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Seed Germination Characteristics of Selected Native Plants of the Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas

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Seed Germination Characteristics of Selected Native Plants of the Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas Seed germination characteristics of selected native plants of the lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas ROBINS. VORA Experhnents were conducted to identity treatments that increased 58% with 45 minutes acid treatment of huisachillo (Acacia schaf- emergence of seeds of 24 woody plant species native to the lower fwri) seeds, and 87% with acid treatment for 15 to 90 minutes of Rio Grande Valley of southern Texas. Sulfuric acid (18.4M retama (Purkinsoniu uculeutu) seeds. Similarly, germination of H&04) scarification significantly hnxeased emergence of buisachc rattlebush (Sesbania drummondii) seeds was improved by soaking (A cud& smul&i), bui~ebillo (A. scwm?ri), Texas ebony (Pithecel- in acid for up to 4 hours (Easton 1984). Acid scarification for 60 to lobiumflexicmde), tenam (P.palkns), tepeguaje (Leucaenapuhv- 90 minutes followed by cold scarification for 90 days produced best r&da), retama (porkinson& rrcrrlcou),and western soapberry results with western soapberry (Sapindus drummondii) seeds (Munson 1984). Seeds of other species, such as sugarberry (Celtis (Sapiudus &wnmlo II@); treatments such as soakhrg in disHBed water, gibberellic acid (0.3 or 1.4 mMol), or other scari5cation luevigata), might undergo periods of dormancy that can be broken techniques were not as effective as add. Fresh guajillo (A. be&n- by prechilling (Bonner 1974,1984). Fulbright et al. (1986a, b) used died’) seedr required no treatment, but g-month-old seeds had a combination of mechanical scarification, gibberellic acid, and heat/ chill treatments to obtain 62% germination of granjeno (Cel- higher emergence with add scarification. Texas ebony emergence was higher from lO-month-old seed treated with acid than from tis p&da) seeds; and gibberellic acid, moist prechilling for 2 fresh seeds. No pre-treatment seemed necessary for seeds of coral weeks, and storage for 8 months as methods of improving germina- tion of anacua (Ehretia anacua) seeds. Alaniz and Everitt (1980) bean (&ythrina he&cur), Texas persimmon (Dio~yruv texana), obtained 40 to 60% germination of anacua seeds by soaking them sugarberry (Celt& kvigata), granjeno (C. pal&da), pigeon-berry in acid for 2 hours. The results, however, have not been tested in (l?iv&ra hum&), Texas baby-bonnets (Coursetia uxillariv), gua- greenhouse and field structures. jillo (A. bedmdkri), and lotebush (Zixiphus obtu#ol&). Results My objective was to develop or improve greenhouse germina- with blackbrush (A. rigid&), Wright’s acacia (A. wright& rattle- tion techniques for 24 native woody plant species (Table 1). Treat- bush (Sesbania drummondii), guayran (t&aiacum angust@- ments were based on known germination characteristics for seeds Hum), brad1 (Condi& hooker& elbowbush (Forestiera angust#o- of different taxanomic groups. For example, seeds from families Ho), and anacua (E1srctfcranacua) seeds were inconclusive. Plants known for hard seed coats, such as Mimosaceae and Fabaceae, of 16 woody species achieved mean heights of 25 cm in 45 to 150 were subjected to scarification treatments. A secondary objective days. was to document the length of time needed for the seedlings to Keywords: seed treatments, scaritication, brush reach 25 cm in height, which is desired for field planting. Less than 5% of the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas remains in Methods native brushland (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1983). These brush communities provide critical habitat for numerous animal Tests were conducted to determine if greenhouse emergence species. For this reason, the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department could be increased for these species (Table 1) using the following and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service are restoring native brush types of pre-sowing treatments: soaking in distilled water, soaking by planting native seeds and seedlings in formerly cultivated fields. in gibberellic acid (0.3 or 1.4 mMol), or in acid ( 18.4M HaSOd), and Propagation of native plants requires the development of proper other scarification techniques such as hot water, sandpaper and handling methods for seeds and seedlings. Previous research on rock tumblers. I also tested the combined effects of seed ripeness native plants of the lower Rio Grande Valley has been conducted in and acid treatment on Texas ebony emergence. Experiments were laboratory growth chambers, for example, fresh seeds of persim- done with seeds of various ages. mon (Diospyros texunu) germinated best (33 to 90%) without any Seed Collection and Processing treatment (Plowman and Munson 1983, Ever&t 1984). Everitt Seeds were collected from local stands of native brush, primarily (1983a) reported germination rates of 87 to 92% for guayacan the Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge near Alamo, Texas, (Guaiacum angus~ifolium)and 66 to 77% with fresh seed of guajillo between 1984 and 1985. They were collected directly from plants (Acacia berlandieri). Many other legume species have hard seed with the exception of anacua and cedar elm (Ulmus crassifolia). coats, and acid treatments have been used to increase germination which were swept off the ground. Seeds of leguminous species were of these species. Alaniz and Everitt (1978) obtained best results extracted manually. Fruits of granjeno, sugarberry, bras& anaca- with Texas ebony (Pithecellobiumjlexicaule) by soaking seed in huita (Cordia boisseri), and elbow bush (Forestiera angustifolia) concentrated sulfuric acid (hereafter acid) for 30 to 45 minutes to were depulped for some treatments by rubbing manually against a get 80% germination. Maximum germination for huisache (Acuciu wire mesh. Western soapberry seeds were removed from shells smallit’) was 65% with acid treatment from 45 to 60 minutes (S&es (pericarps). Seeds were stored in paper sacks on shelves at room 1974). Everitt (1983a, b) obtained 86% germination by soaking temperature until 10 January 1985 and were stored in a refrigerator fresh blackbrush (Acacia rigidula) seeds in acid for 20 minutes, at 4O C after that date. Author was forest ecologist at Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge, Alamo, Texas. His present addnss is U.S. Forest Service, 1170 4th Avenue South, Park Falls, Experimental Design, Treatments, and Propagation Procedures Wisconsin 54552. A randomized block design was used. Basic treatment types are The author thanks R. Schumacher for his suggestions on experimental treatments; 2. Labus, R. Florcs, V. Pulaski, T. High, and E. Couch for their assistance with listed in Table 2. Cedar elm fruits were planted in mulch collected grecnhousc work; J. Mcsscrly for the analyses of variance tests, and J. Young, J. from under the tree. Several unsuccessful exploratory treatments Eve&t, 0. Van Auken, Y. Wang, T. Fulbright, F. Banner, R. Lonard, M. Hecp, C. Halvorson, and N. Wells for the%editorial &estions. are not described in detail for sake of brevity. With the exception of Manuscript accepted 8 August 1988. 36 JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT 42(l), January 1989 Table 1. Speciea selected for seed germination exparbnentr. shade cloth, light intensity varied at each table, and ran from about 300 pmolm-*s-‘(18% of external) to 600 ~mohn”i Yd(36% of external at mid-afternoon during several measurements in June Family Scientific name Common name 1986. Ulmaccae Celtispallida Granjeno During both years, the plants were watered once every other day Celtis laevigata Sugarberry for 5 minutes with overhead spray stick sprinklers. Sodium and Ulmus crassvolia Gzdar elm calcium concentrations in samples of the water supply (March Phytolaccaceae Rivina humilis Pigeon-berry Mimosaceae Acacia rig&&da Blackbrush 1985, July and August 1986) varied from 265 to 281 mg/ 1,and 45 to Acacio berlandien’ Guajillo 97 mg/l, respectively, with total salts estimated at 1,128 to 1,289 Acacia smallii Huisache mg/l. Two grams of slow-release fertilizer (18-7-10 + 1% Fe) were Acacia schaffneri Huisachillo placed on the soil surface when seedlings were about 5 cm tall. Pithecellobium pallens TCnaZa Pithecellobiumjlexicaule Texas ebony Data Analyses Luecaem pulverulenta Tepcguaje Analyses of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s HSD multiple Acacia wrightii Wright’s acacia comparison tests were used to identify significantly different Caesalpinaceae Parkinsonia aculeata Retama (m.05) treatment means, unless emergence was highest under no Fabacutc Erythrim herbacea Coral bean treatment. Multiple comparison tests were not used to compare Sesbania drummondii Rattlebush CourSeria axilkaris Texas baby-bonnets graded levels of acid treatment (Petersen 1977). Zygophyllaceac Guaiocum angustifolium Guayacan Sapindaceac Sapindus drummondii Western soapberry Results Rhamnaceae Condolia hooken’ Brasil Zisiphus obtusifolia Lotebush Germination of Fandlies EbelU_C Diospyros texam Texas persimmon Ulmaceae OleaCeaC Forestiera angustifolia Elbowbush Highest emergence of sugarberry occurred with pretreatment of Boraginaceae Cordia boisseri Anacahuita depulped seeds (Table 3). With granjeno, emergence was higher if Ehretia amcua the pulp was not removed (Table 3). There was no enhancement of emergence from soaking seeds of these 2 species in 1.4 mMo1 granjeno, additional treatments were not tried if emergence gibberellic acid for 5 hours. exceeded 75% with no treatment. Emergence counts were made Emergence rates of cedar elm were low (<lo%). Planting seeds once or twice weekly. in mulch from under the tree significantly (m.05) increased In 1985, three replications of each treatment were located ran- emergence from 3 to 9%. domly in seedling trays (blocks) filled to 4 cm with a commercial Phytolaccaceae potting mix which
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