'Old-Growth' and Managed Forests in Southeastern Ontario
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BIODIVERSITY OF SAPROXYLIC COLEOPTERA IN 'OLD-GROWTH' AND MANAGED FORESTS IN SOUTHEASTERN ONTARIO Rebecca Zeran Department ofNatural Resource Sciences McGill University, Montreal September 2004 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Science © Rebecca Zeran, 2004 Library and Bibliothèque et 1+1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 0-494-06478-1 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 0-494-06478-1 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans loan, distribute and sell th es es le monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non sur support microforme, papier, électronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. ln compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privée, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont été enlevés de cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. ••• Canada TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... vi LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................................... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... ix PREFACE ........................................................................................................................... x CONTRIBUTIONS OF AUTHORS ................................................................................. xi ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... xii RÉSUMÉ ......................................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER 1: Introduction and Literature Review General introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 Eastern Ontario forests ......................................................................................................... 2 Old-growth forests ............................................................................................................... 3 Downed woody debris ......................................................................................................... 5 Saproxylic beetles in forest management ............................................................................ 8 Fungus-insect relationships ................................................................................................ 12 OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................... 14 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 15 CONNECTING STATEMENT ......................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER 2: Biodiversity of fungivorous beetles (Coleoptera) in managed and 'old growth' hemlock-hardwood forests in southeastern Ontario ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... 22 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 23 MATERIALS AND METHODS ....................................................................................... 25 Study Sites ....................................................................................................................... 25 Sample Collection ............................................................................................................ 25 Coleoptera Identification ................................................................................................. 26 11 Fugus and Coarse Woody Debris Inventory .................................................................... 27 Data Analyses .................................................................................................................. 28 RESULTS .......................................................................................................................... 29 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................... 31 Comparison of Forest Types ............................................................................................ 31 Species Diversity of Leiodinae ....................................................................................... .33 Species Diversity of Other Fungivores ........................................................................... .34 Trapping Differences ....................................................................................................... 35 Conclusions: Fungus-insect Re1ationships and Forest Management.. ............................ .36 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 39 CONNECTING STATEMENT ......................................................................................... 80 CHAPTER 3: Sap beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in managed and 'old-growth' forests in southeastern Ontario, Canada ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... 81 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 82 MATERIALS AND METHODS ....................................................................................... 84 Study Sites ....................................................................................................................... 84 -Sample Collection ............................................................................................................ 84 Nitidulid Identification ..................................................................................................... 85 Data Analyses .................................................................................................................. 86 RESULTS .......................................................................................................................... 87 Richness, Abundance and Phenology ............................................ , ................................. 87 Site Comparisons ............................................................................................................. 88 Species Composition ........................................................................................................ 88 Effects of Glischrochilus quadrisignatus ......................................... , .............................. 89 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................... 89 Richness, Abundance and Phenology ofNitidulidae ....................................................... 89 Comparison of Forest Types ............................................................................................ 91 Resolving Patterns: Collecting Methods and Species Identification ............................... 92 III Conclusion: Forest Management and Nitidulidae ............................................................ 94 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 95 CHAPTER 4: General Conclusion ............................................................................... 12 3 IV LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Location, tree species, size, age and general description of study sites ......... .45 Table 2.2. Fungivorous Coleoptera collected at study sites, 2003 ................................... .46 Table 2.3. Raw species richness (Sobs), number ofindividuals, rarefaction estimated species richness (species ± sn, standardized to 1550 individuals),