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Legalisation in South America
Interest in medical cannabis is growing worldwide, resulting in many countries legalising cannabis for medical use. In particular, the South American market is progressing rapidly and has become a focus for biotech companies seeking to gain a foothold in the global medicinal cannabis market. Consumer perceptions are shifting, with recent studies showing 70% of South Americans agree with the use of medical cannabis and 51% are in favour of legalising cannabis9. However, legislation is still catching up as only six countries in South America have legalised cannabis for medical or recreational use – these are: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay and Uruguay1. LEGALISATION IN SOUTH AMERICA Argentina – as of March 2017, Argentina has legalised cannabis oil for the treatment of serious medical conditions2. This new law permits the cultivation of cannabis for distribution and research2. The Argentinean government also provides a medical cannabis research program that guarantees free access to cannabis oil to patients who join the program12. Brazil - has the largest population of any country in South America and has partially legalised cannabis use11. To date, the government has decriminalised the possession of small amounts of cannabis1. However, support for cannabis use is growing as in March 2017, the health department of Brazil approved the country’s first-ever license to sell a cannabis-based medical product, Mevatyl (also known as Sativex)3 which is a mouth spray for multiple sclerosis patients2. Colombia - has legalised cannabis for medical use1. This move was made in the hope of diminishing Colombia’s drug trafficking business13. As part of its peace process with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), Colombia also plans to offer a crop substitution program for farmers of illegal coca crops to cultivate cannabis legally instead1. -
From: International Research Center on Cannabis and Mental Health 1115 Broadway, 11Th Floor New York, NY 10010 (917) 565-9046
From: International Research Center on Cannabis and Mental Health 1115 Broadway, 11th floor New York, NY 10010 (917) 565-9046 To: Division of Dockets Management (HF A-305) Food and Drug Administration 5630 Fishers Lane, Room I030 Rockville, MD 20852 Re: Dietary Supplement Products Containing Cannabis or Cannabis Derived Compounds Docket FDA-2019-N-1482 Dear Madam/Sir, My name is Jahan Marcu, Ph.D, Chief Science Officer at the International Research Center on Cannabis and Mental Health (IRCCMH). My colleague and IRCCMH Co-founder and CEO, Dr. Jan Roberts, LCSW, and I concur with the FDA’s consistent focus on protecting the public health. We believe our respective backgrounds can be helpful to the FDA’s deliberations on Cannabis and Hemp-Derived Compounds. We are accordingly submitting this comment for consideration (in regard to the FDA’s Working Group on Cannabis Containing Products) and would be pleased to be a resource (as deemed appropriate) for the FDA in its deliberations around this important topic. If useful, this could include collaboration on the topic broadly as well as providing data from IRCCMH safety studies; or conducting additional safety studies if needed. In order to provide useful context, the International Research Center on Cannabis and Mental Health is a community-based research institute based in New York City. IRCCMH was founded with a center grant from New York University where Dr. Roberts. IRCCMH leverages a strong industry network, collaborating with universities, researchers, foundations, state institutions, and others to leverage the highest caliber talent in the field. In addition to being a Co-Founder of IRCCMH, I have over 15 years of experience in the cannabis industry, stemming back to when I initially volunteered for Americans for Safe Access and was Director of their Patient Focused Certification program (an organization and program that also emphasized public health and safety). -
A Technical Guide: Cannabis, Related Products and Control Mechanisms
Cannnabis Legislation Hemp A Technical Guide: Cannabis, Related Products and Control Mechanisms Dave Alexander Drug Control Officer Drug Control Secretariat 2019 Medical marijuana THC CBD A Technical Guide: Cannabis, Related Products and Control Mechanisms Author: Dave Alexander, Drug Control Officer, Drug Control Secretariat Edited: Elizabeth Japal, Assistant Drug Avoidance Officer Published by: Drug Control Secretariat Ministry of Education, Human Resource Development and Religious Affairs Botanical Gardens Tanteen St. George’s Grenada Telephone: 1-473-440-7911 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Website: www.gov.gd/ncodc.html June 2019 Data from this publication may be reproduced with acknowledgement from source. Reference as: A Technical Guide: Cannabis, Related Products and Control Mechanisms Designed by the Drug Control Secretariat 2 A Technical Guide: Cannabis, Related Products and Control Mechanisms Contents Introduction; A Technical Guide: Cannabis, Related Products and Control Mechanisms ............. 5 Brief Historical Perspective on Cannabis ..................................................................................... 6 United Nations Conventions on Drugs ........................................................................................ 8 Federal Restriction on Cannabis ................................................................................................ 13 Cannabis and Legislation in the Caribbean ............................................................................... -
EMCDDA Cannabis Reader
ISSN 1606-1691 A cannabis reader: global issues and local experiences 05 06 15 TD-32-07-001-EN-C About the EMCDDA The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) is one of the European Union’s decentralised agencies. Established in 1993 and based in Lisbon, it is the central source of comprehensive information on drugs and drug addiction in Europe. The EMCDDA collects, analyses and disseminates factual, objective, reliable and comparable information on drugs and drug addiction. In doing so, it provides its audiences with an evidence-based picture of the drug phenomenon at European level. The Centre’s publications are a prime source of information for a wide range of audiences including policy-makers and their advisers; professionals and researchers working in the drugs field; and, more broadly, the media and general public. EMCDDA monographs are comprehensive scientific publications containing thematic papers prepared in the context of the Centre’s activities. Topics cover a wide range of issues relating to science, policy, epidemiology and best EMCDDA practice. MONOGRAPHS A cannabis reader: global issues and local experiences Price (excluding VAT) in Luxembourg: EUR 20 per volume MONOGRAPHS EMCDDA VOL. I VOL. 8 8 I VOLUME EMCDDA MONOGRAPHS A cannabis reader: global issues and local experiences Perspectives on cannabis controversies, treatment and regulation in Europe Editors Sharon Rödner Sznitman, Börje Olsson, Robin Room 8 I VOLUME Legal notice This publication of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) is protected by copyright. The EMCDDA accepts no responsibility or liability for any consequences arising from the use of the data contained in this document. -
Drug Market Trends: Cannabis Opioids
DRUG MARKET TRENDS: CANNABIS 3 OPIOIDS © United Nations, June 2021. All rights reserved worldwide. ISBN: 9789211483611 WORLD DRUG REPORT 2021 REPORT DRUG WORLD eISBN: 9789210058032 United Nations publication, Sales No. E.21.XI.8 This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. Suggested citation: World Drug Report 2021 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.21.XI.8). No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from UNODC. Applications for such permission, with a statement of purpose and intent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Research and Trend Analysis Branch of UNODC. DISCLAIMER The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNODC or contributory organizations, nor does it imply any endorsement. Comments on the report are welcome and can be sent to: Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime PO Box 500 1400 Vienna Austria Tel: (+43) 1 26060 0 Fax: (+43) 1 26060 5827 E-mail: [email protected] 2 Website: www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/wdr2021.html PREFACE 3 Drugs cost lives. unemployment and inequalities, as the world lost 114 million jobs in 2020. In doing, so it has created conditions that leave In an age when the speed of information can often outstrip more people susceptible to drug use and to engaging in illicit Preface the speed of verification, the COVID-19 pandemic has taught crop cultivation. -
DRUG MARKET TRENDS: CANNABIS OPIOIDS © United Nations, June 2021
DRUG MARKET TRENDS: CANNABIS OPIOIDS © United Nations, June 2021. All rights reserved worldwide. ISBN: 9789211483611 WORLD DRUG REPORT 2021 REPORT DRUG WORLD eISBN: 9789210058032 United Nations publication, Sales No. E.21.XI.8 This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. Suggested citation: World Drug Report 2021 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.21.XI.8). No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from UNODC. Applications for such permission, with a statement of purpose and intent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Research and Trend Analysis Branch of UNODC. DISCLAIMER The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNODC or contributory organizations, nor does it imply any endorsement. Comments on the report are welcome and can be sent to: Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime PO Box 500 1400 Vienna Austria Tel: (+43) 1 26060 0 Fax: (+43) 1 26060 5827 E-mail: [email protected] 2 Website: www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/wdr2021.html PREFACE 3 Drugs cost lives. unemployment and inequalities, as the world lost 114 million jobs in 2020. In doing, so it has created conditions that leave In an age when the speed of information can often outstrip more people susceptible to drug use and to engaging in illicit Preface the speed of verification, the COVID-19 pandemic has taught crop cultivation. -
The Health and Social Effects of Nonmedical Cannabis Use WHO Library Cataloguing-In-Publication Data
cannabis The health and social effects of EXIT THE MAZE OF SUBSTANCE USE FOR BETTER GLOBAL HEALTH nonmedical cannabis use Contact ISBN 978 92 4 151024 0 Management of Substance Abuse Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse 20, Avenue Appia 1211 Geneva 27 Switzerland Tel: + 41 22 791 21 11 Email: [email protected] www.who.int/substance_abuse The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use. 1.Cannabis – adverse effects. 2.Marijuana Smoking. 3.Marijuana Abuse. I.World Health Organization. ISBN 978 92 4 151024 0 (NLM classification: WM 276) © World Health Organization 2016 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are available on the WHO website (www.who.int) or can be purchased from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications –whether for sale or for non commercial distribution– should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO website (www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index.html). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. -
International Narcotics Control Strategy Report
United States Department of State Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs International Narcotics Control Strategy Report Volume I Drug and Chemical Control March 2013 INCSR 2013 Volume 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents Common Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ iv International Agreements ......................................................................................................................... vi Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Legislative Basis for the INCSR ................................................................................................................ 2 Presidential Determination ........................................................................................................................ 5 Major Illicit Drug Producing, Drug-Transit, Significant Source, Precursor Chemical, and Money Laundering Countries .............................................................................................................................. 13 Policy and Program Developments ........................................................................... 15 Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 16 Demand Reduction ................................................................................................................................ -
Marijuana and the Lung: Hysteria Or Cause for Concern?
Key points ●● Cannabis smoking has increased and is likely to increase further with relaxation of legalisation and medicinal use of cannabinoids. ●● Chronic marijuana smoking often produces symptoms similar to those of chronic tobacco smoking such as cough, sputum production, shortness of breath and wheeze. ●● Cessation of marijuana smoking is associated with a reduction in respiratory symptoms and no increased risk of chronic bronchitis. ●● Spirometry changes seen in chronic marijuana smokers appear to differ from those in chronic tobacco smokers. In chronic marijuana smokers there is an increase in FVC as opposed to a definite decrease in FEV1. ●● Multiple case series have demonstrated peripheral bullae in marijuana smokers, but no observational studies have elucidated the risk. ●● There is currently no clear association between cannabis smoking and lung cancer, although the research is currently limited. Educational aims ●● To update readers on legalisation of recreational and medicinal cannabis. ●● To summarise the evidence base surrounding the respiratory effects of inhaled marijuana use. ●● To provide clinicians with an understanding of the main differences between cannabis and tobacco to be able to apply this to patient education. ●● To highlight common respiratory problems among cannabis users and the need for recreational drug history taking. 196 Breathe | September 2018 | Volume 14 | No 3 Luis Ribeiro 1, Philip W. Ind2 [email protected] 1Imperial College London Institute of Clinical Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK. 2Respiratory Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK. Marijuana and the lung: hysteria or cause for concern? Cite as: Ribeiro L, Ind PW. Increasing cannabis use and legalisation highlights the paucity of data we have on the safety of Marijuana and the lung: cannabis smoking for respiratory health. -
In Focus Cannabis Legalization
IN FOCUS CANNABIS LEGALIZATION CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES: EVOLVING TRENDS AND 4 NEW CHALLENGES 2020 This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. Suggested citation: In Focus: Cannabis legalization - World Drug Report 2020. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from UNODC. Applications for such permission, with a statement of purpose and intent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Research and Trend Analysis Branch of UNODC. DISCLAIMER The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNODC or contributory organizations, nor does it imply any endorsement. Comments on the report are welcome and can be sent to: Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime PO Box 500 1400 Vienna Austria Tel: (+43) 1 26060 0 Fax: (+43) 1 26060 5827 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.unodc.org/wdr2020 Acknowledgements The World Drug Report 2020 was prepared by the Research and Trend Analysis Branch, Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), under the supervi- sion of Jean-Luc Lemahieu, Director of the Division, and Angela Me, Chief of the Research and Trend Analysis Branch, and the coordination of Chloé Carpentier, Chief of the Drug Research Section. -
Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2019 (E/INCB/2019/1) Is Supplemented by the Following Reports
INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS CONTROL BOARD Report 2019 EMBARGO Observe release date: Not to be published or broadcast before Thursday, 27 February 2020, at 1100 hours (CET) UNITED NATIONS CAUTION Reports published by the International Narcotics Control Board for 2019 The Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2019 (E/INCB/2019/1) is supplemented by the following reports: Narcotic Drugs: Estimated World Requirements for 2020 — Statistics for 2018 (E/INCB/2019/2) Psychotropic Substances: Statistics for 2018 — Assessments of Annual Medical and Scientific Requirements for Substances in Schedules II, III and IV of the Convention on Psychotropic Sub- stances of 1971 (E/INCB/2019/3) Precursors and Chemicals Frequently Used in the Illicit Manufacture of Narcotic Drugs and Psy- chotropic Substances: Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2019 on the Imple- mentation of Article 12 of the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988 (E/INCB/2019/4) The updated lists of substances under international control, comprising narcotic drugs, psy- chotropic substances and substances frequently used in the illicit manufacture of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, are contained in the latest editions of the annexes to the statistical forms (“Yellow List”, “Green List” and “Red List”), which are also issued by the Board. Contacting the International Narcotics Control Board The secretariat of the Board may be reached at the following address: Vienna International Centre Room E-1339 P.O. Box 500 1400 Vienna Austria In addition, the following may be used to contact the secretariat: Telephone: (+43-1) 26060 Fax: (+43-1) 26060-5867 or 26060-5868 Email: [email protected] The text of the present report is also available on the website of the Board (www.incb.org). -
WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence Critical Review
WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence Critical Review …………….. Cannabis and cannabis resin This report contains the views of an international group of experts, and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the World Health Organization © World Health Organization 2018 All rights reserved. This is an advance copy distributed to the participants of the 41st Expert Committee on Drug Dependence, before it has been formally published by the World Health Organization. The document may not be reviewed, abstracted, quoted, reproduced, transmitted, distributed, translated or adapted, in part or in whole, in any form or by any means without the permission of the World Health Organization. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use.