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Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) Recorded from Forestry and Agricultural Crops in Sub-Saharan Africa

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Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) Recorded from Forestry and Agricultural Crops in Sub-Saharan Africa Bulletin of Entomological Research (2016) 106, 141–153 doi:10.1017/S0007485315000565 © Cambridge University Press 2015 A taxonomic review of white grubs and leaf chafers (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) recorded from forestry and agricultural crops in Sub-Saharan Africa J.du G. Harrison1,2,3,4* and M.J. Wingfield2 1Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa: 2Forestry and Agriculture Biotechnology Research Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa: 3School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences (AP&ES), University of the Witwatersrand, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa: 4Department of Invertebrates, Ditsong: National Museum of Natural History (Formerly Transvaal Museum), Pretoria 0001, South Africa Abstract Integrated pest management (IPM) is difficult to implement when one knows little about the pest complex or species causing the damage in an agricultural system. To implement IPM on Sub-Saharan African melolonthine pests access to taxon specific knowledge (their identity) and what is known (their biology) of potential pest species is a crucial step. What is known about Sub-Saharan African melolonthine white grubs and chafers has not yet been amalgamated, and this review thus synthesizes all avail- able literature for the Region. The comprehensive nature of the review highlights pest taxon trends within African melolonthines. To facilitate the retrieval of this informa- tion for IPM purposes, all relevant taxonomic and biological information is provided for the taxa covered including an on-line supplementary annotated-checklist of taxon, crop, locality and reference(s). Based on the literature reviewed, recommenda- tions are made to promote effective and efficient management of African melo- lonthine scarab pests. An on-line supplementary appendix provides a list of specialists, useful internet resources, keys, catalogues and sampling methods for the larvae and adults of melolonthine scarab beetles for subsequent morphological or molecular work. Keywords: scarabs, larvae, agriculture, identification, taxonomy (Accepted 13 June 2015; First published online 16 September 2015) Introduction supplementary material), and draws attention to groups most in need of revision from a pest management perspective. This review aims to provide a checklist of the species of Additionally, it provides comprehensive review and bibliog- Sub-Saharan African Melolonthinae that have been recorded raphy of all traced literature (especially taxonomic) specific as pests in agricultural and forestry crops (Table 1 to the melolonthine white grubs and chafers of the Region. It is hoped that this will facilitate white grub research in Sub-Saharan Africa via enhanced access to information, and *Author for correspondence the reduction of duplicated research efforts. Based on this syn- Fax: +27 11 717 6494 thesis, recommendations relevant to white grub and chafer E-mail: [email protected] taxonomy in Sub-Saharan Africa are proposed. To constrain 142 J.du G. Harrison and M.J. Wingfield the size and scope of the review, it covers only the subfamily records of Melolonthinae being destructive to parts of these Melolonthinae, with the remaining scarab subfamilies that plants (Table 1 supplementary material). contain species of economic concern being dealt with in forth- coming studies. The larvae (white grubs) and adults (chafers) of five subfam- Introduced alien species ilies of Scarabaeidae (Aphodiinae, Dynastinae, Cetoniinae, Melolonthinae and Rutelinae) include species that feed on the Most, if not all, African melolonthine scarab pests are en- roots, stems, fruit or foliage of many crops, and therefore may demic to parts of Africa, and no introduced scarab pest species be sporadic forestry and agricultural pests (Table 1 supplemen- are recorded for South Africa (Picker & Griffiths, 2011). tary material). Colloquially, these larvae are known as white However, as this is a broad and general information source, it grubs, cane grubs or curl grubs when they damage agricultural by no means rules out the possibility of there being alien scarabs crops in different regions of the World. White grubs are readily in Sub-Saharan Africa. A possible exception is Phyllophaga identified by their ‘C-shaped’ bodies and sclerotized head smithi (Arrow, 1912), which was originally described as capsules, while the more variable adults generally have an Phytalus smithi from the Caribbean (Barbados and Trinidad) ovoid body shape and lamellate antennae (Richter, 1958, and introduced into Mauritius (Evans, 2003). This species was 1966). Related scarab families, for example dung beetles recorded (Katagira, 2003: 74) from Tanzania and mentioned as a (Scarabaeinae), have similar larvae, but as these groups sorghum stem-borer in eastern Ethiopia (Tefera, 2004). are beneficial recyclers, they are generally not referred to as However, there is no published confirmation of this introduc- white grubs. tion in the primary literature for sugarcane pests known from Melolonthine scarab beetles have a complete life-cycle (ho- Tanzania, but the African endemic Cochliotis melolonthoides is lometabolous); a fertilized female lays eggs, these hatch into well established as a sugarcane pest in Tanzania (Jepson, the first of three larval stages or instars, the final (or third) in- 1956;Carnegie,1974a, b). Consequently, the Katagira (2003) star enters a pre-pupal stage before pupation, from which and Tefera (2004) records of P. smithi occurring on the African adults emerge when environmental conditions are conducive mainland may be based on the exotics being confused with an (Ritcher, 1958, 1966). The duration of the larval stage can vary African species of Schizonycha, which is quite similar to from 1 to 3 years depending on the environmental conditions Phyllophaga (=Phytalus)Arrow(1912). and species’ life cycle (Ratcliffe, 1991). However, species with 2–3 year life-cycles often have adults active each year due to an overlapping of generations. The phenology of the adults is un- Conservation of localized endemic species known for most species, but based on adult phenological data compiled from museum records for Asthenopholis (Harrison, Localized endemics are of particular conservation import- 2009) and Pegylis (Harrison, 2014b), adults from these genera ance. For example, Asthenopholis subfasciata can become an im- are present in varying numbers throughout summer each year. portant sporadic pest of pineapples in the Eastern Cape of Species distributions are dependent on a variety of factors. South Africa (Petty, 1976, 1977a, b, 1978, 1982, 1990, 1994, Some white grubs have a narrow distribution (stenotopic, e.g. 2001, Petty et al., 2002). However, it is endemic to South Asthenopholis subfasciata (Harrison, 2009) and Macrophylla Africa and is also one of only seven known species of spp.), while others have a wider distribution (eurytopic, e.g. Asthenopholis (Harrison, 2009). As a localized endemic and Pegylis sommeri (Harrison, 2014b)). Soil type, texture and mois- part of the country’s biodiversity, we need to control it respon- ture content can play an important role in the distribution of sibly when it reaches localized pest levels. Another example of certain white grub species (Cherry & Allsopp, 1991; Allsopp a localized endemic that can become a sporadic pest species is et al., 1992; Logan, 1997). Females of some white grub species Pseudachloa leonina on golf greens near Pretoria, South Africa are flightless, e.g. Macrophylla pubens (Omer-Cooper et al., (A. Schoeman, 2005, personal communication). 1941, 1941–1942, 1948; Fenwick, 1947), and this has implica- tions for control strategies and the geographic extent of an out- break. The adult activity period can be quite narrow (just a few Access to information days after rain) for some species of chafer (Harrison, personal observations) or extend over a longer time period, i.e. weeks Fragmentary, unsynthesized information relating to scar- and months for Pegylis sommeri (see phenology figs in abs as pests in African crops reduces the efficiency of research Harrison (2014b)). on economically important species. For example, the paucity of information on Eucamenta eugeniae, originally described as a pest of clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) from Zanzibar (Arrow, 1932; Andre Moutia, 1941). But a recent paper (Conlong & Pest status of scarabs Mugalula, 2003) omitted these early publications and reported In large numbers the feeding activity of white grubs and E. eugeniae only as a new pest of sugarcane in Uganda. chafers in crops reduces yields and facilitates secondary micro- Information relating to the same insect taxon, but disguised bial infections through the damaged plant cuticle (Smith et al., due to an incorrect identification is another problem. For ex- 1995; Miller et al., 1999). For example, in southern Africa, white ample, the incorrect identification of Pegylis sommeri (previ- grubs have been recorded as sporadic subterranean pests ously Hypopholis)asMacrophylla ciliata (Herbst) as a pest of on tree-seedlings, sorghum, sugarcane, pineapples, potatoes pineapple in South Africa (Petty, 1976, 1977b, 1978, 1990, and turf grass (see Table 1 supplementary material for a com- 2001; Petty et al., 2002) resulted in the redescription of the lar- plete list). Additionally, the adult chafers are often defoliators vae of P. sommeri (Smith et al., 1995), which had previously (e.g. Pegylis spp.) in forest plantations, fruit orchards, vine- been described (Prins,
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