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Chromosome Numbers of a Few South African Grasses

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Chromosome Numbers of a Few South African Grasses 1954 97 Chromosome Numbers of a few South African Grasses J. M. J. de Wet Division of Horticulture, Pretoria , South Africa Received September 7, 1953 South Africa is very rich in grass genera and species , but relatively li ttle is known about their cytology . The present report will deal with forty-seven species collected on the Pretoria Horticultural Experimental Farm. Identification and nomenclature are according to Stapf (1900) and Hubbard (1934). Herbarium specimens of the material studied , together with corresponding root-tip slides are filed with the Division of Horticulture , Department of Agriculture, Pretoria . Material and method In all cases root-tips were collected a day or two after good rains . Herbarium specimens of the same plants were made at the same time and identified by Mr. J. A. Andersson, Division of Botany, Department of Agriculture. Root-tips were fixed in Randolph's (1935) "CRAF" fluid for 24 hours, embedded and sectioned in the usual manner . These were sec tioned 10-15 microns thick and stained with Stockwell's (1934) modification of the Flemming triple stain. Results The genera are subdivided into tribes, following more or less closely the classification system of Hubbard (1934). The chromosome numbers obtained are listed in table 1. Most of these require little comment and are listed mainly to get them on record. Others may be more significant and will be discussed at greater length. References to previous records of chromosome numbers listed in table 1 may be found in Darlington and Janaki Animal (1945) and Myers (1947). Stipeae. Basic chromosome numbers in this tribe seem to be twofold. Johnson (1945) indicated a basic chromosome number of n=12 in Oryzopsis. Avdulov (1931) showed a basic number of n=11 in the genera Aristida and Piptochaetium. In the genus Stipa, the species appear to form an aneuploid series, perhaps originally derived from n=6 and n=5. Four species of the genus Aristida have been investigated. Aristida submicronata with 22 chromosomes further indicates the presence of a basic number n=11. This is in agreement with the results of Stebbins (Myers, 1947) showing 2n=22 for A. liamulosa, and Avdulov (1931) who indicated that A. adscensianis is a tetraploid on the basis of n=11. The other three Cytologia19, 1951 7 98 J. M. J. de Wet Cytologia 19 Table 1. Chromosome numbers in the gramineae 1954 Chromosome Numbers of a few South African Grasses 99 Table. 1. Continued. species investigated, viz. A. barbicollis and A. junciformis with 24 chromo somes and the 48-chromosome species A. canescens, indicate that a basic number of n=12 is also present in this genus. Pappophoreae. Hubbard (1934) includes the genera Pappophorum, Cottea, Enneapogon and Schmidtia in this tribe. Prat (1936) records an epidermis resembling that of members in the tribe Eragrosteae for Cottea and Pap pophorum, while for species of both genera Covas (1945) reports n=10 and small chromosomes. The genus Enneapogon, however, is characterized by a basic chromosome number of n=12 and the chromosomes are small. Chlorideae. The genus Chloris has been investigated cytologically by Avdulov (1931) and Brown (1950) who indicated a basic number of 92=10 in this genus. Chloris pycnothrix with 30 chromosomes further shows that n=10 is the common basic number for the genus. Eragrosteae. The numbers obtained in the genus Eragrostis need no further comment. Numerous species have already been investigated and the basic number is n=10. For E. Curvula the present count is in conflict with an earlier observation by Nielsen (1939) who indicated that this species might be tetraploid. The material investigated in the present study definitely 7* 100 J . M. J. de Wet Cytologia 19 Fig. 1-48. Camera lucida drawings of somatic chromosomes in the following grasses. 1, Aristida submucronata, 2n=22; 2, A. barbicollis, 2n=24; 3, A. junciformes, 2n=24: 4, A. canescens, 2n=48; 5, Enneapogon scoparius, 2n=36; 6, Chloris pycnothrix, 2n= 30; 7, Eragrostis lappula, 2n=40; 8, E. gummiflua, 2n=40; 9, E. superba, 2n=40; 10, E. wilmsii, 2n=40; 11, E. curvula, 2n=50; 12, Eleusine indica, 2n=36; 13, Pogonarthria squarrosa, 2n=40; 14, Triraphis andropogonoides, 2n=20. 15, Tragus racemosus, 2n= 1954 Chromosome Numbers of a few South African Grasses 101 has 50, chromosomes (figure 11). Eleusine indica with 36 chromosomes is evidently a tetraploid with a basic number of n=9. Previous records for this species by Avdulov (1931) and Krishnaswamy (1940), however , list it as n=18, indicating that a tetraploid as well as diploid form of E. indica is present . Two genera of the tribe Eragrosteae have been investigated for the first time. In both of these, Pogonarthria and Triraphis the basic chromosome number is n=10. Zoysieae. The only member of this tribe investigated in the present study i.e. Tragus racemasus has been reported earlier by Avdulov (1931) . The present count of 40 chromosomes is in agreement with Avdulov's observation. Sporoboleae. Sporobolus capensis has 2n=18, indicating a basic chromo some number of n=9 in the genus. Previous reports support this . Paniceae, This tribe is well represented in the present investigation . The genera Braclziara, Digitaria, Echinoclzloa, Panicuna, Paspalu n, Setaria and Tricholaena have been discussed at great length by various authors. A few observations, however, should be made. Young and Crocker (1933) demonstrated 2n=24 in Digitaria valida. The material studied by the author, on the other hand is characterized by 30 chromosomes. This latter count appears to be the correct one as all other Digitaria species investigated have a basic number of n=10. Burton (1940) counted 40 chromosomes in Paspalum urvillei; this agrees with the present observation . An earlier record by Nielsen (1939) however, indicated that a hexaploid form with 2n=60 is also to be found. For Setaria verticillata the present count is 2n=18, which is in agreement with the observation of Krishnaswamy and Rangaswami Ayyangar (1935). Avdulov (1931) however, studied plants of this species with 36 chromosomes. Four genera belonging to the Paniceae have been investigated for the first time. Of these the genera Acroceras and Rlynchelytrum are characterized by a basic chromosome number of n=9, whereas Scluzachyriunz and Urochlos have n=10. Andropogoneae. Thirteen species belonging to nine genera included in 40; 16, Sporobolus capensis, 2n=18; 17, Aroceras macrum, 2n=36; 18, Brachiaria nigropedata, 2n=18; 19, Digitaria valida, 2n=30; 20, D. eriantha, 2n=40; 21, Echino chloa colona, 2n=54; 22, Panicum maximum, 2n=18; 23, P. deustum, 2n=36; 24, Paspalum urvillei, 2n=40; 25, Rhynchelytrum repens, 2n=36; 26, Schizachyrium semiberbe, 2n=30; 27, Setaria flabellata, 2n=18; 28, S. verticillata, 2n=18; 29, S. pallidifusca, 2n=36; 30, S. sphacelata, 2n=36; 31, Tricholaena monachne, 2n=36; 32, Urochloa brachyura, 2n=30; 33, U. panicoides, 2n=30; 34, Androgogon eucomus, 2n= 20; 35, A. schirensis, 2n=20; 36, Bothriochloa glabre, 2n=40; 37, B. insculpta, 2n=60; 38, Cymbopogon excavatus, 2n=20; 39, C. validus, 2n=20; 40, C. plurinodes, 2n=40; 41, Dichanthium aristatum, 2n=20; 42, Hemarthria altissima, 2n=20; 43, Heteropogon contortus, 2n=60; 44, Hyparrhenia aucta, 2n=20; 45, H. hirta, 2n=30; 46, H. hirta, 2n=45; 47, Ischaemum arcuatum, 2n=20; 48, Trachypogon capesis, 2n=40. 102 J. M. J. de Wet Cytologia 19 this tribe, have been studied. The genera Andropogan, Cymbopogon, Hetero pogon, Trachypogon and Ischaeanum, all have n=10, a count which corresponds with previous observations. The African material of Heteropogon cantortus has 60 chromosomes and resembles in this respect , that studied by Brown (1951) from Texas. Darlington and Janaki Ammal (1945) report material of this species with 2n=20. The genus Hyparhenia is of interest. H. aucta with 20 chromosomes seems to be a diploid with a basic chromosome number of n=10. Two chromosome races of H. hirta have been observed: the one has 2n=30, a number previously recorded by Garber (1944) and the other 45 chromosomes. It is evident, therefore, that the basic chromo some number in H. hirta is n=15. The 30 chromosome race may be regarded as diploid and those plants with 2n=45 as tetraploids. The other Andro pogoneae genera included in this investigation, Bothriochloa, Dicanthium and Hemarthria are all characterized by a basic chromosome number of n=10. Summary The chromosome numbers of 47 species belonging to 29 genera have been counted. Of these 38 species and 10 genera were previously unknown cytologically. The following genera have been investigated for the first time cytologically: Enneapogon (n=12); Pogonarthria (n=10); Triraphis (n=10); Acroceras (n=9); Rhynchelytrum (n=9); Schizachyrium (n=10); Urochloa (n=10); Bothriochloa (n=10); Dichanthium (n=10); and Hemarthria (n=10). The genus Aristida is characterized by two basic chromosome numbers, n=11 and n=12. Two chromosome races have been observed in Hyparrizenia hirta, 30 chromosome diploids and 45 chromosome tetraploids. H. aucta with 2n=20 seems to be characterized by a basic chromosome number of n=10. Literature cited Avdulov, N. P. 1931. Karyo-systematische Untersuchungen der Familie Gramineen. Bull. Appl. Bot. Pl. Breed. Suppl. 44: 1-428. Brown. W. V. 1950. A cytological study of some Texas Graminea. Bull. Torrey Club. 77: 63-76. - 1951. Chromosome numbers of some Texas grasses. Bull. Torrey Club 78: 292-299. Burton, G. W. 1940. A cytological study of some species in the genus Paspalum. Jour. Agric. Res. 60: 193-198. Covas, G. 1945. Numero de chromosomas de algunas Gramineas Argentinas. Rev. Argent. Agron. 12: 315-317. Darlington, C. D. and E. K. Janaki Animal 1945. Chromosome atlas of cultivated plants. London.
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