Bogna Ludwig* Fontanny I Wodotryski Jako Pomniki Miejskości W

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Bogna Ludwig* Fontanny I Wodotryski Jako Pomniki Miejskości W 2020 3(63) DOI: 10.37190/arc200301 Bogna Ludwig* Fontanny i wodotryski jako pomniki miejskości w nowożytnej Europie Fountains and fontanelle as urban monuments in modern Europe Wprowadzenie Introduction Od XV w. przestrzenie publiczne, wśród nich rynki Since the 15th century, public spaces, including main jako najważniejsze dla społeczności miast, zaczęły nabie- squares as the most important for the city community, be- rać nowego charakteru: prócz cech utylitarnych starano gan to take on a new character: apart from utilitarian fea- się nadawać im formę reprezentacyjną. Regulowano za- tures, attempts were made to give them a representative mykające je linie pierzei zabudowy, tworzono pierwsze form. The frontage lines of buildings closing them were zasady definiujące wznoszenie kamienic (ich genezę sta- regulated, the first rules defining the erection of tenement nowiła często ochrona przeciwpożarowa, jednak z cza- houses were created (their origin was often fire protec- sem przybrały cechy reguł estetycznych), porządkowano tion, but with time they took on the features of aesthetic nawierzchnie. Zmieniano i wzbogacano elementy wy- rules), surfaces were cleaned up. The elements of urban posażenia wnętrz urbanistycznych. W renesansie poja- interior design were changed and enriched. The Renais- wiały się aranżacje czerpiące inspiracje z antyku, zgod- sance saw the appearance of arrangements inspired by an- ne z ideami humanizmu. Ustawiano obeliski i pomniki, tiquity, in line with the ideas of humanism. Obelisks and monumenty alegoryczne lub posągi, przede wszystkim monuments, allegorical memorials or – mainly equestri- konne, oraz zespoły rzeźbiarskie zdobiące przekształca- an – statues were put up along with sculptural complex- ne studnie (wł. pozzo, fr. putis, niem. Brunnen) i ujęcia es decorating transformed wells (Italian: pozzo, French: wodne (wł. fonte, sorgente, fr. source), ujścia powszechnie putis, German: Brunnen) and water intakes (Italian: fon- wówczas remontowanych lub uruchamianych wodocią- te, sorgente, French: source), the waterworks outlets that gów. Szczególnego znaczenia jako elementy infrastruk- were commonly renovated or started up at that time. tury technicznej, ale także jako pomniki, nabrały właśnie Fountains replacing wells and previous fontanelle, fund- w tym okresie fontanny zastępujące studnie i wcześniejsze ed at the end of the works on supplying the population wodotryski, fundowane na zakończenie prac nad zaopa- with the most necessary good – water – gained particu- trzeniem ludności w najpotrzebniejsze dobro – wodę. Tę lar importance as elements of technical infrastructure, but zasługę dla mieszkańców pragnęli na monumentach upa- also as monuments. The donors wanted to commemorate miętnić darczyńcy. Tak powstały najsłynniejsze fontan- the benefits that they endowed the inhabitants with in the ny renesansowego i barokowego Rzymu. Główne ujęcia form of monuments. This is how the most famous foun- wodne na rynkach miast bardzo często powstawały na tains of Renaissance and Baroque Rome were built. The koszt magistratów i głosiły chwałę społeczności miejskiej. main water intakes in the town main squares were very often paid for by municipal councils and proclaimed the magnificence of the urban community. Among the city * ORCID: 0000-0002-7755-5835. Wydział Architektury Politech- fountains one can distinguish groups with a specific ideo- niki Wrocławskiej / Faculty of Architecture, Wrocław University of logical program. The most important one is related to the Science and Technology, e-mail: [email protected] allegorical message of thanksgiving, God and benefactor, 4 Bogna Ludwig Wśród fontann miejskich można wyróżnić grupy o okre- for peace and prosperity, abundance of water and victory ślonym programie ideowym. Najważniejsza z nich ma over adversities in the history of the city. związek z alegorycznym przekazem dziękczynienia, Bogu The role of sculptures and fountains in the creation i dobroczyńcy, za pokój i dobrobyt, obfitość wody oraz za of modern – Renaissance, Mannerist and then Baroque zwycięstwo nad przeciwnościami losu w dziejach miasta. – urban space has been recognized from the beginning by Rolę rzeźb i fontann w kreowaniu nowożytnej – rene- historians of architecture and urban planning. Much has sansowej, manierystycznej, a potem barokowej – prze- already been said about this subject by no smaller figures strzeni miejskiej dostrzegli od początku historycy ar- than Sigfried Giedion [1], Giulio C. Argan [2], Leonardo chitektury i urbanistyki. Wiele na ten temat zostało już Benevolo [3], [4], Erwin A. Gutkind [5], Christian Nor- powiedziane. Na ten element zwracali uwagę Sigfried berg-Schultz [6], [7], Paolo Sica [8] and Paolo Portogesi Giedion [1], Giulio C. Argan [2], L. Benevolo [3], [4], [9] including Polish scholars [10]–[12]. The allegorical Erwin A. Gutkind [5], Christian Norberg-Schultz [6], [7], meaning of fountains was described by Naomi Miller [13]. Paolo Sica [8] czy Paolo Portogesi [9]. Także w pracach Special interest of researchers was focused on the works polskich naukowców rozważano to zagadnienie [10]– of Gian Lorenzo Bernini [14]–[16]. Recently, Katherine [12]. O znaczeniu alegorycznym fontann pisała Naomi Wentworth Rinne has been dealing with the importance of Miller [13]. Szczególne zainteresowanie badaczy skon- the fountains in Rome, which were being rebuilt in mod- centrowało się na dziełach Gian Lorenza Berniniego [14]– ern times [17]. The specificity of the monumental char- [16]. Skrupulatnie rangę fontann w odbudowującym się acter of fountains and the content of their iconographic w czasach nowożytnych Rzymie zaprezentowała ostatnio programme is worth reconsidering. Katherine Wentworth Rinne [17]. Warto jeszcze raz zasta- nowić się nad specyfiką pomnikowego charakteru fontann Revival of monuments in modern cities i treściami ich programu ikonograficznego. The Trajan and Vespasian columns inspired new uses Odrodzenie pomników w miastach nowożytnych for the spolia: columns from ancient temples were set up in the middle of squares and at road crossings. The traditions Kolumny Trajana i Wespazjana zainspirowały nowe of the Middle Ages continued here, when such monuments zastosowania spoliów: ustawiano kolumny pochodzące symbolized the victory of the faith, but in the Renaissance, z antycznych świątyń pośrodku placów i na skrzyżowa- according to the spirit of the era, they began to convey sec- niach dróg. Kontynuowano w tym przypadku tradycje ular content. The first Renaissance monument is the Co- średniowiecza, kiedy takie pomniki symbolizowały zwy- lonna dell’Abbondanza (Dovizia, Abundance) in Florence cięstwo wiary, w renesansie jednak zgodnie z duchem made by Donatello (1431). It was supposed to make the epoki zaczęły przekazywać treści świeckie. Pierwszy mutual obligations of the citizens and the government more renesansowy pomnik to Colonna dell’Abbondanza (Do- visible [18], [19]. Over time, this type of monument began vizia, Obfitości) we Florencji wykonana przez Donatella to serve to commemorate a particular event. Thus, in Sie- (1431). Miała uzmysławiać wzajemne zobowiązania oby- na, Colonna del Portogallo (1453), was to commemorate wateli i rządu [18], [19]. Z czasem ten rodzaj pomnika the meeting of Emperor Frederick III and his future wife zaczął służyć upamiętnieniu konkretnego wydarzenia. Eleonor of Portugal; Colonna della Giustizia in Florence I tak w Sienie Colonna del Portogallo (1453) miała wspo- – the Battle of Marciano (1563, supplemented by the statue minać spotkanie cesarza Fryderyka III i jego przyszłej 1580); the columns of Hercules and Julius Caesar (1574) małżonki Eleonory Portugalskiej, Colonna della Giustizia in Alameda, Seville – the legendary founders; the Medici we Florencji – bitwę pod Marciano (1563, uzupełniona column in Paris (1574) – probably the saving of Catherine statuą 1580), kolumny Herkulesa i Juliusza Cezara (1574) Medici from a deadly danger; the no longer existing Co- w Alamedzie w Sevilli – legendarnych fundatorów, ko- lonna Infame (1630) in Milan and the corresponding one lumna Medycejska w Paryżu (1574) prawdopodobnie in Genoa (1644) commemorated the innocent convicts; uchronienie Katarzyny Medycejskiej od śmiertelnego the Ehrensäule in Krones (1654) – the establishment of zagrożenia, nieistniejąca już Colonna Infame (1630) the city’s coat of arms and the “Monument” (1671–1677) w Mediolanie i analogiczna w Genui (1644) przypomina- – the London fire. In the 17th century, only two exceptional ły o niewinnie skazanych, Ehrensäule w Kronach (1654) columns were erected on which statues of people living at – ustanowienie herbu miasta, a „Monument” (1671–1677) that time were displayed: those of Sigismund III Vasa in – pożar Londynu. W XVII w. wzniesiono tylko dwie wy- Warsaw (1643–1644) and Pope Alexander VII in Ferrara jątkowe kolumny, na których wystawiono statuy osób (1675), now replaced by the statue of Ludovico Ariosto. żyjących ówcześnie – Zygmunta III Wazy w Warsza- Also the honouring of famous citizens expressed the ideas wie (1643–1644) i papieża Aleksandra VII w Ferrarze of humanism in the Renaissance. However, in the squares (1675), obecnie zastąpiony posągiem Ludovica Ario- (apart from the two exceptions) only equestrian statues sta. Idee humanizmu w renesansie wyraziły się bowiem were put up: statua equestre (which throughout the Middle także przez honorowanie słynnych obywateli. Jednak na Ages were erected as tombstones) founded in honour of placach (poza owymi dwoma wspomnianymi wyjątka- deceased commanders,
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