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Social Change in Turkey: an Analysis Through Selected Films

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Social Change in Turkey: an Analysis Through Selected Films SOCIAL CHANGE IN TURKEY: AN ANALYSIS THROUGH SELECTED FILMS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ÇİÇEK COŞKUN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY SEPTEMBER 2014 iii iv Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof.Dr. Meliha Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof.Dr. Ayşe Saktanber Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Assoc.Prof.Dr. Mustafa Şen Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Ayşe Gündüz Hoşgör (METU, SOC) Prof.Dr. Kurtuluş Kayalı(ANKARA UNV,HIST) Prof. Dr. Recep Boztemur (METU, HIST) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Şen (METU, SOC) Assist. Prof. Dr. Çağatay Topal (METU, SOC) v I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Çiçek Coşkun Signature : iii ABSTRACT SOCIAL CHANGE IN TURKEY: AN ANALYSIS THROUGH SELECTED FILMS Coşkun, Çiçek Ph.D., Department of Sociology Supervisor: Assoc.Prof.Dr. Mustafa Şen September 2014, 241 pages This study aims to contribute to the research literature through the comparative examination of selected field studies and cinema films on social change in Turkey between 1950 and 1980. The study derives from the argument that it is possible to develop an alternative/contribution to the current research methods through the use of visual sources by means of the suggestions of the ‘sociological imagination’ and ‘sociology of affect’. Depending on sociological imagination and sociology of affects, it is claimed that the use of cinema films in sociological research enables fast and effective analysis of the social issues and their fast and effective transfer to the audience. The individual can comprehend social issues effectively and faster through films relevant with the subject since she/he can identify with the story and characters of the film with the effect of visuality. Contents of sociological field studies and cinema films that were chosen for the present study are compared in terms of their examination of social change in Turkey. In order to make this comparison, five field studies and eight cinema films were selected. Afterwards, depending on the issues the sociologists focused on their field studies, six concepts were determined, and the films’ approach towards these concepts are analyzed. iv Study progresses with the examination of socio-economic developments and developments of empirical studies in sociology discipline in Turkey between 1950 and 1980. Then, it focuses on the classical narrative structure, character structure, representations of social types and development of Turkish cinema. Finally, the study aims both to analyze how field studies and cinema studies focus on the issue of social change; and to indicate that cinema films can be used in social researches through the sociological imagination and sociology of affects. Key words: Sociological Imagination, Sociology of Affects, Film Studies, Field Studies, Social Change v ÖZ TÜRKİYE’DE SOSYAL DEĞİŞİM: SİNEMA FİLMLERİ YOLUYLA BİR ANALİZ Coşkun, Çiçek Doktora, Sosyoloji Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Mustafa Şen Eylül 2014, 241 sayfa Bu çalışma Türkiye’de 1950-1980 yılları arasındaki sosyal değişimi, sinema filmleri ve sosyolojik alan araştırmaları üzerinden karşılaştırmalı olarak inceleyerek, inceleme/araştırma literatürüne katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma “sosyolojik tahayyül” ve “duygular sosyolojisi”nin önerdiği şekilde görsel kaynakların kullanılması ile var olan araştırma yöntemlerine bir alternatif/katkı geliştirilebileceği düşüncesinden yola çıkmaktadır. “Sosyolojik tahayyül” ve “duygular sosyolojisi”ne dayanılarak, iddia edilmektedir ki, sosyolojik araştırmalarda sinema filmlerinden yararlanmak, sosyal meselelerin izleyiciye hızlı ve etkili biçimde aktarılabilmesini ve analiz edilebilmesini sağlamaktadır. Sinema filmlerinde kişi, anlatılan hikâye ve karakterle görselliğin etkisi ile hızlı biçimde özdeşlik kurabileceği için, sinema filmlerinde anlatılan sosyal meseleler izleyiciye hızlı ve direkt bir biçimde aktarılabilir. Bu amaçla çalışma için seçilen sosyolojik alan araştırmaları ve sinema filmleri içerikleri ve Türkiye’deki sosyal değişimi inceleyişleri açısından karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu karşılaştırmanın yapılabilmesi için beş tane alan araştırması ve sekiz tane sinema filmi seçilmiştir. Ardından, sosyologların alan araştırmalarında odaklandıkları konulara dayanılarak altı tane kavram belirlenmiş ve filmlerin bu kavramlara yaklaşımları incelenmiştir. vi Çalışma Türkiye’de 1950-1980 arasındaki sosyo-ekonomik değişimlerin ve sosyoloji disiplini içinde ampirik araştırmaların gelişiminin incelenmesi ile ilerlemektedir. Ardından, sinemada klasik anlatı yapısına, karakter yapısına, sosyal tiplerin temsillerine ve Türk sinemasının gelişimine odaklanmaktadır. Son olarak, çalışma alan araştırmalarının ve sinema filmlerinin sosyal değişim konusuna nasıl odaklandıklarını incelemeyi ve sosyolojik tahayyül ve duygular sosyolojisi üzerinden sinema filmlerinin sosyal araştırmalarda kullanılabileceğini göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Sosyolojik Tahayyül, Duygular Sosyolojisi, Film Çalışmaları, Alan Araştırmaları, Sosyal Değişim vii To my mother and father viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Şen, for his support, advices and encouragement during my thesis process. I learned a lot from his academic experience, discipline, steadiness and calmness during this process and I will always follow his advices. I would also like to express my gratitude to Prof. Dr. Ayşe Gündüz Hoşgör, Prof. Dr. Kurtuluş Kayalı, Prof. Dr. Recep Boztemur and Assist. Prof. Dr. Çağatay Topal for their valuable advices and insights. They were always very kind to take their time off to my thesis. I am an extremely lucky person to have wonderful friends around me who supported and encouraged me not only during my PhD study, but also in all areas of my life. I would like to express my gratitude to them. Ahu Paköz supported me not only in every step of my thesis writing process and PhD study, but also in my life. I am grateful to her. Demo Ahmet Aslan read my thesis various times with a big patience and gave significant advices. I learned a lot from his academic discipline. Cansel Kadıoğlu had literally taken care of me during the writing and submission procedures of my thesis. I am grateful to her for being such a good organizator. Filiz Öztürk supported me with her good advices, eased my burden and turned my summer to a lively period. Nihal Aksüt always supported and encouraged me not only during this process, but also in all my life with her presence. Fazilet Boynueğrioğlu had literally taken care of me during all periods of my life including my PhD study. I am thankful to her. Kübra Gökdemir was such a problem solver for me during this period. Beril Karaoğlan was always there for me, not only during my PhD study but also in all parts of my life. I am also grateful to Zach Gordon for his support and advices for the language and grammar of my thesis. Özgül, Şenol and Deniz Tekdal were among my biggest supporters and source of joy during this period. I am grateful to them for their great friendship and support. ix I am also grateful to my friends R.Arzu Kalemci, E.Ayşe Özşuca, Özlem Sefer, H.Gökçe Şimşek, Duygu Ersoy, H. Bahadır Türk and Ebru Şener for sharing my PhD study period with their supports. Last but not least, my deepest gratitude is for my family. My dear sister İpek Coşkun was one of my biggest supporters during this period. She has always made things easier for me. I am indebted to my mother and my father not only for their support during my study but also for always being there for me. My father is my biggest supporter in my life and I know that there is no possible way of expressing my deepest gratitude for him within the boundaries of the grammar of any language. x TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM...………………………………………………………………iii ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... iv ÖZ ...................................................................................................................... vi DEDICATION………………………………………………………………viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................. xi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 2. SOCIO-POLITIC DEVELOPMENTS IN THE PERIOD OF SOCIAL CHANGE: THE YEARS BETWEEN 1950 AND 1980 ................................... 21 2.1 Pre-1950 Period: End of the Single Party Rule ................................... 22 2.2. 1950-1960 Period: The Democratic Experience in Turkey ............... 27 2.3. 1960-1980 Period: Increase of Public Opposition ............................. 33 2.4. Conclusion ........................................................................................
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