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Komoditas : KAMBING Komoditas : KAMBING Title:Thermal balance of livestock 1. A parsimonious model View Article: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 2000. 101 (1). 15- 27 CD Volume:325 Print Article: Pages: 15-27 Author(s):Turnpenny J R McArthur A J Clark J A Wathes C M Author Affiliation:Division of Environmental Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Boninghon Campus, Loughborough, Leics, LE12 5RD, UK Language:English Abstract:A mathematical model based on the physics of heat transfer, predicted the thermal balance of a homeotherm, given standard meteorological data as input. While certain assumptions made the model tractable, it was based on established physical relationships and documented physiological processes. Its application to animals indoors and outdoors in the UK showed that greater sophistication is probably unwarranted Descriptors:livestock. environment. heat-flow. heat-loss. heat- transfer. mathematical-models. heat-stress. thermal-analysis. meteorological-factors Geographic Locator:UK Organism Descriptors:sheep Supplemental Descriptors:Ovis. Bovidae. ruminants. Artiodactyla. mammals. vertebrates. Chordata. animals. ungulates. British-Isles. Western-Europe. Europe. Developed-Countries. Commonwealth-of- Nations. European-Union-Countries. OECD-Countries Subject Codes:LL860. LL180 Supplementary Info:60 ref ISSN:0168-1923 Year:2000 Journal Title:Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Copyright:Copyright CAB International Title:Thermal balance of livestock. 2. Applications of a parsimonious model View Article: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 2000. 101 (1). 29- 52 CD Volume:325 Print Article: Pages: 29-52 Author(s):Turnpenny J R Wathes C M Clark J A McArthur A J Author Affiliation:Division of Environmental Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leics, LE12 5RD, UK Language:English Abstract:A mathematical model developed from heat transfer principles to predict the thermal status of a homeotherm was applied to sheep and cattle outdoors and pigs and broiler chickens indoors. The climatological variables considered in the model included air temperature, wind speed, vapour pressure and solar radiation. For sheep, the fleece depth varied seasonally and thermal balance was achieved by a metabolic response, vasodilation and panting. For cattle, the thermal responses included sweating and piloerection of the coat. The insulation provided by the pig's sparse hair coat was neglected, but the increase in its body insulation with age and environmental conditions was included as a major determinant of heat loss. For chickens, the insulation provided by the body tissue and feathers was described by a single thermal resistance. Their thermal responses included feather fluffing, vasomotor action in the combs and feet, and changes in respiration rate and body temperature. The models were tested successfully for each species by simulating the experimental conditions used by previous workers and comparing the predictions with measured values of heat loss, skin and body temperature. The interception of solar radiation by animals outdoors was also tested successfully for solar elevations up to 45 deg C. For sheep, the predicted heat loss agreed with measurements to within 10%. The onset of vasodilation for a shorn sheep on maintenance food intake was predicted successfully to occur at an air temperature of 25 deg C, and the variation of skin temperature on the legs with air temperature was predicted to within the uncertainty of the measurements. The model predicted the heat loss from cattle in the cold with acceptable accuracy when the wind speed was low, but overestimated heat loss from calves by up to 30% in wind. In warm conditions, the evaporative heat loss from cattle as a consequence of sweating was predicted with acceptable accuracy. The errors incurred by ignoring solar radiation penetration into the coat were acceptably small, given the associated reduction in model complexity. Sensitivity analysis showed that the predictions of heat loss from sheep and cattle were sensitive to wind speed and coat length, especially when the coat was short. For both species, the level of stress was sensitive to ambient vapour pressure at high air temperatures. For a single new-born pig, the model underestimated heat loss at 30 deg C with an overall error of -9% over the range of wind speeds likely to be experienced indoors. The model over- predicted heat loss by an average of 20% at 20 deg C, probably due to the absence in the model of a temperature-dependent huddling response. However, for a 25 kg pig exposed to air temperatures from - 5 to 35 deg C, the model predicted the skin temperature on the trunk, a good indication of its thermal status, to within the limits of the experimental uncertainty. The total heat loss from chickens exposed to temperatures in the range 0-38 deg C was predicted with an overall error of 6%. In a separate test, the body core temperature of hens was predicted to within 0.3 deg C on average for the same range of air temperature, again within the limits of experimental uncertainty. Sensitivity analysis showed that the prediction of body temperature for chickens was most sensitive to ambient humidity at high air temperatures, and to body resistance. The paper discusses the limitations of the models and the need for more measurements of heat losses from current breeds of livestock Descriptors:livestock. body-temperature. broilers. poultry. environment. feathers. feet. hair. heat-loss. heat-transfer. humidity. buildings. insulation. mathematical-models. models. penetration. radiation. respiration. skin-temperature. solar- radiation. heat-stress. sweating. heat-resistance. vapour-pressure. vasodilation. thermal-analysis. meteorological-factors Organism Descriptors:cattle. fowls. pigs. sheep Supplemental Descriptors:Bos. Bovidae. ruminants. Artiodactyla. mammals. vertebrates. Chordata. animals. ungulates. Gallus-gallus. Gallus. Phasianidae. Galliformes. birds. Sus-scrofa. Sus. Suidae. Suiformes. Ovis Subject Codes:LL180. LL860 Supplementary Info:71 ref ISSN:0168-1923 Year:2000 Journal Title:Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Copyright:Copyright CAB International Title:Grassland desertification by grazing and the resulting micrometeorological changes in Inner Mongolia View Article: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 2000. 102 (2/3). 125-137 CD Volume:325 Print Article: Pages: 125-137 Author(s):Li ShengGong Harazono Y Oikawa T Zhao HaLin He ZongYing Chang XueLi Author Variant:Li-S-G. Zhao-H-L. He-Z-Y. Chang-X-L Author Affiliation:Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan Language:English Abstract:Overgrazing is one of the most primary causes of desertification in semi-arid zones of China. From 1992 to 1994 we conducted a grazing experiment in Naiman (lat. 42 deg 58'N, long. 120 deg 43'E, 345 m asl), Inner Mongolia, China to elucidate desertification mechanisms. The experimental field, which was covered with some short grasses, legumes and forbs, included four plots where grazing sheep numbers differed (0, 3, 6, or 9 individuals). Micrometeorological measurement data were analysed using the Bowen ratio energy balance method. Ground surface reflectivity (albedo) increased with grazing intensity. The overgrazed plot had been desertified after 3 year's grazing experiment. Albedo can be regarded as an important indicator of potential grassland desertification. When desertification occurs, then albedo will exceed a critical value. Partitioning of net radiation exhibited distinct patterns among the four plots as a result of the interplay between albedo and in situ vegetation. Ratios of the net radiation or net available radiation to solar radiation tended to decrease with increasing grazing intensity. But this pattern of changes was largely affected by soil moisture regime and vegetation status during the measurements. Grazing also remarkably affected wind regimes over the experimental plots through altering surface roughness. Especially, sustained overgrazing decreased surface roughness length so substantially that wind could act directly on sandy grassland surface to initiate desertification. A permissible grazing capacity of the studied temperate semi-arid grassland was also proposed for future grassland management Descriptors:desertification. grazing. energy-balance. grasslands. semiarid-zones. soil-water. solar-radiation. semiarid-grasslands. albedo. overgrazing Geographic Locator:China. Nei-Menggu Organism Descriptors:Poaceae. grasses. sheep Supplemental Descriptors:Cyperales. monocotyledons. angiosperms. Spermatophyta. plants. Poaceae. Ovis. Bovidae. ruminants. Artiodactyla. mammals. vertebrates. Chordata. animals. ungulates. East-Asia. Asia. Developing-Countries. Northern-China. China Subject Codes:PP350. PP500. PP600 Supplementary Info:37 ref ISSN:0168-1923 Year:2000 Journal Title:Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Copyright:Copyright CAB International Title:Grazing alone is not enough to maintain landscape diversity in the Montseny Biosphere Reserve View Article: Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 2000. 77 (3). 267-273 CD Volume:325 Print Article: Pages: 267-273 Author(s):Bartolome J Franch J Plaixats J Seligman N G Author Affiliation:Departament de Patologia i Produccion Animals, Facultat de Veterinaria, Edifici V. Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain Language:English Abstract:Conservative land-use over the past few decades has converted the Montseny Biosphere
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