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Quem São Os Titãs Da Mitologia Grega

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Quem São Os Titãs Da Mitologia Grega Page 01 T I T Ã S PESQUISAS , COORDENAÇÃO e . publicação de : António J. Encarnação Quem são os titãs da mitologia grega São 12 deuses que, segundo a mitologia, nasceram no início dos tempos. Eles eram os ancestrais dos futuros deuses olímpicos (como Zeus, Afrodite, Apolo…) e também dos próprios mortais. Os titãs nasceram da união entre Urano, que representava o Céu, e Gaia, que seria a Terra. “Os titãs eram seres híbridos, nenhum era humano por completo e todos tinham o poder de se transformar em animais”, afirmam historiadores especialistas em mitologia. O poeta grego Hesíodo, que viveu no século 7 a.C., foi um dos principais autores da Antiguidade a narrar o surgimento dos titãs, numa obra clássica chamada Teogonia. Esse e outros textos épicos contam que tais seres mitológicos ajudaram na formação do mundo. É que, no início dos tempos, Urano fazia seguidos filhos em Gaia, mas, como não se afastava dela, seus descendentes, entre eles os titãs, permaneciam presos no ventre da mãe. Insatisfeita com a situação, Gaia incentivou um de seus filhos, o titã chamado Crono, a decepar os órgãos genitais de Urano, fazendo com que este se afastasse dela. Essa metáfora mitológica é uma original maneira de explicar a separação entre o Céu e a Terra, que teria permitido o início da vida. Mas não foram só as iniciativas heróicas que marcaram os titãs. Após mutilar e derrotar Urano, Crono reinou e tornou-se um pai terrível para seus filhos (leia no quadro ao lado). O poder dele e de outros titãs sobre o mundo só acabou após eles terem sido derrotados por Zeus, o futuro chefe dos deuses olímpicos, numa sangrenta guerra chamada titanomaquia. O mais importante titã, e também o mais jovem, costumava ser representado com uma foice na mão, com a qual teria mutilado seu pai, Urano. Page 02 Crono se uniu a uma de suas irmãs, Réia, com quem teve vários filhos. Como tinha medo de que os descendentes desafiassem seu poder sobre o mundo, ele engolia todos os seus filhos. Mutilação de Urano por Saturno de Giorgio Vasari e Cristofano Gherardi Como tinha medo de que os descendentes desafiassem seu poder sobre o mundo, ele engolia todos os seus filhos. Mas um deles, Zeus, contou com a ajuda da mãe para escapar desse destino trágico. Após crescer e se tornar forte, Zeus decidiu resgatar seus irmãos, dando uma poção para o pai que fez este vomitar todos os filhos engolidos. Com a ajuda dos irmãos, Zeus derrotou Crono e outros titãs numa grande batalha e passou a ser o grande chefe de todos os deuses gregos. Crono e seus aliados foram presos para sempre no Tártaro, o mundo subterrâneo para onde iam os mortos. Cronos É o mais jovem dos titãs, filho de Urano, o céu estrelado, e Gaia, a terra. Cronos era o rei dos titãs e o grande deus do tempo, sobretudo quando este é visto em seu aspecto destrutivo, o tempo inexpugnável que rege os destinos e a tudo devora. O titã Cronos serviu de inspiração para a antiga seita órfica criar a figura de Chronos, a quem chamavam de o "deus primordial do tempo". Vale ressaltar que o modo de vida dos órficos causava grande estranheza entre os gregos e a nova teogonia criada por eles era, da mesma forma, repudiada pelo culto cívico e popular das póleis gregas . O que quer dizer que, para os gregos comuns, o titã Cronos (e somente ele) era o deus do tempo por excelência. A pedido de sua mãe se tornou senhor do céu, castrando o pai com um golpe de foice. Page 03 O terrível Crono O mais famoso dos 12 titãs engolia os próprios filhos A partir de então, o mundo foi governado pela linhagem dos titãs que, segundo Hesíodo, constituía a segunda geração divina. Foi durante o reinado de Cronos que a humanidade (recém-nascida) viveu a sua "Idade de Ouro". Cronos e Reia Cronos casou com a sua irmã Reia, que lhe deu seis filhos (os crónidas): três mulheres, Héstia, Deméter e Hera e três homens, Hades, Posídon e Zeus. Como tinha medo de ser destronado por causa de uma maldição de um oráculo, Cronos engolia os filhos ao nascerem. Comeu todos, exceto Zeus, que Reia conseguiu salvar enganando Cronos ao enrolar uma pedra em um pano, a qual ele engoliu sem perceber a troca. Quando Zeus cresceu, resolveu vingar-se de seu pai, solicitando para esse feito o apoio de Métis - a Prudência - filha do titã Oceano. Esta ofereceu a Cronos uma poção mágica, que o fez vomitar os filhos que tinha devorado. Então Zeus tornou-se senhor do céu e divindade suprema da terceira geração de deuses da mitologia grega, ao banir os titãs para o Tártaro e afastar o pai do trono. Segundo as palavras de Homero, Zeus prendeu-o com correntes no mundo subterrâneo, onde foi encontrado, após dez anos de luta encarniçada, pelos seus irmãos, os titãs, que tinham pensado poder reconquistar o poder de Zeus e dos deuses do Olimpo . Page 04 Cronos e Reia Reprodução de baixo-relevo romano. Em algumas variantes do mito, Cronos e os titãs são alcançados pela misericórdia de Zeus, libertados do Tártaro e cada qual retoma a sua função cosmológica no universo. Com a permissão do filho, Cronos torna-se, então, o governante dos Campos Elísios, o paraíso da mitologia grega e lugar de descanso para os mortos bem-aventurados O resto da turma Da união entre o Céu e a Terra nasceram os outros 11 deuses OCEANO Era o titã mais velho, representado por um grande rio que corria em volta de toda a Terra (então considerada plana), demarcando suas fronteiras. Oceano teria gerado todos os rios, riachos e fontes existentes Oceano , na mitologia grega, é o filho primogênito de Urano (Céu) e Gaia (Terra), portanto o mais velho dos titãs. Era o deus das águas correntes, do fluxo e do refluxo e a origem de todas as massas líquidas e fontes de água doce do mundo. Oceano também era o deus que regulamentava o nascer e o ocaso dos corpos celestes, que se acreditava surgirem e descerem em seu reino aquático nas extremidades da terra. Na cosmogonia grega, o deus Oceano era o grande rio cósmico primordial que circundava o mundo, mantendo-o apertado na rede circular de suas águas. Page 05 No período helenístico, com a evolução dos conhecimentos geográficos, ele passou a ser o deus que personificava os oceanos do planeta, fazendo do distante Atlântico a sede de seu domínio aquático, enquanto Posídon reinava sobre o Mediterrâneo. Os oceanos são assim denominados em honra a esse antigo deus. Oceano na Fontana di Trevi, Roma Na Ilíada, Oceano é chamado de "o pai de todos os seres". Uniu-se à sua irmã Tétis, deusa das fontes de água pura e personificação dos aquíferos subterrâneos que alimentam o mundo, e com ela gerou todos os rios, poços, nascentes e nuvens de chuva. O casal engendrou mais de 6000 filhos, compostos por 3000 filhas (Oceânides) e 3000 filhos (Potamoi), divindades relacionadas às águas e aos rios. Na Titanomaquia, Oceano e sua esposa não tomaram o partido dos titãs, angariando um imenso prestígio junto aos olímpicos. Oceano e Tétis foram os pais adotivos da deusa Hera, rainha dos deuses. Oceano serviu como patriarca e ancestral comum para várias gerações divinas, isso porque suas filhas Oceânides foram esposas e companheiras de diversos deuses, quer fossem protogenoi (primordiais), titãs ou olimpianos. As oceânides eram ninfas (divindades menores da natureza) de grande beleza, deusas dos córregos, das nuvens, das chuvas, das fontes e nascentes; as mais velhas eram personificações de bênçãos divinas ou conceitos abstratos. Entre as principais estavam Métis(deusa da prudência e do bom conselho)Clímene (deusa da fama), Eurínome (deusa das campinas e das pastagens), Dóris (deusa do encontro do rio com o mar e dos ricos pesqueiros na foz dos rios), Dione (deusa do oráculo de Dodona) Tikhé (deusa da boa fortuna e da sorte), Telesto (deusa do Sucesso,), Peithó (deusa da persuasão e da sedução), Paregoron (deusa da consolação), Plouto (deusa da riqueza, Electra (deusa das nuvens de tempestade iluminadas pelo sol). Page 06 Pleione (deusa da abundância), Hesíone (deusa da presciência), Rhodeia (deusa do florescer das ), rosas), Rhodope (deusa das nuvens rosas da alvorada), Eudora (deusa das chuvas férteis), Polidora (deusa das chuvas abundantes), Galaxaura (deusa da brisa que dissipa a névoa) e Perseis (cognominada "a destruidora", deusa dos poderes destrutivos da magia). Já os filhos homens de Oceano e Tétis eram os potamoi, deuses que personificavam os rios existentes em toda a terra. Possuíam os mesmos nomes dos rios do qual eram a manifestação divina. Os potamoi eram descritos como deuses poderosos e eram temidos por outras divindades. Entre os principais deuses-rios figuravam Escamandro (também conhecido como Xanto, era o deus do rio Escamandro, em Troia), Aqueloo (deus-rio da Etólia), Asterion (deus-rio de Argos), Nilo (deus-rio do Egito), Tigre (deus-rio da Assíria), Eufrates (assim como o irmão, deus-rio da Assíria), Orontes (deus-rio da Síria), Ganges (deus-rio da Índia), Eurotas (deus-rio da Lacedemônia), Erimanto (deus-rio da Arcádia), Asopo (deus-rio da Beócia e de Argos), Ilissos (deus-rio da Ática), Peneu (deus-rio da Tessália), Titaressos (igualmente um deus-rio da região da Tessália). Para além desses, eram divindades especialmente temíveis os cinco rios-deuses do inferno: Aqueronte (o rio da dor), Flegetonte (o rio de fogo), Cocitos (o rio da lamentação), Lehe (o rio do esquecimento) e Estige (o rio do ódio), sendo estas duas últimas oceânides . Pouco afeito a conflitos, Oceano teria se recusado a aliar-se com Cronos na sua revolta contra seu pai Urano.
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