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Aggettivi Verbali in -Hv". Uno Studio Diacronico

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Aggettivi Verbali in -Hv Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Scienze dell’Antichità: Letterature, Storia e Archeologia DIPARTIMENTO DI STUDI UMANISTICI Tesi di Laurea Aggettivi verbali in -hv". Uno studio diacronico Relatrice Prof.ssa Olga Tribulato Correlatori Prof.ssa Anna Marinetti Prof. Alberto Camerotto Laureanda Ilaria Paliuri Matricola 826880 Anno Accademico 2012/2013 1 2 Indice 3 Abbreviazioni 5 1. I composti deverbali in -hv" nell’ambito del sistema composizionale e verbale del greco 6 1. Introduzione e caratteristiche generali dei composti in -hv" 6 1.1 Oggetto e scopo della tesi 10 2. Storia degli studi 11 3. Sullo stativo IE 13 4. Tipologie di composti deverbali in greco 17 5. L’interpretazione dei composti: casi di ambiguità 22 6. Sulla nozione di transitività e altro 24 2. Composti in -hv" costruiti su un aoristo in -h- 28 1. Introduzione 28 2. Composti in -C/Vahv" 30 2.1 -ahv" < ajvhmi 30 2.2 Composti in -Cahv" 32 2.3 Composti in -Cahv" privi di aoristo in -h- 36 3. Composti in -VChv" 37 3.1 Temi in occlusiva velare 37 3.1.1 Composti omerici 37 3.1.2 Composti non attestati in Omero 40 3.1.3 Altri composti in occlusiva velare 49 3.2 Temi in occlusiva labiale 49 3.2.1 Temi in labiale aspirata 49 3.2.2 Altre forme in -Vfhv" 54 3.2.3 Temi in labiale non aspirata 55 3.3 Gruppi che includono composti tratti da gradi diversi del tema verbale 61 3.3.1 -trefhv" -trafhv" < trevfw 62 3.3.2 -strefhv" -strafhv" < strevfw 65 3.3.3 -(r)rehv" -r(r)uhv" < rJevw 67 4. Altri composti cui corrisponde un aoristo in -h- 68 4.1 Temi in liquida 68 4.2 Composti in nasale 71 4.3 Composti in vibrante 73 5. Due classi notevoli: i composti in -manhv~ e -fanhv~ 78 5.1 -manhv~ < maivnomai 79 5.2 -fanhv~ < faivnomai 82 6. Conclusione 87 3. Composti in -hv" costruiti su un tema verbale differente 96 1. Introduzione 96 2. Temi in occlusiva velare 97 2.1 Sorda 98 2.1.1 Composti in -Cakhv~ 98 2.1.2 Composti in -Cekhv~ 103 3 2.2 Sonora 109 2.3 Aspirata 116 2.3.1 -Cechv" 116 2.3.2 -hchv", -auchv" 119 3. Temi in occlusiva labiale 123 3.1 Sorda 124 3.1.1 -Cerphv", -Crephv" 124 3.1.2 -Camphv" 130 3.1.3 Altre forme in -phv" 131 3.2 Sonora 133 3.3 Aspirata 136 4. Temi in occlusiva dentale 140 4.1 Sorda 140 4.1.1 -Cathv" 140 4.1.2 -Cethv" 142 4.2 Sonora 145 4.2.1 -Cadhv~ 145 4.2.2 -Ceidhv~ 147 4.2.3 -Cidhv~ 148 4.3 Aspirata 149 4.3.1 -Caqhv~ -Chqhv~ 149 4.3.2 -C(e)iqhv~,-Ciqhv~ 152 4.3.3 -Ceuqhv~ 155 5. Temi in nasale 156 5.1 Nasale dentale 156 5.1.1 -Canhv" 156 5.1.2 -Cenhv" 159 5.2 Nasale labiale 160 6. Temi in liquida 161 6.1 -Chlhv"/-Calhv" 161 6.2 -Celhv" 163 6.3 Altre forme in -lhv" 165 7. Temi in vibrante 167 7.1 -Carh" -Chrh" 167 7.2 -Ce(i)rhv" 169 7.3 -orhv" -wvrh" 172 8. Altre forme 173 9. Conclusione 175 4. Conclusioni 183 5. Appendice 191 Forme capitolo 2 191 Forme capitolo 3 214 6. Bibliografia 242 4 Abbreviazioni A aggettivo a. attivo acc. accusativo aor. aoristo dat. dativo femm. femminile FNV forme nominalizzate del verbo gen. genitivo IE indoeuropeo masch. maschile N nome n. neutro nom. nominativo O oggetto p. passivo plur. plurale PIE protoindoeuropeo PM primo membro del composto sing. singolare strum. strumentale SM secondo membro del composto V verbo Le citazioni degli autori e delle opere corrispondono a quelle impiegate nel LSJ e nel Lampe per gli autori cristiani di età tardo-antica e bizantina. 5 Capitolo 1 I composti deverbali in -hv" nell’ambito del sistema composizionale e verbale del greco 1. Introduzione e caratteristiche generali dei composti in -hv" La ricchezza della derivazione nominale del greco è un fatto ben noto, ribadito con particolare insistenza da parte degli studiosi, che hanno messo in luce come in questa lingua vengano conservate la maggior parte delle tipologie di sostantivi e suffissi nominali IE, senza che però ciò escluda l’intervento di alcune modifiche rispetto alla situazione originaria, come per esempio la graduale eliminazione dei nomi radicali o la creazione di nuovi suffissi denominativi tramite la combinazione di materiale ereditato. Tuttavia, più che la derivazione, il procedimento di formazione di parole che in greco risulta maggiormente ricco e produttivo è costituito, come nota E. Risch, dalla composizione1. Anche in questo caso, la lingua greca non si limita a continuare i diversi tipi di composti IE (p. es. composti possessivi e vari composti a reggenza verbale, vd. infra), ma, come si vedrà poi in dettaglio, introduce delle innovazioni notevoli. In genere, in greco sono considerati forme ‘autentiche’ di composti i sostantivi e gli aggettivi, mentre i verbi composti sono ritenuti retroformazioni (p. es. karpolovgo" ‘che raccoglie frutta’ > karpologevw ‘raccogliere frutta’)2; nonostante ciò, i processi di derivazione nominale (sostantivi e aggettivi) e verbale presentano in molti casi un grado di interrelazione tale da rendere spesso difficile ricostruire l’iter tramite cui dalla stessa radice3 sono state create forme appartenenti a categorie lessicali differenti. Un esempio che ben si presta a illustrare la notevole complessità cui possono pervenire i sistemi derivazionali delle lingue IE − con particolare riferimento al greco − è costituito dal cosiddetto ‘sistema di Caland’, un insieme ben definito di suffissi nominali (*-os-/-es-), aggettivali (*-ro-, *-u-, *-ont-, *-i-, *-mo-, *-no-, *-lo-) e verbali (*-ē-) che “hanno una distribuzione in larga misura analoga e che, quindi, si combinano con le stesse radici” e, secondariamente, mostrano un “principio di alternanza tra suffissi nella forma semplice e in composizione”4. La nozione di ‘sistema’ (come classe di suffissi) è stata introdotta da E. Risch e A. Nussbaum in sostituzione di quella di ‘legge di Caland’, che si limitava a descrivere la corrispondenza tra “aggettivi semplici in *-ro- e formazioni in *-i- a primo membro di un composto” (Dardano 2007, p. 2), osservata per la prima volta5 da W. Caland in avestico, ma poi rilevata in greco da J. Wackernagel (p. es. kudrov" ‘glorioso’- kudiavneira ‘che dà gloria agli uomini’). A queste osservazioni seguirono sia un’estensione del numero di lingue coinvolte dal fenomeno in questione (con l’attribuzione 1 Vd. Risch 1974, p. 181 “Noch reicher als die suffixale Wortbildung ist wohl im Griech. (wie im Ai. und. Germ.) die kompositionelle”. 2 Vd. Risch 1974, p. 81; per una visione alternativa, che ammette la possibilità che alcuni verbi composti non derivino dall’aggettivo e/o sostantivo corrispondente vd. Grandi-Pompei 2012. 3 Utilizzo qui il termine ‘radice’ in senso lato, non solo in riferimento alle radici IE in senso stretto. 4 Vd. Dardano 2007, p. 4; vd. anche Meissner 2006, p. 3 “s-stem nouns and adjectives are said to play a pivotal role in the so called ‘Caland’s system’ which can be described in the most general terms as a regular and well defined pattern of correspondences of derivational affixes”. 5 Meissner sottolinea come questa corrispondenza fosse stata in realtà osservata già da Parmentier, le cui considerazioni passarono però sostanzialmente inosservate (Meissner 2006, pp. 11-14). 6 della ‘legge’ al PIE) sia un aumento del numero di suffissi interessati dalle alternanze − non solo aggettivali, ma anche nominali e verbali6. Le principali formazioni che in greco presentano suffissi appartenenti al sistema di Caland7 sono aggettivi in -rov", -nov", -uv"; aggettivi in -alevo", -(al)imo", -ed(a)nov" (limitati al greco); alcuni primi membri di composto in -i-; nomi in -o" e aggettivi in -h"; avverbi in -a. L’appartenenza dei verbi stativi in *-ē- del proto-greco al sistema di Caland, sostenuta per esempio da C. Watkins e da E. Tucker8, viene accolta da Meissner, che, sebbene da un lato ne ridimensioni l’importanza9, dall’altro accetta l’esistenza di un forte legame tra il suffisso di stativo *-ē- e le forme in *-es-/-os10. Esempi di corrispondenze (da Meissner 2006, p. 19): agg. in -u" agg. in -al- PM composto sost. e agg. in -es- avv. in -a -os- qaluv", qalerov" qavlo", -qalhv" kratuv", kratai- kravto", kavrto" kavrta kraterov" guvalo" puknov" peukavlimo" puki-mhvdh" ejce-peukhv" puvka La discussione relativa al sistema di Caland è molto complessa e tocca varie questioni, per esempio la natura di -i- che compare al PM di composto (nominale o aggettivale), se le alternanze vadano considerate una regola sincronica oppure esito di un processo cronologicamente anteriore11, etc. Qui basterà ricordare la presenza di una corrispondenza tra aggettivi del tipo Caland e nomi neutri in -o" che ne costituiscono la nominalizzazione (p. es. kratuv", kraterov" ‘forte’ - kravto" ‘forza’, baruv" ‘pesante’ - bavro" ‘peso’)12. Tuttavia, anche la derivazione di sostantivi neutri in -o" da aggettivi in -u" non va intesa come un meccanismo automatico, dal momento che, come è stato provato da T. Meissner, “in a number of cases, the abstract of a ‘Caland’ adjective is formed by a process of additional suffixation (stem + -tht-) rather than by replacing the adjectival suffix (-u-, - ro-) with -o". This means, in a Caland context, that the derivational sequence or implication adjective in -u": neuter noun in -o" is a concept which is far too mechanistic”13. 6 Meissner nota come “the suffixes involved seem to vary from language to language” e “certain suffixes disappeared from the scene and new ones could enter the set of suffixes at any given stage” (Meissner 2006, p.
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