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Iowa's Non-Native Graminoids

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Iowa's Non-Native Graminoids Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS Volume 108 Number Article 8 12-2001 Iowa's Non-native Graminoids Thomas R. Rosburg Drake University Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Copyright © Copyright 2001 by the Iowa Academy of Science, Inc. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/jias Part of the Anthropology Commons, Life Sciences Commons, Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons, and the Science and Mathematics Education Commons Recommended Citation Rosburg, Thomas R. (2001) "Iowa's Non-native Graminoids," Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS, 108(4), 142-153. Available at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/jias/vol108/iss4/8 This Research is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa Academy of Science at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS by an authorized editor of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Jour. Iowa Acad. Sci. 108(4):142-153, 2001 Iowa's Non-native Graminoids THOMAS R. ROSBURG Department of Biology, Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa 50311 Iowa's non-narive graminoids include 60 species of grasses and one species of bulrush. The exoric grass species comprise a large proporrion (abour 31 % ) of rhe toral species richness of grasses in Iowa, which are second only ro rhe Asreraceae in rerms of toral species. About half of the non-native graminoids (52%) occur sporadically and form sparse, non-invasive populations, while eighteen species (about 30%) are commonly encountered in large populations throughour the state. About 60% are annuals and a large ma1onry (89%) has been introduced from either Europe or Asia. The C3 photosynthetic pathway is prevalent, occurring in approximately two­ thirds of the species. Grass species introduced for use as forage or grain account for over 40% of these non-native species. Among the nine species that are most ubiquitous throughout the state, six are forage or grain species. Although considered problematic in narural communities, many of these species provide valuable grassland habirar in some areas of rhe state. Biological data concerning growth, life history traits, and habirar affinities are provided for many of the most common species. A review of the literarure relared to the control of non-native grasses is also presented. In general, herbicides showed the greatest probabiliry of reducing the occurrence of non-narive grasses (effective 65% of rhe rime), prescribed fire worked 47% of rhe rime, and mowing was least effective, reporredly working 27% of rhe time. INDEX DESCRIPTORS: herbicide, mowing, prescribed fire, exotic grass, invasive, Brornus, Poa, Festuca, Phalaris, Agropyron. Setaria, Digitaria, Echinochloa, Agrostis, Phleum. Graminoids (or grass-like plants) are arbitrarily defined to include tend to form mats from growth by stolons. Among the 41 % of the three families-the grasses (Poaceae); the sedges (Cyperaceae), which exotic graminoids that are perennials, nearly half are caespitose also includes bulrushes, spikerushes, and nut sedges; and the rushes (forming dense, multi-tiller clumps and therefore somewhat less in­ Ouncaceae). Grasses represent nearly all of the state's introduced gra­ vasive), while about 36% are rhizomatous (forming loose spreading minoids, accounting for 60 species (Eilers and Roosa 1994). Those colonies and consequently more capable of colonization and expan­ 60 exotic grass species also comprise nearly one-third of the grass sion through vegetative growth). diversity in Iowa (about 194 species, Lynn Clark, Iowa State Uni­ Europe and Asia are the principal origin for most of these species, versity, personal communication). This contrasts sharply with the accounting for 87% of the relative frequency of origin. Over half of sedge family in which there is only one non-native species known the grasses were introduced for agronomic reasons, specifically to among a total of 163. The exotic sedge is a bulrush species collected produce either forage or grain. Use of the species in lawns and for in one county in southwestern Iowa (Eilers and Roosa 1994). There erosion control is the third and fourth most frequent reason for in­ are no introduced rushes among the 17 species known to occur in troduction. There is a large group of species without any apparent Iowa. Therefore, this review is essentially an examination of Iowa's reason for introduction; these probably represent accidental species. exotic grass species. As a whole, and unlike most other taxonomic groups, about two­ The checklist of Eilers and Roosa (1994) lists reed canary grass thirds of the exotic graminoids have been purposefully grown and (Phalaris arundinacea) as native. However, there is appreciable evi­ propagated in the state for agronomic purposes. They account for a dence that most populations are an introduced cultivar (Galatowitsch little over half (52%) of the relative abundance (based on the total et al. 1999), and so it will be treated as such in this paper. One of abundance indices for all species). Another 42% of the relative species of three-awn (Aristida rarnosissirna) listed by Eilers and Roosa abundance is represented by the accidental introductions. Together ( 1994) as a non-native species will be treated as native because it is these two categories, agronomic species and weedy species of agro­ indigenous to Missouri and the Iowa record occurs in the southeast­ nomic crops, account for nearly all (94%) of the relative abundance ern corner-a plausible record for a native species. By adding Phal­ indices. aris and dropping Aristida. the total of introduced graminoids re­ The majority of the exotic grasses are cool-season, or have the C 3 mains 61. Species nomenclarure follows Eilers and Roosa (1994). photosynthetic pathway. This reflects the primary purpose of their Slightly over 60% of these 61 exotic graminoids are annuals (Table introductions-to enhance forage yields by lengthening the growing 1), which indicates a ruderal strategy and a tendency to inhabit season of pastures and hayfields. It also means that many have a disturbed areas. These species are generally capable of exploiting competitive edge with native warm-season species because they begin disturbances in both time and space with life history characteristics regrowth from perennial roots earlier in the season. However, this such as high seed production, long distance dispersal, and high seed difference in phenology also provides an opportunity for selective longevity. Annuals lack vegetative growth, however, and are less control. Because plants are usually more susceptible to stress from competitive than perennials, which can be more invasive and difficult fire, mowing, or herbicides when they are physiologically active, to control. Most of rhe annuals are tufted (i.e., have multiple stems properly timed treatments will stress C3 grasses more than native or culms from branching at the base of the primary shoot). A few C4 species. · IOWA'S NON-NATIVE GRAMINOIDS 143 Tablel. Characteristics of Iowa's non-native graminoids. Com­ Table 2. Frequency ranges and scalar values used for calcu­ piled from descriptions in floras or papers that encompass the lating a species' abundance index from the four principal abun­ central United States, including Pohl 1966 and 1987, Correll dance categories used in Eilers and Roosa (1994). and Johnston 1970, Voss 1972, Swink and Wilhelm 1979, Great Plains Flora Association 1986, Gleason and Cronquist 1991, and Assigned Yatskievich 1999. Regional Abundance Frequency in Eilers and Roosa Range Midpoint Scalar Number of Percentage Characteristic Species (%) Rare 1-10% 5% 0.7 Rare to infrequent 1.4 Habit (exclusive)a Infrequent 11-30% 20% 2.8 annual 37 60.7 Infrequent to frequent 4.1 tufted 30 81.1 Frequent 31-60% 45% 6.2 Frequent to common tuft/mat 3 8.1 8.3 solitary 4 10.8 Common 61-100% 80% 11 perennial 25 41.0 clumped 13 52.0 rhizomatous 9 36.0 tuft 3 12.0 Origin (non-exclusive) 20 Europe 48 78.7 Asia 29 47.5 Africa 8 13.1 g 15 North America 5 8.2 " ~" Use (non-exclusive, except for the "none" category) u.. 10 forage 22 36.1 grain 10 16.4 5 lawn 9 14.8 revegetation 8 13.1 0 birdseed 2 3.3 1-7 7-14 14-26 26-38 38-57 57-76 76-100 ornamental 2 3.3 (R) (Rto I) (I) (I to F) (F) (FtoC) (C) none (accidental) 24 39.3 Abundance Indices and Categories Photosynthesis (exclusive) C3 38 62.3 Fig. 1. Frequency histogram of abundance index values for all 61 C4 23 37.7 species of introduced graminoids in Iowa. Abundance categories in­ clude rare (R), infrequent (I), frequent (F), and common (C). Compiled aExclusive (meaning species can only be in one category) except for from information in Eilers and Roosa (1994). See the text for a de­ Lolium perenne, which is segregated into a perennial and annual sub­ scription of the method used to derive the abundance index. species an abundance index of 14 or less (are in the bottom two categories, DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE Fig. 1) and represent sporadic populations. Eighteen species are com­ monly encountered (are in the top two categories, Fig. 1) and account Data on the distribution and abundance of species presented in for 77% of the relative abundance index of all non-native graminoids. Eilers and Roosa (1994) were used to calculate an abundance index Thus the majority of exotic grasses are very limited in occurrence for each of the species that represents its general occurrence through­ (many are represented by just one historical record) and do not pre­ out the state. They divide the state into nine regions and, based on sent any important ecological threats. Among those species with herbaria and floristic records, assign one of these four levels of abun­ abundance indices over 38 (i.e., a rating of at least frequent), most dance for a species in each region: rare, infrequent, occasional, com­ are very familiar species (Table 3); nine are perennial C3 species, mon.
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