Plant Communities in the Vicinity of the Industrial Areas of Korangi and Landhi in Karachi, Pakistan. Syed Atiq-Ur-Rehman, Muhammad Zafar Iqbal

Home , Salsola imbricata, Suaeda fruticosa, University of Karachi

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 2, February-2017 131 ISSN 2229-5518

Plant communities in the vicinity of the industrial areas of Korangi and Landhi in Karachi, Pakistan. Syed Atiq-ur-Rehman, Muhammad Zafar Iqbal

Abstract--Phytosociological studies were carried in the verge of Korangi and Landhi industrial locations of Karachi. The vegetation was herbaceous, shrubs and principally dispersed in character. Fifteen plant communities focused on the composition, structure and distribution of species were determined. Most of the plant communities in the proximity of industrial zones had low number of plant species as compared to less polluted site of Karachi University Campus. Highest numbers of species were recorded in Abutilon and Amaranthus- Prosopis communities around industrial regions, whereas Salsola community had particularly reduced species numbers. Importance value index of whole the species were calculated and eleven leading dominant species were recognized in the industrial areas. Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet, Corchorus trilocularis L., Corchorus depressus (L.) Stocks and Prosopis juliflora Swartz were found in noticeable number in the communities. A. indicum had strong association with Corchorus spp, P. juliflora and Tribulus terrestris L. at Industrial sites. P. juliflora were representing well connection with Heliotropium ophioglossum Boiss, Orygia decumbens Forssk, Chloris barbata Sw., Trianthema portulacastrum L. at Karachi University site. Therefore, it is observed that A. indicum was markedly dominant plant species in the surrounding of industrial estates while P. juliflora was particularly dominant species at the University Campus.

Key words: Dominant species, important value index, industrial areas, industrial pollution, phytosociological attributes, plant communities. ——————————  —————————— 1 Introduction Suaeda fruticosa, Tamarix indica, Salsola imbricata and Cressa cretica. The phytosociological studies of the Karachi Karachi is situated on the coast of Arabian sea University campus have been carried out by some workers. (Latitudes 240 50’ - 250 15‘ North and Longitude 650 51’-670 Qadir et al., [13] and Iqbal and Shafiq [14] have recognized 40’ East) of Pakistan. Karachi is the largest and an industrial six plant communities. The vegetation was dominated by halophyte, xerophyte and disturbed plants and dominated and commercial city of Pakistan. Community is a spatial by C. depressus in Karachi University Campus [15]. and temporal organization of organisms with different Industrial pollution due to heavy metals in Karachi is a degree of combination and composed of unevenly thriving critical issue. The industries emit extensive range of heavy species [1]. A prevailing species which displays a pattern metals such as ferric, copper, zinc, chromium and lead into may inflict a oppose patternIJSER on species with which it is the air, water and soil. competing [2]. Since industries are playing the severe and injurious Phytosociological learning in the vicinity of the polluted impact in Karachi, it is indispensable to explore the effects industrial locations of Karachi were accomplished by [3] of toxic waste of industrial places on plant communities and [4]. Ahmed et al., [5]; [6]; [7], [8] and [9] had inspected growing in the nearby industrial lands of Korangi and the vegetation model around a lot of industrial units in Landhi. Gharo, SITE, Manghopir, Korangi and Landhi industries in the verge of Karachi, respectively. Paspalidium geminatum was the most governing species rising next to the sewage 2 Materials and Methods waste matters waterway of Malir [10] and Lyari [11] rivers, Sampling of the vegetation around the Korangi and Landhi which were spoiled by the effluents of the industrial zones industrial regions of Karachi was carried out. Twenty eight beside with additional materials. Mehmood and Iqbal [12] stands were studied by point centered quarter method by distinguished nine plant communities based on overriding employing twenty five sampling points in each stand. species at wasteland of Valika chemical factories close to Observations were based on four plants measurement at Manghopir, Karachi and determined that the vegetation each point. The circumference of every individual species was disturbed, generally halophytic and taken over by was recorded. Phytosociological attributes like cover, relative cover, density, relative density, frequency, relative ———————————————— frequency and importance value index of each species were calculated and analyzed [16]. Afterward, fifteen plant • Author: Department of Botany, Govt. Degree College, Buffer Zone, communities were recognized among the 28 stands on the Karachi-75850, Pakistan. E-mail: [email protected] basis of leading dominant species. • Co-Author: Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi- Sampling of the vegetation was also conducted at the 75270, Pakistan. E-mail: [email protected] University campus in the some way as carried out at Korangi and Landhi industrial sites. The plant specimens IJSER © 2017 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 2, February-2017 132 ISSN 2229-5518 were collected and identified according to [17] in the 3.7 Cressa-Senna community Department of Botany, University of Karachi. Cressa cretica (I.V.I.= 71.61) and Senna holosericea (I.V.I.= 64.84) were greatly prevailing in the ambient of Tanveer 3 Results Garment factory in the Korangi industrial location. They were examined with Digera alternifolia, Abutilon indicum, From Korangi and Landhi industrial locations of Karachi, Corchorus trilocularis and Amaranthus viridis in the forty nine species were recorded in twenty eight stands surrounding of Korangi industrial site. (Table 1). Based on the leading dominant species, fifteen plant communities were recognized, according to the 3.8 Digera-Senna community importance value index (Table 2, 3). Abutilon-Prosopis, Digera alternifolia (I.V.I.= 198.69) and Senna holosericea Abutilon, Abutilon-Cressa, Cressa, Cressa-Senna, Digera-Senna, (I.V.I.= 114.95) were visible in number in the location of Suaeda and Salsola communities are of special interest in the Mustafa Garment factory and Tanveer Garment factory in study area. Korangi industrial area. They were found with Abutilon indicum, Corchorus trilocularis, Zaleya pentandra and Chloris 3.1 Abutilon-Prosopis community barbata. In this community Abutilon indicum (I.V.I.= 153.20) and Prosopis juliflora (I.V.I.= 84.85) were leading around Khan 3.9 Suaeda community Towel factory in the Korangi industrial area. It was found Suaeda fruticosa (I.V.I.= 226.14) was remarkable in mainly in association with other species like, Amaranthus number nearby National Oil refinery in Korangi industrial viridis, Ricinus communis, Corchorus trilocularis and zone. It produced relationship with Digera alternifolia, Rhynchosia minima. Launaea nudicaulis, Cressa cretica and Prosopis juliflora.

3.2 Abutilon community 3.10 Salsola community Abutilon indicum (I.V.I.= 840.26) was the primarily Salsola baryosma (I.V.I.=188.32) was also striking in dominant in the vicinity of Chushtia Bed Sheets, Fatima number close to National Oil refinery in Korangi industrial Garment and Fancy Ply Board factories at the Korangi region. Cressa cretica, Digera alternifolia, Prosopis juliflora and industrial site and One Tech Ply Board factory at Landhi Launaea nudicaulis was companion species of this industrial zone. It was recorded along with Corchorus community. depressus, Corchorus trilocularis, Cynodon dactylon and Senna holosericea. 3.11 Corchorus-Abutilon community Corchorus trilocularis (I.V.I.= 416.51) and Abutilon indicum 3.3 Abutilon-Cressa community (I.V.I.= 256.67) were distinct in number near to Haidery Abutilon indicum (I.V.I.= 238.06) and Cressa cretica (I.V.I.= Flour mill in Korangi industrial estate and International 132.46) were maximum rangeIJSER in the surrounding of Leather industry in Landhi industrial land. Corchorus Paramount Garment factory in the Korangi industrial depressus, Prosopis juliflora, Senna holosericea and Zaleya estate. They were found with Corchorus depressus, Senna pentandra made a combination with this community. holosericea and Chloris barbata. 3.12 Amaranthus-Prosopis community 3.4 Abutilon-Tribulus community Amaranthus viridis (I.V.I.= 315.17) and Prosopis juliflora Abutilon indicum (I.V.I.= 110.72) and Tribulus terrestris (I.V.I.= 102.53) were evident close by Amin Abdullah Maaz (I.V.I.= 64.56) were prominent in the proximity of Triple A ghee and Fahim carpets factories in Korangi industrial dying factory in the Korangi industrial region. They were place and Zeba Textile industry around Landhi industrial predominantly linked with Corchorus trilocularis, Cressa area. Other species like Cynodon dactylon, Gynandropsis cretica, Corchorus depressus and Amaranthus viridis. gynandra, Zaleya pentandra and Chloris barbata were also recorded in these locations. 3.5 Cressa community Cressa cretica (I.V.I.= 424.44) was much conspicuous in 3.13 Gynandropsis-Digera community the verge of One Tech Rubber factory at the Korangi Gynandropsis gynandra (I.V.I.= 183.80) and Digera industrial land of Karachi. This community was allied with alternifolia (I.V.I.= 115.96) were dominantly found at Beam Cyperus rotundus, Cynodon dactylon, Tribulus terrestris and factory at Korangi industrial region. Other species like Heliotropium curassavicum. Abutilon indicum, Senna holosericea, Chloris barbata and Corchorus depressus demonstrated friendship along this 3.6 Cressa-Abutilon community community. Cressa cretica (I.V.I.= 85.27) and Abutilon indicum (I.V.I.=79.55) community was in the locality of Polyfex 3.14 Prosopis-Abutilon community Plastic factory in Korangi industrial place. They formed Prosopis juliflora (I.V.I.= 87.69) and Abutilon indicum affiliation with Digera alternifolia, Abutilon indicum, (I.V.I.= 77.37) were manifestly located at Khan Towel Corchorus trilocularis and Amaranthus viridis species. IJSER © 2017 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 2, February-2017 133 ISSN 2229-5518 factory situated at Korangi industrial estate. Ricinus dominant species, in that order. C. cretica was a discernible communis, Corchorus trilocularis, Aerva javanica and Corchorus species at industrial regions of Sindh Industrial Trading depressus were other chief members of this community. Estate (SITE), Manghopir [6] and Javedan Cement factory [7] and at sewage effluent passage of Lyari river at heap site Cenchrus-Senna 3.15 community which were polluted by industrial effluents [11]. Cenchrus biflorus (I.V.I.= 76.57) and Senna holosericea P. juliflora was the eighth dominant species at Korangi (I.V.I.= 65.38) were largely present at Mustafa Garment and Landhi industrial locality. Iqbal et al., [11] had found P. factory around Korangi industrial zone. They were juliflora around the sewage effluents channels of Lyari river accompanied with C. trilocularis, D. alternifolia, R. minima and described that Lyari river passing through the city is and A. indicum. the main cause of disturbing the plants. P. juliflora was The apparently dominant species were also correlated found as a dominant species around the National and with plant communities of Korangi and Landhi industrial Javedan cement factories of Karachi whereas, A. indicum sites. Eleven dominant species were selected among the 28 was also recorded [7]. C. depressus, P. juliflora and Prosopis stands and the total importance value index of each glandulosa were also found in Karachi University. Shafiq dominant species is depicted in Table 4. Abutilon indicum and Iqbal [8] had expressed that P. juliflora and P. glandulosa was found as a leading dominant species in ten stands and were considered to be the indicator of disturbance. Usually, exhibited firm partnership with Corchorus spp, P. juliflora P. juliflora could grow in the wide regions due to its and T. terrestris. C. cretica performed a leading character in survival and tolerance in almost all types of environment. four stands with a significant happening in Abutilon-Cressa C. dactylon and C. barbata were recorded around Korangi and Cressa-Abutilon communities. The three stands and Landhi industries and Karachi University. These dominated by Amaranthus viridis showed intimate species are usually found in lawns, play grounds and fellowship with P. juliflora and A. indicum. C. trilocularis also sometimes near the growing fields. S. fruticosa and S. executed a major role in two stands with noteworthy baryosma are halophyte species and were recorded at presence of A. indicum. A. indicum, C. trilocularis, C. Korangi industrial estate. S. fruticosa and S. baryosma were depressus and P. juliflora were found in several recorded in salty places of Peshawar district by [18]. S. communities. Cenchrus biflorus was found in four fruticosa had been reported in the verge of Sindh Industrial communities while, Suaeda fruticosa and Salsola baryosma Trading Estate (SITE) and Manghopir by [6] as well as in were present dominant only in one community. the vicinity of Karachi University Campus [14]. Prosopis community at Karachi University (as a less Photosynthetic activity of the species declined and making polluted area) of anthocyanin pigments increased, giving rise to the reddish brown colour of the halophytic species in a variety In this community Prosopis juliflora (I.V.I. = 163.17) was of plant communities [12]. Salsola baryosma was assayed by the especial key species present around Karachi University [10]. campus (Table 5). Other speciesIJSER which played important P. juliflora, C. barbata, S. holosericea, C. depressus and C. role in this community were Heliotropium ophioglossum, dactylon were emerged at factories and Karachi University Orygia decumbens, Chloris barbata, Trianthema portulacastrum lands. A notable number of communities had fewer species and Launaea nudicaulis. in numbers around industrial localities than Karachi University. Lessening in the number of species was noted at 4 Discussion entire the waste disposal drains along the plain site as Vegetation analysis gives the information necessary to compared to heap area because of sewage contaminants determine the communities and provide data that could be [11]. Plant density, species richness and varieties used to compare it with other communities. The vegetation completely diminished with increasing in sludge rate on a around the Korangi and Landhi industrial lands of Karachi degraded semi–arid broom snake weed [19]. is predominantly composed of halophytes, xerophytes and The findings of this research could be helpful in disturbed species. Iqbal et al., [6]; [7]; [12] had found monitoring the plant communities around the industrial dominant herbs and shrubs and some common trees estates. Furthermore, such information could also be useful around different industrial polluted areas of Karachi. A. for landscaping and urban planning. indicum was the considerably dominant species in the vicinity of Korangi and Landhi industrial estates followed REFERENCES by C. trilocularis, C. cretica and C. depressus. A [1] R.H. Whittaker, “Dominance and diversity in land plant phytosociological study of Karachi University as a less communities. Science, N.Y., vol. 147, pp. 250-260, 1965. polluted locality was also carried for comparison of [2] M.P. Austin, “Pattern in a Zerna erecta dominated community,” J. vegetation with Korangi and Landhi industrial zones, Ecol., vol. 56, pp. 197-218, 1968. which demonstrated that P. juliflora was the remarkably [3] M.Z. Iqbal, and S.A. Qadir, “Observation on the plant dominant species at Karachi University while, H. communities of polluted industrial drainage channels of Karachi. ophioglossum and O. decumbens were second and third Pakistan,” Environ. Pollut., vol. 7, pp. 253-257, 1974. IJSER © 2017 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 2, February-2017 134 ISSN 2229-5518

[4] M.Z. Iqbal, and M. Munir, “Ecology of vegetation near to the [12] T. Mehmood, and M.Z. Iqbal, “Vegetation and soil characteristics drains of polluted effluents industrial areas of Karachi,” J. Islamic of the wasteland of Valika chemical industries near Manghopir, Acad. Sci., vol. 1, pp. 105-108, 1988. Karachi,” J. Arid Environ., vol. 30, pp. 453-462, 1995. [5] M. Ahmed, S.A. Qadir, and S.S. Shaukat, “Multivariate [13] S.A. Qadir, S.Z. Qureshi, and M.A. Ahmed, “A phytosociological approaches to the analysis of the vegetational environmental survey of the Karachi University Campus,” Vegetatio, vol. 13, pp. complex of Gharo, Dhabeji and Manghopir Industrial areas,” Pak. 339-362, 1966. J. Bot., vol. 10, pp. 31-51, 1978. [14] M.Z. Iqbal, and M. Shafiq, “Plant communities on the sandy areas [6] M.Z. Iqbal, S.A. Qadir, and M. Ahmed, “Phytosociological studies of Karachi University Campus,” J. Islamic Acad. Sci., vol. 9, pp. around the polluted disposal channels of industrial areas of 89-98, 1996. Karachi,” Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 26, pp. 134-139, 1983. [15] M.Z. Iqbal, and M. Shafiq, “Soil analysis and biomass of some [7] M. Shafiq, and M.Z. Iqbal, “Plant sociology around stone quarries species in the University campus, Karachi,” Ecoprint, vol. 4, vol. and processing plants of Karachi and Thatta Districts,” Int. J. Ecol. 15-19, 1997. Environ. Sci., vol. 13, pp. 33-39, 1987. [16] J.T. Curtis, and R.P. MacIntosh, “An upland forest continuum in [8] M. Shafiq, and M.Z. Iqbal, Phytosociological studies around the the Prairie-forest border region of Wisconsin,” Ecol., vol. 32, pp. industrial areas of Korangi, Karachi, Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res., vol. 32, 465-496, 1951. pp. 569-573, 1988. [17] R.R. Stewart, “An Annotated Catalogue of the Vascular plants of [9] M. Shafiq, M.Z. Iqbal, and I. Habib, “Phytosociological studies West Pakistan and Kashmir. In: Flora of West Pakistan (eds. around the industrial areas of Landhi, Karachi, Pakistan,” New Nasir, E., Ali, S.I.),” pp. 1028. University of Karachi. Fakhri Agriculturist, vol. 3, pp. 179-188, 1992. Printing Press, Karachi, 1972. [10] Qamar-Uz-Zaman, and M.Z. Iqbal, “Vegetation pattern along the [18] M.S. Sarir, “Studies on some halophytes of Peshawar districts,” sewage effluents channels of Malir river (Karachi),” Turk. J. Bot., Pak. J. Bot., vol. 16, pp. 49-51, 1984. vol. 18, pp. 425-430, 1994. [19] P.R. Fresquez, R.E. Francis, and G.L. Dennis, “Soil and vegetation [11] M.Z. Iqbal, D. Gill, and M. Shafiq, “Plant Communities along the responses to sewage sludge on a degraded semiarid broom sewage effluents channels of Lyari river in Pakistan,” Taiwania, snakeweek/ blue gramma plant community,” J. Range Manage., vol. 43, pp. 1-11, 1998. vol. 43, pp. 325-331, 1990.

IJSER

3 5 – 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 – – – – 1 – 3rd

4 2 3 3 4 – 3 3 2 – – – – 2 – 1 2nd

2 4 1 – 3 2 1 – 2 1 1 – – – – species is dominant 10 1st

a No. of stands in which

2.88 3.13 2.76 2.66 2.69 3.14 2.78 2.63 2.60 3.45 3.05 2.87 3.53 11.13 I.V.I. 226.14 188.32 Minimum

94.59 66.90 87.69 48.18 33.88 52.46 43.46 64.56 I.V.I. 205.76 195.53 230.83 157.86 128.98 105.34 226.14 188.32 Maximum

86.66 39.22 83.09 25.37 26.01 26.78 50.73 21.27 16.28 46.35 14.98 20.58 14.41 22.27 I.V.I. 226.14 188.32 Average Average

I.V.I. Total 862.75 830.90 507.44 494.27 482.06 456.57 446.61 260.53 231.73 226.14 188.32 179.77 144.08 144.05 111.34 1993.30

species 9 5 1 1 7 5 a 23 22 10 20 19 18 21 16 12 10

occurred IJSER which No. of stands in

(Cont.)

(L.) Jeffrey (L.) Table 1. Summary of phytosociological attributes for industrial areas of Korangi and Landhi.

Sw. Name of species of Name

Abutilon indicum Sweet (L.) Corchorus trilocularis L. Cressa cretica L. Corchorus depressus Stocks (L.) Senna holosericea Greuter (Fresen.) Amaranthus viridis Aschers. (L.) alternifolia Digera Swartz juliflora Prosopis Pers. (L.) Cynodon dactylon Gynandropsis gynandra Briq. (L.) Suaeda fruticosa Forssk. (L.) (R. S.) & Dandy baryosma Salsola barbata Chloris Cyperus rotundus L. Zaleyara pentand Tribulus terrestris L.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Sr. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. No.

index. value = Importance I.V.I.

– 1 1 2 1 – – – 1 – 1 – 1 – – – – – 3rd

– – – – – 1 – – – – – – – – – – – – 2nd

1 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1st

a species is dominant No. of stands in which

3.91 2.68 3.55 2.54 2.50 2.52 2.50 3.02 2.76 2.91 3.66 8.01 4.19 3.19 3.04 3.57 2.73 10.79 I.V.I Minimum

(Cont.)

7.20 76.57 37.87 15.77 28.98 22.47 32.99 19.72 10.92 30.24 23.76 27.01 28.11 21.94 20.39 20.07 11.36 12.72 I.V.I. Maximum

6.94 5.67 4.93 5.62 5.87 7.72 19.74 20.93 11.22 11.05 15.87 12.61 11.06 11.05 15.89 14.97 12.29 11.63 I.V.I Average Average

98.68 62.80 62.42 56.12 55.27 47.60 39.71 39.43 37.84 33.17 33.15 31.78 29.95 24.58 23.26 22.47 17.60 15.45 I.V.I Total

IJSER5 3 9 5 5 3 7 8 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 4 3 2 occurred ich a species wh No. of stands in

-Wit

Boiss. Boiss.

Stapf (L.)

(Lam.) de (Lam.)

nnata Forssk. Forssk. Name of species of Name erva javanicaerva (Burm. f.) Juss.

Cenchrus biflorus Roxb. L. communis Ricinus LaunaeaLess.) nudicaulis (non f. Hk. L. curassavicum Heliotropium Achyranthes aspera Desmostachya bipi leucocephalaLeucaena Convolvulus arvensis L. scindicum Dactyloctenium DC. (L.) Rhynchosia minima Stocks. scindicus Hibiscus Ait. prostrata Euphorbia Dunal (L.) somnifera Withania monoica Suaeda A L. polygamus Amaranthus Taub. (L.) Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Catharanthus roseus L.

Sr. 17 . 18 . 19 . 20 . 21 . 22 . 23 . 24 . 25 . 26 . 27 . 28 . 29 . 30 . 31 . 32 . 33 . 34 . No.

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 3rd

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2nd

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1st

a species is dominant No. of stands in wh ich

2.50 2.67 4.50 3.30 3.21 2.59 3.01 2.78 3.01 2.52 2.52 3.35 2.92 2.86 2.40 I.V.I. Minimum

8.08 7.71 6.02 7.11 5.21 3.05 4.50 4.13 3.59 3.12 3.03 3.35 2.92 2.86 2.40 I.V.I. Maximum

.86 4.51 4.38 5.26 5.21 4.42 2.89 3.75 3.46 3.30 2.82 2.78 3.35 2.92 2 2.40 I.V.I. Average Average

8.83 8.66 7.51 6.92 6.61 5.64 5.55 3.35 2.92 2.86 2.40 13.54 13.15 10.52 10.41 I.V.I. Total

IJSER3 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 occurred which a species No. of stands in

(L.) Garcke (L.)

(Burm. f.) Wight Arn. &

Pers. Pers.

Name of species of Name

(Stocks) Stapf Nees Forssk.

Ziziphus nummularia Ziziphus ovata Sida Acacia Willd. senegal (Linn.) Setaria verticillata P. Beauv. (L.) Aerva pseudotomentosa Blatt. & Hallb. Abutilon fruticosum Guill. Calotropis procera (Willd.) R. Br. alba Datura uniflora Tephrosia Salvadora oleoides Dcne. Ipomoea sindica Hk. f. clarkeana Euphorbia Solanum surattense Burm. f. coromandelianum Malvastrum A. Azadirachta (L.) indica Juss.

Sr. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. No.

Table 2. Dominant plant communities found around the industrial areas of Korangi and Landhi.

Sr. no. Communities

1. Abutilon-Prosopis

2. Abutilon

3. Abutilon-Cressa

4. Abutilon-Tribulus

5. Cressa

6. Cressa-Abutilon

7. Cressa-Senna

8. Digera-Senna

9. Suaeda

10. Salsola

11. Corchorus-Abutilon

12. Amaranthus-Prosopis

13. Gynandropsis-Digera

IJSER14. Prosopis-Abutilon

15. Cenchrus-Senna

IJSER

– – – – – – – – – – 15

2.63 22.53 55.41 11.09 65.38 28.22

– – – – – – – – – 14 6.43 5.53

77.37 25.49 15.25 11.78 87.69

– – – – – – 13 6.92 83.61 16.87 20.44 64.97 19.58 12.65 36.15

115.96 183.80

– – – 12 2.66 3.14 15.92 27.92 21.97 75.99 45.33 39.95 18.82 44.12 18.00 315.17 102.53

– – – – – – – – 11 9.79 2.82 94.59 35.02 42.87 17.26 256.67 416.51

– – – – – – – – – – – – 10 73.26 22.32 10.34 188.32

9 – – – – – – – – – – – 4.13

14.93 27.39 11.65 226.14

8 – – – – – 8.88 7.53 2.60 80.51 64.00 11.13 14.05 33.88 43.46

114.95 198.69

7 – – – – – – –

5.34 7.51 34.90 26.08 71.61 64.84 12.65 60.85 10.51

6 – – – – – – – – – 3.24 79.55 27.91 85.27 63.29 21.77 18.97

Communities

5 – – – – – – – – – – – – 37.89 96.63 25.24

424.44

4 – – – – – 2.78 7.65 5.29 6.21 5.96

25.59 17.78 16.95 12.67 64.56

110.72

IJSER

3 – – – – – – 3.30 8.84 10.80 47.37 35.98 12.82 22.87 31.49

238.06 132.46

2 – – – – – 3.53 76.33 72.67 55.52 84.41 24.58 28.62 17.50

840.26 156.37 192.65

1 – – – – – – – – – – 9.81 4.46 3.15 12.32 84.85

153.20

stris

Table 3. Importance value index (I.V.I.) of species found in different communities around the industrial areas of Korangi and Landhi.

species of Name orchorus depressus

Abutilon indicum Corchorus trilocularis cretica Cressa C Senna holosericea Amaranthus viridis Digera alternifolia juliflora Prosopis Cynodon dactylon Gynandropsis Suaeda fruticosa Salsola baryosma Chloris barbata Cyperus rotundus Zaleya pentandra Tribulus terre

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Sr. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

No.

(Cont.)

– – – – – – – – – – – – – –

15 3.67 2.65 76.57 23.76

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – 14

3.55 2.76 37.87 20.07

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – 13 2.54 2.52 7.20 14.29

– – – – – 12 3.91 9.40 5.67 6.86 3.40 4.58 3.86 2.73 19.72 28.11 29.95 20.39 10.40

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

11 3.02 13.75

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 10

5.75

9 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

15.77

8 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2.66 4.21 13.43

7 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 3.04

6 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

5 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 4.26 11.53

4 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2.50 4.17 11.36

3 – IJSER– – – – – – – – – – – – –

2.92 2.97 3.66 28.98

2 – – – – – – 3.92 6.39 8.17 4.19 14.15 10.56 41.11 45.11 15.78 30.24 29.92 12.72

1 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 4.77 6.64 3.24 3.19 10.79

dicus

species of ame N

Cenchrus biflorus Ricinus communis Launaea nudicaulis Heliotropium curassavicum Achyranthes aspera Desmostachya bipinnata Leucaena leucocephala Convolvulus arvensis Dactyloctenium scindicum Rhynchosia minima scin Hibiscus Euphorbia prostrata Withania somnifera Suaeda monoica Aerva javanica Amaranthus polygamus Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Catharanthus roseus

Sr. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. No. (Cont.)

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – 15 8.08

– – – – – – – – – – – – – 14 3.21 3.00

– – – – – – – – – – 13 2.50 2.59 2.52 2.52 2.40

– – – – – – – – – – – 12 2.78 3.35 2.92 10.41

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – 11 7.71

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 10

9 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

8 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

7 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2.67

6 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 5 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

4 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2.78 3.03

3 – – – – – – – – – – – 4.50 5.62 4.50 2.86

2 – – – – – – – – – 2.96 6.02 6.06 4.13 3.01 3.12

IJSER

1 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 3.59

era

Name of species of Name

Ziziphus nummularia Sida ovata senegal Acacia Setaria verticillata Aerva pseudotomentosa Abutilon fruticosum Calotropis proc Datura alba Tephrosia uniflora Salvadora oleoides Ipomoea sindica Euphorbia clarkeana Solanum surattense Malvastrum coromandelianum Azadirachta indica

Sr. No. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49.

– – – – – – – – – – – 1 3.92 3.91 76.57 14.29 biflorus Cenchrus

1 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 188.32 Salsola

baryosma

1 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 226.14 Suaeda

fruticosa

– 1 – – 7.53 7.65 10.51 11.65 10.34 42.87 12.65 87.69 84.85 55.52 12.82 102.53 juliflora Prosopis

– – 1 – 4.46 5.34 94.59 21.97 20.44 15.25 11.09 63.29 14.05 47.37 16.95 192.65 depressus Corchorus

2 – – – – – – – – – – – – 2.60 45.33

183.80 gynandra Gynandropsis

– 2 – – – – – – – 3.14

60.85 27.39 22.32 28.22 198.69 115.96 Digera

alternifolia

– – 2 IJSER–

9.81 27.91 26.08 64.00 27.92 16.87 25.49 55.41 10.80 25.59 416.51 156.37 Corchorus trilocularis

– – – – 3 3.24 8.88 9.79 3.30 12.65 12.32 72.67 12.67 19.58 11.78 315.17 viridis Amaranthus

4 – – – – – – – 17.78 85.27 71.61 11.13 14.93 73.26 132.46 424.44 cretica Cressa

– – – 10

79.55 34.90 80.51 15.92 83.61 77.37 22.53 153.20 840.26 238.06 110.72 256.67 indicum Abutilon

able 4. Importance value index (I.V.I.) of the species which occurred as a leading dominant in the industrial areas of Korangi and Landhi.

utilon

- Prosopis

- Abutilon

- Senna - Abutilon - Senna

in stand of No. which species is leading dominant leading

Communities Abutilon - Prosopis Abutilon Abutilon - Cressa Abutilon - Tribulus Cressa Cressa Cressa Digera Suaeda Salsola Ab Corchorus- Amaranthus Gynandropsis - Digera Prosopis Senna Cenchrus-

Table 5. Importance value index (I.V.I.) of different species in stand of Karachi University.

Sr. No. Karachi University I.V.I. 1. Prosopis juliflora Swartz 163.17 2. Heliotropium ophioglossum Boiss. 33.85 3. Orygia decumbens Forssk. 30.32 4. Chloris barbata Sw. 12.80 5. Trianthema portulacastrum L. 9.81 6. Launaea nudicaulis Hk. f. (non Less.) 9.48 7. Indigofera hochstetteri Baker 6.27 8. Cadaba fruticosa (L.) Druce 5.39 9. Abutilon fruticosum Guill. 3.68 10. Convolvulus arvensis L. 3.37 11. Senna holosericea (Fresen.) Greuter 3.21 12. Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. 3.14 13. Euphorbia sp. 3.15 14. Corchorus depressus (L.) Stocks 3.10 15. Tribulus terrestris L. 3.10 16. Amaranthus viridis L. 3.09 IJSER17. Prosopis glandulosa Torr. 3.08