Downloaded By: [Kurz, Robert W.] At: 16:32 18 December 2007 March 2006, (Accessed 8 January 2007). www.worldnetdaily.com> (Accessed 8January 2007). 2006, Journal of Slavic Military Studies, Vol. 20, No. 4, October 2007: pp. 1–14 pp. 2007: October 4, No. 20, Vol. Studies, Studies Military Military Slavic Slavic of of FSLV 1351-80461556-3006Journal 10.1080/13518040701703070 DOI: ISSN 1351-8046print CopyrightTaylor &Francis© Group, LLC Studies, Military ofSlavic Journal up to250 claimed spokesman Hanif 2006,Taliban there were Mohammad In early Bartles C.K. Bombers and Suicide Kurz Chechen R.W. 200 people in Afghanistan, up from from up in Afghanistan, people 200 Afghanistan. to bombers suicide 600 prepared had Mullah Raza later, Talibancommander @us.army.mil Office;731McClellan Studies FortAve; Le attacks, and that the number was increasing daily. increasing was number the that and attacks, 3 2 1 Address correspondence to Robert correspondence W. Kurz Address “Suicide Bomber Soldiers,” Your for Waiting Bombers Suicide 600 have “I Ansari, Massoud Tu “Taliban Baldauf, Scott ing Islam, itsextremist position becomes clear after abrief review ofChechnya’shistory regard- little likelihoodofsubstathere is In reality, the relationship between these two groups is minimal and tactics, are available to support Ta cerned thatmilitantChec others militaryU.S. commandersand a self-bombing murderer.” a self-bombing .heis bomber atypical nor isneithersuicidal bomber suicide “A CHECHEN SUICIDEBOMBERS fidayeen 2 By the end of2006,suicid Bythe Foreign Military Studies (FMSO) Office Studies Military Foreign Follows Quran,” (dedicatedsoldiers) prep rn to Suicide Attacks,” Attacks,” to Suicide rn 20: Charles K.Bartles groups, anditschronology RobertKurz W.

529–547, 2007 529–547, (Accessed 8Janaury 2007). hens, trained in suicidhens, trained World Daily Net World Daily only singledigitfiguresin 2004. ntive cooperation between them. This vnot,K 62.Emi:robert.kurz avenworth, KS 66027. E-mail: liban elements inAfghanistanliban today. yar Noorzai stated his organization his stated Noorzai yar fight againstcoalition forces in and Charles K. Bartles, Foreign Military Foreign Bartles, CharlesK. and e bombers hadkilled more than in the defensecommunityare con- Christian Science Monitor Science Christian , 27 September 2006, Aslan Maskhadov govern- separatist Chechen the 2000, February In astate. as Chechnya After all, Afghanistan wasthe only go bombersare available tosupportTalib be le forces, onemay fighting Russian 530 Foundation and their drive for an independent st independent an for drive their and are theirperpetrators 2000,and since tonon- are extremelyrare 5 4 The truthistherelittlerelations Given theirsimilar religious infl In Chechnya, suicidebombings have become increasingly frequent Nabi Abdullaev, “Chechens Fighting with the Taliban: Fact or Propaganda?” or Propaganda?” Fact Taliban: the with Fighting “Chechens Abdullaev, Nabi Afghanistan?,” in Chechens “Are Abdullaev, Nabi , 31 January 2002, (Accessed 8 January 2007). January 8 (Accessed 2002, January 31 , 4 Unconfirmed reporting over 5 times.com> (Accessed 8January 2007). military cooperation betw military cooperation existent inAfghanistan. es rarelycarryout suicide bombings,asitis ng tradition to use this tactic. Afghans tactic. use this ng traditionto uences and acommon background in normally include ate than by religiousfundamentalism ate than ving this as an honorable deed; how- deed; an honorable ving thisas ndarbiyev, wasappointed ambassador, hip betweenChechensuicidebomb- more motivatedby revenge, despair, Chechnya, female female Chechnya, opened an embassy in Kabul. The Kabul. in embassy an opened vernment in the world torecognizevernment inthe an elements an elements in Afghanistan today. d to believethat Chechen suicide reasons for this in bothregions. reasonsforthis totrainin military camps on the years suggested the years the Taliban Moscow Times Moscow R.W. Kurz and C.K.Bartles and R.W. Kurz een Chechen rebelsand killing themselves , 14 December 2001, suicide bombers Jamestown Downloaded By: [Kurz, Robert W.] At: 16:32 18 December 2007 Terrorism, Analysis Bombers,” Suicide ofAfghan Makeup Foreign “The Marzban, Omid also: 2007); January 8 (Accessed 2006, October ings garnered internati following aChechenconstitutional re ofsuicide concentration The highest Chechen-related suicide bombings in thefirst Chechen War, 1994–1996). attacks didChechen-related suicide OFCHECHEN SUICIDE ATTACKS KEY CHARACTERISTICS lists achronologyoftheseactsviolenceto date. Chechenterrorist organizations capable that inotherregions.Thearticle of thistacticinChechny background ofCh characteristics key several lines they inwhich region the on depending th of — regardless motives andtactics hce ucd obr 531 Chechen SuicideBombers bombers werefrom. Pakistan, wheremultiple sources indi cide bombingsinAfghanistanwoul in operating within Afgh honor. Theyhavefew individual or filled with explosives to att with explosivesfilled to summer of2000,thewheninChechen separatiststration was usedtrucks 7 6 The keypointhereisthatsuicide Anne Speckhard and Khapta Ahkmedova, “The Making of a Martyr: Chechen Suicide “Afghan Suicide Bombers Directly Linked to Pakistani Camps,” , 21 February 2006, (Accessed 8 January 2007). not beginuntil2000(therewereno d be limited to Chechen trainers in d belimitedtoChechentrainers a, andaddressesitsdifferencesfrom bombers have significantlydifferent eir common affiliation eir commonaffiliation with Islam— attacks wasinthesummerof2003, echen suicide attacks, discusses the discusses attacks, echen suicide cate most ofAfghanistan’s suicide cate operate.The following articleout- ferendum andaftersuicidebomb- Jamestown Foundation –GlobalTerrorism of sponsoring suicide attacks, and attacks, of sponsoringsuicide e second largest concen- largest second e The Fourth Rail Fourth The 7 , 4 Downloaded By: [Kurz, Robert W.] At: 16:32 18 December 2007 Russian military bases,and14percen Russian military During the same period, 47 percent government ormilitaryassetsinci government radicalparty.org> (Acce American Committee for Peace in Chechnya the underlying motivation — the underlyingmotivation particular motivation usedbymost re that suggesting people, intentions beforehandstatem ormake some separatists co from ment assetsin and around Chechnya. While Chechen separatists considercombat filled with explosives. these twomethods,suicid strips, and/orballbearingstoinf and/or TNT,thesedevices arealso ty the use ofthe suicide belt.Packed wi target justbeforedeto Russian militarydrive trucks,filledwith of close links to their own conflict in Chechnya. conflict own links totheir of close inclined suicide havebeenmore terrorists 532 were in the Southern Russiaregi were intheSouthern 50 percent ofallCheche 10 9 8 did bombers Chechensuicide In nearlyallcases, The majorityof Chechen suicide bombings have targeted those whom The most commontactic among Ch Reuter, John, “Chechnya’s Suicide Bombers: Desperate, Devout, or Deceived?” 4–7. Ibid., Anne Speckhard and Khapta Ahkmedova, “The Making of a Martyr,” 6. aMartyr,” of Making “The Ahkmedova, Khapta and Speckhard Anne ssed 21 December 2006). 21 December ssed nation. The secondmost common method has been 8 n suicide attacks occurred inChechnya, 21percent mmitting suicideattacksin mmitting ligious zealand/or martyrdom isnot theprimary e attackers have used smaller vehicles ande attackers bags have usedsmallervehicles suicide recruiters in Chechnya. In many cases, Inmany suicide recruitersinChechnya. lict maximumcasualties.Inadditionto on, and 29 percent werein Moscow. ants — primarily military and govern- military ants —primarily t targeted governmentlocations. t targeted th plastic explosives, hand hand grenades, explosives, th plastic of Chechen suicide of Chechensuicide attacks targeted vilian locales, 39 percent targeted vilian locales,39 pically filledwithnuts,bolts,metal ly for femalesuicidebombers—is ly for ents on behalf of Islamand their , 16 September 2004, Threat in Senders,” Their hce ucd obr 533 Chechen SuicideBombers Kurdistan (PKK) in 1996, and al-Quedain the mid-1990s. in 1993,fo it tinian Hamasadopted the 1987, thetacticmigratedto By Modern suicideterrorismbeganin1963 VERSUSOTHER REGIONS ATTACKS: CHECHNYA SUICIDE for which are addressedlater inthis article. women; roughly 50 percent involved women exclusively —thereasons thy70 thatnearly percent ofCh hypnosisalso played have a role,but motivations that driveChechen-rela all, despair hasbeenthe most common theme underlying the various socio-economically marginalized,or for known not were Chechens These bombers were victims ofRussi suicide that Multiple sourcesclaim revenge. continues tobeSufism. most prevalentversion of Islam in Ch an money, Afghanistan, theirforeign influence wasfacilitated byanin the growingmilitant Wahabbiideolo with Russian brutality, the trend ofth of is there history su however, no 13 12 11 Anne Speckhard and Khapta Ahkmedova, “The Making aMartyr.” of Making “The Ahkmedova, Khapta and Speckhard Anne and Bombs Human Counseling Terrorism: Suicide “Understanding Speckhard, Anne John Reuter, “Chechnya’s Suicide Bombers.” , Jason S. Purcell and Joshua D. Weintraub, JoshuaD.Weintraub, , JasonS.Purcelland Topics in Terrorism: Toward a Transatl 13 The onset ofWahabbis (Accessed (Accessed 21 December 2006). icide bombings prior to2000. Coupled echen suicideatta Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka. The Pales- Tamil TigersinSriLanka. llowed by Turkey’sWorkers Party of llowed flux of mostly Arab fighters from fluxfighters ofmostlyArab ted suicideterrorism. Druggingand for having homicidal inclinations. In to a lesser extent.It isalso notewor- religious fundamentalism, forbeing echnya, priortoth is tactic since thattimestemsfrom tactic is the majority of identified Chechen gical influenceinChechnya.This d theireducationalmaterials. The withHezbollahattacksinLebanon. eds. Atlantic Council Publication 2005, 1–2, 2005, Publication eds. AtlanticCouncil an ‘counter-terrorist’ operations. 11 antic Consensus ontheNature of antic Consensus the t ideology dovetailed cks have involved have cks is influx, wasand 12 InChechnya, Downloaded By: [Kurz, Robert W.] At: 16:32 18 December 2007 Terrorism (Accessed 21December (Accessed ed.2006, , JeffVictoroff, Chechen Case,” in ocacy.org> (Accessed e deathsoffamilymembers. r revenge primarilyinclude: Social and Psychological Factors inthe Genesisof Factors andPsychological Social ious aspect,politicaland/orrevenging differences thansimilaritiesbetween ng thekilling,torture,orwoundingof r undergoessignificantlyalteredreli- eance. Studies haveshown thatmost top priority of top priorityof the Chechen suicide doption of an ideology (in this case doption ofanideology(in rectly upon theperceivedoffender is re, which generally mandates that ) thatmaypromotekilling the of 21 December 2006). December 21 spected elders intervene and ask and spected eldersintervene a personality changebeforetheir lyst for self-sacrifice, Islamic self-sacrifice, lyst for radi- terparts in other regions(i.e.,the in terparts 14 Chechnya Advocacy R.W. Kurz and C.K.Bartles and R.W. Kurz , 30 July 2004, , 30July 15 Downloaded By: [Kurz, Robert W.] At: 16:32 18 December 2007 ences forrecruitment funding. and suicide ofChechen Videos supporters. where terrorand similar locations Iraq, tion, 2006, (Accessed 21 December 2006). icide bombing —in2000 —wascarried e PKK,women are usually engagedin 16 tive society, dishonored women (i.e., women dishonored society, tive apped up withhonor suicide.” Speck- ves a woman an honorable “way out” honorable “way an ves awoman suicide bombers are motivatedbythe are bombers suicide reach their their targets. Women reach traveled theirranks tofe e bombersinother cultureswere the community.MostChechens the tivate their male co ces in the reasons forusingfemale sing difficultiesthatmalesuicide ing the motives for using women in ing themotivesforusingwomen first female suicide bomber. This first femalesuicide t suicide bombings,there isusually tion doesnotbelievethatsuicide en suicide bombers, there were no were en suicidebombers,there SriLanka,or Hamas inPalestine). ists share suicide videos with their share suicidevideos ists bombers targetonlyexternalaudi- Thisisnot the case in Chechnya. bers werenolonger effective.For occurred in1993,butit ren, etc.)maybecome ther andcouldface an contrastto Palestine, 17 Aviv: Jaffe Center Publica- males, andFatwas unterparts: trau- 18 Downloaded By: [Kurz, Robert W.] At: 16:32 18 December 2007 populace hasdemonstrated littlea However, while Chechnyaboastsa Chechen war, his religious influence had grown considerably among Chechen separatists. Chechen among considerably grown had influence religious his war, Chechen 2006). December 22 (Accessed www.tkb.org> in the Caucasus rule.” under fundamentalist in theCaucasus facilitate Osama binLaden’s shared de separatismefforts from tofund was prompted byAmiral-Khattab,gaining who was momentum inhis Chechen alongside tives, groups wereactually integrating Is funding and fighters provided by Islamic terroristorganizations. zealot religious this tolerated terrorists in Chechnya.Conven by Sharialaw desire toinstalla a Islam and of state; aChechen rations thancreating aspi- greater held fighters Islamic the However, borders. Russia’s beyond offered “mujahideen” infidel. These began militants entering Chechnyatota After the start ofthe second Russo-Ch AND TERRORISM IN CHECHNYA ISLAMICINFLUENCE RADICAL BACKGROUND: 536 many as 1,000 recruits passed thr passed recruits 1,000 as many centers”throug “learning Afghanistan aswellindoctrinati shortly thereafter, Chechens reported dollars per month were funn 20 19 separatist Chechen some however, continued, conflict Chechen As the Amir al-Khattab first arrived in Chechnya from Saudi Arabia in 1995. By the second the By 1995. in Arabia Saudi from Chechnya in arrived first al-Khattab Amir “Chechnya,” MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base Knowledge Terrorism MIPT hout Chechnya. Some reports suggest that as independence. According independence. According eled into the region to the region eled into fundamentalist Islami Moscow, champion Wahhabism,toand oughcenters du these lamic goals into theirprimaryobjec- goals lamic on of the Wahhabi creed at various at creed Wahhabi the of on llegiance toradicalIslam.Today, ly began receiving terrortraining in ke up the “cause” theRussian against tional wisdom holds thatChechen tional wisdom they promoteda more radical strain echen Warin1999,thefirstIslamic primarily Muslim population, the connections tote sire to create“one Muslim nation ry only to take advantage of the only totakeadvantage ry 20 , 10 December 2006, them. Black Widows’ actions,has and claimed tohave personally trained50 of supported has Beslanschoolmassacre, the and siege Dubrovka Theater 2002 the for responsible man the Basayev, Shamil Warlord cials. claimwas although this Black Widows, the to connections disavowed had President, Chechen as acting been had politi of theBlackWidows.Deceased these women. on techniques havebeen used brainwashing action and that extensive claim thatpotential suicide bombe ment sins, as for their leaving suicidebombing their lastresort.Some wasapunish- their husband of loss and thatthe burdens have become Russia. IntheRussianmedia, the term “Black Widows” has been Brigade.” Separatistshave convin 23 Much of theChechenresistancemo “Black Widows,” Widows,” “Black 23 MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base Knowledge Terrorism MIPT MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base Knowledge Terrorism MIPT ced manyChechenwidowsthatthey calling itselfthe“BlackWidows ide bombers, usually of Chechen of usually bombers, ide rs aredruggedandcoerced into cal leader Aslan Maskhadov,who cal leaderAslan vement hasbeen denied by securityoffi- Russian The authors of this article leaned heavily leaned thisarticle of authors The —a credible, comprehensive and , 10 December 2006, Ingushetia,Ossetia, ilize militants envisionedby Chechnya’s nationalist dependent Chechen state, but one state, one that but Chechen dependent ith Osama bin Laden and his al-Qaeda his ith OsamabinLadenand e IslamicInternationalPeacekeeping amil Basayevand ective, the IIPB establishedtraining ective, the Chechnya, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Chechnya, ily comprised ofnationalistic, eth- law (Sharia).Thisis attributed to nce 1999,including itspart in the oved invaluable intheprolifera- Saudi-born com- Downloaded By: [Kurz, Robert W.] At: 16:32 18 December 2007 goal of driving Russian forces from Chechen soil. Chechen from forces Russian ofdriving goal The group today isledby Abu Hafs 10 December 2006, (Accessed 22 December 2006). December 22 (Accessed 2006, 10 December al-Khattab andhis successor werek terrorists; over150civilianhostages Special Forcesraidedthebuilding. Russian — before from Chechnya forces security Russian of withdrawal took more than 900 hostages forthree days —demanding the complete attackers Suicide Theater. Dubrovka ofMoscow’s seizure 2002 October 540 the group remains an active secu an active the groupremains seen 2006 is July Shamil Basayevin attack resultedinthedeathsof52, target wasahospitalhousingbothci attack was made on Russ an father Chechen ordinary an were Basa to According people. 280 injuring and 72 killing government, Chechen ofthe pro-Russian headquarters history.Russia’s attack, inDecember of2002,Theirdestroyed first the some responsibility for years, claiming of these two groups. Riyad terrorists tional Islamic Brigade(IIB),and may si Islami Special Purpose Basayev, the by led organizations terrorist Chechen twoother from descended served asPresidentofChechnya,le deathhis inJuly 2006, rebel commander Shamil Basayev, who briefly independence of “Chechen lands,” ra subway bombings. out attacks, carry to bombers cide sui- used “BlackWidow” has group The Al-Qaeda. to have strongties espouses radicalIslamicdoctrine whose nametranslatesto “require Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, in Chechnya (and otherprimarilyMuslim organization, dedicatedtothecreatio Martyrs’Brig us-Saliheyn The Riyad Martyrs’ Brigade Riyad US-Saliheyn 2006, (Accessed 3 January 2007). 3January (Accessed 2006, 25 24 The primary inspiration behind Riya “Riyad Us-Saliheyn Martyrs’ Brigade,” Peac International “Islamic ian territory in August of 2003,but this timethe ekeeping Brigade (IIPB),” (IIPB),” Brigade ekeeping rity threatintheregion. while injuring 72.Whilethe death of Ossetia, andTataria).Thegroup, MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base Knowledge Terrorism MIPT such such as theAugust airline and 2004 d his two teenage children.Asimilar teenage two d his illed in2002and d the Riyad. Riyad isbelievedto be n of an independent Islamicrepublic TheRussiantroops killed all the also diedduring theoperation. Amir c Regiment (SPIR) and theInterna- (SPIR)and c Regiment (Wahabbism), andisbelievedto ments for getting into paradise,” al-Urduniandmaintainsitsstated ther thanreligious zealotry. Before as a large setback forthebrigades, setback as alarge intensified theirattacksforseveral ade is arelative ofthe worst terrorist incidents in vilian and milita yev, the perpetrators oftheattack mply betheresultofmarriage parts of Russia suchasDagestan, d’s activities is a desireis forthe d’s activities MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base Knowledge Terrorism MIPT R.W. Kurz and C.K.Bartles and R.W. Kurz 24 2004, respectively. ly young terrorist 25 ry patients. The , 10 December , 10 , Downloaded By: [Kurz, Robert W.] At: 16:32 18 December 2007 December 2006, Dagestan under Islamic law. Dagestani Shari’ah Jamaat Dagestani Islamic law. Dagestan under an independent mo including ofSharia” “opponents expulsion ofRussianinfluencefrom most gr tives aresimilarof tothose region ofRussia,with basesofoper a terro Dagestani Shari’ahJamaatis Caucasus. Formed in 2002 under the nameDzhennet (“Paradise”), arable part ofthe conflict in Chechn Ra by insurgency,lead Dagestani The Jamaat Shari’ah Dagestani Chechnya. forces from Russian of driving primary aspiration its continues organization, which sor was killed inconflict.Thechar 2001, thegroupexperien fortheSPIR.AfterBarayev’sdeath in have becomecharacteristic inleadership Theater. Changes Dubrovka seizureofMoscow’s 2002 26 “Special Purpose Islamic Regiment (SPIR),” (SPIR),” Regiment Islamic Purpose “Special 26 ced a series of new leaders aseachpredeces- ced aseriesofnewleaders IR played a significant role in the October played asignificantrolein IR g> (Accessed 3January 2007). ation in Chechnya.ination Thegroup’s objec- ith other prominentChechen resis- oups in the region the in oups ismatic AmirKazbeknow heads the ya and a security intheNorth ya andasecurity threat ment (SPIR) was formed by Arbi (SPIR) wasformed ment derate Muslims, and the creation of n Islamic groups. After the Afterthe start of n Islamicgroups. sul Makasharipov,isnowan insep- 1999, SPIR greatly expanded its expanded SPIRgreatly 1999, rist groupDagestan in active the t Chechen state. To achievethis Chechen state. t the region,destructionofall MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base , whichinclude the , 10 Downloaded By: [Kurz, Robert W.] At: 16:32 18 December 2007 www.tkb.org> (Accessed 3 January 2007). 3 January (Accessed www.tkb.org> (Accessed 3January 2007). Shari’ah Jamaat,“ 2005,May (Accessed22 December “Dagestani 2006);also: in Iraqandthe Israel-Lebanon War of 2006. political events,themostrecentbein Chechnya, andpublicly groups, publicizing atrocities commi propaganda front, oftenclaiming atta committing terrorist attacks,Dagestan leaders andRu targets political mainly 542 Caucasus region. Caucasus rejects government as thefederal on“Russiancolonist tinue itsattacks tocon- vowed Jama’atShariathas TheIngush 2006. 5May on release Jama’at Shariatandhelduntil his captiveIngush forovertwomonths was a Policy, onAgrarian mittee Chakhkiyev,chairman Magomed of 2006, 27th, February On frequent. more become will ofattacks types these continues, region Caucasus in the policy colonization Russian citizen atIngush Russian Armydirected ered retribution for alleged violence and kidnapping carried out by the Ingu throughout colonists” “Russian Brigade. Shamil Basayev,leader Khabibulla specifically Karachay-Cherkessia, NorthO to otheractiveterroristor has ties Khabibulla, the Ingush Jama’atSharia groups inthe region aswell.Apu strict religious language usedby th Caucasus groups inthe most militant independentfromRussi an Islamicstate Ingushetia andpossibly militants from The IngushJama’atShar Ingush Jama’at Shariat 28 27 Khabibulla claimed a seriesofar a Khabibulla claimed “Ingush Jama’at Shariat,” “ Shariat,” “Ingush Jama’at Paul Tumelty, “Chechnya and the Insurgen MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base Knowledge Terrorism MIPT 28 mentioned meetingat one of the Chechen-basedRiyad us-Saliheyn Martyrs’ criticizingRussianpolicies and commentingon MIPT TerrorismKnowledge Base iat isaMuslimseparatistgroupcomprisedof blic statementinMay2006from Amir ssetia, Chechnya,ssetia, andDagestan. bducted by armedmembers of the e group is representative of militant e groupisrepresentative g the execution of Russian diplomats Russian g theexecutionof its claimsforindependenceinthe s” andpro-Russianofficialsaslong son attacks on homes occupied by occupied son attacksonhomes shetia. Theseactionswere consid- the Ingushetian legislature’s Com- legislature’s the Ingushetian region.Theextremely violent and tted by Russian specialforcesin cy in Dagestan,” Jamestown Foundation, 11 ssian security forces. In addition tossian securityforces.Inaddition ganizations in Kabarda-Balkaria, ganizations in group that the t’s leader,indicates i Shari’ahJamaatisactiveonthe cks on behalfofother extremist , 10 December 2006, Chechnya. Their goal, to establish Chechnya. Theirgoal, a, reflects the common struggle thecommon of a, reflects s. He states that as long as the 27 R.W. Kurz and C.K.Bartles and R.W. Kurz point withthe with late , 10 December 2006, (Acce Inci“Terrorist radicalparty.org> (Accesse - On 7 June, Chechnyaexperien - 7June, On online database, provides original Russianand - Chechen - guerrillas launched dent Reports,” - Three bomb-laden cars exploded simultaneously in simultaneously exploded bomb-ladencars - Three - 16-yearoldMaretaDuduyevaattemptedtodrive a n number ofmilitants. een Chechenguerillasand d 21 December 2006); ion killed two OMON officers. nced Military Studies nced MilitaryStudies (SA Images, Gudermes was targeted was inGudermes based nya ier who had converted to Islam and convertedier toIslam whohad an-Yurt inChechnya.Shedetonated lice stationinGroznyy.Thevehicle adquarters andbarrackswithin24 , (Accessed 22 some disagreement as to whether to as disagreement some lice gate after police opened fire at opened fire police after gate lice suicide attacks worldwide. LCDR Kapusta , 16 September 2004 September 16 , Knowledge Base ced its first suicide bombing first suicide ced its ages.google.com.> fivesuicidebombattacks MS) student whose cooperation soldiers, killing three were killed and 81 were killedand ,December 10 2006, , Grozny, bringing Grozny, in headquarters echen officials said about 80 peo- said about80 officials echen al at Iliskhan-Yurt, Chech- al atIliskhan-Yurt, R.W. Kurz and C.K.Bartles and R.W. Kurz v claimedresponsibility s ran vehicles into the s ranvehicles Downloaded By: [Kurz, Robert W.] At: 16:32 18 December 2007 even a claim of responsibility. with noapparentmotive; there were ings markedthe first timethat Chech observers, theTushinosuicideattack and detonatedtheirex near Moscow, a outside entrances guards atseparate 25. wounding a woman—targetedRussian govern the aforementioned 5Ju restau downtown Moscow failure preventedafemalesuicidebo said. she police, by arrested toget herself was trying and her mind to from them.WhensenttoMoscow in compensationtoher re recruited by Chechen rebelsas a suicide bomber in exchange for $1,000 tobe agreed she said Mazhikhoyeva bomb. ahomemade carrying 2003, arrestedas shewalked hce ucd obr 545 Chechen SuicideBombers detonate the defective ity with thecityandeventuallyente go MacDonald’sbut she was a restaurant, target her intended that revealed woman 22-year-old The plot. the behind interrogation uncoveredinformationon murder.Mo andpremeditated terrorism Muzhikhoyeva, and arrested was char meters deep. The blast killed killed blast The deep. meters Directorate building.Theblast ten left a crater meters in diameterand two Service Security from a Federal 15 meters exploded and afence, through GAZ-53 truckwithtwosuicideattacker troops.was reviewing nated her explosive charge at amilita a lone male suicide attacker ripped attacker suicide male a lone assassinate Kadyrov. for anotherfemalebomb were searching bordering Chechnya. The bl sives blew up amilitaryhospitalin sives blew 9 July 9 July 2003 5 July 2003 20 June 2003 10 July2003 10 27 July 2003 5 December 2003 5 December 1 August 2003 15 September2003 - Zarema Mazhikhoyeva, a Mazhikhoyeva, Zarema - - Two young Chechen girls were stopped by by security girlswere stopped Chechen - Twoyoung -Abombexpertwas killed - In Grozny, a suicide truck bomb—driven by a man anda suicidetruckbomb—drivenman- InGrozny, by a - Southeast of Grozny, a fe a ofGrozny, -Southeast -Asuicidebomber driving atruckpacked with explo- -Ashrapnel-filled bombbe bombcaught. and was Interfax -InMagas,Ingushetia (p along 1stTverskayaYams latives to repay themforjewelryshe had stolen rant. The failed attack might be connected torant. Thefailedattackmightbeconnected ly attacks.Thefe ast killed at least 50. killed atleast ast the twoattackersandinjured 25. News Agencyreported News apart a commuter train near Chechnya, trainnear apart acommuter the town ofMozdok red the closest café, where she tried to tried whereshe café, the closest red plosives, killing 15 people. Formany plosives, killing15 mber from detonating her bomb ata bomb her detonating from mber s appeared outof s appeared carry out her mission,shechanged carryouther en separatistshad attacked civilians no demands or political aims,not political or demands no ment buildings, killing eight and killing eight ment buildings, ry base, as the sonofMr.Kadyrov as ry base, rock festivalattheTushinoairfield ged withcounts, various including some elementsoftheterrorgroup some er suspected to be on a mission to on amission be to suspected er s drove at a high speed, smashed speed, high ata s drove t lostduetoher lack of familiar- re significantly,herarrestand widow fromIngushetia,was after an apparentmechanical male suicidebomberdeto- male bomber,Zarema rovincial capital city), a lieved to be strapped to lieved tobestrapped kaya Ulitsa on 10 Julykaya Ulitsaon10 that security forces place. Thebomb- place. in NorthOssetia, Downloaded By: [Kurz, Robert W.] At: 16:32 18 December 2007 Russian forces. abductedby hewas believed andthefamily yearsearlier three peared purchased their tickets at the last had and Grozny in apartment an in together lived had (37), birkhanova perpetrators,ChechenwomenDzhe- (30) AmantaNagayeva andSatsita peop which 90 the attack-in sibility for found intheplanes’wreckage.AnIs Siberia Airlines crashednearlysimulta wounded.seven were Two diedand car. ofhis Mercedes-Benz plating the armor by hewas saved injured; lightly Murat Zyazikov’smotorc control of theChech Chechen civ the killingof ofscores statement, thegrouplaunchedatt Lom-Ali by led Murdash,” “Gazoton responsibility forthebombing; claimed group rebel Chechen unknown previously A 134. wounding during morningcar a Moscowmetro rush hour, killing39and people 2003attacks. the December another 44.ShamilBasayevlatercl suicide beltspackedwithballbear Kremlin off explosives nearthe set station near Yessentuki, 750 milessouth of Moscow. dents and workers. Itripped theside bomb, killing himself. bomb, killing to him asked and man the of hands sa officer Apolice Grozny. in station busy morningingrush a hour when killing 44peopleandwounding nearly 546 Limanski district ofthe Urals’Kurgan Region.Agentswho searchedthe Khalkayeva(31),Natalya was bornMartan district.The inthe detainee, woman girdedwith a so-called “shahe forces. security Russian An estimated 360 persons werekilled of theterrorists,includ Some Grozny). of west km (100 Russia in Beslan, hostage adults and dren 29 August2004 29 25 August2004 6 April2004 6 February 2004 2003 9 December 1–3 September2004 21 September 2004 - A suicideA car bomber - attackedIngushetia President -Amantriedto setoffahandmadebombatpolling - Flight - #1353and Volga-Avta flight express #1047 en capital Groznyy. capital en -Moscow metrobombing –Abomb ripped through - In the center of Moscow, a female suicide bomber suicide ofMoscow,afemale center -Inthe ing women,suicide werearmedwith “bomb belts.” -AgentsoftheFSBsecurity service detained a -Chechen terrorists took ade. Zyazikov, a former KGBgeneral, was only minute. Nagayeva’s brother had disap- claim camefromagroupcallingitself and State Duma. The bomber Thebomber used andState Duma. ack to mark thefourth anniversary of lamic militant group claimedrespon- lamic militant ilians by Russian soldiers whotook by Russian ilians the trainwasloaded aimed responsibilityfororganizing ings to kill six people and injure kill sixpeopleand ings to of the train open asitapproacheda trainopen of the ed belt”bombinChechnya’s Urus- open it. The man then set off the open it.Themanthenset (“Ali theLion”).Accordingto neously. Tracesof explosives were w asuspicious-lookingbaginthe le died — in awebstatement.The 200.The explosion occurred dur- inthe retaking of theschool by R.W. Kurz and C.K.Bartles and R.W. Kurz more than 1,200 chil- 1,200 than more with many stu- Downloaded By: [Kurz, Robert W.] At: 16:32 18 December 2007 hce ucd obr 547 woman foundasatellitete Chechen SuicideBombers with akiloofplasticexplosives andwire. influence inChechnya of influence continued the from more regarding their potential influences inbothregionsprovide with little ifanyrelationship have ofRussia.Suicide bombers outside nominal cause—makeChechenmilitant ing revenge,the pursuit ofnational this tacticinot from thosewhouse another. explosives in Makhachkaha, Ingush enter the police headquarters and blow herselfup. planningto andwas belt” “shaheed aso-called carrying cide bomberwas the police headquartersinthe Starop up blow to about was she as regiment, task special Kadyrov Akhmat the posed todrive aKamAZtruckcarrying morethan 1.2tons ofexplosives. commanders inthesettlementofSe car crashoccurred atthe highway). reports toearlier members (according bomber destroyedthreevehiclesand tions inAfghanistan. 31 January 2005 Chechen suicide bombers have a set Chechen suicidebombers havea 2005 29 December 2005 8 May 2005 5 May - Police killed two killed Police - - A female suicide bomber -Afemalesuicide - According to a Chechen Chechen to a According - -Asuicide bomberprematurely detonated his than Chechen influence than Chechen cooperation. The threat today, however, stems lephone, charging devi lephone, charging rnovoskoye, Chechnya her regions. These motives —includ- motives These her regions. female suicidebombersand field two Chechnya,thoughIslamicmilitant district. female sui- The romyslovsky independence, andreligiononlya as sufficient reasontoremain vigilant etia, killing himself and wounding etia, killinghimselfand bombings inAfghanistantherefore killed tenChechensecurityservice of the Chechen Interior Ministry, a Ministry, Interior Chechen of the Afghan-based Islamic extremist of motivesthatdifferentiatethem s less likely to employsuicide was killed by servicemen of separatist website,asuicide on anti-Coalition opera- ce, andthebelt stuffed . Theyweresup- Downloaded By: [Kurz, Robert W.] At: 16:32 18 December 2007