INTERCOURSE BETWEEN . INDIA AND THE WESTERN WOR·LD CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON; Fetter Lane ~ 4!V::···· .... .,. ~';, • NEw You: ,.. , The Macmillan Co. , BoWBAT, CAt.CU"n"A and MADRA!! Macmillan and CO •• ttd. TORONTO The MacmHbn Co. of t Canllda, Ltd. ," TOKT~ " ... Maruzt'n;Knbushlki·Kau.ha
All tights reserved rPlwlogTajisch Alti,", Sorrab"ia, 1m'a. -AN ANCIENT HINDU SHIP (Uoroblldur Sculptures) INTERCOURSE BETWEEN INDIA AND THE WESTERN WORLD
FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE FALL OF ROME
by H. G. RAWLINSON, M.A., I.E.S.
Principal of the Deccan College, POODa Author of Balttrid, Tlu Hiltory of. Forgottm E"'pir" 1"/;(1" llilforictll Shit/iII, Briti"" Btgi"";"l' i" We,"", 1"t/i(l, .ft.
SECOND EDITION
CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1926 FirD EditioN 1916 S«t1tkl Editicff 1926
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION
HAVE attempted, in this monograph, to I furnish a succinct account of the intercourse between India and the Greco-Roman world from the earliest times to the fall of Rome. This subject has never, so far as I am aware, been dealt with as a whole in any English work. Yet it is replete with interest to the student of Hellenism in its wider and more neglected aspects, and to Orientalists, who depend largely upon references in Greek and Roman authors for information about many obscure points of early Indian History. I have, so far as possible, consulted 'every passage bearing upon India in Roman and Greek Literature. Many, but not quite all, of these passages have been collected, annotated, and translated by the late Dr J. W. McCrindle, in his six valuable volumes of translations of such references. On these the present monograph is very largely based, though I have, in every case, referred to the original text rather than to the translation. VI Preface In the preparation of this monograph, I have to acknowledge with gratitude the helpful advice of many workers in the same field, especially Professor E. J. Rapson, under whose supervision the coinplate was prepared at the British Museum.
H. G. RAWLINSON.
POONA, 1925. CONTENTS
CHAP PAGE I. FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE FALL OF BABYLON I II. THE PERsIAN PERIOD. HERODOTUS: KTESIAS 16 III. THE MAURYA EMPIRE. MEGASTHENES 33 IV. GREEK AND SEMI-GREEK DYNASTIES OF THE PANJAB 69 V. TuE PTOLEMIES 88
VI. INDIA AND THE ROMAN EMPIRE 101 VII. INDIA AND THE ROMAN EMPIRE (continued) • Y27 VIII. TuE EFFECTS OF THE INTERCOURSE BETWEEN INDIA AND THE WEST ISS BIBLIOGRAPHY lSI
INDEX 183
ILLUSTRATIONS
AN ANCIENT HINDU SHIP • frontispiece
A~OKA PILLAR (INDO-PERSIAN) • to face p. 64
INDO-GREEK AND INDIAN COINS (with descrip- tions) between pp. 84 and 85
KUVERA (FROM AN INDO-GREEK SCULPTURE) to face p. 154
MAP OF IN!)1A • ,"end VI Preface In the preparation of this monograph, I have to acknowledge with gratitude the helpful advice of many workers in the same field, especially Professor E. J. Rapson, under whose supervision the coinplate was prepared at the British Museum.
H. G. RAWLINSON.
POONA, I925. CONTENTS
CHAP PAGE I. FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE FALL OF BABYLON I
II. THE PERSIAN PERIOD. HERODOTOS: KTESIAS 16 III. THE MAURYA EMPIRE. MEGASTHENES 33 IV. GREEK AND SEMI-GREEK DYNASTIES OF THE PANJAB 69 V. THE PTOLEMIES 88
VI. INDIA AND THE ROMAN EMPIRE 101 VII. INDIA AND THE ROMAN EMPIRE (continued) • 127 VIII. TIlE EFFECTS OF THE INTERCOURSE BETWEEN INDIA AND THE WEST 155 BIBLIOGRAPHY 181
INDEX' 183
ILLUSTRATIONS
AN ANCIENT HINDU SHIP • frontispiece
MOKA PILLAR (INDO-PERSIAN) • to face p. 64
INDO-GREEK AND INDIAN COINS (with descrip- tions) between pp. 84 and 85
KUVERA (FROM AN INDO-GREEK SCULPTURE) to face p. 154
MAP OF INIlIA alend BIBLIOGRAPHY
(The following list does not pretend to be exhaustive, and editions are not specified. It contains, however, the principal wod" consulted in the preparation of the preceding pages, and may serve as a guide to the chief sources from which further information may be obtained.) I. ANCIENT AUTHORS. Arrian, ed. Kruger. Bohn, Standard Library (translations of the principal classical authors). Herodotus, ed. and trans. Rawlinson. McCrindle, J. W., The Indika of M egasthenes and A"ian: Commerce and Navigation of the Erythrean Sca : Ptolemy's GeograPhy of India: The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great (Arrian, Q. Curtius, Diodorus, Plutarch, Justin): Ancient India (Herodotus, Strabo, Pliny, and later authors). Muller, C., Geographici Grace. M inores. Periplus Maris Erythrae', ed. Fabricius: ditto trans. Schoff. Pliny, ed. Mayhoff. Ptolemy, ed. MUlier and Fischer. Strabo, ed. Meineke. II. INDIAN HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY, AND COMMERCE. Bhandarkar, R. G., Early History of the Deccan. Barnett, Antiquities of India. Beazley, C. R., Dawn of Modern Geography. Buhler, Indian Studies (r8g5)· Bunbury, Ancient GeograPhy. Burgess, Elephanta. Cunningham, Sir A. Ancient GeograPhy of India: 'Archaeological Survey of India. Dittenberger, Inscrip tionu", GraecaN,m SyUoge. Duff, M., Chronology of India. Dutt, U. C., Materia Medica of the H'ndus. Hirth, China and the Roman Orient. Hoernle, R., Anti""t Indian Medicine U.R.A.S. r8g8). Kennedy, J., Early Commerce of India with Babylon U.R.A.S. r8g8). Lassen, Indische Alterthumskunde. Levi, S., La Greee et L'I.. dr d'apr's ks documt1lts 'ndiens (Revue des etudes Gmqf/(S, r8g1). Mukerji, R., Indian Shipping. Oppert, Gustav, Anei",,1 COlli me'" of India. Priaulx, Indian 182 Bibliography Travellers U.R.A.S. 1861-2). Rapson, E. J. ed. Cambridge History of India. Rawlinson, H. G., Baktria. Saint Martin, V.de, EtudesurlaGiographieGrecque. Smith, V.A., Early History of India. Stein, Aurel, Ancient Geography of Kashmir: Sand Buried Cities of Khotan. Tennant, E., Ceylon. Vincent, Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients. Yule, Marco Polo: Cathay and the Way Thither. Watt, Commercial Products of India. Wilson, H. H., A riana A ntiqua. III. INDIAN LITERATURE, RELIGION, AND ART. Bohlen, Altes Indien. Bournouf, Sciences des Religions. D'A1vie!1a, Ce que l'Inde doit Ii la Grke. Droysen, Hellenismus. Goldsrucker, Piinini, His Place in Sanskrit Literature. Foucher, DArt du·Gandhiira. Hopkins, H., India, Old and New: Religions of India: Great Epic of India. Jacobs, J., Barlaam and Josaphat. Keith, Pythagoras and Transmigration U.R.A.S. 1909). Ken nedy, J., The Child Krishna, Christ, and the Gujars U.R.A.s. 1907). Leitner, Greek Influence on India (Oriental Congress, 1880). Levi, S., Thidtr. Indien. Lorinser, Der Bhagavad Gotii. Macdonell, Vedic Index: History of Sanskrit Literature. Oldenburg, Ancient India. Rapson, Ancient India. Smith, V. A., Grateo-Roman Influence on Ancient Indian Civilization: History of Fine Arlin India and Ceylon. Tarn, Hellenism in Bactria U.H.s. 1902). Telang, Bhagavad Citii (S.B.E: VIII.). Weber, Indian' Literature: Indisch. Skizzen: Die Gritehen in Indien, etc. Windisch, Greek Influence on Indian Drama. (Fifth Oriental Congress, Berlin, 1882.) IV. NUMISMATICS. Gardner, Catalogue of the Coins of Greek and Scythie Kings Of Bactria and India in the British Museum. Rapson, Indian Cvins: Coins of the Andhras. Sewell, Roman Coins found in India U.R.A.s. 1904). Smith, V. A., Catalogue of Coins in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Stein, Aurel, Zoroastrian Deities on Indo Scythian Coins. Thurston, Catalogue of Coins in the Madras Museum. INDEX
[The letters if. after an entry imply that references to the same subject occur on at least two immediately succeeding pages.]
Abdalla ibn MokaO'a 179 Alexandria-on-Indus (Alasanda of Abhira II the Yon ••) (= Ucch) 34. 38. 7' Abys!linia (ltiopyallan) 19. 92 almug trees (l.algu) II acacia tree 126 Amtitsar district 59 Achilles 140, 170 'Ap.lJlCTflPf' 65 Actium 101 Amvnta" 86 Adad·Nirari IV. 8 ~nahid (=Anaitis) 23. 70. 72 •• 64 ~dcn I, 2, la, ]7. 94. lIZ Andhra princes 84. 167 Aditya 139 Andromache 140. 170 Aduli!l (= Massnwa) 91, 92 Angidlva 119 Aegidii (? Angitliva or Goa) JIg Angrammes (and se' Xandrames) Aelana (= Ezion Geber. !l.u.) 90 33 Aelian 49. 107. 170 Angtia 112 Actius Gallus 104 Aooam 130 Aemilinoul 154 Annius Plocamus 106. III. 113. Afghanistan 69. 163 150. 15z Africa 14. 19. 98, 99 Anthropophagi 26, 27 African baobab, the 14 Anti.lkidas 77. 86. 16. Agatharchidcs 94. 113 AntigoDus 38 Agathoklcia 86 Antimachus 74. 76. 86 Agathokle. 76. 86 Antioch I, 9. 108. 130 Atz;csilau!l 16S Antiochus I (Sote,) 93. 100; OK/la (al,al) 14 II (Th.os) '00; III (M,gas) Agnimitra 81 70.74.92•• 00; IV (Epiph.n6S) Airrhadii 133 48, 100; V (Eupato,) 100 Ajanta. 9. 146 Antipodes of Ktesias, the 27 Akaba (also called Aciana and ',AJlTl'll"06n (= ·0'll"u1806",",,,:\(H.) 66 E.zion GebC'r) 10 Antonines. the 103 Akiisa (ether) 61 Antonious Pius 153 Akesincs, R. 34 Antonius, king of Syria 130 Akkarl 16 Antuo 130 Akkadian tongue, tho 2 Anupshahr 42 Alaric 102, lSI Anuradhapura 149. 152 Ala.... anda. island of 78 Apamea 128 Alexanuer the Grf'nt 16, 19. 24, Apollo Bunder (Pdlva BaNda,.) '9. 33 fI .. sq. 8M fI .. "7. '55. "9 15Q, 100. Ib7 Apollodorus of Artemita 78 Alext\ndt"r. a trader 131 Apollodotu. II 72. 73. 76. 77. 86. Alcxnmh-r Severu! I ~4 ,,6 Alroxnndria 1.5, 69. SS 0'., C)50'., Apollonius of Tyana 146 lOb, tit, 130, 137. 138, 140, A poUopbaoes 86 1"41. 111. 173. 174, 178 Apologu. II, Judex
Arabia Fg Aurelian 154 Arabia elix (= Aden, g .•• ) 10, aU'Teus, Roman 150, 164. 166 94. 104. 129 A vidius Cassius 128 Arabs 179. 180 Ayodhya 43 Arachosia 38, 40 Azes (I and II) 83, S6 Aragante 19 Azilises 86 Arakan, R. 133 Aranyavaha 119 Bab-el-Mandeb 94 Arcadius 151, 154 Babel 16 Archebius 86 Bah.". (Babylon) 4 Archelaus of Carrha 142 Babylon x, 3, 4, 7. 12, 14 fl., 36, A,ch. Surv.y of India, (1903-4) ISS 169; (1912-13) 6 Babylon, plague at 129 ArddhaDa~hvara 146 Babylonian marshes 6 Ariake 11'2 Bacchus 60, 62 Ariana 71 Bagdad 179 a,isi (ayuz and &pvft') I.4. Bahrein Islands 6 Aristobulus lOS Baktra (= Bakhtri = Bakhdhi = Aristotle, Hist. Anim. 31, 116 Balkh) I, 2, 9, 16. 69~ 88, I IS, Armenia 104 160 Armourers 53 Baktria 28, 83 E., 108 148 Aman. Expea. Alex. 35; Indika Baktrian architecture 162 44. 49. 105 Baktrian Greeks 161 ft. Arsakes 87 Baktrian kings 171 Arsinoe (Suez) 17. 89 Bii.laSri 85 Artabanus 75 Balkh~ see Baktra Artaxerxes Mnemon 26 Balsamodend'Ton 125 126 Artemidorus 86 Baluchistan 83, 126 A,lha Silsl,a 62, 67, 68 Bankot 119 Arthur, king 159 baobab tree 14 A ,.t,·zans 53 Banlbar. caves at 68 Aryans 2, 27. 31 Barake III, 120 Asia 19. 20, x6x Barbarikon 35. 114, 124. 125 Asia Minor 159 Bardesanes 142, 145. 174 ASoka 28, 39, 44. 58 II .. 68, 70, Barhut 165 79. 82, 162 . Barlaam and Josaphat (see St ASoka's Edicts 60,62,63; pillars 54 John of Damascus) 142 Asopus 27 Barnett, L. D. 87; Antiquities of Assam 27 India IS. 61, 167, 172 . Assurbanipal '2 Barygaza 3.47.95. 107,.108. IU, . Assyria 15 113. II6. 124. 126. 131. 136. Assyrians 14. 16 170 Assyrian sculptures 31 Barzuyeh 179 .. AtrTop.o& 66 Bassein 133 Asura Maya (= Ahura Mazda) 68 Baths of Caracalla 168 A Svamedha 8 I bdellium 125 ASvins. the (Ndsatya} '2 Beal,S., LiJe oj Hi1U1f Tsia1fg 143 Aeharv4 Veda, 15 Beas. R. 42, 43 Athenaeus 48. 93 Behistiin Inscriptions, the 17, 29 Athene 76 Benakataka 162 Athenodorus 129 Benfey,' T., Indim II: Paiicha Athens 88, 108 Tantra 179 Augustus 101, 103 fl., IS3 Bengal 122; Bay of 132 Aulus Gellius, Noel. Att. 29 Berbera 92 Auranoboas (or Tyrannoboas) Berenike go, 91, 99. III (I Aranyaviiha or Malvan) 119 Berosus 7 Index 185 beryl ({H,P",",o. from vai4;;,ya) BundeJlchand 81 101, 120 Burgess, 1. 164; Elephanta 146 Besotae 123 Burnet, Ea~ly G,eek Philosophy Besnagar 162 158 Besynga (oJ' Bas!!cin) 133 Dyzantium (? Vizadlog) 119 Dllagavad Gild 178 Bharata, N d!ya Sdst,a 169 Cadiz 98 Bharukaccba S Caldwell, R. 122: D,avidian BhnvabhOti 170 Gl'ammaf' 14 Hhi! races, the 22 Caligula IS3 BhoUin 27. 65 Cam boja, Cape 132, 133 llhoja, Narapati, Yu'ttikalpala," Cana 110 '39 "Canary hIes 99 BhriKhu-1(accha 116 Caracalla 153 Bhumaka 87. 118 Carinus 154 Bidpai (or PilVay) 179 Carus 154 DindusAra 39 Caspian Gates. the I, 9 Birdwood, Sir C. 126 Caspian Sea I. 9 Bisadcu (B,satal, 141 Catholic ceremonies 178 blackwoorl I I 4 Celts '59 Bloch, An", Report, Arch. SUnI, Ceylon 4. S. 8, 9, 12, 72, 93. 104, Ind. 169 106, 109, III. 147 fl. Boghazkoi, 3 Ceylon in the Classks 152 llol1\.n Pasa, the 83 Chaldaea 7 Bolar Mts. "S Chaldaeans 6 llombay 6, 119 Chalukyas 167 Bombay Ga~etJee, 16:1 Champa. 132 bos Lucas 1) Chil\lakya 37. 38. 54 Brachmanae 142 Cham;lala (01" Pariah) 58 llrahmA. 141 Chando~ya Upanishad 156 BnlhmaQa (castel So ft. Chandmb7llpta (=Sandrakottus. Brahmios 50 ff., 60 H., I.p, 147. q.v.) 37 fl., 49 ft., 67, 80, 91, 161 157. 160 Charaka 172 Brahminism 79 Charax 1t5 Bralm,i-script, the 14 Chares, of Mitylene 100 Hrindisium 29 Charibael (Ka"iba~ll) 113 Hroo.ch 14. 116, "7. JI9. 120 Charitioo 139 Buddha (se, also Gautama) II, Chastana I 1 7 3:3, 157. 105 Chaucer, Knleht's Tal, 69; Par. Duddha's tooth 14Q donn-os Tal' 180 Buddhism 23. 39. 58, 62, 78, 108, China 8, 9, 101. 131, 148 fl. 13 8, 153, 157. 16:ot. 168, 175 Chinese 66, 115. 116 Buddhism, HinayAnB 168 Chitor 80 Buddhist architecture a8 Chola A1atl4a1am or Chola-coast Buddhist art 167 (= Coromandel) 122 Buddhist ascetits 59 Choromandae 66 Buddhist Canon, Ule 60 Christianity 138, 175. 176 Buddhist caves 85 Chronicles 11 10, 13 Budd hist monasteries 143, 165 cinnamon 14. 30, 122. 125 HUlhlhifits 141 ft .• I7Q Civil Scrvke 55, 56 13ilhler. J. G .• V~IKl'n of Ih~ B~dh,"4 Claudius (41-54 A.D.) 106, 109. A/phrlflel 1: Indian Sl"rilt~ IS 113. 153 Rukrphula ( ihlnm) 34 Claunius (268-270 A.D.) 154 Bunbury, H",t . .'INC. G,08. 17.69. Clement 138, 141. 142, 174 92, 9 .... 128 Cleopatra 97. 100 I2-5 186 Index
Clooston, Originals and Analogues Declus 154 .80 Deimachus 39. 41 Cochin 121 Deipnosophi... tes 94 Cocoon lagoon, the lIT De Lesseps 90 Code of Manu 138 Delhi 52 coins 7211., 77. 78, 83 :If., 103. Demetria (Arachosia) 72 150, 162, 164. 166, 167 Demetria (Sind) 72 Commodus 153 Demetrius 72 ft., 78. 83, 85. lOa, Constantine I 154 115. 162 Constantine II 154 deva.s 145 Constantinople 69. 88, 116, 152 Devga9 119 Constantius 154 Dhabol II9 Coomaraswamy. A. K., Ayls and Dharma 29. 54, 80 Crafts of India atld Ceylon 9 Dikairos 31 Corinthian pillars 168 Dina,a, denarius 167 Coromandel 122 Dio Chrysostom 140 Cos IIS Diocletian 154 costus (kush(ha = kut-lakfji1 114. Diadams Siculus 8 1 2 4 Diodotus (I and II) 70, 85 courtezans 67 Diogenes 157 Cowell, E. B. 4 Diomedes 77. 86 Cranganore III, 120 Dian Cassius 107 Cunningham. A. 33; Coins of A n- Dionysius 39. 41, 92, 95 cient India 18; Numismatic Dioskuri 74. 77 Chronicle 73 Dittenberger. W .• O,ientis waeci Curtius, Quintus 33. 46 InsCfiplionl.S Seieetae 92, 95 Curzon, Lord. Persia 68 Doah. the 44 Cyclops 66 Domitian 153 Cyrus the Great 27 Dosarene (Da,sana) 123 Cyzicus 96 double-darie of Darius Codoman- DUS 31 Dabhai 42 d,achma 59. 150 Dafa.r 125 dramma (mod. dam). 8pa.XJ'1] 167 Dakshi,,!apatha (see Deccan) 118 Dravidians 19 Damascus 128, 179. 180 drugs 102. 120. 124 Damirike lID, 120 "dumb Mlecchas" 47. UI Dan 7 Dushyanta Haja 47 Dandamis (Damadamis) 143 Dutt. U. C .• Jlfateria Med,,'ca a/the Danube 66 Hindus 126 Dardistan 18, 24. 102 Dards 18, 66 Darius 16 fl., 27. 32, 89. 155: Eagle (katreus) 108 Palace of. at Persepolis 68 ebony II3 Darius (III) Codomannus 31 Edfii. ruins at 99 Dasyus. the 27 Edom 10 Dattamitra (Demet,i,,) 162 Egypt 2. 9. 95. 101. ISS, 161 Daulatabad 119 Egyptians 158 David. king of Judah 10 Ekbatana 48. lIS. 128 Davids, Rhys 5; Buddhist Bt,th • Elagabalus. Emperor 143 SloYies 12 Elath 10 D, A bstinentia 143 Eleazar 113 Decame,on 179 eleph, ox 13 Deccan (Dakkhindhada). 8~xCU'or i'AetPa.vr- (,oat) 13 (Still! Dakshi?,Jtjpalha) 118 Elephanta 146 Deccan. North 84 Elephants 49. 52, 55. 91, 93 Decian persecution 176 Eleusinian mysteries 146 Index
Elysium of Yama, the 156 Gardner. P., Cat. of G,eek and Emetrcus 69 indo-S&vthi& Coins in B.M. 72, Emperors of the East 154 76 fl., 85, 164 Encyclopatdia B,itannica ]5. 126 Gti'~i Sa17}hita 8 [, 173 Ency. of /{el(l{ion and Ethics 180 Garuda pillar 162 'EIIW'TOKO'Ttl' (= h"''1ap,41Jafa11a) 65 Garu4a. the vulture of Vi~ll1:au 65 Epander 86 Gautama (se, also Buddha) 23. Eratosthenes -10, 92, 93. 95. 105 58, 59. 82, 142, 157, 17~ Ersch and GrUber's Encyclopatdia Gaza 12M, 129 Gazettee, oj th' Bombay Presidency Esscnes," the 176 ..6 "Etesian" winds 109 Gedrosia 38 Ethiopia 149; palace of 151 gems 114 Ethiopians 18, 19 Genesis II Eudaemon (= Aden, g.fI.) 94 Geog,aphy of Rallenna 120 Eudamus 36, 71 I'fllJP"YoL (Husbandmen) 51 Eudoxus 18, 96 fI., 100, 138 Gcrrha, 6 Eucrgetcs II 97. 100 Gesta RomanOf'um 179 Eukratidcs 72 fl., 83. 8S Gibbon, E., Decline and Fall oj Eumcncs 36 th' Roman Empi" 102 Euphrates, R. 1,2,42, 113. 127. Gibraltar 98 129 Glaser, Skiue der Geog. A,ab. II Euripides 170 Gnosticism 138, 177 Euscuiu8 141 Goa 119 Euthydemel8 70 Golden Chersonese, the 5, II, 43. Euthydemus I 70 B., 76, 77. 85 120, 133 Euthydcrnus II 86 GoldstUcl
Hamrrpur 82 Hue, Abb6 178 Hastinapura 42, 43 Huc et Gabet, Voyages 179 Hastings, J., Dictionary of the Bibk Hultzsch. Dr lOa, 139 II; Diet. Religion and Ethies H UDS, White 148 169 Huvishka 87 Havilah II Hydaspes, R. 34 Hector 140, 170 Hyderabad IIg Hecuba 170 Hyd"eumaJa go; Apollo 91; New Hekataeus (of Miletus) 16, 19, 91 20, 25. 26. 41, 66; n~pl08os nir Hylobioi (Vanaprastha) 62, 176 19 Hyparkhus, R. (? Ganges) 30 Hekatompylos I, 115. 128 Hyperboreans, the 25. 66 Helen of Troy 140 H yphasis, R. 33, 64 Heliodorus 162 Heliogabalus 153 Iamblichus 157 Heliokles 73, 76, 77, 85 Ibn Jafar A!mansiir 179 Hellenic influence 170, 172 Ichthyophagi 22 Hellenism 161, 162 inchiveJ' (ft'Y'Yipfptf) 14 Helmand 83 India. coast of 131 Herakles 60, 61. 141 India and the Roman Empire Heraklitus 176 101-154 Hercules, temple of. at Erythrae Indian Antiquary 164. 178 24 Indian buildings 168 Herdsmen 51, 52 Indian drama 169 fl. Hermaeus 84. 86 Indian literature 16g fl. Hennes 139 Indian Ocean 19 Herodotus 3. 6, 7. 16 ft., 30, 44. 89. indigo 114 158 Indo-Aryan village community Heroopolite Gulf 89 52 Hesidrus. the 64 Indo-Parthian dynasty 84, 87 Himalayas 25. 108 Indo-Parthians 163. 167 Hinayana Buddhism 168 Indea 2, 61 Hindu (and variants) 20 Indragnidatta 162 Hinduism 162 Indus, R .. I, 2, 16, 18, 19. 30, 35. Hindu Kush 8, 21, 38, 75. 125. 161 4 1 , 44. 53. 114. II7 Hindus 58, 60 Intaphemes 25 HippaIus 109 ff.• 120 intercourse between India and Hippokleides 25 the 'Vest 155 Hippokrates 172 Ionians 20 (see Yavana, Yonakas) Hippostratus 86 Ipsus. battle of 92 Hippuri (Kudremale) ISO . Iriin 28 Hira 115 .Iranian deities 165 Hiram, king of Tyre 10 Iranians 69. 163 Hirth, F"J China and the RomaJl Irrawady delta 133 Orient III, 115. 130 Isaiah 3. II, 16, 20 Hiuen Tsiang '51, 59. 68; lIS. Isidore of Charax. =::ra9p.ol IIapOu[ol 143. 148, 149 128 Hiuen Tsiang. Life of (trans. by Italy 98 S. Beal) 149 . ivory 5. la, 120. 123 Homer, 13. 18. 140, 156, 169 if.; Iliad 140, 172; Odyssey 18 Jacobi, H •• De Horee Originibus Homerites 113 174 Honorius 151, 152 Jaiga<;l 119 Hopkins, E. W., G.... u Epic of J aimini Bhdraia 177 India 68 Jains 60, 157 Huan~ti 130 Jamit"a (3uiperpu) 174 Index
Jamna. R. 42. 53. 64 K.ppadoki •• 2 1angala I2Z !lara (taxes) 177 Jata/ta 4. 5, 7. II, 12, 168, 179, Karachi 124 .80 KArla caves 85. 162 ava 131, 134· 138, 139 Karmania no avan 7 Karmanian Desert, the I, 9. 16, jCW8 176 70 Jewels [20 kd.ppu (KeIp ..,.P) '4. 30 ifiitiD Islands 91 IDirwa" 119 ihlam 34. 42 Karyanda 21, 158 ob, Book of II Kashgar 69. 115 oho of Damascus, St 142 Kashmir (KMyapa-mira) "4. 124 1osephus. Ant. Jud. II Kasii 115 Journal of Philology 25. 180 Kaspapyrus 16, 19 Journal of thtJ Royal Asiatic KavtTlrepos (kastira) 13 Socil'Y 68, 100, 107. 118, 121, Kathaei, the 59 124. 151, 162, 163. 165. 166, Kathi~wlr. 59. 71 17[, 172 Kattigara (1 Kino-chi) '33. 13S. Jou ..al of Ih. Royal Soci.,y of '36 Arts 126 Kausia 74 Kauliliya A.tha ~dst,a 4'. 67. 68, ~~aae~ 13~\O 118 ulian 154 Kautilya (or ChAl>akya) 67. 68 ulius Caesar, De Bello Gallieo 159 KAviri, R. 121, 122 ustin 6, 37. 75. 76 Kayo. J. W. '72 uatioian 116 Kelth. A. B" Pylhagoras and uatious 151 Transmigration 156 l Kennedy. J. '77 Kabul '7. 77. 84 Kerobothra (or Keralaputra) 120 Kllbul valley 83 kha4~a (KaprB{CaJOll') 30 KadphiBcB I (KujQla) 84. 87. Khaibar. the 43 107. 108, 164i II (Wima) 87. Kbandah:l.r 83 109, 164 Khar6sb~hi script 28. 32. 72 Kacni!.o (1 KarwA4) 119 Kino-chi (and se, I{attigara) 136 Kalanos 59. 108 Kings I 10, 13 Kalnsi 71:1 KirAta 27 !,-dlidll!uJ, 47. 170, 172, 174; Sa- Kirdtatin 6S "untald 47 Kirrhadii (= Ki,.'a) 65 K:'illnadl 42 Kleitarchus 60. 108 Kalin~a 139 Kling (= India) '39 KlI.linipaxa( ? KanyAkubja or Kan- Koft (and s .. Koptos) 90 nuj) 42. 64. 6S holandia 122 KaUiatine (1 Kaliantiae) 19 Koniaki 93 l(nlyAn 119. 148 koph (hapi) II. '3 l(nmara(l(haheris ""porium) 122 Koptos (= Koft. g.v.) 90,91. III Kampot (or Kang-l\.ao), R.. 132 Kory. Cape 93. 131 Karpsa 177 Kosmu Indikopleustes 5. 92, }{anarese dialect 140 104. 124. 147 fl .• 152; Chrish'(J" Kannuj 42 TopolI'aphy .04 l{nn6 113 Kottonara(Kolalta-nadu, s.•. Telli- KanR-Kno. R. 132 cherry) 112 I(l'u,lheri .46 Kpsh9B 177 Ko.nishkn 79. 84, 87. 109. 16.... KshaharAta clan 84 165. 168. 171 KshaharAta princes 167 Knny.'\.kubja 42 Kshattriya (caste) 50 ft. 1\11 1115a 7", 77 Index
Ktesias 8. '4. 16 fl.• 29 fl.• 33. Macrinus 153 66, 155; Indika 26; Persika Madeira 99 27 MadbyadeSa 82 Ktesiphon I, lIS. uS Madhyamika 80. 81, 117 Kubja 177 Madras 102, 122 Kumdrasambhava 174 Madura 166 Kumari. Cape 122 Maes (Titianus) 115 Kumari or Devi 122 Maesolia (Masalia) 132 KtI.vd,uoX,),o, 66 Magadba 33. 38. 80 Kunaxa, battle of 26 l'JahdbhiiJ'ata 23. 27. 68. 172 KlJPoKiq,aXo, (=Svamukha) 66 178 Kushan kings 84. 87. 103. 163. Mahapadma (see Xandrames) 33 164 M ahtiparinibbtina Sutta 82 Kushans 84. 101, II4. 161, 162, Mahava'!'sa 4. 34. 35 165. 167 M ahoshadha J ataka I I MaICp6{J,o, 66 Laccadiveislands ( =Lakslsa dvipa) Malabar (Male) 110, 148 147 Malacca, Straits of 131 Lacote. F., Essai sur Gut,Jddhya Malala. Johannes 152 et Ie Brihalkatha 180 M tilat:iktignimitJ'tI 81 Ladak 24 Malay Peninsula 133 Lamaist ritual 178 malobathrum 123. 125 Lassen 29 fl., 42; IndiscM AI Maivan 119 theYthumskunde II, 13. 17. 29. Malwa 117 123 Mamba,us (? Nabapana) 118 Law, N. N., Tis. Anc1"en' Hindu Manar, gulf of 150 Polity 68 Mandagora (? Bankot) 119 Leipsius, Denk~l" 99 Mandanis 62 le1l4 162 Mandeville. Sir John 26 Leo I 154; II 154 Mangalore 120 Leuke Kome 90, 129 Mangaroutha (Mangalore) 148 Levant lIS Manicheans, the 138 Uvi, Sylvain, Th4dt,e I ndien 169 Manicheism 177 Lhassa 178 Manu 53, 57; code of 138 Liaka KusiiIaka. 83. 87 Marcellus, theatre of 109 Libya, 19. 66 Marcion 154 Lillie, A., India in Primitive C/u'is Marco Polo 149 tianity 176 Marcus Aurelius 127. 129. 153 Lindner. Die jranische Flutsage Mardonius 27 15 Marinus of Tyre 130. 132 Linnaean Society, Trans. of 126 . Marseilles 98 Lixus. R. 98 Marsball. Sir J. H. 163. 165. '7' Llamas 119 M 4J'lich01'4 30 U,b Classical LibYa", 14~ M Musthtili 21 Logos, doctrine of the 176 . Masalia 123 Lorinser. Dr. Di, Bhagavad Gitil. Massacre of the Innocents 177 178 Massagetae, the 22 Lucium 29 Masulipatam district 132 lycium (berberry) 114. I2S Mathura 80, 81, 83. 87. 177 Lysias 86 Maues (= Moga = Moa?) 83.86 Mauretania 98 McCrindle, J. W., Ancient India Maurya Emperors 28, 39, 79. 81, 8, 22, 23, 26, 66, 77. 142, 152. 117. 160 fi. 157 Maurya Empire. the 29. 33 fi., Macdonell, A. A .• Hist. of Sansk. 49 fl., 70, 161 Lit. 169; Vedic [ndn IS Maximinus 154 Index
Medicine, Greek and Indian 172 Muziris (? Muyif'i-kotta) (= Cran Mediterranean, the 4. 19. 88 ganore), Malabar coa:.t, 108. Mediterranean ports 8 III, 120, 121 Megasthencs '22, 2). 26,28. 33 fl., Myo! Hormos (Mussel Harbour) 39 fl., 4911., 67. 68, 93. 105. 91, 104, 106, 111 Jog, 142, 174 Myrrh 125, 126 Megiaba, lake 153 Mekrl'ln coast 6, 22; desert 35 N.b.p~n. B4. B7 Melizigara (? J aigaQ) I 10, I 19 Naksh-i-Rastam inscriptions 17 Memnonian Susa 48 Naianda. monast~ry 143 Menander 72, 76 fl., 82, 86, 114. NAN AlA (Anaitis. tho goddess) 116, 117. 162, 171, 172 164 Merchant of Vln,,, 180 Nanda 177 M,p6. (Bacchus legend) 61 Nand. Raja (1 Xandrames) 33 Meru, Mount 61 Nand,us 37 Mesopotamia 128 Nirada 178 Metempsychosis ('II"AN.')")'fl'fO'la.) 156, naret (citronella) 114 1.19. 177 Nardostacnys Jatamansi 126 Milinda (= Menander, g.II.) 77 NarmadA. R. 116, II? Milinda Panha 77 fl.; Siamese N dsatya (the Asvins) 2 version of the 82 N~sik 118; caves 85. 162 Milton 20 Nations oj India 147 Minayef, Prof... N au kra tis 89 Minnagara (Min-tla~ara) 114 Naustathmos (Alexander's Haven) Mitanni, in Kappadokia 2 3S Mithradates 73 Nearchus 35. 55. lOS Mitra 2 Nebuchadnezzar I 3; II 7 Mitra, RajendraHU 139 Neg-rais. Cape 132 Moabite Stone, the 15 Nclkynda (1 Ni/-Ran/ho) ,oB. Mocha (= Muz •• g.•. ) 94 III. 120, 121, 130 Moga, se' Mauea Neo-platonism 138.141, 142,175 Moghal Empi-rc 9:1 Neo~platonists 175 Mommsen. Th., Provitle,s oj ''', Neo-Sassanian Empire lSI Roman Empi" 103. 113 Nep.l 65. 115 M 0". A nc",anum 107 Nero 104. 127, 153 Mongolian hillmen 123 Nerva 153 Mongolians 65 Nestorian Church 148, 177 MOJl6J.1.parOl (== Ekc'lks"a) 66 Nicolaus of Damascus 108 Moon, temple of the, at Mugheir 3 Nikaea 34 Morin, Jean, D,ss'" d,s An'",aux Nikias 86 ,n GrACI 9 Nile, the 19. 30, 44. 88 ff. MO!Jcha 113 Nineveh I, 7 Moses, bishop of Adulo 147 Noah S .Mricchakafik4 169 Nubia 91 M.d., Rdkshoso 46. 47 Numerian 154 Mugheir 3 Nusbirvan, king of Persia 179 Mukcrji, R.t Ind'a" Shippi.. , 5, 121. 139 Ok~lis III, 112 Ar"k/i (Emancipation) 175 'Oltlhro!n (= MoJ06a'n).oc == MOJ06ItW}"Ol) MUll~r, Carl, Ft'ag. Hid. wale. 66 Mi". 39 lI/lbaftvm (al-luban) 12, MUller, Max 26: Physical R./igicm Oman, coast of 12 2: s,/.elld Essa)'s 142 Ommana 111 muslin 100, 117, 1:13 Onesikritus 62. 105 MUD (- Mocha) 94. 95. 112 Ophir I. 10 fl., 17 Index
Opiae, the 19 Paripatana 1I9 Oppert, G., Trade with Amient Paropamisus 71 Indj'(J 126 Parthenon 170 Or~thra (Surasbtra) 148 Parthia 69, 70, 89. 128 Ongen 138, 177 Parthians 83. 129. 130 Orissa 123 Paruparaesanna ::Paropamisus) 17 Oresius 74 PaJc}uidangulaja 27. 66 Orphic schools 156 Patala (Pataleno) (=Bahmaniibiid) Orthagnes 87 34, 35 oputa. 14 Patala (Potana) 94. lIo, II4 Ostasialische Zeitschrift 9 Pa,aliputra 3B. 40, 41 iI., 68, 79. Othello 26 Bo, 93. 161 Otho 153 Pataftjali BI. 175 'OT6KMvO& 65 Piitika 83, 87, 163 Ooef'see"s (,E1I"ia'KO'JI'"O') S4 Pativedak4 51 Oxus, R. I, 9. 69. 70, 74. 75. 161 Patrokles 93 Oxydrakae, the 61 Pattalene 71 Oxyrhynchus 139 Paul of Alexandria 173. 176 O~".,hynchus Papyri 139 PauliSa Siddh4nta 173 Ozene (= Ujjain) 117 Pausanias 31 Pax Romana 101 Padaei, the (1 Bhils) 22 Pegn 133 Padiyiir 101 Peithon 36 I'tiduka 168 pepper 102. II2, 120. 147. 151 Pahlava tribes 83 Periplus Maris Erythraei 3. 17. Paitdmaha Siddhdnta 173 20.47,65.94.95.106.110.112. PaithaD 119 116, liB, 130, 132 ft., 136, 147. Pakhtii (Pashtii Of' Pathans) 17 152, 170 Pakhtii district 21 Persepolis 68 Pakores 87 Persepolis inscriptions. the 17 Paktyike 16, 17 Persia 15. 148, 149. 178 Palaesimundus (? Palaisimanta) Persian Gulf 1.6. 12, 17. 35. 113 15' Persian period. the 16 fl. Palaipatmai (1 Dhabol or Pari- Peshawar 161, 165. 171 patana) 119 Petra 90, 115. 128. 129 Palibothra 65 • petri , (patm. leaves) 123 Palmyra 2, 128, 129 Peukelaotis (Pushkalavati) 42, 64 Palura 131, 132 Peukelaus 86 Pamirs, the 71 Peutinger Tables 120, 121 Pan 141 Pharaoh Necho 89 Paiicha Tant,.a 179 Philip 154 Pafichala country 81 Philip, satrap of Parthia 35 jJaiichtiyats 56, 59. 67 Philo 176 . Pandion 107 . Philosophers 51 n ..~oP'l 66 Philostratus 107. 146 PiiI)~ya (Pandion) kings elMadnra Philoxenus 86 107. 120 Phison, the (of Genesis) 148 Pii\l~Yas 167 Phoenicians 6. 7. 12 Pansmus 163 Photius 26,29.40; Bibliotheke 31 PAl}ini 32, 158 Pillay. The Tamils eighteen hun- Panja.b, the I, 7. 21, 24. 34. 63. • dred years ago 47. 121 76, 108, II4. 160, 161, 165, Pilpay (or Bidpai) 179 167, 171 fJipali ('lTbr£pl) 14 Pantaenus 141 Plato 61, 157; Laws IS8; Re Pantaleon 86 public 157 Pariahs 58 Plato, Baktrian king 86 Index 193
Plautus, M~I'&atOf 139 Pythagoras 6J Pliny S. 20, 24. 39 fl., 66, 92, Pythagorean philosophy 156. 175; 102, 104. 105. 110, 112, lIS. schools 156; Utabus" 157 124. 126, 150, ISZ Plutarch 77. 82, 170j ViI. Alex. Rachia (Rdjd) 15~ 33. I'll; Sertorius 99 Rajagriha 43 'fI'JlflIJP.a.TU(OI. 177 Rajavula 83. 87 Poduca (Puducheri or Pondi- RajputAna 81 cherry) 122 RajputAna desert. the 2J POlybius 74. 92 Ramtiya'1Q 43, 141, 172 Pompeii lOS RAmgarhJ Greek amphitheatre at Poppoca 104 169 Porphyry I'll, 142, 17 Ran of Kacch 116 Port Said 94 Rapson, E. J'J Coins oJlh, Andll,as Port Sudan 92 16:z; Indian Coins 167 Portuguese 14 Ras abn Somer, bay of 91 Porus (= Paurava) 36, 40. 92, Rawlinson, H. G., Bahlria 73 107 Ray. P. C. 178 Poseidonius 96 Red Sea I, 9. 10, 88, 90 Potana (= pa.ta1a, g.II.) 94 Reinaud, Relations d, I' Empire Prlikrit 171 Romain avec l'Asi, O,.lental 130 PrasH, the 33 ,.elic-worship 141, 176 Prasii, country of the 152 Rhinokolura (= El Arish) 90, 129 Prayllga 42, 43. 51, 56, 65 Rhodopha (? Dabhai) 42. 64 Priam 140, 169 Ridge. the (Delhi) 52 Priaulx, O. de B., Indian T,av,l ]Jig V.da. 3. 4. 15. 156• 176 107. 140j Indian Embassitls 10 " Romaha" (= Alexandria) 173 Rom, 101. 130, 140; Lifll oj RomakdkhytJ praki,.,iJ4 173 Apollo,.;u! of Tyana 140 Ramaka Siddi,anla 173 Probus 154 Romam. History oj Alnand" Psalms, Book of II 147 Ptieudo~KallistheDes 147. 148 Roman Emperors 153, 163, 164 tfl!XI«O' 177 Roman Empire 163 Ptolemais Epith~r6n (Ptolemais Rome 101, 173 of the Hunb) 91, 92 Roth, Ftsl,,,,,ss 15 Ptolemies. the 88-100 Rouse, W. H. D. 4 PtOlemy Aulctes 100 Royal City. the 44 Ptolemy Epiphnnes 100 Royal Council/of'S S4 Ptolemy Euergetes 1 92, 100: Roy.l Road (Maury. domains) 11 100 29. 42, 64 Ptolemy Lnthyrus 97 Royal Road (Persia) 43 Ptolemy Philadelphu8 18, 19. 39, Royal Tombs of the Persian Kings 48, 65, 71, 89, 90 fl., lOa 68 Ptolemy Philometor 100 Ruanvelli. the great tope of 34 Ptolemy Phiiopntor 94, 100 Ptolemy Soter I lOa; 11 94. 100 Sabaites 113 Ptole-my (Claudius Ptolemneus). Sad a. 132 GUld, 10 GdograPhy go, 106, S~gal. (? Sialkot) 7'. 79. 161. liS. 130 fl. 162, 171 ""ellu" 124 St Anthony 176 P"'P·Savana 61 St Bartholomew 141 .. Punt, the Innd of" 10 St Chrysostom, O,al'oas 169 P\1rl\~ic I{'~cnds 160 St Jerome 138 Pushyamitra 81 St John of Damascus, Ba"laa", Pygmies (Tp&a-W'd.61p0l) :17. 6$. 66 and Josaplaal 19. 142, IBo Pyrrbua 9.:.1 St Josaphat 14" 194 Index
St Mark 126 Sennacherib 6. 114 St Martin, Etud~ SUI' la GUlg. Septimius Severus 151 153 G1-ecque 64 Septuagint. the II ' ~t Matthew 141 Seres 43, 79, 152 S.k. (S.k.e) tribe 75, 77, 82 fl., Sertorius 99 163 Sesikrienae (? VengnrIa) 119 Saka dynasties 83. 86, 103, 161 Sesostris 89 167 Sewell. R., Roman Coins found in Saka era 87 India 103,121. 151 Sakastene (= Seistan) 83 Shalmaneser III 3 Saketa 80, 81 Sheba II Sakli rites 61 sh~n hc~bbin (ibhadantal, ivory II S3 Sakunfald 47 shipwnghts S~am, Gulf of 132, 133 l:AAHNB 165 Slbae, the 61 Sammurammat 8 Sibor (Simylla or Chaul) 148 Samos 109 Samudra Gupta x66 S!·ddhtintas. five 173 5aDehi 165 SIdon, 2, 128 S~elad~ba (Sinhala dviPa) 149 Sandales, see Sandanes Slgertis 71 Sandalwood II3 Sigerus 110 Sandanes (Sundara Satak",'!i) II9. 143. 146 Siladitya 51 Sand bares 87 ".silent barter" 124. 152 Sandrakottus (= Chandragupta. silk 101, 115. 123. 128 q.v.) 24. 28, 29, 37 S~lver Country 132, 134 san~d,.a (catamarans) 122 5lDd 36, 114- sankhya system 177 Sindhava 20 San letter, the 164 Sindhu, .. Indian cotton" 2 Sanskrit literature 179 Sindhu. R. 81 Sapphara Metropolis 125 Sinhalese merchants 124 sapphire, a gigantic 149 Sinhalese (OF Lion people) 5. 149. Saraganus, the elder II9 153 Sarikol, Stone Tower of 69. 115 Sinus Aela.niticus 10 Sarmanes (se, also Sramana) 60, SUa 141 62, 142 • Siva 61, 141, 146 Sassanian dynasty 150 Skeat, w.. W., Oxford Chaucer 180 Sassaman Empire 166 Skiapodes, the 19, 26, 27. 66 Satapatha Bl'ahmana IS Sk61ex 30 Sali 59 • Skylax of Kary.nd. I7 fl., 24, SaUS5U1'ea lappa II4. 124 30, 65. 96, III, 155, ISS Skythi.ns 161, 163 Sayee, A. H. 3; HibberlLeclul'es 3; Scienc, of Language 179 Slavery 58 Schliemann, H., Ilios 8 Smith, V. A. 107. 118-; Eaply His""y of India 37,47,71,83, Sc~w~nbeck 23. 33. 40, 44. 49. 50 SelStan (= Sakastene) 83 121; G1'aeco-Roman InJluettc6 Seleukids 29. 100 on Ancien' Indian Civilization Seleukus I 100; II (KaUinjkus) '7' 100; III (SoUr) 100· IV Soanus, R. 81 (Philopa",.) 100 ' . Sodas. 83, 87 Seleukus Nikator 38, 39. 49. 64. Sogdiaoa 75 91, 93 Sokotra 94, 148 Semiramis 8, 27. 35 Sokotra (Dioscorida = Suklu:i- Semitic Empires of W. Asia 16 dhtira-dvipa) Semitic races 160 Solious 40 Sen, K. A. 126 Solomon II, 13 Index 195 Soma juice. 58 .~vetad.ip4 '78 Somali coast, the 104 Swiss Guards 48 SomaliJand 9 Syagrus, Cape (Ras Fartak) 110. Son, R. 44. 45 113 Sona, R. (01' Hira1}yaba.hu) 24 Syburtius 40 Sonapara.nta (Aurea Regio) 133 Syrastrene (Su,4shlra) 117 Sopllra 119 Syria 89. 101 • %w¢d". (Ophir in tho Septuagint) Syrian art 167 II Syrian Empire 93 Sophir, Coptic term for Southern India II Tacitus IS4 Sophoklc9 170; Antigon, 171 Id4i 30 SOphOD 99 TakshasiIa. (se, TaxiIa) 162 Soptama (Su..paJana) 122 Ta.mluk 42 Spalirises 87 Ta.mralipti S' 123 spices 102, 104. 120, 125. 126 Tanjore 9 Spik,nard (Nardostachys Jata- Tapropane (Tdmrapa,,,i) 149 mansi) 120. 126 Tarn, W. W ... Hellenism in Bak- Spooner, D. B. 68 tria" 73 S,ama~a (0' Buddhists, g .•• ) '4', Tarshish 7 ,60 Tawney, C. H. 25, 8r, 180 Sramanaioi 176 Taxila 28, 29. 42, 43, 56, 59, 63, slactl 126 83,87; inscription 163 StaUra. stater 167 teak 113 Stein, A" A "cit"' G,og,aplay oj Teiang, K. T., trans. of Bhagavad KaJmr, 17; Zoroastrian Deili" GiltJ 178 on Indo-Scythian Coins 164 Telephus 86 Stobaeus. Physica 144 Tellicherry 112 "Stone Tower" of Sarikol liS Temala (or Tamala) 132 Storax (Benzoin) 126 temples, Assyrian 114; Chaldean Strabo 6, 7.9. 22 ft .• 39 ft .. 58 ft .• 114: rock 146 66, 77 B.o 89 fl., 104 ft., lIS. Tennant, Emerson, Ceyloft 153 129, 133. 137 Tee (TAgara) Jl9 Strato 76, 77. 86 Terebinthus 138, 14Z S'romala, ed. Dindorf 141 Thapsacus 9 l:"poIl8611'o!Yu 66 Thebaid, the 176 siupa (or loP') 141, 165 Theodosius I 154: II 154 Styracac,a, 126 Theophrastus, liistory oj Pia,," Subhl'Lgasena 93 124 Sudan 93 Therapeutae 176 ThermopyJae 27 SQdra (caste) So ff. Thomas, the apostle 84 Suez (= Arsinoe, f.II.) I. 2, 12. Thrace 156 '17. 18. 89. III Thracians 159 SUUR 104 Three Caskets, story of the 180 SumBtra 131, 148 "three gU'!4S" 177 SUlllcr 16 •• three qualities" 177 Sunga kings 80 thuki-'". (Iohn) II SuppA-ra S' II Tiastanes 117 Surl\shtra (= KathiAwdrand SurAt Tibcriu!J 103. IS3 distnct5) 71 tigers 109 SurAt 117 Tigris. R. 128 .sur.. vya Siddh4nlas 173 T1Sliil Wewa 153 SU~(\ 26, 28 Titus 153 Sutlt'j. R. 42 Togarum (1 Dovga~) 119 S .. "urt'"bh .. ".1 5. 133 Index
Tokosanna, R. 133 Vikramaditya era. 87 tortoise-shell 120 Vilivayakura II lIS Toy Cart 169 ft. Vish.Q.u IS -rpaX1'J'1J.tOJlTEr no Vishnu Purana 177 Trajan 109. X27. 129. 140. 153. oi!" (pimp) 169 163, 164 Vitellius 153 Trans-Gangetic India 133 Vizadrog II9 Trial by Ordeal 144 Vonones 83. 87 tf'ik(l1}a (rp£yw"or) x74 Von Schroder, L., Indiens Lit. und Trimurti. shrine of the 146 Cultur 169, 174; Pythagoras Turkestan 148 und die Inder IS8 Tykta 63 Tyrannoboas, see Auranoboas Watts, G •• Commercial Products oj Tyre. 2. 7. 10, 89, 115. 128, X29 India 126 Weber, A. 177.178; Indian Lite Uccha;"ga JeittJka 25 rature 172; Indische Sludien Ujjain 56, II7, 173 178; Sanskrit Literatuf'e 169 iI)"llCo£ 177 White Huns 148 Ummaga Jeitaka 12 Wilson, H. H., Ariana Antiqua 17 uplet 124 Wima Kadpbises 87 .. Ur of the Chaldees" 3 Winckler, H. 2 Uttara-kuf'U (= Attakorae) 25. 66 Windisch, E., Greek Influence on Indian Drama 169 ¥dch 176 vai4urya (,B~Pll)"),,OS') 14 Xandrames (Mahapadma) 33 VaiSya (caste) 50 fl. Xerxes 27. 68 Valens 154 Valerian 154 Yavana. Yavani, 31, 38, 71. Vallabhas of Gujarat 177 81 fl., II7. 121, 158, 169. 173 Vanafwastha 62 Yavanapura (= Alexandria) 173 Vaniyambadi 101 Yavanika 169 Vara.hamihira 173. 174; Bn'hal Yoga doctrine of Pataiijali 175 Sa'l'hitd 173; Hora jiidna Yogis 6Q 174; Pa&ha Siddhdntik4 173 Yonakas, c' Yonas" 79 Varona 2 Yueh-chi 75, 82. 84 Vasco da Gama 99. 102 Yule, H. 132; Calha:" and lhe V tiJishlha Siddhanta 173 way Thither 131; Marco Polo Vasudeva 87 126 Vedabbha Jataka 180 Vedas, the 156 Zaba (Z.b
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