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Concepções Escatológicas Na Poesia Grega Arcaica: De Homero a Píndaro

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Concepções Escatológicas Na Poesia Grega Arcaica: De Homero a Píndaro 1 CONCEPÇÕES ESCATOLÓGICAS NA POESIA GREGA ARCAICA: DE HOMERO A PÍNDARO Alex Fabiano Campos Gonçalves Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Letras Clássicas da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, como parte dos requisitos necessários para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Letras Clássicas. Orientadora: Professora Doutora Shirley Fátima Gomes de Almeida Peçanha. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Março de 2016 2 CONCEPÇÕES ESCATOLÓGICAS NA POESIA GREGA ARCAICA: DE HOMERO A PÍNDARO Alex Fabiano Campos Gonçalves Orientadora: Profª. Doutora Shirley Fátima Gomes de Almeida Peçanha Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras Clássicas da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, como parte dos requisitos necessários para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Letras Clássicas. Aprovada por: ______________________________________________________________ Presidente: Profa. Dra. Shirley Fátima Gomes de Almeida Peçanha - UFRJ ______________________________________________________________ Prof. Doutor Auto Lyra Teixeria - UFRJ _______________________________________________________________ Profª. Doutora Glória Braga Onelley - UFF _______________________________________________________________ Prof. Doutor Ricardo de Souza Nogueira - UFRJ _______________________________________________________________ Prof. Marcos José de Araújo Caldas - UFRRJ _______________________________________________________________ Profª. Tania Martins Santos - UFRJ, Suplente _______________________________________________________________ Profª. Maria Regina Candido - UERJ, Suplente Rio de Janeiro 2016 3 Gonçalves, Alex Fabiano Campos CONCEPÇÕES ESCATOLÓGICAS NA POESIA GREGA ARCAICA: DE HOMERO A PÍNDARO /Alex Fabiano Campos Gonçalves Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ / Faculdade de Letras, 2016. 257 f.; 31cm. Orientadora: Shirley Fátima Gomes de Almeida Peçanha Tese (Doutorado) – UFRJ / Faculdade de Letras/Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras Clássicas, 2016. Referências Bibliográficas: f. 249-57 1. Grécia arcaica. 2. Poesia grega arcaica. 3. Escatologia homérica. 4. Concepções Escatológicas na poesia grega arcaica: de Homero a Píndaro. I. Peçanha, Shirley Fátima Gomes de Almeida. II. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Letras, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras Clássicas. III. Título. 4 CONCEPÇÕES ESCATOLÓGICAS NA POESIA GREGA ARCAICA: DE HOMERO A PÍNDARO Alex Fabiano Campos Gonçalves Orientadora: Profª. Doutora Shirley Fátima Gomes de Almeida Peçanha Resumo da Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras Clássicas da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, como parte dos requisitos necessários para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Letras Clássicas. Os Gregos, desde o período micênico, mantinham com os mortos uma relação que só pode ser compreendida com base na crença de que, mesmo depois de morto, sepultado ou cremado, existia um elemento humano que sobreviveria de modo autônomo e consciente no mundo dos mortos. Sobre essa concepção assentam-se as proposições dessa tese na qual foram discutidos os principais aspectos da escatologia grega arcaica, desde a morte, destino final de todos os homens, até a condição existencial post-mortem da psykhé, depois da realização dos ritos funerários, condição necessária para o ingresso definitivo no Hades. Teorias foram confrontadas a fim de maiores esclarecimentos sobre o tema em questão, estando sempre no centro da discussão, no entanto, o texto literário grego, que serviu de base aos argumentos apresentados. Palavras-chave: Poesia arcaica. Psykhé. Escatologia. Post-mortem. Homero. Hesíodo. Píndaro. Rio de Janeiro 2016 5 CONCEPÇÕES ESCATOLÓGICAS NA POESIA GREGA ARCAICA: DE HOMERO A PÍNDARO Alex Fabiano Campos Gonçalves Orientadora: Profª. Doutora Shirley Fátima Gomes de Almeida Peçanha Abstract da Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras Clássicas da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, como parte dos requisitos necessários para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Letras Clássicas. The Greeks since the mycenean times kept a relationship with the deads which only can be understood based on the belief that even in the death, after dead, buried or cremated, there was a human element that would survive autonoumusly and conscious in the world of deads. On this conception place the propositions of this thesis in which were discussed the main aspects of the of the archaic greek eschatology since the death, destiny of all men, to the existecial condition post-mortem of psyche after the realization of funerary rites, necessary condition to get in the Hades definitively. Theories were confronted in orde further clarification about the theme, however the literary Greek text is always in the center of discussions, which and are the basis for the arguments. Keywords: Archaic Poetry. Psykhe. Eschatology. Post-mortem. Homer. Hesiod. Pindar. Rio de Janeiro 2016 6 A meus pais e antepassados, aos quais devo minha existência, dedico este trabalho. 7 A Deus, pela criatividade e inspiração; a Lucia, minha esposa, e a Eulália, minha filha, pelo apoio e pela paciência; à professora Drª. Shirley, pela orientação dedicada; à CAPES, pela bolsa concedida durante o tempo de pesquisa; ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Letras Clássicas em que sempre encontrei apoio e tranquilidade para desenvolver esse trabalho; aos colegas de estudo com quem, muitas vezes, partilhei experiências; aos amigos que suportaram minhas reclamações nos momentos difíceis, agradeço de coração. 8 “ w2 po/poi, h] r9a/ ti/v e0sti kai\ ei0n 0Ai+/dao do/moisi yuxh\n kai\ ei1dwlon, a0ta\r fre/nev ou0k pa/mpan: Il. XXIII, 104-5 9 SINOPSE Os fundamentos da escatologia grega. O post-mortem na épica homérica e na poesia hesiódica. O mundo dos mortos. A condição existencial da psykhé no reino de Hades. A escatologia na poesia não hexamétrica. 10 SUMÁRIO 1. INTRODUÇÃO.................................................................................................11 2. PRESSUPOSTOS DA ESCATOLOGIA GREGA................................................25 2.1 Um passado glorioso......................................................................................25 2.2 O povo micênico.........................................................................................28 2.3 Os Micênicos e o mundo dos mortos.............................................................39 2.3.1 O culto dos mortos....................................................................................43 2.3.2 Evidências arqueológicas..........................................................................43 2.3.3 Evidências literárias...................................................................................49 3. A ESCATOLOGIA NOS POEMAS HOMÉRICOS...............................................57 3.1 Seres efêmeros destinados à morte..............................................................58 3.1.1 A mansão de Hades: o destino final de todos...........................................61 3.1.2 A localização do mundo dos mortos ..........................................................69 3.2 Os rituais funerários e o culto dos mortos.................................................76 3.2.1 Os ritos de sepultamento...........................................................................83 3.2.2 O funeral de Pátroclo e o culto dos mortos.............................................104 3.3 Os habitantes do mundo dos mortos.......................................................124 3.3.1 A consciência da psykhé dos mortos......................................................124 3.3.2 Duas teses e um problema......................................................................137 4. A ESCATOLOGIA NA POESIA HESIÓDICA....................................................161 4.1 Hesíodo e o destino final dos homens........................................................162 4.2 Hesíodo e o Oriente Próximo.......................................................................162 4.2.1 O Destino dos homens no Mito das Cinco Raças.....................................171 4.2.2 Herança homérica.....................................................................................188 5. CONCEPÇÕES ESCATOLÓGICAS NA POESIA NÃO HEXAMÉTRICA E NÃO DRAMÁTICA..........................................................................................193 5.1 O conceito de psykhé em poemas não hexamétricos................................197 5.2 Elementos das religiões de mistérios e a vida post-mortem na poesia de Píndaro...............................................................................................................213 6. Conclusão..........................................................................................................245 7. Referências bibliográficas................................................................................. 249 11 1 INTRODUÇÃO Esta tese de doutoramento versa sobre a escatologia na poesia grega arcaica, tema já iniciado na dissertação de mestrado A psykhé nos Poemas Homéricos. Enfatizaram-se neste estudo a morte física do homem, fenômeno comum a todos, compreendida como a dissolução dos elementos que o constituem, e a condição da psykhé do morto depois de encerrada definitivamente no Hades, destino final comum de todos os mortais. Sabe-se que a psykhé do morto é tratada, tradicionalmente, como uma sombra desprovida de consciência e de vontade, um ente que vagueia pelo reino de Hades sem qualquer lembrança do mundo dos vivos. Os autores1 que fazem essa afirmação, valendo-se
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