Facultad Latinoamericana De Ciencias Sociales, FLACSO Ecuador Departamento De Antropología, Historia Y Humanidades Convocatoria 2013-2016

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Facultad Latinoamericana De Ciencias Sociales, FLACSO Ecuador Departamento De Antropología, Historia Y Humanidades Convocatoria 2013-2016 www.flacsoandes.edu.ec Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, FLACSO Ecuador Departamento de Antropología, Historia y Humanidades Convocatoria 2013-2016 Tesis para obtener el título de doctorado en Historia de los Andes “Baratijas mujeriles”: género, raza y clase en la Real Audiencia de Quito, siglos XVII y XVIII Alicia del Carmen Torres Proaño Directora: Kimberly Gauderman Lectores: Chad Black, Carlos Espinosa, Susana Guenguerich y Karen Graubart Quito, noviembre de 2018 Dedicatoria A Miguel Ángel y a Aída, a Fernando, a Miguel y Manuela II Epígrafe Ah quem tivesse a força para desertar deveras! Fernando Pessoa III Tabla de contenidos Resumen .................................................................................................................. VIII Agradecimientos......................................................................................................... IX Introducción ................................................................................................................. 1 Gobierno, género y diferencia en tiempos virreinales: una revisión historiográfica ....... 1 1. Formas de gobierno hispánico .................................................................................. 5 2. La construcción de la diferencia: Género .................................................................22 3. La construcción de la diferencia: Raza .....................................................................45 4. Historiografía de la Real Audiencia de Quito: género ..............................................54 5. Conclusiones ...........................................................................................................58 6. Capítulos .................................................................................................................60 7. Fuentes ....................................................................................................................62 Capítulo 1 ....................................................................................................................65 El matrimonio: la iglesia y el estado ............................................................................65 1. Entre el patriarcado y las diversidades .....................................................................65 2. El Concilio de Trento...............................................................................................65 3. Hispanoamérica – Trento: el matrimonio .................................................................71 4. Contextualizando la normativa: género y patriarcado ...............................................81 Capítulo 2 ....................................................................................................................90 Amancebamiento público y notorio: hombres y mujeres en los juicios de amancebamiento ....................................................................................................................................90 1. Introducción ............................................................................................................90 2. El amancebamiento: género y política ......................................................................98 2.1. Hombres acusan a hombres… .......................................................................98 2.2. Mujeres acusan a hombres… ....................................................................... 136 2.3. Hombres acusan a mujeres… ...................................................................... 141 3. Conclusiones ......................................................................................................... 143 Capítulo 3 .................................................................................................................. 146 Malos tratos y alimentos, entre el sentimiento y la economía ..................................... 146 1. La sevicia y el caudal ............................................................................................. 147 2. Las mujeres litigan… ............................................................................................. 164 3. Conclusiones ......................................................................................................... 191 Capítulo 4 .................................................................................................................. 194 La Real Pragmática en la Real Audiencia de Quito: raza, clase y género hacia fines de la Colonia ..................................................................................................................... 194 1. Raza – casta y género y la creación de las diferencias ............................................ 195 2. Raza-casta, clase y género en el discurso de las causas .......................................... 204 IV 3. Conclusiones ......................................................................................................... 235 Conclusiones ............................................................................................................. 240 La Iglesia, el estado y el patriarcado .......................................................................... 240 El amancebamiento ................................................................................................... 242 Caudal y sevicia ........................................................................................................ 244 El disenso .................................................................................................................. 247 Lista de referencias .................................................................................................... 250 V Lista de tablas Tabla 1: Principales causas de litigios en Serie Matrimoniales (1636-1805) .................62 Tabla 2: Amancebamiento (1679-1805) .......................................................................63 VI Resumen “Baratijas mujeriles”: género, raza y clase en la Real Audiencia de Quito, siglos XVII y XVIII” analiza casos de amancebamiento, de malos tratos y sevicia y casos de disenso, querellas que empiezan a ser presentadas en las cortes civiles a partir de 1778 con la promulgación de la Real Pragmática sobre matrimonios desiguales. Se ha escogido estos litigios porque se relacionan con conflictos matrimoniales, los cuales permiten ingresar al ámbito de la vida cotidiana y desde allí, desde el espacio de lo doméstico, buscar la conexión con el entorno social, económico, político y cultural. Esta tesis argumenta que las mujeres del siglo XVIII de la Real Audiencia de Quito supieron urdir unos lenguajes y unas prácticas que aprovecharon los resquicios de los procedimientos legales y las formas de gobierno colonial para constituirse como agentes políticas, sociales y económicas y culturales en un contexto que daba lugar a esa presencia y a esa agencia. En los casos de amancebamiento, se argumenta que esta fue una práctica regida por ciertos códigos compartidos, tolerada para hombres y mujeres. Sin embargo, cuando se altera ese código práctico al interior de las relaciones sociales, económicas y políticas que mantienen esa tolerancia, el amancebamiento se convierte en una causa judiciable. El amancebamiento no es una causa que llegue a las cortes por sí mismo, por ser un delito judiciable, sino por esa ruptura del código práctico compartido. En los casos de malos tratos y sevicia, las mujeres se constituyen como agentes económicas pues más allá de que ciertas leyes y reglamentaciones protegieran su acceso a la dote, a alimentos y a litis expensas, en estos casos están disputando en contra de “mal trato”, “mala vida”, uniendo el huir de la violencia con el acceso a sus bienes, así estos sean “baratijas mujeriles”; es decir, constituirse como actoras más allá de la protección de sus esposos. Y, en los casos de disenso, las mujeres y también los hombres disputan por las formas de clasificación identitaria y, especialmente, por mantener una forma de hacer, constituida por las prácticas sociales y culturales: la libre elección de su pareja, retando la autoridad paterna y materna. Así, esta tesis sugiere una nueva forma de comprender los conflictos maritales en Quito, demostrando como mujeres y hombres hábilmente manejan los procedimientos legales para construir sus roles de género al interior del matrimonio. VIII Agradecimientos Gracias a Kimberly Gauderman por iniciar conmigo y acompañarme en el descubrimiento de las incógnitas de la historia. Su permanente estar ahí y los diálogos y las esperas han sido ingredientes imprescindibles para concluir esta tarea. A Mercedes Prieto por su cercano acompañamiento a lo largo todo el ciclo doctoral. A Ramón, por su amistad, por las largas horas en el archivo, por los miles de fotografías. A Fabio por su amistad y complicidad a lo largo de nuestra experiencia compartida. A Fernando, Felipe, Simón, Teodoro por su amistad sinfín. A Karina y a Alex por su permanente presencia. Y, finalmente, unas gracias primarias a Fernando, Miguel y Manuela, testigos de mi fascinación en descubrir una historia distinta, por su ternura sin fin. IX Introducción Gobierno, género y diferencia en tiempos virreinales: una revisión historiográfica En 1749, Clemente de la Thorre por medio de su apoderado se presenta en grado de fuerza en la corte civil en contra del Juez Eclesiástico quien ha sentenciado que debe pagar alimentos a su esposa doña Josefa Sotomaior, tanto las semanas atrasadas como presentar fianza por las semanas venideras. Clemente alega, primero, que
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