Mobility in - – L.S. F. Enriques 18/3/2019 – 23/03/2019 CLIL4DSN Project N°: 2018-1-RO01-KA201-049519

Visit of Ostia

NECROPOLIS

-“columbarium”= a tomb, but with a particularity, it had special spaces in the wall for holding urns where the ashes were put. Rectangular form, it had an upper floor that could be reached by walking up a staircase. In the middle of 1800 Ostia Antica’s necropolis was unearthed for the first time, it had around 60 tombs, it was situated outside the city. Tombs made of marble and terracotta, dead bodies could be put under the ground, in the wall, or in some urns outside, in the courtyard if present in the structure. Right next to the necropolis there were little shops.

SQUARE OF VICTORY

-“Statue of Minerva Victory”= a statue representing a Goddess with big wings. She represents sapience, poetry and medicine; It was used to decorate the entrance of the city together with an inscription dedicated to it by two of the most popular politicians named Clodius and Cicero; Next to the statue there was a large drinker for the animals who accompany visitors and roman citizens; In the square there was even a huge pool and a big .

SHOPS OF THE FISHMONGERS

-“Fish Mosaics”= pictures made of small stones, glass pieces.. representing something in particular like for this monument, a picture of a dolphin maybe, holding his lunch in his mouth. There is a script on it, -INBIDE CALCO TE- that means “envious one, I tread on you”, this sentence expresses the way roman fishmongers thought about them, a negative one since dolphins were their enemies because it disturbed the fishing;

There are shops, we can see two of them, they have a table right in the middle of the shop; It also has a sink, supported by some small columns.

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Mobility in Italy - Rome – L.S. F. Enriques 18/3/2019 – 23/03/2019 CLIL4DSN Project N°: 2018-1-RO01-KA201-049519

BATHS OF NEPTUNE

‘Bath’= huge place where you could enjoy a hot bath, that is relaxing and helpful for circulation problems; it usually have mosaics on its bottom, in this case it has mosaics representing a seahorse, dolphins and other fishes, God Neptune and his wife. It appears after a few shops on the Decumanus. It was built by the Emperor and Antoninus Pius, it has a lot of rooms and in each, columns where there are represented naked bodies of athlete maybe practitioners of wrestling.

THE DECUMANUS MAXIMUS

The Decumanus Maximus is the main street of Ostia and it is the continuation of the road that led from Rome to Ostia the via Ostiense. It is also the only wheel-ruts in Ostia. The Decumanus Maximus runs from east to west starting at the Porta Romana. At the west end there is the Bivio del Castrum where the road branches in two directions: One branch leads to the Porta Marina to the south-west and the other leads to the north-west to the Tiber- mouth . Along the north side of the eastern half there is a number of travertine inscriptions that was made between 150 and 80 BC. All texts are identical: C. CANINIVS C(ai) F(ilius) PR(aetor) VRB(anus) DE SEN(atus) SENT(entia) POPLIC(um) IOVDIC(avit)

C. Caninius judged this area to be public property. To the south of the Grandi Horrea is the westernmost inscriptions and next to this one there was another cippus that was placed later to indicate that the western stretch of the public area had become privat property: (pri)VATVM (a)D TIBERIM VSQUE AD

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BATHS OF THE CISIARII

On the other side of the street there are baths named after a mosaic with cabs that were drawn by mules that transported passengers between Ostia and Rome. The names of some of this mules can be read, for example “Modest” or “ Silly”. On the other side of the modern road is a depression in the terrain. This is the so-called “Dead River”, the ancient course of the Tiber. Continuing along the Decumanus you see largely unexcavated buildings.

SQUARE OF THE GUILDS

‘Temple’= a religious place used for trading, where Romans could sell and buy from every person that came by the Mediterranean Sea for example people from Tunisia.

On the floor we have mosaics representing dolphins, ships and a lighthouse, with other drawings on the walls, made by not only and Romans but Greeks too.

FULLING MILL

Fulling Mill is a place where clothes were cleaned. In the workshops there are four very large basins (sinks) where clothes were put to soak. There were 35 pressing-bowls where the material was further cleaned, by workers who “danced” or “jumped” on the pieces of fabric while they leaned on the small walls on either side. To remove the grease and to enhance the colours they used Detergents, such as the ‘creta fullonica’. For bleaching it was used urine, collected in public urinals; sulphur, that was burned under wooden frames over which the cloth was suspended. After the pressing, the material was taken to the basins again, where is was beaten so that it could be compact. Fulling Mills were also well known for their stench (bad smell), caused by the detergents. This could have affected also the health or the workers.

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Mobility in Italy - Rome – L.S. F. Enriques 18/3/2019 – 23/03/2019 CLIL4DSN Project N°: 2018-1-RO01-KA201-049519

HOUSE OF THE MILLSTONES

The House of the Millstones is a place where there were machines that were used for the kneading. The millstones were bowls made of porous volcanic stone in which the dough was kneaded by a combination of fixed and rotating blades.

The floors suffered a lot, so it was therefore covered with basalt blocks, in which we can still see imprints of hooves. Several basins are present, because water was needed in very large quantities, for the kneading, as drinking water for the animals, for moistening the grain before milling and so on.

CASTRUM

The castrum was a huge building situated right in front of the House of the Millstones, used as a fortified military camp, It may have been 15 metres high with 60cm as the thickness of the walls. It has a concrete core and is made of bricks.

HOUSE OF THE MILLSTONES AND CASTRUM

To your left you will notice a wall of large tuff blocks. It belongs to the oldest settlement, dated to the early third century BC. The buildings on either side of the road may have been 15 meters high. The walls are 60 centimeters thick. They have a concrete core and a facing of bricks. Before taking this road you can visit the building a bit further on, to the left. This was a mill- bakery. Enormous halls contain the remains of many millstones. A millstone consisted of two parts: an immobile, conical base and on top of that a stone that was shaped like an hourglass. The grinding took place between the two parts that were at a very small, fixed distance. If the distance was too small, the grain would have been burnt, and if it was too large, too much bran would have remained.

TEATRO

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The theatre was built in the late first century BC by Agrippa. The lower level of the seating area (cavea) could be entered from the Decumanus through a central corridor, and through two lateral entrances. Four staircases led to the second and third level. The seating area could be shaded by an awning, suspended from poles inserted in travertine blocks. The area in front of the seating area had a marble floor. The high back wall of the stage has disappeared almost completely. In late antiquity the orchestra could be flooded for aquatic displays. The pool was not very deep, 1.40 metres at most. Naval battles were of course not re-enacted.

HOUSE OF THE WINE-BAR

The house of the Wine-Bar was a place like a bar nowadays, it probably had a second, a first, a ground floor and a warehouse. The bar was a bit small, in the inside it had a L-shaped counter, in which there were two sinks; it had on the walls some frescoes representing fruit, vegetables and drinks; In the outside of the bar there was a big courtyard with some benches, where the customers and the visitors could enjoy their drinks; there were frescoes some like human figures and sentences.

BATHS

To the side of the Decumanus, we can see the bath of Neptune and Coachmen. The baths are famous because of black-and-white mosaics of Neptune and his wife Amphitrite and marine creatures: dolphins, tritons, and Nereids on sea monsters. Taking a bath was not a simple chore. A visitor could use a cold bath (the frigidarium), a warm bath (the tepidarium) and a hot bath (the caldarium). A large complex would also contain an exercise area a swimming pool and a gymnasium. A visitor moves into the tepidarium would prepare him for the caldarium which was like a modern sauna. The idea, as with a sauna, was for the sweat to get rid of the body’s dirt. Then a visitor moves toward the caldarium. at the end the visitor reaches the frigidarium to cool down. A visitor could use the main pool for a swim or to generally socialize. Bathing was very important to the Ancient Romans as it served many functions. The bath was very economic because the romans was very careful to the cleaning.

ROMAN GATE

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The original gate was shorter than now. It was made of large tufa blocks, and it had two rooms. The door was probably made of wood. On either side there were two square columns, with sides of six metres.

Next to it there was a wall with some inscriptions on it and a statue of the goddess Minerva. To the north- east of the gate there is the so-called Cippus of Salus Augusti. It is a marble base for a statue, with the inscription: SALVTI CAESARIS AVGVST.GLABRIO PATRONVS COLONIAE D(ecreto) D(ecurionum) F(aciundum) C(uravit).

On top of the base was a statue of Salus Augusti, the Health of the Emperor (a woman with a snake). It was built by a well-known Ostian family, in the first half of the first century.

LATRINE

We now return to the Forum. To the south-east there are the Forum Baths, one of the largest baths in Ostia. Opposite room 4 is a large public latrine. From pivot-holes in the thresholds can be deduced that the entrances had revolving doors. There are twenty marble seats. Water flowed across channels in front of the seats. With this water a sponge on a stick could be moistened.

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CAPITOLIUM

The Forum, the main square of Ostia, is dominated by the huge Capitolium, a temple dedicated to the main Roman deities Jupiter, Juno and Minerva. The temple was built by the emperor Hadrian. Opposite the temple are the scant remains of another temple, dedicated to Rome and Augustus. On top of its substructure is a statue of Roma Victrix, dressed as amazon. Her left foot is resting on the globe. Two other buildings near the Forum have not been preserved very well, like the Curia, the meeting place and a Basilica, that was used for economic transactions and as courthouse. On the centre of the Forum was a fountain and it was decorated with statues that were facing inwards.

At the north end of the Forum are the remains of a very large temple. The preserved height is 17 m., but the original height may have been over 20. It was built during the reign of Hadrian. It was recorded the removal of marble from its walls date probably back to the 15th century.

There is a hypothesis that maybe the temple was dedicated to Vulcanus, the most famous one back then. On a high podium there was the temple with a marble altar, hiding weapons. A huge staircase of 21 steps, originally surrounded by ten marble columns.

In the entrance to the cella is a marble threshold and it is only slightly smaller than the Pantheon in Rome. The doors were probably made of bronze. The cella had a marble floor, that has now disappeared .In the side walls are three niches that must have contained statues. Set against the back wall is a podium with a tripartite substructure, accessible via staircases on the sides, where maybe there were statues.

Below the temple there is a basement made of three rooms, the function of these rooms is unknown, that could be accessed through a door in the back side of the building. There were small windows.

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Visit of Rome

Road to St. Peter

The following maps will show you our path to St. Peter Basilic:

Step 1: From Flaminio to Piazza di Step 2: From to Castel St. Angelo

Step 3: From Castel St. Angelo to St. Peter Basilic

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Il Pincio

The Pincio is a Roman hill which is also one of the most romantic and picturesque places in the Capital. Pincio is part of the Borghese, that the Italian government purchased n the early 1900. The name “Pincian” comes from one of the families that settled here: the Pincii. The ashes of Emperor Nerone were kept here in Domitius'tomb. The busts of famous men (but only three women) in Italian history have been placed on the Pincian Hill. Pincio was the first public garden in Rome and today it is one of the most popular sites for the walks of the tourists and the Romans themselves. The current neo-classical layout was commissioned by Napoleon. From here you can see , a beautiful view of the city and St.Peter’s Basilica.

Trinità dei Monti

The Trinità dei Monti Church is one of the most famous post cards of the Eternal City. It is set in front of Piazza di Spagna forming a spectacular backdrop. The first part of the church was built in the Gothic style in the early decades of the 1500s. The design was by and . In the late 18th century, Pope Pius VI placed the Salustiano Obelisk in front of the Trinità dei Monti, not original Egyptian obelisk.

Piazza di Spagna

Piazza di Spagna is one of the most famous images in the world and one of the most majestic urban monuments of Roman Baroque style. In the Renaissance period, the square was the most popular tourist attraction in the city: it attracted artists and writers alike and was full of elegant hotels, inns and residences. The fountain recalls the historic flood of the River Tiber. The work was commissioned by Pope Urban VIII. This architectural feat with its ramps and stairs was built on the request of Innocent XII and created by Francesco De Sanctis in the eighteenth century.

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Piazza della Rotonda

Piazza della Rotonda is the real name of Piazza del Pantheon. In the centre of the square there is a splendid Renaissance fountain by Giacomo della Porta; the base was raised, and the number of steps increased from two to five. The square was the site of the vegetable and fish market until the end of the 19th century. It was very difficult to remove the market from the area until Pope Pio VII succeeded.

Il Pantheon

The Pantheon is the Roman monument with the greatest number of records: the best preserved, with the biggest brick dome in the history of architecture and is considered the forerunner of all modern places of worship. It is the most copied and imitated of all ancient works. felt it was the work of angels, not men. According to Roman legend, it is the place where the founder of Rome, Romulus, at his death was seized by an eagle and taken off into the skies with the Gods. The name comes from two Greek words pan, “everything” and theon, “divine”. Originally, the Pantheon was a small temple dedicated to all Roman gods. At the centre of the dome, there is a 9 meters diameter hole, the Oculus.

The belief that the Oculus was built so that the rain could not get in is not true: when it rains, it also rains in the Pantheon; the floor is slightly convex, so the water flows away thanks to an effective drainage system. Here you can find the relics of the most important Kings of Italy. Over the centuries the Pantheon has been ransacked, closed, used as a fortress and as a church; it has suffered earthquakes and floods, but it has survived until today, after more than two thousand years.

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Piazza Navona

Piazza Navona It is built on the site of the , built in the 1st century AD, and follows the form of the open space of the stadium. The ancient Romans went there to watch the agones ("games"), and hence it was known as "Circus Agonalis" ("competition arena"). It is believed that over time the name changed to in avone to navone and eventually to navona.

Defined as a public space in the last years of 15th century, when the city market was transferred there from the Campidoglio, Piazza Navona was transformed into a highly significant example of Baroque Roman architecture and art during the pontificate of Innocent X, who reigned from 1644 until 1655, and whose family palace, the Palazzo Pamphili, faced the piazza. It features important sculptural and creations: in the center stands the famous Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi or Fountain of the Four Rivers (1651) by , topped by the Obelisk of Domitian, brought in pieces from the ; the church of Sant'Agnese in Agone by , Girolamo Rainaldi, and others; and the aforementioned Pamphili palace, also by Girolamo Rainaldi, that accommodates the long gallery designed by Borromini and frescoed by . Piazza Navona has two other . At the southern end is the Fontana del Moro with a basin and four Tritons sculpted by Giacomo della Porta (1575) to which, in 1673, Bernini added a statue of a Moor, wrestling with a dolphin. At the northern end is the Fountain of Neptune (1574) also created by Giacomo della Porta; the statue of Neptune, by Antonio Della Bitta, was added in 1878 to create a balance with La Fontana del Moro.

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Ponte Sant’Angelo

Ponte Sant'Angelo, once the Aelian Bridge or Pons Aelius, meaning the Bridge of Hadrian, is a Roman bridge in Rome, Italy, completed in 134 AD by Hadrian, to span the Tiber, from the city center to his newly constructed mausoleum, now the towering Castel Sant'Angelo. The bridge is faced with travertine marble and spans the Tiber with five arches, three of which are Roman; it was approached by means of ramp from the river. The bridge is now solely pedestrian and provides a scenic view of Castel Sant'Angelo. It links the rioni of Ponte (which was named after the bridge itself), and Borgo, to whom the bridge administratively belongs.

Castel Sant’Angelo

The Mausoleum of Hadrian, usually known as Castel Sant'Angelo, is a towering cylindrical building in Parco Adriano, Rome, Italy. It was initially commissioned by the Roman Emperor Hadrian as a mausoleum for himself and his family. The building was later used by the popes as a fortress and castle and is now a museum. The structure was once the tallest building in Rome. It was also used by Hadrian to his personal tomb. In fact, the tomb of the Roman emperor Hadrian, also called Hadrian's mole, was erected on the right bank of the Tiber, between AD 134 and 139. Originally the mausoleum was a decorated cylinder, with a garden top and golden quadriga.

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Basilica di San Pietro

The Papal Basilica of St. Peter in the Vatican (Italian: Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano), or simply St. Peter's Basilica (: Basilica Sancti Petri), is an Italian Renaissance church in , the papal enclave within the city of Rome.

Designed principally by Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, Carlo Maderno and Gian Lorenzo Bernini, St. Peter's is the most renowned work of and the largest church in the world. While it is neither the mother church of the Catholic Church nor the cathedral of the Diocese of Rome, St. Peter's is regarded as one of the holiest Catholic shrines. It has been described as "holding a unique position in the Christian world" and as "the greatest of all churches of Christendom".

Catholic tradition holds that the Basilica is the burial site of Saint Peter, chief among Jesus's Apostles and also the first Bishop of Rome. Saint Peter's tomb is supposedly directly below the high altar of the Basilica. For this reason, many Popes have been interred at St. Peter's since the Early Christian period, and there has been a church on this site since the time of the Roman emperor Constantine the Great. Construction of the present basilica, which would replace Old St. Peter's Basilica from the 4th century AD, began on 18 April 1506 and was completed on 18 November 1626.

St. Peter's is famous as a place of pilgrimage and for its liturgical functions. The Pope presides at a number of liturgies throughout the year, drawing audiences of 15,000 to over 80,000 people, either within the Basilica or the adjoining St. Peter's Square. St. Peter's has many historical associations, with the Early Christian Church, the Papacy, the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-reformation and numerous artists, especially Michelangelo. As a work of architecture, it is regarded as the greatest building of its age. St. Peter's is one of the four churches in the world that hold the rank of Major Basilica, all four of which are in Rome. Contrary to popular misconception, it is not a cathedral because it is not the seat of a bishop; the Cathedra of the Pope as Bishop of Rome is in the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran.

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