DOCSLIB.ORG

A Technical Guide: Cannabis, Related Products and Control Mechanisms

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Technical Guide: Cannabis, Related Products and Control Mechanisms Cannnabis Legislation Hemp A Technical Guide: Cannabis, Related Products and Control Mechanisms Dave Alexander Drug Control Officer Drug Control Secretariat 2019 Medical marijuana THC CBD A Technical Guide: Cannabis, Related Products and Control Mechanisms Author: Dave Alexander, Drug Control Officer, Drug Control Secretariat Edited: Elizabeth Japal, Assistant Drug Avoidance Officer Published by: Drug Control Secretariat Ministry of Education, Human Resource Development and Religious Affairs Botanical Gardens Tanteen St. George’s Grenada Telephone: 1-473-440-7911 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Website: www.gov.gd/ncodc.html June 2019 Data from this publication may be reproduced with acknowledgement from source. Reference as: A Technical Guide: Cannabis, Related Products and Control Mechanisms Designed by the Drug Control Secretariat 2 A Technical Guide: Cannabis, Related Products and Control Mechanisms Contents Introduction; A Technical Guide: Cannabis, Related Products and Control Mechanisms ............. 5 Brief Historical Perspective on Cannabis ..................................................................................... 6 United Nations Conventions on Drugs ........................................................................................ 8 Federal Restriction on Cannabis ................................................................................................ 13 Cannabis and Legislation in the Caribbean ................................................................................ 14 Cannabis Plant Types/Species ................................................................................................... 19 Cannabis ................................................................................................................................... 20 Hemp ........................................................................................................................................ 21 Cannabinoids ............................................................................................................................ 23 Cannabidiol (CBD) Oil ............................................................................................................. 25 Hemp Oil .................................................................................................................................. 27 Cannabinol Derivatives ............................................................................................................. 28 Hybrids ..................................................................................................................................... 29 Medical Marijuana .................................................................................................................... 30 Cannabis Edibles ....................................................................................................................... 38 3 A Technical Guide: Cannabis, Related Products and Control Mechanisms Bidi ........................................................................................................................................... 39 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 41 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 42 Appendix .................................................................................................................................. 45 4 A Technical Guide: Cannabis, Related Products and Control Mechanisms Introduction; A Technical Guide: Cannabis, Related Products and Control Mechanisms ‘A Technical Guide: Cannabis, Related Products and Control Mechanisms’, The Technical Guide presents a brief history of cannabis and its early use. It also outlines the introduction of the cannabis plant, in the Caribbean, including Grenada, in the post-emancipation era. The document also examines legal and regulatory frameworks, including the international conventions of the United Nations on narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and drug trafficking, with emphasis on cannabis. The legal status of cannabis in the Caribbean and legislation enacted in this regard is also discussed. The paper also describes the main types of cannabis species, and sets out a description of definitions and explanations of terms used in relation to cannabis and related matters. It seeks to clarify some misconceptions relating to cannabis and its derivatives. It also discusses the issue of medical marijuana, and cannabis-based products used for medicinal purposes, in the United States, Europe and some Caribbean countries. It presents examples of the legal mechanism used by selected countries to permit the use of medical marijuana and related products. The document does not discuss the pros and cons of legalization or decriminalization of cannabis, nor endorses a position on the matter. While it discusses issues in relation to medical marijuana, it does not endorse or propose any position on the subject. 5 A Technical Guide: Cannabis, Related Products and Control Mechanisms Brief Historical Perspective on Cannabis Cannabis plants evolved about 12,000 BC. Cannabis, also known as marijuana, has a long history of human use. Most ancient cultures grew the cannabis plant as herbal medicine. The oldest evidence of marijuana being used recreationally comes from an ancient Greek historian named Herodotus (484–425 BC). Herodotus described how people of an Eurasian society called the Scythians inhaled the vapor of cannabis seeds and flowers thrown on heated rocks. Burnt cannabis seeds have been found in the graves of shamans in China and Siberia from as early as 500 BC. Cannabis cultivation in the United States can be traced to the early colonists, who grew hemp to produce products such as textiles and rope. These early hemp plants had very low levels of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the chemical responsible for marijuana’s mind-altering effects. In his book, ‘Background to Drug Abuse in Jamaica’, 1988, Barry Chevannes, stated that cannabis was introduced to the Caribbean in 1838, by the Indentured workers from the India, to provide agricultural labour after the abolition of slavery in 1834. The colonialists believed that the use of marijuana among East Indians increased productivity and overall morale. As a consequence, smoking marijuana became a habit of the working class, though not extremely popular, but always available. 6 A Technical Guide: Cannabis, Related Products and Control Mechanisms Members from the majority population of African descent in Jamaica, who were politically disenfranchised, economically marginalized and socially disaffected, appropriated ganja to celebrate their non-European heritage. Meanwhile, cannabis was introduced to Grenada by Indian indentured workers who first arrived in the country on 1 May 1857 to work on plantations. They referred to cannabis as "ganja" and used the intoxicant to prepare ‘bhang’, which they would consume to relax after working on the plantations.1 1 Bhang is an edible preparation of cannabis. 7 A Technical Guide: Cannabis, Related Products and Control Mechanisms United Nations Conventions on Drugs There are three (3) main international conventions on which regulate narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, in areas such as manufacture, production, cultivation, legal framework, and drug trafficking. Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 as amended by the 1972 Protocol The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 as amended by the 1972 Protocol, consolidated all previous conventions and streamlined the international drug control machinery. The 1961 Convention establishes strict controls on the cultivation of opium poppy, coca bush, cannabis plant and their products, which, in the Convention, are described as "narcotic drugs" (although cocaine is a stimulant drug rather than one that induces sleep). The convention establishes a framework for the international control of narcotic drugs. Cannabis and cannabis resin and included in the lists of drugs which are under international control, in the United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961. Cannabis and cannabis resin are listed in Schedules I and IV of the Convention.2 Cannabis was placed under the heaviest control regime in the Convention, Schedule IV. The schedules group substances according to their therapeutic value and risk to public health. The argument for placing cannabis in in that category was that it was widely abused. Schedule IV is the most restrictive category of 2 Schedule IV means the drug, which is already in Schedule I, is particularly liable to abuse and to produce ill effects, and such liability is not offset by substantial therapeutic advantages. Schedule IV includes dangerous substances with extremely limited or no medical value. 8 A Technical Guide: Cannabis, Related Products and Control Mechanisms a 1961 convention. The inclusion of cannabis in Schedule IV makes it very difficult to trade for medicinal purposes. The World Health Organization (WHO) proposed to the United Nations, in January 2019, the rescheduling cannabis, to take account of the growing evidence for medical applications of the drug. The United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) did not vote on the WHO’s cannabis rescheduling recommendations at its 62nd session of the Commission, held in March 2019, in Vienna, Austria. According to Article 28,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Legalisation in South America
    Interest in medical cannabis is growing worldwide, resulting in many countries legalising cannabis for medical use. In particular, the South American market is progressing rapidly and has become a focus for biotech companies seeking to gain a foothold in the global medicinal cannabis market. Consumer perceptions are shifting, with recent studies showing 70% of South Americans agree with the use of medical cannabis and 51% are in favour of legalising cannabis9. However, legislation is still catching up as only six countries in South America have legalised cannabis for medical or recreational use – these are: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay and Uruguay1. LEGALISATION IN SOUTH AMERICA Argentina – as of March 2017, Argentina has legalised cannabis oil for the treatment of serious medical conditions2. This new law permits the cultivation of cannabis for distribution and research2. The Argentinean government also provides a medical cannabis research program that guarantees free access to cannabis oil to patients who join the program12. Brazil - has the largest population of any country in South America and has partially legalised cannabis use11. To date, the government has decriminalised the possession of small amounts of cannabis1. However, support for cannabis use is growing as in March 2017, the health department of Brazil approved the country’s first-ever license to sell a cannabis-based medical product, Mevatyl (also known as Sativex)3 which is a mouth spray for multiple sclerosis patients2. Colombia - has legalised cannabis for medical use1. This move was made in the hope of diminishing Colombia’s drug trafficking business13. As part of its peace process with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), Colombia also plans to offer a crop substitution program for farmers of illegal coca crops to cultivate cannabis legally instead1.
    [Show full text]
  • HEMP VS. MARIJUANA: the FEDERAL BATTLE to CONTROL the MEANING of CANNABIS Carrie Lynn Torrella Submitted to the Faculty of the U
    HEMP VS. MARIJUANA: THE FEDERAL BATTLE TO CONTROL THE MEANING OF CANNABIS Carrie Lynn Torrella Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in the Department of History, Indiana University December 2011 Accepted by the Faculty of Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. ________________________________ Michael David Snodgrass, Ph.D., Chair Master’s Thesis Committee ______________________________ Robert G. Barrows, Ph.D. ______________________________ Nancy Marie Robertson, Ph.D. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my thanks to all the people who helped me complete this project. The staff at both the Advertising Council Archives at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and the Harry J. Anslinger Papers at Penn State Special Collections Library assisted my research. My thesis committee members, Dr. Nancy Robertson and Dr. Robert Barrows, offered me valuable insight and suggestions for improvements. My thesis chair, Dr. Michael Snodgrass, has patiently read chapter drafts and given me thoughtful comments and suggestions. My parents, Marlene and Renè Torrella, have given me unconditional love and limitless support and prodded me to complete this project. I would also like to thank my sisters Tracy and Abigail, my brother Andrew and my dear friends Jesica, Anne, Veda, and Will for their support. Most of all, I would like to thank my daughters Claudia and Natasha for giving me the motivation
    [Show full text]
  • Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul Faculdade
    UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL FACULDADE DE AGRONOMIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIA DO SOLO MÉTODOS APLICADOS À RASTREABILIDADE DE Cannabis sativa L. (MACONHA) EM TERRITÓRIO BRASILEIRO Mauro Sander Fett (Tese) UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL FACULDADE DE AGRONOMIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIA DO SOLO MÉTODOS APLICADOS À RASTREABILIDADE DE Cannabis sativa L. (MACONHA) EM TERRITÓRIO BRASILEIRO MAURO SANDER FETT Engenheiro Agrônomo (UFRGS) Mestre em Economia Rural (UFRGS) Tese apresentada como um dos requisitos à obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Ciência do Solo Orientador: Prof. Dr. Flávio Anastácio de Oliveira Camargo Porto Alegre (RS) Outubro de 2017 CIP - Catalogação na Publicação Fett, Mauro Sander MÉTODOS APLICADOS A RASTREABILIDADE DE Cannabis sat iva L . (MACONHA ) EM TERRITÓRI O BRASILEIRO I Mauro Sander Fett. -- 2017. 97 f. Ori entador : Flávi o Anastácio de Oli veira Camargo . Tese (Do utorado) -- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Facul dade de Agronomia, Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ciência do Solo, Porto Alegre, BR- RS, 2017 . 1 . Rastreabilidade. 2 . Cannabi s sativa L . 3. Ci ência forense . 4 . Composição química. 5 . Marcadores genéticos . I. Camargo, Flávio Anastácio de Oliveira, orient . II . Título . Elaborada pelo Sistema de Geração Automática de Ficha Catalogrâfica da UFRGS com os dados fornecidos pelo(a) autor(a ). Dedico à minha família, especialmente meu pai e minha mãe. ii AGRADECIMENTOS Ao professor Flávio Camargo pela orientação e amizade no período do doutorado. Aos colegas de trabalho Rafael Ortiz e Eduardo Ávila pelo incentivo e contribuições no trabalho. Aos pesquisadores, amigos e colaboradores deste projeto de estudo, Gleidson Gimenes, Roberta Mariot e Leonardo Capeleto pelo apoio nos trabalhos.
    [Show full text]
  • A Survey of Cannabis Consumption and Implications of an Experimental Policy Manipulation Among Young Adults
    Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2018 A SURVEY OF CANNABIS CONSUMPTION AND IMPLICATIONS OF AN EXPERIMENTAL POLICY MANIPULATION AMONG YOUNG ADULTS Alyssa K. Rudy Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5297 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A SURVEY OF CANNABIS CONSUMPTION AND IMPLICATIONS OF AN EXPERIMENTAL POLICY MANIPULATION AMONG YOUNG ADULTS A thesis proposal submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University. by Alyssa Rudy B.S., University of Wisconsin - Whitewater, 2014 Director: Dr. Caroline Cobb Assistant Professor Department of Psychology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia January, 2018 ii Acknowledgement I would like to first acknowledge Dr. Caroline Cobb for your guidance and support on this project. Thank you for allowing me to explore my passions. I am thankful for your willingness to jump into an unfamiliar area of research with me, and thank you for constantly pushing me to be a better writer, researcher, and person. I would also like to acknowledge the other members of my thesis committee, Drs. Eric Benotsch and Andrew Barnes for their support and expertise on this project. I would also like to thank my family for always supporting my desire to pursue my educational and personal goals.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise and Decline of Cannabis Prohibition the History of Cannabis in the UN Drug Control System and Options for Reform
    TRANSNATIONAL I N S T I T U T E THE RISE AND DECLINE OF CANNABIS PROHIBITION THE HISTORY OF CANNABIS IN THE UN DruG CONTROL SYSTEM AND OPTIONS FOR REFORM 3 The Rise and Decline of Cannabis Prohibition Authors Dave Bewley-Taylor Tom Blickman Martin Jelsma Copy editor David Aronson Design Guido Jelsma www.guidojelsma.nl Photo credits Hash Marihuana & Hemp Museum, Amsterdam/ Barcelona Floris Leeuwenberg Pien Metaal UNOG Library/League of Nations Archives UN Photo Printing Jubels, Amsterdam Contact Transnational Institute (TNI) De Wittenstraat 25 1052 AK Amsterdam Netherlands Tel: +31-(0)20-6626608 Fax: +31-(0)20-6757176 [email protected] www.tni.org/drugs www.undrugcontrol.info www.druglawreform.info Global Drug Policy Observatory (GDPO) Research Institute for Arts and Humanities Rooms 201-202 James Callaghan Building Swansea University Financial contributions Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP Tel: +44-(0)1792-604293 This report has been produced with the financial www.swansea.ac.uk/gdpo assistance of the Hash Marihuana & Hemp Museum, twitter: @gdpo_swan Amsterdam/Barcelona, the Open Society Foundations and the Drug Prevention and Information Programme This is an Open Access publication distributed under (DPIP) of the European Union. the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which of TNI and GDPO and can under no circumstances be permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction regarded as reflecting the position of the donors. in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. TNI would appreciate receiving a copy of the text in which this document is used or cited.
    [Show full text]
  • REVIEW History of Cannabis and Its Preparations in Saga, Science, And
    1614 CHEMISTRY & BIODIVERSITY – Vol. 4 (2007) REVIEW History of Cannabis and Its Preparations in Saga, Science, and Sobriquet by Ethan B. Russo 20402 81st Avenue SW, Vashon, WA 98070, USA (e-mail: [email protected]) Cannabis sativa L. is possibly one of the oldest plants cultivated by man, but has remained a source of controversy throughout its history. Whether pariah or panacea, this most versatile botanical has provided a mirror to medicine and has pointed the way in the last two decades toward a host of medical challenges from analgesia to weight loss through the discovery of its myriad biochemical attributes and the endocannabinoid system wherein many of its components operate. This study surveys the history of cannabis, its genetics and preparations. A review of cannabis usage in Ancient Egypt will serve as an archetype, while examining first mentions from various Old World cultures and their pertinence for contemporary scientific investigation. Cannabis historians of the past have provided promising clues to potential treatments for a wide array of currently puzzling medical syndromes including chronic pain, spasticity, cancer, seizure disorders, nausea, anorexia, and infectious disease that remain challenges for 21st century medicine. Information gleaned from the history of cannabis administration in its various forms may provide useful points of departure for research into novel delivery techniques and standardization of cannabis-based medicines that will allow their prescription for treatment of these intractable medical conditions. Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Ticklish Matter of Taxonomy 3. A Bit of Geography 4. Cannabis Preparations: Bhang, Ganja, and Charas 5. History of Medicinal Cannabis 5.1.
    [Show full text]
  • From: International Research Center on Cannabis and Mental Health 1115 Broadway, 11Th Floor New York, NY 10010 (917) 565-9046
    From: International Research Center on Cannabis and Mental Health 1115 Broadway, 11th floor New York, NY 10010 (917) 565-9046 To: Division of Dockets Management (HF A-305) Food and Drug Administration 5630 Fishers Lane, Room I030 Rockville, MD 20852 Re: Dietary Supplement Products Containing Cannabis or Cannabis Derived Compounds Docket FDA-2019-N-1482 Dear Madam/Sir, My name is Jahan Marcu, Ph.D, Chief Science Officer at the International Research Center on Cannabis and Mental Health (IRCCMH). My colleague and IRCCMH Co-founder and CEO, Dr. Jan Roberts, LCSW, and I concur with the FDA’s consistent focus on protecting the public health. We believe our respective backgrounds can be helpful to the FDA’s deliberations on Cannabis and Hemp-Derived Compounds. We are accordingly submitting this comment for consideration (in regard to the FDA’s Working Group on Cannabis Containing Products) and would be pleased to be a resource (as deemed appropriate) for the FDA in its deliberations around this important topic. If useful, this could include collaboration on the topic broadly as well as providing data from IRCCMH safety studies; or conducting additional safety studies if needed. In order to provide useful context, the International Research Center on Cannabis and Mental Health is a community-based research institute based in New York City. IRCCMH was founded with a center grant from New York University where Dr. Roberts. IRCCMH leverages a strong industry network, collaborating with universities, researchers, foundations, state institutions, and others to leverage the highest caliber talent in the field. In addition to being a Co-Founder of IRCCMH, I have over 15 years of experience in the cannabis industry, stemming back to when I initially volunteered for Americans for Safe Access and was Director of their Patient Focused Certification program (an organization and program that also emphasized public health and safety).
    [Show full text]
  • Industrial Hemp (Cannabis Sativa Subsp
    molecules Review Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa) as an Emerging Source for Value-Added Functional Food Ingredients and Nutraceuticals H. P. Vasantha Rupasinghe 1,* , Amy Davis 1, Shanthanu K. Kumar 2, Beth Murray 1 and Valtcho D. Zheljazkov 3 1 Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada; [email protected] (A.D.); [email protected] (B.M.) 2 Section of Horticulture, School of Integrative Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Crop and Soil Science, 431A Crop Science Building, 3050 SW Campus Way, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Academic Editor: Severina Pacifico Received: 5 August 2020; Accepted: 2 September 2020; Published: 7 September 2020 Abstract: Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L., Cannabaceae) is an ancient cultivated plant originating from Central Asia and historically has been a multi-use crop valued for its fiber, food, and medicinal uses. Various oriental and Asian cultures kept records of its production and numerous uses. Due to the similarities between industrial hemp (fiber and grain) and the narcotic/medical type of Cannabis, the production of industrial hemp was prohibited in most countries, wiping out centuries of learning and genetic resources. In the past two decades, most countries have legalized industrial hemp production, prompting a significant amount of research on the health benefits of hemp and hemp products. Current research is yet to verify the various health claims of the numerous commercially available hemp products.
    [Show full text]
  • Cannabis an Ancient Friend Or Foe?
    Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 24 (2019) 149–154 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/siny Cannabis: An ancient friend or foe? What works and doesn't work T Philip Henschke Department of Paediatrics, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Cannabis has been cultivated by mankind for a multitude of uses over a period of thousands of years. This review Cannabinoid explores how our relationship with the cannabis plant has evolved over this period of time, including the use of Cannabis cannabis for recreational purposes and for its medicinal properties. The endocannabinoid system plays a com- Lactation plex role in the development of the fetal, infant and adolescent brain. Use of exogenous cannabinoids has the Pregnancy potential to result in supra-physiological stimulation and impact on normal central nervous system development. Review Cannabis is the most frequently used recreational drug in western societies and its use is common amongst pregnant women. This review summaries much of the evidence about what is known of the long term effects of in utero cannabis exposure. Further, the potential impact of use of medicinal cannabis products during pregnancy is considered and the implications to health professionals caring for pregnant women and their babies are explored. 1. Ancient friend The Canon of Medicine, written by Avicenna around the time of 1000 years AD, described the use of cannabis as an analgesic, amongst other Cannabis Sativa is a fast-growing plant that originates from central uses. In 1464, Ibn al-Badri described the use of cannabis resin to treat Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Cannabis in the Ancient World Chris Bennet
    Cannabis in the Ancient World Chris Bennet The role of cannabis in the ancient world was manifold, a food, fiber, medicine and as a magically empowered religious sacrament. In this paper the focus will be on archaic references to cannabis use as both a medicine and a sacrament, rather than as a source of food or fiber, and it’s role in a variety of Ancient cultures in this context will be examined. Unfortunately, due to the deterioration of plant matter archeological evidence is sparse and “Pollen records are frequently unreliable, due to the difficulty in distinguishing between hemp and hop pollen” (Scott, Alekseev, Zaitseva, 2004). Despite these difficulties in identification some remains of cannabis fiber, cannabis beverages utensils, seeds of cannabis and burnt cannabis have been located (burnt cannabis has been carbonized and this preserves identifiable fragments of the species). Fortunately other avenues of research regarding the ancient use of cannabis remain open, and etymological evidence regarding cannabis use in a number of cultures has been widely recognized and accepted. After nearly a lifetime of research into the role of psychoactive plants in human history the late Harvard University Professor of ethnobotany, Richard Evans Schultes commented: "Early man experimented with all plant materials that he could chew and could not have avoided discovering the properties of cannabis (marijuana), for in his quest for seeds and oil, he certainly ate the sticky tops of the plant. Upon eating hemp, the euphoric, ecstatic and hallucinatory aspects may have introduced man to the other-worldly plane from which emerged religious beliefs, perhaps even the concept of deity.
    [Show full text]
  • Edible Marijuana: a New Frontier in the Culinary World Ariella H
    Johnson & Wales University ScholarsArchive@JWU Honors Theses - Providence Campus College of Arts & Sciences Fall 2012 Edible Marijuana: A New Frontier in the Culinary World Ariella H. Wolkowicz Johnson & Wales University - Providence, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.jwu.edu/student_scholarship Part of the Alternative and Complementary Medicine Commons, Arts and Humanities Commons, Chemicals and Drugs Commons, Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Repository Citation Wolkowicz, Ariella H., "Edible Marijuana: A New Frontier in the Culinary World" (2012). Honors Theses - Providence Campus. 8. https://scholarsarchive.jwu.edu/student_scholarship/8 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Arts & Sciences at ScholarsArchive@JWU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses - Providence Campus by an authorized administrator of ScholarsArchive@JWU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Edible Marijuana: A New Frontier in the Culinary World Ariella Wolkowicz Johnson & Wales University-Providence Dr. Scott Smith, Dr. Cheryl Almeida Fall 2012 Wolkowicz 2 Abstract Cannabis, commonly known as marijuana, has a rich history as a source of fiber, food and medicine (Li 437). Since 1785, physicians and scientists alike have worked to discover the active chemical components and medical effectiveness of this plant (Touw 2; Aldrich). Despite its complicated legal history, marijuana has retained a place culturally and, in some countries, scientifically as an effective medical agent. As a medically edible ingredient, cannabis has also been more recently heralded as a new, even cutting edge flavor, opening a new frontier to the culinary community.
    [Show full text]
  • EMCDDA Cannabis Reader
    ISSN 1606-1691 A cannabis reader: global issues and local experiences 05 06 15 TD-32-07-001-EN-C About the EMCDDA The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) is one of the European Union’s decentralised agencies. Established in 1993 and based in Lisbon, it is the central source of comprehensive information on drugs and drug addiction in Europe. The EMCDDA collects, analyses and disseminates factual, objective, reliable and comparable information on drugs and drug addiction. In doing so, it provides its audiences with an evidence-based picture of the drug phenomenon at European level. The Centre’s publications are a prime source of information for a wide range of audiences including policy-makers and their advisers; professionals and researchers working in the drugs field; and, more broadly, the media and general public. EMCDDA monographs are comprehensive scientific publications containing thematic papers prepared in the context of the Centre’s activities. Topics cover a wide range of issues relating to science, policy, epidemiology and best EMCDDA practice. MONOGRAPHS A cannabis reader: global issues and local experiences Price (excluding VAT) in Luxembourg: EUR 20 per volume MONOGRAPHS EMCDDA VOL. I VOL. 8 8 I VOLUME EMCDDA MONOGRAPHS A cannabis reader: global issues and local experiences Perspectives on cannabis controversies, treatment and regulation in Europe Editors Sharon Rödner Sznitman, Börje Olsson, Robin Room 8 I VOLUME Legal notice This publication of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) is protected by copyright. The EMCDDA accepts no responsibility or liability for any consequences arising from the use of the data contained in this document.
    [Show full text]