DOCSLIB.ORG

Editorial Forward

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Editorial Forward EDITORIALȱFORWARDȱ Theȱpresentȱissueȱcomprisesȱaȱselectionȱofȱpapersȱpresentedȱatȱtheȱ1STȱInternationalȱ Symposiumȱ STYRIAȱ GAIAȱ :ȱ Theȱ Archaeologyȱ ofȱ Styraȱ &ȱ Southernȱ Euboea,ȱ whichȱtookȱplaceȱatȱStyra,ȱ3Ȭ5ȱJulyȱ2009.ȱTheȱconferenceȱwasȱorganizedȱbyȱtheȱStyraȱ Municipalityȱ andȱ theȱ Laboratoryȱ ofȱ Archaeometry,ȱ Universityȱ ofȱ theȱ Aegean.ȱ Approximatelyȱ 20ȱ presentationsȱ andȱ discussionsȱ wereȱ offeredȱ byȱ anȱ internationalȱ groupȱ ofȱ professionalsȱandȱtheȱ proceedingsȱ wereȱ wellȱ attendedȱ byȱ colleaguesȱ andȱaȱ largeȱnumberȱofȱinterestedȱcitizensȱfromȱtheȱStyraȱandȱKarystosȱcommunities.ȱ StyraȱandȱSouthernȱEuboeaȱhaveȱaȱrichȱhistory,ȱbutȱmysteriousȱandȱunexplainedȱ archaeologicalȱ remainsȱhaveȱ receivedȱ veryȱ littleȱ scientificȱ investigation.ȱ Theȱ aimȱ ofȱ thisȱ symposiumȱ wasȱ toȱ bringȱ togetherȱ Greekȱ andȱ foreignȱ expertsȱ toȱ presentȱ newȱ archaeologicalȱ findingsȱ andȱ relevantȱ informationȱ fromȱ theirȱ researchȱ inȱ theȱ regionȱ betweenȱEretriaȱandȱKarystos.ȱAȱpredominateȱthemeȱthroughoutȱtheȱsymposiumȱwasȱ toȱ considerȱ theȱ ancientȱ materialsȱ inȱ viewȱ ofȱ modernȱ trendsȱ inȱ culturalȱ resourceȱ managementȱ andȱ theȱ discussionȱ ofȱ meansȱ forȱ preservationȱ andȱ presentationȱ ofȱ theȱ ancientȱ monumentsȱ andȱ artifactsȱ toȱ theȱ mutualȱ benefitȱ ofȱ theȱ localȱ community,ȱ visitors,ȱtheȱenvironment,ȱandȱposterity.ȱ ȱ Dr.ȱDonaldȱKellerȱ(BostonȱUniv.,ȱUSA)ȱ GuestȱEditorȱ ȱ MediterraneanȱArchaeologyȱandȱArchaeometry,ȱVol.ȱ10,ȱNo.ȱ3,ȱpp.ȱ1Ȭ9ȱ Copyrightȱ©ȱ2010ȱMAAȱ PrintedȱinȱGreece.ȱAllȱrightsȱreserved.ȱ ȱ ȱ ANCIENTȱLANDȱROUTESȱONȱTHEȱPAXIMADHIȱ PENINSULA,ȱKARYSTOS,ȱEUBOEAȱ Keller,ȱD.1ȱandȱHom,ȱE.2ȱ 1AmericanȱCenterȱofȱOrientalȱResearch,ȱBostonȱUniversityȱ ȱ656ȱBeaconȱStreet,ȱBoston,ȱMAȱ02215,ȱUSAȱ 2Oostzaanstraatȱ25,ȱNLȬ1013ȱWE,ȱAmsterdam,ȱTheȱNetherlands,ȱ([email protected])ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Received:ȱ15/11/2009ȱ ȱ Accepted:ȱ20/02/2010 Correspondingȱauthor:ȱ[email protected]ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ABSTRACTȱ Recentȱregionalȱsurfaceȱsurveysȱhaveȱplacedȱmoreȱfocusȱonȱruralȱinvestigations,ȱbutȱ theȱmeansȱofȱtransportȱandȱcommunicationȱwithinȱthoseȱruralȱsurroundingsȱhasȱnotȱalȬ waysȱreceivedȱadequateȱattention.ȱTheȱSouthernȱEuboeaȱExplorationȱProjectȱhasȱunderȬ takenȱaȱnewȱphaseȱofȱresearchȱinȱtheȱKarystosȱareaȱwithȱtheȱgoalȱofȱdevelopingȱaȱmethȬ odologyȱthatȱallowsȱforȱaȱmoreȱdetailedȱrecordȱofȱtheȱpreȬmodernȱlandȱroutes.ȱOnȱtheȱ PaximadhiȱpeninsulaȱitȱwasȱpossibleȱtoȱidentifyȱnumerousȱfragmentsȱofȱsuspectedȱanȬ cientȱroutesȱdatingȱtoȱtheȱClassicalȱandȱHellenisticȱperiods.ȱInȱtheȱmajorityȱofȱcasesȱtheseȱ fragmentsȱ wereȱ closelyȱ associatedȱ withȱ adjacentȱ datableȱ ancientȱ sites.ȱ Byȱ takingȱ intoȱ considerationȱ theȱ evidenceȱ recordedȱ duringȱ theȱ surveyȱ itȱ wasȱ sometimesȱ possibleȱ toȱ proposeȱtheȱextensionȱofȱtheseȱancientȱsegmentsȱandȱtoȱtheorizeȱtheȱdirections,ȱlengths,ȱ andȱpurposesȱofȱancientȱnetworks.ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ KEYWORDS:ȱKarystos,ȱPaximadhiȱpeninsula,ȱancientȱroutes,ȱancientȱroads,ȱruralȱlandȬ scape,ȱarchaeologicalȱsurvey,ȱClassicalȱandȱHellenisticȱsitesȱ 2ȱ KELLER,ȱD.ȱ&ȱHOM,ȱE.ȱ INTRODUCTION:ȱTHEȱPROJECTȱ Inȱ 1989ȱ SEEPȱ initiatedȱ aȱ newȱ phaseȱ ofȱ researchȱinȱtheȱlargerȱareaȱtoȱtheȱeastȱandȱ Recentȱ regionalȱ surfaceȱ surveysȱ haveȱ northȱofȱtheȱKarystosȱbayȱ(KellerȱandȱWalȬ placedȱ moreȱ focusȱ onȱ ruralȱ investigations,ȱ laceȱ1990,ȱWallaceȱetȱal.ȱ2006,ȱRotroffȱandȱ butȱtheȱmeansȱofȱtransportȱandȱcommunicaȬ Wickensȱ 2010).ȱ Thisȱ wasȱ aȱ systematicȱ exȬ tionȱwithinȱthoseȱruralȱsurroundingsȱhasȱnotȱ tensiveȱorȱreconnaissanceȱsurveyȱoverȱtheȱ alwaysȱreceivedȱadequateȱattention.ȱAncientȱ largerȱareaȱinȱorderȱtoȱgainȱanȱinitialȱsamȬ routesȱareȱaȱcategoryȱofȱarchaeologicalȱmaȬ pleȱ ofȱ archaeologicalȱ remainsȱ inȱ theȱ reȬ terialȱthatȱcanȱbeȱstudiedȱindependently.ȱOr,ȱ gion.ȱTheȱmethodologyȱemployedȱsmallerȱ toȱbeȱmoreȱprecise,ȱphysicalȱroadsȱandȱtrailsȱ teamsȱwalkingȱtheȱpreȬmodernȱroutesȱandȱ mayȱbeȱconsideredȱanȱautonomousȱcategoryȱ trailsȱ recordedȱ onȱ Greekȱ 1:5000ȱ topogȬ ofȱ archaeologicalȱ materialȱ thatȱ canȱ beȱ isoȬ raphicalȱ mapsȱ andȱ recordingȱ materialȱ atȱ lated,ȱ measuredȱ andȱ described,ȱ butȱ routesȱ 10ȱmetersȱtoȱeitherȱsideȱofȱtheȱtrails.ȱTheseȱ andȱ linesȱ ofȱ communicationsȱ mustȱ beȱ anaȬ routesȱthenȱservedȱasȱsurveyȱtransectsȱinȬ lyzedȱbyȱtakingȱintoȱconsiderationȱotherȱasȬ steadȱofȱfollowingȱlinesȱofȱtheȱcompassȱasȱ pectsȱ ofȱ theȱ researchȱ environment.ȱ Theȱ reȬ onȱanȱintensiveȱsurvey.ȱAȱsecondȱaspectȱofȱ constructionȱ ofȱ theȱ systemȱ ofȱ communicaȬ thisȱ routeȱ surveyȱ methodologyȱ wasȱ aȱ tionȱ (withinȱ aȱ specificȱ regionȱ forȱ aȱ givenȱ moreȱ detailedȱ recordingȱ ofȱ theȱ preȬ timeȱperiod)ȱneedsȱalsoȱtoȱincludeȱaȱdiscusȬ modernȱ trailsȱ themselves.ȱ Followingȱ thisȱ sionȱofȱtheȱsurroundingȱlandscape,ȱtheȱlocaȬ extensiveȱ routeȱ surveyȱ inȱ theȱ east,ȱ itȱ wasȱ tionȱofȱresources,ȱtheȱhabitationȱpattern,ȱandȱ decidedȱ toȱ revisitȱ Paximadhiȱ andȱ recordȱ theȱ useȱ ofȱ theȱ land.ȱ Itȱ isȱ aȱ combinationȱ ofȱ theȱ peninsulaȱ routesȱ andȱ networksȱ inȱ theȱ theseȱaspectsȱofȱhumanȱbehavioralȱpatterns,ȱ sameȱ method.ȱ Thisȱ wouldȱ makeȱ useȱ ofȱ togetherȱwithȱtheȱtopographicalȱcharacterisȬ recordingȱ methodsȱ devisedȱ inȱ theȱ eastȱ toȱ ticsȱ thatȱ determinedȱ theȱ evolutionȱ ofȱ theȱ provideȱ aȱ betterȱ understandingȱ ofȱ theȱ routeȱsystemȱinȱtheȱfirstȱplace.ȱ routesȱonȱtheȱPaximadhiȱpeninsulaȱ Analysisȱ ofȱ theȱ routesȱ canȱ provideȱ inȬ Theȱ Paximadhiȱ peninsulaȱ (fig.ȱ 1)ȱ isȱ aȱ sightȱ intoȱ theȱ distributionȱ ofȱ populationȱ triangularȬshapedȱ areaȱ withȱ itsȱ apexȱ centersȱasȱwellȱasȱareasȱofȱeconomicȱactiviȬ pointingȱsouthȱandȱitsȱbaseȱdelineatedȱbyȱ tiesȱ(suchȱasȱharborsȱorȱlandings,ȱquarries,ȱ theȱ flatȱ alluvialȱ Karystosȱ plainȱ (Kampos)ȱ fieldsȱ andȱ grazingȱ lands).ȱ Itȱ canȱ alsoȱ onȱ theȱ north.ȱ Theȱ definingȱ featureȱ ofȱ theȱ widenȱ ourȱ understandingȱ ofȱ theȱ reasonsȱ 22ȱ squareȱ kilometerȱ peninsulaȱ isȱ aȱ northȬ forȱcommunicationȱ(trade,ȱsocialȱcontacts,ȱ south,ȱ VȬshapedȱ ridgeȱ (ca.ȱ 214242ȱ masl)ȱ religiousȱ activities,ȱ politicalȱ relationsȱ andȱ pointingȱ south.ȱ Theȱ rangeȱ enclosesȱ aȱ raȬ boundaries).ȱȱ vineȬvalleyȱareaȱthatȱopensȱontoȱtheȱplainȱ Theȱ firstȱ fieldȱ projectȱ undertakenȱ (inȱ atȱtheȱnorth.ȱTheȱwesternȱsideȱofȱtheȱpenȬ 1986ȱ andȱ 1987)ȱ byȱ theȱ Southernȱ Euboeaȱ insulaȱfacesȱtheȱopenȱseaȱandȱisȱcharacterȬ Explorationȱ Projectȱ (SEEP)ȱ wasȱ anȱ intenȬ izedȱbyȱsteepȱslopesȱextendingȱdownȱtoȱaȱ siveȱsurfaceȱsurveyȱofȱtheȱPaximadhiȱpenȬ ruggedȱcoast.ȱTheȱeasternȱside,ȱinȱcontrast,ȱ insulaȱtoȱtheȱwestȱofȱKarystosȱ(Kellerȱandȱ facesȱtheȱshallowȱKarystosȱbayȱandȱoffersȱ Wallaceȱ 1986,ȱ 1987,ȱ 1987a).ȱ Duringȱ thisȱ aȱmoreȱhospitableȱlandscape.ȱTheȱsummitȱ survey,ȱ routesȱ wereȱ recordedȱ wheneverȱ ofȱ theȱ easternȱ ridgeȱ topȱ extendingȱ fromȱ theirȱrelationshipȱwithȱanȱancientȱfindspotȱ PaximadhiȱpeakȱtoȱKarababaȱpeakȱliesȱfarȬ orȱsiteȱwasȱobviousȱorȱwhenȱtheyȱhadȱfeaȬ therȱ backȱ fromȱ theȱ shorelineȱ andȱ theȱ turesȱ thatȱ madeȱ themȱ standȱ outȱ fromȱ theȱ slopesȱ descendingȱ fromȱ theȱ ridgeȱ topȱ areȱ moreȱrecentȱnetworkȱofȱtrails.ȱ ANCIENTȱLANDȱROUTESȱONȱTHEȱPAXIMADHIȱPENINSULA,ȱKARYSTOS,ȱEUBOEAȱ 3 moreȱ gradual,ȱ givingȱ wayȱ toȱ aȱ seriesȱ ofȱ recordedȱ ancientȱ sitesȱ onȱ theȱ peninsula.ȱ lowȱspurȱhillsȱthatȱprojectȱontoȱaȱcontinuȬ Theȱmostȱidentifiableȱofȱtheȱancientȱrouteȱ ousȱstretchȱofȱlowȱcoastalȱland.ȱ segmentsȱ areȱ thoseȱ thatȱ showȱ someȱ eviȬ denceȱ ofȱ jointȱ communityȱ efforts,ȱ asȱ inȱ constructionȱ ofȱ retainingȱ walls,ȱ cuttingȱ throughȱ bedrock,ȱ orȱ buildȱ upȱ atȱ gullyȱ crossings.ȱ Inȱ someȱ casesȱ itȱ canȱ beȱ deterȬ minedȱ thatȱ laterȱ preȬmodernȱ trailsȱ makeȱ useȱ ofȱ ancientȱ routesȱ andȱ thenȱ divertȱ whereȱ theȱ ancientȱ constructionsȱ haveȱ fallenȱintoȱdisrepair.ȱInȱsomeȱrespects,ȱtheȱ Paximadhiȱ peninsulaȱ presentedȱ aȱ uniqueȱ timeȱcapsuleȱforȱtheȱstudyȱofȱaȱvarietyȱofȱ ancientȱ ruralȱ routesȱ inȱ aȱ smallȱ undisȬ turbedȱ environment.ȱ Archaeologicalȱ eviȬ ȱ denceȱ demonstratesȱ thatȱ theȱ peninsulaȱ Figureȱ1.ȱMapȱofȱtheȱPaximadhiȱPeninsulaȱ hadȱ beenȱ inhabitedȱ andȱ cultivatedȱ fromȱ showingȱterracedȱlandscapeȱandȱsitesȱofȱClassiȬ theȱArchaicȱthroughȱRomanȱperiods.ȱFromȱ calȱȬȱHellenisticȱdate.ȱAncientȱroutesȱindicatedȱ byȱboldȱlinesȱbetweenȱrsȱ theȱByzantineȱperiodȱtoȱtheȱpresent,ȱhowȬ ever,ȱtheȱpeninsulawithȱtheȱexceptionȱofȱ Asȱ predictedȱ byȱ theȱ topography,ȱ theȱ theȱKourmaliȱplateau,ȱ(discussedȱbelow) relativelyȱflatȱtopsȱofȱbothȱtheȱeasternȱandȱ wasȱ usedȱ onlyȱ forȱ theȱ winterȱ grazingȱ ofȱ westernȱ segmentsȱ ofȱ theȱ VȬshapedȱ ridgeȱ sheepȱ andȱ goats.ȱ Exceptȱforȱ theȱ construcȬ andȱ theȱ easternȱ shorelineȱ providedȱ moreȱ tionȱofȱsomeȱshepherdsȱhutsȱandȱtheȱravȬ evidenceȱ ofȱ trafficȱ thanȱ theȱ steepȱ andȱ raȬ agesȱ ofȱ time,ȱ theȱ remainsȱ ofȱ theȱ preȬ vineȬsegmentedȱcoastȱofȱtheȱwesternȱside.ȱ Byzantineȱbuildings,ȱagriculturalȱterraces,ȱ Additionally,ȱ evidenceȱ ofȱ ancientȱ habitaȬ andȱtracesȱofȱroutesȱhadȱremainedȱundisȬ tionȱ andȱ agricultureȱ wasȱ concentratedȱ onȱ turbed.ȱ theȱ moreȱ hospitableȱ easternȱ sideȱ ofȱ theȱ Aȱ discussionȱ ofȱ theȱ theoreticalȱ frameȬ peninsula.ȱ workȱ devisedȱ toȱ studyȱ ancientȱ routesȱ reȬ Onȱ theȱ Paximadhiȱ peninsulaȱ itȱ wasȱ mainsȱ outsideȱ theȱ scopeȱ ofȱ thisȱ paper.ȱ possibleȱ toȱ identifyȱ severalȱ fragmentsȱ ofȱ Hereȱ isȱ presentedȱ tentativeȱ conclusionsȱ suspectedȱ ancientȱ routes.ȱ Inȱ theȱ majorityȱ andȱ summaryȱ informationȱ onȱ theȱ ancientȱ ofȱ casesȱ theseȱ fragmentsȱ wereȱ closelyȱ asȬ Paximadhiȱ routesgroupedȱ intoȱ threeȱ sociatedȱ withȱ adjacentȱ datableȱ ancientȱ categories:ȱ accessȱ routesȱ toȱ sanctuaries,ȱ aȱ sites.ȱ Byȱ
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Evidence from the Sanctuary of Karystos-Plakari
    Connectivity and insularity in 1st-millennium southern Euboea: The evidence from the sanctuary of Karystos-Plakari Jan Paul CRIELAARD Filiz SONGU Περίληψη Από το 2010 στη θέση Πλακαρή της νότιας Εύβοιας κοντά στην Κάρυστο πραγματοποιείται συστημα- τική αρχαιολογική έρευνα. Το πρόγραμμα είναι μια συνεργασία του Πανεπιστημίου του Άμστερνταμ (VU) με την Εφορεία Αρχαιοτήτων Εύβοιας. Στον λόφο της Πλακαρής βρισκόταν ένας λατρευτικός χώρος που ιδρύθηκε κατά την Υπομυκηναϊκή ή την πρώιμη Πρωτογεωμετρική περίοδο. Οι λατρευτικές δραστηριότητες στη θέση εντάθηκαν κατά τη Μέση Γεωμετρική ΙΙ και Ύστερη Γεωμετρική περίοδο. Μια δεύτερη σημαντική φάση του λατρευτικού χώρου χρονολογείται στην Κλασική περίοδο – ιδιαί- τερα στον 4ο αιώνα π.Χ. – όταν ένα μικρό κτήριο για θυσιαστικές τελετουργίες (κτήριο Α) οικοδομή- θηκε σε ένα από τα άνδηρά του. Σε αυτό το άρθρο γίνεται μια επισκόπηση των αποτελεσμάτων των εργασιών που έχουν πραγμα- τοποιηθεί ως τώρα στον λόφο της Πλακαρής και μια προσπάθεια να ενταχτούν αυτά τα αποτελέσματα στο ευρύτερο γεωγραφικό και ιστορικό πλαίσιο. Σχετικά με τη λειτουργία της Πλακαρής σε διαφορε- τικά επίπεδα (τοπικό και περιφερειακό) και τη μεταβολή της θέσης της με την πάροδο των χρόνων, θα εστιάσουμε στις πληροφορίες που μπορούμε να πάρουμε από τα ευρήματα. Κατά την πρώιμη επο- χή του Σιδήρου η Πλακαρή είχε ανεπτυγμένους δεσμούς με την κεντρική Εύβοια, την ενδοχώρα της Αττικής και τον νησιωτικό κόσμο συμπεριλαμβανομένων των δυτικών παραλίων της Μικράς Ασίας. Ιστορικές πηγές αναφέρουν ότι κατά τη διάρκεια του 5ου αιώνα η Καρυστία υπέφερε πολύ από την εγγύτητά της με την ισχυρή, γειτονική Αθήνα. Όταν κατά τον 4ο αιώνα ξεκίνησε μια περίοδος ανά- καμψης, ο λατρευτικός χώρος στον λόφο της Πλακαρής ανακατασκευάστηκε, αλλά διάφορα στοιχεία του σχεδίου του υποδηλώνουν ότι οι Καρυστινοί που χρησιμοποίησαν τη θέση ενδιαφέρονταν περισ- σότερο για το παρελθόν παρά για τον κόσμο γύρω τους.
    [Show full text]
  • Eretria-Ghilhardi201
    This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/authorsrights Author's personal copy Geomorphology 208 (2014) 225–237 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Geomorphology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/geomorph Mid- to Late Holocene shoreline reconstruction and human occupation in Ancient Eretria (South Central Euboea, Greece) Matthieu Ghilardi a,⁎, David Psomiadis a,b,KosmasPavlopoulosc, Sylvie Müller Çelka d,e, Sylvian Fachard d,f, Thierry Theurillat d,g, Samuel Verdan d,g,AlexR.Knodellf, Tatiana Theodoropoulou h, Andrew Bicket i, Amandine Bonneau a, Doriane Delanghe-Sabatier a a CEREGE (UMR 7330 CNRS), Europôle de l'Arbois BP 80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence CEDEX 04, France b Imprint Analytics GmbH, Technologiezentrum Mittelburgenland, Werner von Siemens Straße 1, 7343 Neutal, Austria c Harokopeio University of Athens, Department of Geography, Eleftheros Venizelou Street 70, 176-71 Kallithea-Athens,
    [Show full text]
  • Demetrius Poliorcetes and the Hellenic League
    DEMETRIUSPOLIORCETES AND THE HELLENIC LEAGUE (PLATE 33) 1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND D JURING the six years, 307/6-302/1 B.C., issues were raised and settled which shaped the course of western history for a long time to come. The epoch was alike critical for Athens, Hellas, and the Macedonians. The Macedonians faced squarely during this period the decision whether their world was to be one world or an aggregate of separate kingdoms with conflicting interests, and ill-defined boundaries, preserved by a precarious balance of power and incapable of common action against uprisings of Greek and oriental subjects and the plundering appetites of surrounding barbarians. The champion of unity was King Antigonus the One- Eyed, and his chief lieutenant his brilliant but unstatesmanlike son, King Demetrius the Taker of Cities, a master of siege operations and of naval construction and tactics, more skilled in organizing the land-instruments of warfare than in using them on the battle field. The final campaign between the champions of Macedonian unity and disunity opened in 307 with the liberation of Athens by Demetrius and ended in 301 B.C. with the Battle of the Kings, when Antigonus died in a hail of javelins and Demetrius' cavalry failed to penetrate a corps of 500 Indian elephants in a vain effort to rescue hinm. Of his four adversaries King Lysimachus and King Kassander left no successors; the other two, Kings Ptolemy of Egypt and Seleucus of Syria, were more fortunate, and they and Demetrius' able son, Antigonus Gonatas, planted the three dynasties with whom the Romans dealt and whom they successively destroyed in wars spread over 44 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaic Eretria
    ARCHAIC ERETRIA This book presents for the first time a history of Eretria during the Archaic Era, the city’s most notable period of political importance. Keith Walker examines all the major elements of the city’s success. One of the key factors explored is Eretria’s role as a pioneer coloniser in both the Levant and the West— its early Aegean ‘island empire’ anticipates that of Athens by more than a century, and Eretrian shipping and trade was similarly widespread. We are shown how the strength of the navy conferred thalassocratic status on the city between 506 and 490 BC, and that the importance of its rowers (Eretria means ‘the rowing city’) probably explains the appearance of its democratic constitution. Walker dates this to the last decade of the sixth century; given the presence of Athenian political exiles there, this may well have provided a model for the later reforms of Kleisthenes in Athens. Eretria’s major, indeed dominant, role in the events of central Greece in the last half of the sixth century, and in the events of the Ionian Revolt to 490, is clearly demonstrated, and the tyranny of Diagoras (c. 538–509), perhaps the golden age of the city, is fully examined. Full documentation of literary, epigraphic and archaeological sources (most of which have previously been inaccessible to an English-speaking audience) is provided, creating a fascinating history and a valuable resource for the Greek historian. Keith Walker is a Research Associate in the Department of Classics, History and Religion at the University of New England, Armidale, Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Greece • Crete • Turkey May 28 - June 22, 2021
    GREECE • CRETE • TURKEY MAY 28 - JUNE 22, 2021 Tour Hosts: Dr. Scott Moore Dr. Jason Whitlark organized by GREECE - CRETE - TURKEY / May 28 - June 22, 2021 May 31 Mon ATHENS - CORINTH CANAL - CORINTH – ACROCORINTH - NAFPLION At 8:30a.m. depart from Athens and drive along the coastal highway of Saronic Gulf. Arrive at the Corinth Canal for a brief stop and then continue on to the Acropolis of Corinth. Acro-corinth is the citadel of Corinth. It is situated to the southwest of the ancient city and rises to an elevation of 1883 ft. [574 m.]. Today it is surrounded by walls that are about 1.85 mi. [3 km.] long. The foundations of the fortifications are ancient—going back to the Hellenistic Period. The current walls were built and rebuilt by the Byzantines, Franks, Venetians, and Ottoman Turks. Climb up and visit the fortress. Then proceed to the Ancient city of Corinth. It was to this megalopolis where the apostle Paul came and worked, established a thriving church, subsequently sending two of his epistles now part of the New Testament. Here, we see all of the sites associated with his ministry: the Agora, the Temple of Apollo, the Roman Odeon, the Bema and Gallio’s Seat. The small local archaeological museum here is an absolute must! In Romans 16:23 Paul mentions his friend Erastus and • • we will see an inscription to him at the site. In the afternoon we will drive to GREECE CRETE TURKEY Nafplion for check-in at hotel followed by dinner and overnight. (B,D) MAY 28 - JUNE 22, 2021 June 1 Tue EPIDAURAUS - MYCENAE - NAFPLION Morning visit to Mycenae where we see the remains of the prehistoric citadel Parthenon, fortified with the Cyclopean Walls, the Lionesses’ Gate, the remains of the Athens Mycenaean Palace and the Tomb of King Agamemnon in which we will actually enter.
    [Show full text]
  • National Inventory of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Greece
    NATIONAL INVENTORY OF THE INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF GREECE Transhumant Livestock Farming 1. Brief Presentation of the Element of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) a. Under what name is the element identified by its bearers : Transhumant Livestock Farming b. Other name(s): Migrating animal husbandry, nomadic livestock breeding. In the past, terms such as “tent dwellers” (“skinites” in Greek) and “house-bearing Vlach shepherds” (“fereoikoi vlachopoimenes”) were used to denote migrating livestock farmers. Though widely used, the terms “nomadism” and “nomadic animal husbandry” do not correspond to the pattern of livestock movements now observed in Greek areas, since such movements occur between specific locations, in summer and in winter. Besides, nomads did not roam but chose the winter and summer settlements taking a number of complex factors under consideration. The term “transitional animal husbandry” is more precise, as it corresponds to the international term of transhumance, which indicates the seasonal movement of flocks and shepherd(s) from the mountain to the plain and vice versa. Unlike what takes place in Greece, where in their majority livestock-farming families continue to move along with the flocks, in many areas of Europe the entire family does not follow the movement of flocks, but permanently remains in a village, whether montane or lowland. Direct transhumance is defined as transitional animal husbandry, when the plain is the place of residence of the family, whereas in the opposite case, namely when the permanent place of residence of the family is on the mountain, it is called inverse transhumance. It is worth noting that transhumant livestock farmers of Greek areas regard as their home the mountains and not the plains where they winter (Psihoyos – Papapetrou 1983, 1 28, Salzman [a] 2010, Salzman [b] 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • The Military Policy of the Hellenistic Boiotian League
    The Military Policy of the Hellenistic Boiotian League Ruben Post Department of History and Classical Studies McGill University, Montreal December, 2012 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree Master of Arts ©Ruben Post, 2012. Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 3 Abrégé ............................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ 5 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 7 Sources .........................................................................................................................11 Chapter One .....................................................................................................................16 Agriculture and Population in Late Classical and Hellenistic Boiotia .........................16 The Fortification Building Program of Epameinondas ................................................31 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................43 Chapter Two ....................................................................................................................48
    [Show full text]
  • Synoikism, Urbanization, and Empire in the Early Hellenistic Period Ryan
    Synoikism, Urbanization, and Empire in the Early Hellenistic Period by Ryan Anthony Boehm A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Ancient History and Mediterranean Archaeology in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Emily Mackil, Chair Professor Erich Gruen Professor Mark Griffith Spring 2011 Copyright © Ryan Anthony Boehm, 2011 ABSTRACT SYNOIKISM, URBANIZATION, AND EMPIRE IN THE EARLY HELLENISTIC PERIOD by Ryan Anthony Boehm Doctor of Philosophy in Ancient History and Mediterranean Archaeology University of California, Berkeley Professor Emily Mackil, Chair This dissertation, entitled “Synoikism, Urbanization, and Empire in the Early Hellenistic Period,” seeks to present a new approach to understanding the dynamic interaction between imperial powers and cities following the Macedonian conquest of Greece and Asia Minor. Rather than constructing a political narrative of the period, I focus on the role of reshaping urban centers and regional landscapes in the creation of empire in Greece and western Asia Minor. This period was marked by the rapid creation of new cities, major settlement and demographic shifts, and the reorganization, consolidation, or destruction of existing settlements and the urbanization of previously under- exploited regions. I analyze the complexities of this phenomenon across four frameworks: shifting settlement patterns, the regional and royal economy, civic religion, and the articulation of a new order in architectural and urban space. The introduction poses the central problem of the interrelationship between urbanization and imperial control and sets out the methodology of my dissertation. After briefly reviewing and critiquing previous approaches to this topic, which have focused mainly on creating catalogues, I point to the gains that can be made by shifting the focus to social and economic structures and asking more specific interpretive questions.
    [Show full text]
  • University Microfilms International
    ANCIENT EUBOEA: STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF A GREEK ISLAND FROM EARLIEST TIMES TO 404 B.C. Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Vedder, Richard Glen, 1950- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 11/10/2021 05:15:39 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290465 INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame.
    [Show full text]
  • HERODOTUS I I I 1 IV I I BOOKS VIII-IX I I I I L I I I I I I 1 I 1 I L I 1 I 1 I I I I L G Translated by I a D
    I I 1 I 1 OEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY I i I 1 I I I m HERODOTUS I i I 1 IV i I BOOKS VIII-IX I i i I l I I I I i i 1 I 1 i l i 1 i 1 I I i I l g Translated by i A D. GODLEY i i I 1 I I iN Complete list of Lock titles can be V*o Jound at the end of each volume the historian HERODOTUS grc-at Greek was born about 484 B.C., at Halicar- nassus in Caria, Asia Minor, when it was subject to the Persians. He travelled in of Asia widely most Minor, Egypt (as as far Assuan), North Africa, Syria, the country north of the Black Sea, and many parts of the Aegean Sea and the mainland of Greece. He lived, it seems, for some time in Athens, and in 443 went with other colonists to the new city Thurii (in he died about South Italy) where 430 B.C. He was 'the prose correlative of the bard, a narrator of the deeds of real men, and a describer of foreign places' (Murray). His famous history of warfare between the Greeks and the Persians has an epic enhances his dignity which delightful style. It includes the rise of the Persian power and an account of the Persian the empire ; description of Egypt fills one book; because Darius attacked Scythia, the geography and customs of that land are also even in the later books on the given ; the Persians attacks of against Greece there are digressions.o All is most entertainingo a After and produces grand unity.
    [Show full text]
  • Homer, the Poet of the Dark Age Author(S): O
    Homer, the Poet of the Dark Age Author(s): O. T. P. K. Dickinson Source: Greece & Rome, Second Series, Vol. 33, No. 1 (Apr., 1986), pp. 20-37 Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Classical Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/643022 . Accessed: 13/09/2011 10:51 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Cambridge University Press and The Classical Association are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Greece & Rome. http://www.jstor.org Greece & Rome, Vol. XXXIII, No. 1, April 1986 HOMER, THE POET OF THE DARK AGE By O. T. P. K. DICKINSON This paper began as a lecture to an extramural weekend course on the Greek Dark Age, organized in Oxford by the Department of External Studies in December 1983.1 It was intended to suggest that the world of the Homeric poems, insofar as it had any relationship with reality, was more likely to reflect the conditions of the Dark Age than those of Mycenaean Greece, and it was born of increasing frustration at the dominance of what I will call the 'Mycenaean' interpretation of Homer, particularly at the popular level.
    [Show full text]
  • VU Research Portal
    VU Research Portal Charalambidou, X. 2011. “Developments on Euboea and at Oropos at the end of the ‘Dark Ages’ (ca. 700 to the mid-7th century BC)”, in A. Mazarakis Ainian (ed.), The “Dark Ages” Revisited, Acts of an International Symposium in Memory of W.D.E. Coulson, University of Thessaly, 14-17 June 2007, Volos, 810-831. Charalambidou, Xenia (Polyxeni) published in A. Mazarakis Ainian (ed.), The “Dark Ages” Revisited, Acts of an International Symposium in Memory of W.D.E. Coulson, University of Thessaly, 14-17 June 2007, Volos 2011 Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Charalambidou, X. P. (2011). Charalambidou, X. 2011. “Developments on Euboea and at Oropos at the end of the ‘Dark Ages’ (ca. 700 to the mid-7th century BC)”, in A. Mazarakis Ainian (ed.), The “Dark Ages” Revisited, Acts of an International Symposium in Memory of W.D.E. Coulson, University of Thessaly, 14-17 June 2007, Volos, 810-831. In A. Mazarakis Ainian (ed.), The “Dark Ages” Revisited, Acts of an International Symposium in Memory of W.D.E. Coulson, University of Thessaly, 14-17 June 2007, Volos General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.
    [Show full text]