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Home , Supercapacitor

Supercapacitor or Battery

by Dr. Farshad Barzegar, University of Pretoria Outline

What is vs Concluding remarks Supercapacitors? Batteries Applications History of the Supercapacitor

In 1740, Ewald Georg von Kleist constructed the first . Supercapacitor

In the same year Pieter von Musschenboek invented the Leyden Jar.

Ben Franklin soon found out a flat piece of glass can be used in place of the jar model.

The Electric Double Layer Capacitor effect was first noticed NEC in 1957 by .

Standard Oil of Ohio re-discovered this effect in 1966.

Standard Oil of Ohio gave the licensing to NEC, which in 1978 marketed the product as a “supercapacitor”.

3 What is Supercapacitors?

Fast Charge and Fast Discharge Capability (seconds) Supercapacitors perform mid-way between conventional and electrochemical cells (batteries). High (>2kW/kg), Lower than a battery

Highly reversible process, >500,000’s of cycles Wider Operating Temperature (-40℃ ~ 70℃)

Eco-friendly and safe

4 Supercapacitors vs Batteries

Supercapacitor Battery

Available Available Supercapacitor Battery Performance Performance Charge/Discharge Time 0.3 to 30 s Charge/Discharge Time 0.5 to 10 hrs W-Sec of energy Energy Storage W-Hr of energy Energy (Wh/kg) 1 to 10 Energy (Wh/kg) 8 to 700 Cycle Life >500,000 Cycle Life <1,500 Specific Power (W/kg) <10,000 Specific Power (W/kg) <1000 Charge/discharge 0.85 to 0.98 0.7 to 0.85 efficiency Charge/discharge efficiency

5 Supercapacitors vs Batteries

Efficiency 4 Charge Acceptance Self Discharge P. Simon and Y. Gogotsi, Nat. Mater., 2008, 7, 845–854 3 Temperature Range Availability 2

Environment 1 Cycle Stability Which one? 0 1 Supercapacitors Recycling

2 - AGM battery

3 –metal hydride battery Safety Power Density

4 Lithium- battery System Cost Energy Cost Power Cost

Supercapacitors Pb-AGM batteries NiMH batteries Li Ion batteries www.maxwell.com

6 7 EDLC

Activated 01 Carbon Nanotubes 04

02

03 Carbon

Templated Mesoporous Carbons PC

Manganese Dioxide Vanadium(V) 01 04

02 03 Oxide

Iron(III) oxide Supercapacitor applications

UPS Road Sign 1 1 Wind Mill – Solar Tracking Solar Energy 2 2 Energy – Golf Car 3 Storage Power 3 4 Robot Solar Watch 4

Remote Control 5

1 Motor Starter Mobile Phone 1 Hybrid Car Memory Power 2 2 Back-up Support 3 Smart Meter

Wireless Device 3 4 Controller Audio Player 4 5 Copy Machine Digital Camera

10

SC

11 ✓You can combine an supercapacitor and a battery to optimizing your

system design.

✓The high power pulses are provided by the supercapacitor, while the Optimizing your system design large energy requirement is provided by the battery.

12 NEC/TOKIN hybrid system

Supercapacitor is connected in parallel to Dry battery Operating life (Number of photos) Without Supercapacitor 379 With Supercapacitor 673 (80% increase)

13 Rockster R1100DE hybrid rock crusher

Power peaks are smooth by supercapacitors. The fuel consumption is reduced and through the use of virtually maintenance-free electric motors also maintenance costs are minimized.

With this technology you can save up to 16,000 liters (20,800$ if Diesel = $1.30 /ltr) of diesel annually.

14 Komatsu hybrid system

15 Cat hybrid system

Caterpillar 6120B H FS hybrid Mining Shovel

www.cat.com

• 1400 Tons • Bucket volume 46 to 65 m3 (size depends on material density) • Internal combustion engine power 4500 hp (3360 kW) • Machine power 8,000 hp (using IC engine + energy storage) • 48 MJ capacitor energy storage (4700 cells each rated at 3000 F, 2.7 V) • Cut fuel cost per ton by at least 25%

16 Hybrid Rubber Tired Gantry Crane (RTGC)

TCM corporation

Capacitor Storage

• 7 MJ Capacitor • 38 % Fuel Saving / Significant Emission Reduction

T. Furukawa: DLCAP energy storage system multiple application, Proc. Adv. Capacitor World Summit, San Diego (2006)

17 Ar Vag Tredan (Electric boat)

www.enerzine.com

• Electric passenger ship, powered by supercapacitor, operated in the harbor of Lorient.

• Passenger capacity: 147 • Absence of CO2 emission, noise and vibration • Recyclable materials • 25 m² of photovoltaic panels supply the entire low network (lighting of navigation and remote control equipment) • Cruise speed: 10 knots

18 CSR Zhuzhou Electric

Electric bus with the fastest charging time in the world (10 sec ) Charging takes 30 sec and can power the train for 2 km

19 Sunwin Bus Corporation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t3rg-SsPJuU

SWB6121SC www.sunwinbus.com

SWB6121EV2

20 Business Case for Battery Hybridization Supercapacitor

• 33 mph velocity: 2 MJ → 0.56 kWh of kinetic energy (1kWh = 3.6MJ)

• Value at $0.15/kWh

• Thus bus kinetic energy worth 0.56 x $0.15 = 8¢ Example: 40,000 lb city transit bus 75% ~6¢ • Assume round trip efficiency ~50% (value of energy 4¢)

• Assume 1000 stop cycles/day with 330 days/year operation 6¢ $20,000 • Annual energy savings = 1000 x 330 x 4¢ = $13.200 Supercapacitor $10,000 • 3 MJ battery storage cells cost ≈ $750 Supercapacitor >> 4 years • Battery storage system life ~2

• Saving after 2 years = (2 x $13.200) - $750 = $25,650 In 6 year = $76,950 6 (6 x $20,000) - $10,000 = $110,000

21 Concluding remarks

1 Supercapacitor have very attractive features Summary • High cycle life • Excellent reliability 2 • Maintenance-free operation • Wide Operating Temperature 3 Supercapacitor technology has lower life-cycle cost compare to Battery technology 4 Supercapacitor shows good potential in Power, Power support, Energy storage and Memory Back-up application

22 eυχαριστώ danke תודה متشکرم ngiyabonga спасибо dankie thanks FOR YOUR PATIENCE 谢谢 شکراً

gracias merci grazie ありがとう 감사합니다 QUESTION AND ANSWER SATION

Our research Centre for New Energy Studies (CNES)

26 3D Simulation of supercapacitor 3D Simulation of Three dimension (3D) modelling of supercapacitors (SCs) has been supercapacitor investigated for the first time to have a better understanding and study the effect of each parameter on the final electrochemical results.

Making supercapacitors

Making supercapacitors Making a new material that has great potential for high performance in energy storage applications.

Investigate effect of radiation

Investigate effect of radiation Study the effect of radiation dose on the electrochemical performance of -based supercapacitor.

Using supercapacitor in real application Using supercapacitor in real application Investigates the benefits that supercapacitors bring to existing systems.

27 3D Simulation of supercapacitor 3D Simulation of Three dimension (3D) modelling of supercapacitors (SCs) has been supercapacitor investigated for the first time to have a better understanding and study the effect of each parameter on the final electrochemical results.

Making supercapacitors

Making supercapacitors Making a new material that has great potential for high performance electrode in energy storage applications.

Investigate effect of radiation

Investigate effect of radiation Study the effect of radiation dose on the electrochemical performance of activated carbon-based supercapacitor.

Using supercapacitor in real application Using supercapacitor in real application Investigates the benefits that supercapacitors bring to existing systems.

28 3D Simulation of supercapacitor

Three dimension modelling of the components in supercapacitors for proper understanding and contribution of each parameter to the final electrochemical performance

Most researchers have tried to we study and provide a deep explain the EDLCs for ECs, however, understanding of the electrical none of the reports clearly behaviour of ECs and the effect of explained effect and reflection of each component to the final each component on the final stored electrochemical performance. energy.

The verification and confirmation of the proposed model, was carried out experimentally with activated carbon-based materials in laboratory.

29 Existing model

RC circuit model Three branch RC circuit model Transmission line model

The simple RC circuit model The model show a suitable Mentioned model are incomplete models for actual ECs and cannot be used to probe porous connection with experimental cannot be used to examine resistances of each parameter of nature of the or show results, however, the models have a ECs (active material, , and etc.) the behaviour of EDLCs over a weakness taking into account that individually and their focus is mostly on the EDLCs material. frequency range accurately. the circuit components lack a physical meaning.

R element presents resistance, L element presents inductance and C is the capacitor.

30 Electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs)

Resistance of the electrolyte (Re), Active materials resistance (RC), Membrane resistance (Rm), resistance (Rlk), Inductance (L) and Ideal capacitor behavior (C).

31 electrochemical capacitors (RECs)

Resistance of the electrolyte (Re), Active materials resistance (RC), Membrane resistance (Rm), Faradic part of material resistance (Rf), Leakage resistance (Rlk), Inductance (L) and Ideal capacitor behavior (C)

32 Hybrid 2D electrical equivalent model of practical ECs

33 Hybrid 3D electrical equivalent model of practical supercapacitors

34 Simulation Results

a b c

(a) EIS plot, (b) the angle versus frequency and (c) CV curves of simulation

Re represents the resistance of the electrolyte, Rm is the resistance of membrane, Rc is a resistance of current collector and electrode materials, Rlk is leakage resistance and Rct is the resistance of the Faradic part of the material

Simulations in Matlab/Simulink is conducted using Simpower GUI. A saw tooth wave with the maximum voltage of 1 V and frequency of 0.01 is used to charge and discharge the cell.

35 Laboratory results

(a) EIS plot, (b) the phase angle versus frequency and, (c) CV curves at scan rates of 20 mV s-1 of material in reality

36 3D Simulation of supercapacitor 3D Simulation of Three dimension (3D) modelling of supercapacitors (SCs) has been supercapacitor investigated for the first time to have a better understanding and study the effect of each parameter on the final electrochemical results.

Making supercapacitors

Making supercapacitors Making a new material that has great potential for high performance electrode in energy storage applications.

Investigate effect of radiation

Investigate effect of radiation Study the effect of radiation dose on the electrochemical performance of activated carbon-based supercapacitor.

Using supercapacitor in real application Using supercapacitor in real application Investigates the benefits that supercapacitors bring to existing systems.

37 Making supercapacitors

Materials Design

Activated carbon (AC) Aqueous Normal Supercapacitor Activated expanded (AEG) Organic Solutions Micro supercapacitor Pinecone activated carbon (PAC) Ionic Activated carbon/ (AC/Mn) Polymer and Gel Electrolytes Different Micro- and Mesopores Structure

ZnxCo3−xS4 Hybrid microstructures MoS2

Design

Electrolytes

Materials

38 Activated carbon from different sources

Sugar-based Pinecone-based

Polymer- Polymer-based based

Expandable Graphite- Coconut-based based

39 Different design of supercapacitors

Normal Micro supercapacitor Supercapacitor

40 P. Simon and Y. Gogotsi, Nat. Mater., 2008, 7, 845–854

41 3D Simulation of supercapacitor 3D Simulation of Three dimension (3D) modelling of supercapacitors (SCs) has been supercapacitor investigated for the first time to have a better understanding and study the effect of each parameter on the final electrochemical results.

Making supercapacitors

Making supercapacitors Making a new material that has great potential for high performance electrode in energy storage applications.

Investigate effect of radiation

Investigate effect of radiation Study the effect of radiation dose on the electrochemical performance of activated carbon-based supercapacitor.

Using supercapacitor in real application Using supercapacitor in real application Investigates the benefits that supercapacitors bring to existing systems.

42 The Electromagnetic Wave Spectrum

43 Influence of microwave irradiation exposure on electrodes material

S i m p l e very small energy 1 2

S h o r t t i m e 3 4 S a f e

44 Before microwave irradiation After microwave irradiation

Low and high magnification SEM image of (a) and (b) Low and high magnification SEM image of (a) and (b) mACGF, (c) and (d) mACCNT, (e) and (f) mACEG ACGF, (c) and (d) ACCNT, (e) and (f) ACEG

Surface area, micropore, cumulative volume and pore size of the samples Micropore Surface area Pore diameter b Sample volume a (m2/g) (nm) (cm3/g) +3.5 mACGF 1163 0.400 2.65 % ACGF 1124 0.388 2.8 -13.1 % mACCNT 930 0.232 3.06 ACCNT 1071 0.186 3.1 mACEG 1131 0.293 2.98 +66.5 % ACEG 627 0.177 29.8

45 (a) The comparison of CV curves in 6M KOH electrolytes at the scan rate of 20 mV s-1, (b) The comparison of the galvanostatic charge/discharge curves at 0.5 A g-1and, (c) The Nyquist plots of different samples

17 %

128 %

(a) CV curves at scan rates from 5 to 100 m Vs-1 and, (b) the galvanostatic charge/discharge curves from 0.5 to 10 A g-1 for the mACEG sample and, (c) the specific as function of the current density

(a) EIS plot and fitting curve, (b) the real and the imaginary part of the material capacitance as a function of frequency and, (c) Bode phase angle of mACEG

46 Influence of irradiation exposure on full cell

(n-type GaAs (doped to 1 x 1015 cm-3 with Si))

Laplace DLTS spectra of the radiation-induced E3 defect in GaAs

47 (a) and (b) full and zoom part of CV curves at scan rates 20 m Vs-1 and, (a) Capacitance versus time, (b) normalized energy density versus (c) and (d) full and zoom part of galvanostatic charge/discharge curves time, (c) EIS plot and (d) Bode phase angle of sample during from 0.5 A g-1 of the PPAC cell during radiation and after radiation time radiation and after radiation time

48 3D Simulation of supercapacitor 3D Simulation of Three dimension (3D) modelling of supercapacitors (SCs) has been supercapacitor investigated for the first time to have a better understanding and study the effect of each parameter on the final electrochemical results.

Making supercapacitors

Making supercapacitors Making a new material that has great potential for high performance electrode in energy storage applications.

Investigate effect of radiation

Investigate effect of radiation Study the effect of radiation dose on the electrochemical performance of activated carbon-based supercapacitor.

Using supercapacitor in real application Using supercapacitor in real application Investigates the benefits that supercapacitors bring to existing systems.

49 Battery/Supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system for electric vehicles

EV motion dynamics

Power electronics Hybrid Energy Storage System

Electric vehicle

On-board EMS Motion controller

50 SC modeling

51 Controller design Control objectives

Speed tracking Ensures dynamic response of the vehicle Control method

Battery protection Model predictive control Prolongs battery life, reduces costs Ability to look-ahead Constraints handling in the design

Receding horizon control procedure Define

Solve Constraints

Current limits Implement

SOC limits

Velocity limit

52 Simulation setup UDDS results Parameters

Driving cycles battery → low frequency power battery → low frequency power ❑ The urban dynamometer driving std(v − v) = 0.56 m/s std(v − v) = 0.03 m/s schedule r r max(|v −v|) = 6.16 m/s max(|v −v|) = 1.21 m/s ❑ The European extra urban driving r r cycle

53 EUDC results

Battery supercapacitor HESS 01 Supercapacitors helps to reduce abrupt charge/discharge of batteries Has the advantage of both longer drive range and better dynamic control

The MPC controller 02 Shown to be effective Good speed tracking and power split control

Performance vs. driving cycle 03 The performance of the vehicle is directly affected by the driving cycle The smoother the speed profile, the better the control battery → low frequency power std(vr− v) = 0.09 m/s max(|vr −v|) = 0.93 m/s

54