish-purple. FLOWERS: SPACING: 90 FOLIAGE: SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: PREFERRED HABITAT: wetlands. SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU dormant in winter. FLOWERS: SOIL TYPE: LIGHT: FOLIAGE: 18 inches long. FLOWERS: SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: PREFERRED HABITAT: fresh to slightly brackish. SIZE: USUAL SITE: BAYOU Canna glauca fair. poor to fair. fair to good. insects are attracted to the flowers. nectar. division. root division. A good plant for Houston’s gumbo soils. A good plant for Houston’s In the 1970s, Longwood Gardens in Kennett Square, Capable of anchoring down a waters edge. Does best Capable of anchoring down 1-2 feet. late spring to mid-summer. SPACING: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: PROPAGATION: WILDLIFE VALUE: TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: creeks. Handles salinity up to 0.5ppt. along sluggish bayous and cannas. The result was the Longwood cultivars: (1) ‘Endeavor’ (red flowers), (2) ‘Erebus’ (salmon pink flowers), (3) ‘Ra’ (yellow flowers) (burnt orange flowers). It also removes excess and (4) ‘Tanny’ nitrogen and phosphorous from water. TRADE AVAILABILITY: COMMENTS: Pennsylvania crossed

: Canna glauca Canna : : Hymenocallis liriosme Hymenocallis : : Iris virginica virginica Iris : Water Canna Water Spider Lily Lily Spider Southern Blue Flag Iris Flag Blue Southern PREFERRED HABITAT: ponds, lakes, and bayous. USUAL SIZE: flowers bloom a few inches RESOURCES above the water. BAYOU SITE: toe, submerged 1-5 feet, top SOUTHEAST NURSERY GROWERS bank, adjacent wetlands. THE ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS – ASSOCIATION SOIL TYPE: mucky substrate. (281) 497-0740. The agency – www.stnga. LIGHT: full sun. responsible for wetland related org A collection of regional FOLIAGE: dormant in winter, 3-6 inch permitting. wholesale plant nurseries. A : Nymphaea mexicana very helpful nursery and plant leaves. BAYOU PRESERVATION ASSOCIATION FLOWERS: yellow flowers, emergent, spring to fall. locator guide on the web. (BPA) SPACING: 3-6 feet. – (713) 529-6443. PROPAGATION: division. www.bayoupreservation.org TEXAS FOREST SERVICE (TFS) – WILDLIFE VALUE: mammals eat the rhizomes, and it provides habitat for This organization’s mission is to (979) 458-6650. aquatic creatures. protect and restore the richness http://txforestservice.tamu. TRADE AVAILABILITY: poor. and diversity of waterways COMMENTS: edu The TFS is the agency This species is not as cold tolerant as Nymphaea odorata through activism, advocacy, responsible for protecting and does best in the southern portions of our area. collaboration and education. and enhancing the state’s They work on maintain the

Yellow Water Lily Water Yellow forest resources. This mission health of the are bayous, includes developing the sponsor educational seminars, capacity of communities to bayou cleanups, canoe plant and care for trees in launches and water quality, parks, along streets and in PREFERRED HABITAT: ponds and monitoring and other bayou other urban settings. sluggish streams. related activities. They also USUAL SIZE: rises 1 foot or more above work to maintain floodways TEXAS NURSERYMAN AND the water. as habitat corridors. The BPA BAYOU SITE: top bank, adjacent wetlands, LANDSCAPE ASSOCIATION (TNLA) – or toe, from a few inches to 7 feet supports buyouts and other (512) 280-5182. info@txnla. underwater. habitat friendly alternatives for org A landscape/nursery trade SOIL TYPE: any soil, at the bottom of flood control. organization that maintain a : Nelumbo lutea bodies of water. BUFFALO BAYOU PARTNERSHIP helpful nursery/hardwood/ LIGHT: – full sun. (713) 752-0314. This group plant locator service online. FOLIAGE: dormant in winter, perfectly round leaves. serves as an advisory resource FLOWERS: yellow blooms in summer. SPACING: 1-2 feet. and liaison among groups BIBLIOGRAPHY/ PROPAGATION: division or seed. pursuing development of Bayou RECOMMENDED WILDLIFE VALUE: submerged portions create habitat for invertebrates, amenities and many private – seeds are eaten by ducks and other wildlife, beaver and muskrat and public-sector entities with READING consume the rhizomes. interests in and/or jurisdictions TRADE AVAILABILITY: fair. over Bayou functions. Ajilvsgi, Geyata. Wildflowers COMMENTS: Yellow Water Lotus Water Yellow The seed head is often used in floral arrangements. CITY OF HOUSTON – PARKS of Texas. Fredericksburg, TX: The tubers along the rhizome and the seeds are edible. AND RECREATION – FORESTRY Shearer Publishing, 1984 DEPARTMENT – (713) 867-0378. The Forestry Department is Correll, Donovan S., and responsible for urban forestry Marshall C. Johnson. Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas. PREFERRED HABITAT: issues related to land owned by swamps, wet Austin, TX: University of Texas meadows, bottomlands. the city. USUAL SIZE: Press, 1979 1-2 feet. HARRIS COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL – BAYOU SITE: toe, wet top banks. (713) 684-4000. The agency Gould, Frank W. Common SOIL TYPE: sand, loam, clay, responsible for regional flood handles poor drainage. Texas Grasses. College LIGHT: partial shade to full sun. control management. Station, TX: Texas A&M Press, FOLIAGE: dormant in dry summers. NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY OF TEXAS 1978 FLOWERS: blue, lavender, or white – HOUSTON CHAPTER – (281) blooms, Spring to Summer. Gray, Donlad H., and Robin

: Iris brevicaulis 489-3127. Houston@npsot. SPACING: 1 foot. B. Sotir. Biotechnical and org This group promotes the PROPAGATION: division. Soil Bioengineering Slope conservation, research and WILDLIFE VALUE: nectar for insects. Stabilization. New York, NY: utilization of the native plants TRADE AVAILABILITY: poor. John Wiley & Sons, 1996 COMMENTS: This is one of the parents of the Louisiana Iris hybrids. and plant habitats of Texas through education, outreach Harrar, Ellwood S. and J.

Zig Zag Iris and example. George Harrar. Guide to 1962

92 93 Hatch, Stephen L., Joseph L. of Texas. Houston, TX: Gulf DECIDUOUS. Falling off, leaves making up less than ten Schuster, and D. Lynn Drawe. Publishing, 1991 fall off in autumn or winter. percent of the plant community. Grasses of the Gulf Prairies DIOECIOUS. Unisexual with RACEME. A type of flower and Marshes. College Station, Tveten, John, and Gloria staminate (male) and pistillate cluster in which the flowers, Texas A&M University Press, Tveten. Wildflowers of (female) flowers on separate each on a short stem, are 1999 Houston. Houston, TX: Rice plants. arranged along a central stalk. University Press, 1993 DEPOSITION. The build-up of RHIZOME. An underground Jones, Stanley D., Joseph sediment along streambanks. stem or rootstock producing K. Wipff, and Paul M. Vines, Robert A. Trees of DRUPE. Usually a 1 seeded, leafy shoots on the upper side Montgomery. Vascular Plants East Texas. Austin, TX: Texas fleshy fruit, with one hard and roots on the lower side. of Texas. Austin, TX: University Monthly Press, 1977 stone. RIPARIAN. Pertaining to the of Texas Press, 1997 EROSION. The removal and banks of a stream. Wasowski, Sally, and Andy transportation of soil and rock SALINE MARSH. Wetlands with a Matoon, W.R., and C.B. Wasowski. Native Texas materials by gravity, wind and salinity of a0 ppt. or greater. Webster. Forest Trees of Texas. Plants. Houston, TX: Gulf running water. Serrate. Saw-toothed. College Station, TX: Texas Publishing, 1991 EVERGREEN. Having green SHRUB. A woody, perennial Forest Service, 1928 leaves throughout the year. plant smaller than a tree with GLOSSARY Fruit. The seed bearing part permanent stems from or near Nixon, Elray S. Trees, Shrubs of a plant. the ground. & Woody Vines of East BAYOU. A shallow, often slow INFLORESCENCE. A flower cluster. SPIKE. A type of flower cluster Texas. Nacogdoches, TX: moving offshoot of a river Invasive. An aggressive non- in which the individual flowers Bruce Lyndon Cunningham found in flood plains. The native plant that has the ability lack stems and are attached Productions, 1985 word is derived from the to disrupt or dominate an directly to the long central French “boyau” meaning gut. ecosystem. stalk. Nokes, Jill. How to Grow BERRY. A fleshy fruit without a LAYERING. Propagation from STAMEN. The pollen-bearing Native Plants of Texas and hard stone. stems that form roots while still organ of a flower. the Southwest. Austin, TX: BRACKISH MARSH. Wetlands a part of the parent plant. STOLON. A mostly horizontal, University of Texas Press, 2001 characterized by plants that LOAM. A soil that contains usually above-ground, stem or live and prosper in a salinity roughly equal portions of sand, branch rooting at the tip of the Odenwald, Neil, and James range from 3.5 to about silt and clay. nodes and forming new plants. Turner. Identification, Selection 10.0 ppt. LOBE. A segment formed by TAPROOT. A main primary root and Use of Southern Plants. BRACT. Modified leaf of a a large indentation on the that grows almost straight Baton Rouge, LA: Claitor’s flower cluster. margin of a leaf or flower part. down. Publishing Division, 1987 BUNCHGRASS. A grass with NATURALIZED. Of foreign TOE. The break in the slope at non-aggressive rhizomes; stems origin, but established and the foot of a bank, where the Simpson, Benny j. A Field and leaves occur in a bunch. reproducing itself as though bank meets the streambed. Guide to Texas Trees. Austin, CAPSULE. A dry fruit composed native. WHORL. A cyclic arrangement TX: Texas Monthly Press, of more than one ovary, splits NECTAR. The sweet secretion of of like parts. 1988 open at maturity. a flower. CATKIN. A flexible, scaly spike, OVERSTORY. An umbrella of Sotir, Robbin B., et al. usually bearing unisexual plants that are taller than GLOSSARY TERMS DERIVED IN Guidelines for Streambank flowers. those growing underneath PART FROM: A Field Guide to Restoration. Atlanta, GA: CLAY-LOAM. Soil containing (understory). Wildflowers, Trees & Shrubs, Georgia Soil & Water from 20%-30% clay particles, PALMATELY LOBED. Hand-shaped Guide to Southern Trees, Conservation Commission and from 20%-50% sand with the fingers spread. Aquatic and Wetland Plants Stutzenbaker, Charles D. particles, with the rest being Panicle. A compound or of the Western Gulf Coast, Aquatic and Wetland Plants silt particles. branched raceme, a type of Gardening with Prairie Plants, of the Western Gulf Coast. CLIMAX. A term applied to flower cluster. Manual of the Vascular Plants Austin, TX: University of Texas a population of organisms PERENNIAL. A plant that lives of Texas, Guidelines for Press, 1999 (plants, ecosystems) that has more than one or two years. Streambank Restoration. reached a state of equilibrium PIONEER. A pioneer plant can Tiner, Ralph W. Field Guide with its environment and tolerate difficult conditions such to Costal Wetland Plants of the exhibits only minor changes as bare or disturbed soils. Southeastern United States. over time. Pistil. Seed-bearing organ of Amherst, MA: University of CONE. A cluster of flowers or a flower. Massachusetts Press, 1993 fruit with overlapping scales. PPT. Parts per thousand. CYME. A determinate flower POME. An apple-like fruit. Tull, Delena, and George cluster with innermost flowers PRAIRIE. A grassland of Miller. A Field Guide to blooming first; often flat-topped native grasses, sedges, rushes Wildflowers, Trees and Shrubs or convex. and forbs with woody plants

94 95 INDEX Redbay – Persea borbonia 36 Red Mulberry – Morus rubra 36 LARGE TREES Retama – Parkinsonia aculeata 37 American Elm – Ulmus american 22 Sassafras – Sassafras albidum 37 Bald Cypress – 22 Sweetbay Magnolia – Magnolia virginiana 37 Black Cherry – 22 Two Wing Silverbell – Halesia diptera 38 Black Gum – 23 Witch Hazel – Hamamelis virginiana 38 Black Walnut - Juglans nigra 23 Black Willow – Salix nigra 23 SHRUBS Bur Oak – Quercus macrocarpa 24 American Beauty Berry - Callicarpa americana 38 Cedar Elm – Ulmus crassifolia 24 Arrowood Viburnum – Viburnum dentatum 39 Drummond Red Maple – Acer rubrum var. drummondii 24 39 25 Carolina Buckthorn – Frangula caroliniana, Eastern Red Cedar – Juniperus virginiana 25 ^%_39 Eastern Persimmon, Common Persimmon – Cherry Laurel – Prunus caroliniana 40 Diospyros virginiana 25 Chili Pequin – Capsicum annuum var. aviculare 40 Green Ash – Fraxinus pennsylvanica 26 Coralbean – #G40 Laurel Oak – Quercus laurifolia 26 Coralberry – 'G41 Live Oak – Quercus virginiana 26 Dwarf Wax Myrtle – Myrica pusilla 41 Loblolly Pine – Pinus taeda 27 Elderberry – Sambucus canadensis 41 Northern Catalpa – Catalpa speciosa 27 Eve’s Necklace – 'G 42 27 Farkleberry – Vaccinium arboreum 42 Overcup Oak – Quercus lyrata 28 Indigobush – )`42 Pecan – Carya illinoiensis 28 Mayhaw – Crataegus opaca 43 Post Oak – Quercus stellata 28 Mexican Buckeye – Ungnadia speciosa 43 River Birch – Betula nigra 29 Sabal minor 43 Shagbark Hickory – Carya ovata 29 Parsley Hawthorn – 44 Shumard Red Oak – 29 Possumhaw – Ilex decidua 44 Soapberry – Sapindus drummondii 30 Rabbiteye Blueberry – ^_44 S. Magnolia – 30 Red Buckeye – Aesculus pavia var. pavi 45 Sugar Hackberry – 30 Roughleaf Dogwood – Cornus drummondii 45 Swamp Chestnut Oak – 31 Rusty Blackhaw Viburnum - G45 Sweetgum – _G31 Shining Sumac – %46 Sycamore – Platanus occidentalis 31 Smooth Sumac – %G46 Water Hickory – _32 Southern Dewberry – Rubus trivialis 46 Water Oak – Quercus nigra 32 Southern Wax Myrtle – Morella cerifera 47 White Oak – Quercus alba 32 Strawberry Bush – Euonymus americanus 47 Winged Elm – Ulmus alata 33 Swamp Privet – /47 Virginia Sweetspire – Itea virginica 48 MEDIUM TO SMALL TREES Yaupon – Ilex vomitoria 48 American Holly – Ilex opaca 33 Anacua, Sandpaper Tree – #33 SUCCULENTS Box Elder – Acer negundo 34 Arkansas Yucca – Yucca arkansana 48 Eastern Redbud – Cercis canadensis 34 False Aloe – Manfreda virginica 49 Flowering Dogwood – 34 Louisiana Yucca - Yucca lousianensis 49 Fringe Tree – 35 Texas Prickly Pear – 049 Huisache – Acacia farnesiana 35 Ironwood, American Hornbeam, Musclewood – GRASSES Carpinus caroliniana 35 Big Bluestem – Andropogon gerardii 50 Mexican Plum – Prunus mexicana 36 Broomsedge Bluestem – Andropogon virginicus 50

96 97 Brushy Bluestem – Andropogon glomeratus 50 PERENNIALS  Blue Mist Flower – 65 ]#6]  :866 Eastern Gamagrass – Tripsacum dactyloides 51 Cardinal Flower – Lobelia cardinalis 66 Giant Cane – Arundinaria gigantea 52 Copper Rain Lily – 7GG66 Gulf Muhly – G52 Coreopsis – 67 Inland Sea Oats – `52 Crow Poison – G67 Indian Grass – '53 Evening Rain Lily – Cooperia drummondii 67 Jamaican Sawgrass – Cladium jamaicense 53 Fall Obedient Plant – 68 &'<53 Frostweed – Verbesina viginica 68 Prairie Cordgrass – '54 :Rudbeckia maxima 68 Purple Top – 54 Gulf Coast Penstemon - Penstemon tenuis 69 Purple Three Awn – )54 Giant Goldenrod – Solidago gigantea 69 Sideoats Gramma - 255 Halberd Leaf Hibiscus – Hibiscus laevis 69 Smooth Cordgrass – '55 ;570 Sugarcane Plumegrass – '55 Jewels of Opar – Talinum paniculatum 70 Switchgrass – Panicum virgatum 56 Kansas Gayfeather - 70 Texas Wintergrass – 56 Lanceleaf Coreopsis – Coreopsis lanceolata 71 Virginia Wildrye - Elymus virginicus 56 Lanceleaf Loosestrife – 8 lanceolatum 71 GROUNDCOVERS Lyre Leaf Sage – Salvia lyrata 71 Carolina Modiola – Modiola caroliniana 57 Mayapple – 72 Cherokee Sedge - @57 <6/772 '('57 Mexican Hat – %G`72 Horseherb – Calyptocarpus vialis 58 Pink Evening Primrose – 073  58 Pitcher Sage – '<73 Pidgeonberry – %58 Prairie Phlox – 73 Ponyfoot – 559 =<Eryngium yuccifolium 74 Mimosa strigillosa 59 Rose Vervain – Verbena canadensis 74 Shaggy Portulaca – Portulaca pilosa 59 Sundrops - G74 Texas Frogfruit – 60 Swamp Rose Mallow - 7G75 Diodia virginiana 60 /]/7`75 Walter’s Violet – Viola walteri 60 Texas Bluebells – #75 Wild Strawberry – Fragaria virginiana 61 Texas Lantana – 5^8_76 Tropical Sage – Salvia coccinea 76 ANNUALS Turks Cap - Malvaviscus drummondii 76 Black Eyed Susan – %G@ 61 Western Spiderwort – 77 Bluebonnet – Lupinus texensis 61 White Prairie Clover – Dalea candida var. candida 77 ]Dracopis amplexicaulis 62 White Sage – Artemisia ludoviciana 77 Dahlberg Daisy – Dyssodia tenuiloba 62 Winecup – Drummond’s Phlox – drummondii 62 Greenthread – ` 63 FERNS Indian Blanket – Gaillardia 63 Christmas Fern – 78 Indian Paintbrush – = indivisa 63 Ebony Spleenwort - Asplenium platyneuron 78 Lemon Mint – Monarda citriodora 64 Royal Fern – Osmunda regalis 79 Partridge Pea – fasciculata 64 /0'Onoclea sensibilis 79 Plains Coreopsis – Coreopsis 64 Wood Fern, Southern Shield Fern – /7 annuus 65 @5579 White Prickly Poppy – Argemone G 65

98 99 VINES NOTES & PLANNING Alamo Vine – Ipomoea sinuata 80 Blue Jasmine – 80 Carolina Jessamine - Gelsemium sempervirens 80 Coral Honeysuckle - Lonicera sempervirens 81 Crossvine – Bignonia capreolata 81 Muscadine Grape – `81 82 Purple Leather Flower – 82 Trumpet Vine – Campsis radicans 82 Virginia Creeper - __`83

WETLAND PLANTS Bulltongue – '`83 R`83 Crinum Lily – Crinum americanum 84 Fanwort – Cabomba caroliniana 84 'Ludwigia peploides 84 Giant Bulrush – Scirpus californicus 85 Golden Canna – 85 Hornwort – 85 Horsetail Reed – #_86 Lemon Bacopa – Bacopa caroliniana 86 Lizard’s Tail – Saururus cernuus 86 Maidencane – 87 Pink Smartweed – Polygonum pensylvanicum 87 Powdery Thalia – G87 Purple Pickerelweed – Pontederia cordata 88 Salt Marsh Mallow - ><@88 Smartweed – 88 Smooth Water Hyssop - Bacopa monnieri 89 / =?c89 / R/Scirpus tabernaemontani 89 Southern Blue Flag Iris – Iris virginica 90 Spider Lily – Hymenocallis liriosme 90 Water Canna – Canna glauca 90 Water Willow – ?91 White Topped Sedge – %91 White Water Lily – 91 Yellow Water Lily – 92 Yellow Water Lotus – Nelumbo lutea 92 Zig Zag Iris – Iris brevicaulis 92

100 101 HARRIS COUNTY WATERSHED MAP

102 103