Warm-up for 11-1

 American Civil War images to Ashokan Farewell

 Write anything that you know about the American Civil War.  Confederate soldiers took over fed. installations in their states  Fort Sumter SC remained in Union control  Lincoln’s dilemma 1. shoot way into fort to reinforce & start hostilities 2. evacuate fort & treat Confederacy as a legitimate nation  *decides to send in only food

 Jefferson Davis attacks and takes fort- April 1861  Virginia seceded after Fort Sumter (huge loss to Union)  western counties of Virginia were antislavery- West Virginia joins Union in 1863

Union advantages  more fighting power  more factories  greater food production  extensive railroad system

Union strategy** 1. navy would blockade S ports to prevent exports & imports 2. move down the Mississippi River & split Confederacy in two 3. capture Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia

 Anaconda Plan- plan by which the Union proposed to defeat the Confederacy (snake suffocates its victims in its coils- developed by Winfield Scott)

Confederate advantages  “king cotton” & the $ it earned  exceptional leadership  strong military tradition  defending homeland- highly motivated

 Confederate strategy 1. defensive; survival as a nation The Confederate Generals

“Stonewall” Jackson

George Pickett

James Longstreet Robert E. Lee Lincoln’s Generals

Winfield Scott Joseph Hooker Ulysses S. Grant George McClellan George Meade

Ambrose Burnside Warm-up 11-1 Part 2

 Can you think of any famous American photographs? If you can, describe it and explain what about makes it important or memorable. Bull Run- creek outside of D.C.- July 1861  1st major bloodshed  both armies inexperienced  Stonewall Jackson- nickname for General Thomas Jackson  Confederate reinforcements helped S win the battle

Union Armies in the West  Lincoln calls on 1 million to enlist for 3 yrs.  General George McClellan- appointed leader of the Union army - “Army of the Potomac”  General Ulysses S. Grant- led army in Tennessee  failure in life, but decisive military commander  captured Fort Henry & Fort Donelson in Feb. 1862  nickname from initials- “Unconditional Surrender”

 Shiloh- small Tennessee church- April 1862  surprise attack by the Confederacy  Union counterattacked & forced Confederates to retreat (draw)  Confederate retreat proved strategy to divide might work (Anaconda Plan)  *Generals learned they had to use scouts, dig trenches, & fortify

Union Casualties: 13,047 Confederate Casualties: 10,699

 David G. Farragut- Union naval commander  captured New Orleans and Baton Rouge

 Ironclads battle- March 62’  North’s Monitor v. South’s Merrimack (recovered Union frigate)  *battle was a draw, but era of wooden fighting ships was over  ironclads withstand cannon, fire, and resist burning

New Weapons  invention of rifle- more accurate, quicker, deadlier

 minie ball- soft lead bullet that was more destructive

 primitive hand grenades and land mines

 **new technology gave fighting from inside trenches a great advantage Musket v. Rifle

Musket doesn’t mean smooth bore. It’s a type of firearm that is single shot and is beyond a certain length. A rifled musket is a musket that has rifling in the barrel. Meaning grooves that are in a twisted pattern to make the bullet spin. Most muskets are muzzle loaders, however towards the end of the civil war Springfield developed a breach loading musket that increased the rounds per minute a soldier could shoot. A conventional musket was 3 rounds a minute for a VERY well trained soldier. The breach loaders were double that.

A muzzleloader is any firearm into which the projectile and usually the propellant charge is loaded from the muzzle of the gun (i.e. from the forward, open end of the gun's barrel). This is distinct from the more popular modern design of breech-loading firearms. Muzzle loading can apply to anything from cannons to pistols but in modern language the term most commonly applies to black powder small arms. It usually, but not always, involves the use of a loose propellant and projectile, as well as a separate method of ignition or priming.

Muskets are single shot firearms with a long barrel, and although for the majority of their existence they were smooth bore, that does not mean there are variations that weren’t. Rifles are multi shot weapons with a rifled barrel. A rifled musket is a musket with a rifled barrel.

The Gatling gun saw only limited use in Both the Union and Confederate armies the Civil War. Invented by Dr. Richard used balloons for reconnaissance during Jordan Gatling, the Civil War model the American Civil War, marking the served as the precursor of more first time that balloons were used in the successful models. United States for reconnaissance. The Gatling gun was a hand-crank- Thaddeus Lowe and John LaMountain operated weapon with 6 barrels both carried out missions for the Union revolving around a central shaft. The army during the war. On July 17, 1861, cartridges were fed to the gun by Lowe demonstrated his ideas for balloon gravity through a hopper mounted on reconnaissance and also for sending the top of the gun. 6 cam-operated bolts telegrams from the balloon to the alternately wedged, fired, and dropped commanders below. Lowe and the bullets, which were contained in LaMountain also introduced the use of steel chambers. Gatling used the 6 aircraft carriers. Lowe directed the barrels to partially cool the gun during construction in 1861 of the first aircraft firing. Since the gun was capable of carrier, George Washington Parke firing 600 rounds a minute, each barrel Custis, a rebuilt coal barge with a flight fired 100 rounds per minute. deck superstructure. War for the Capitals  Union General McClellan was very cautious  Spring 1862 he pushes towards Richmond  Confederate General Johnston wounded- Robert E. Lee takes over  Lee- opposed secession, but declined Union command, sided w/ Virginia  Seven Days’ Battles- June 25 to July 1 1862- series of battles- Lee unorthodox- dividing his forces  McClellan backed away from Richmond Antietam (Sharpsburg MD)  Lee won a resounding victory at the 2nd Battle of Bull Run- August 1862  crossed Potomac & moved on D.C.- Union soldier finds Lee’s military plans  Antietam creek- September 17, 1862  **bloodiest single day battle in American History**  more than 26,000 casualties

Confederate Losses Union Losses Killed-1,512 Killed--2,108 Wounded--7,816 Wounded--9,549 Captured/Missing--1,844 Captured/Missing--753 Antietam cont.  McClellan could have pursued the Confederates & ended the war- did nothing  Lincoln fired McClellan in Nov. 1862

Warm-up for 11-2

 Draft Warm-up Britain remains neutral 1. had accumulated a large stockpile of cotton 2. new sources of cotton in Egypt & India 3. Northern wheat & corn were an important import

Trent Affair (tested neutrality)  2 Confederate diplomats were traveling on the Trent (British) when an American ship stopped & arrested them  Britain threatened war- Lincoln forced to release the men Proclaiming Emancipation

 Confederate food and fortifications were produced through slave labor  since Lincoln ordered the army to seize supplies he could also authorize the army to emancipate slaves  emancipation would discourage Britain from supporting the Confederacy  emancipation was made a “My paramount object in this struggle is to weapon of war (political save the Union, and is not either to save or tool) destroy Slavery” Abraham Lincoln- 1862  emancipation proclamation- issued on Jan. 1, 1863  *freed all slaves behind Confederate lines  symbolic effect (Confederates outraged)  Jefferson Davis called the emancipation proclamation “the most hateful measure recorded in the history of guilty man.”  war would truly be a fight to the death  Proclamation allowed free blacks to join the Union army Dealing w/ Dissent  N-Lincoln suspends habeas corpus- required authorities to bring prisoners before the court to determine if they are being held legally  N-seized telegraph offices to prevent subversion  copperheads- Northern Democrats who advocated peace w/ the S  S-also suspended habeas corpus  *Lincoln’s actions set a precedent in expanded presidential powers during war  Conscription- drafting of citizens for military service  (S- age 17-50, those w/ $ could hire substitutes, those w/ more than 20 slaves exempt)  (N- age 20-45 for 3yrs, those w/ $ could hire sub, or pay $300 fee)  over 90% of troops in both the N & S were volunteers

Draft Riots of 1863  uprising of poor white workers (mostly Irish immigrants)  did not want to compete w/ free slaves for jobs  destroyed draft offices, newspapers, & attacked antislavery leaders & African Americans Draft Riot facts- do not copy  Official death toll -119  11 African-Americans lynched  50 buildings destroyed  1-5 million in damages - ~ $96 million today

Warm-up for 11-3

 Video- amputations

 Recall an experience that you thought would be a good time but turned into a terrible time. How did you get through it? What did you learn about yourself from the experience?  African Americans made up 1% of the N’s population, but made up 10% of the N’s army by war’s end  suffered discrimination, commanded by white officers, & paid less than whites until 64’  suffered higher mortality rates than whites (labor duties, executed by Confederates)  Fort Pillow, Tenn. - massacre of 200 African Americans by Confederate troops in 1864

Slave Resistance  slaves who remained on plantations engaged in sabotage, destroying gear & livestock  no major uprisings

War Affects Regional Economies

Southern food shortage (3) 1. drain of manpower into the army 2. Union occupation of food growing areas 3. loss of slaves to work in the fields  Union blockade of ports also created shortages of imports  (inflation rates reached 7,000%; w/ prices 70 times higher at the end of the war) Northern Growth  industries boomed supplying the army  standard of living decreased slightly as prices did rise  free blacks, immigrants, & women replaced men in factories for less pay  women work in the govt. for the 1st time  income tax- taxed % of one’s income (1863)

In July 1862, President Lincoln and Congress created the office of Commissioner of Internal Revenue and enacted an income tax to pay war expenses. This scarce 1864 Civil War “Treasury Department Office of Internal Revenue” receipt is for withholding taxes. Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides  body lice, dysentery, & diarrhea were common  food rations were deplorable (spoiled food)  U.S. Sanitary Commission est. to improve hygienic conditions in the N & train nurses  Clara Barton- famous Union nurse “angel of the battlefield”  prison conditions even worse than battlefield  Andersonville- Georgia prison  (men drank from the same stream that served as their sewer) Designed to hold 10,000 prisoners, the camp received its first shipment in February 1864. Prisoners continued to arrive by train at the Andersonville Depot, from where they would march 1/4 mile to the prison. During the next few months, approximately 400 prisoners arrived daily, swelling the population to more than 32,000 by August. Overcrowding was so severe that each man had less than four square yards of living space. Every tree was felled except two, leaving the prisoners with no protection from the elements, except for their rude shanty tents. The men were issued no clothing, so with freezing winter and hot summer temperatures, the men's clothing rotted away, leaving some men naked to the elements. Andersonville cont.

Worst was the lack of sanitation. The men were served by a small, muddy creek which became "a mass of liquid excrement" as it was used as a latrine outside the stockade by guards and inside the stockade by prisoners, who were more and more stricken with dysentery. Flies and maggots swarmed over the entire area, spreading disease which claimed the lives of up to 127 men a day. As the war produced deteriorating conditions in the South, prison officials had difficulty getting food to the camp due to transportation difficulties and a lack of resources. They often served unbolted corn, which acted like broken glass on the prisoners' deteriorated digestive systems. "Since the day I was born," said one prisoner, "I've never seen such misery." Wrote Father Hamilton of Macon, "I found the stockade extremely filthy; the men all huddled together and covered with vermin ... I found the Hospital almost as crowded as the stockade. The men were dying there very rapidly from scurvy ... diarrhea and dysentery ... they were not only covered with the ordinary vermin but also maggots ... they had nothing under them at all except the ground." Wrote Eliza Andrews of Washington, Georgia: "It is dreadful. My heart aches for the poor wretches, Yankees though they are, and I am afraid God will suffer some terrible retribution to fall upon us for letting such things happen. If the Yankees ever should come to southwest Georgia and go to Andersonville and see the graves there, God have mercy on the land!" During major engagements the flood of wounded became simply overwhelming. The surgeon could afford to spend precious few minutes with each of the injured. This led to amputation being the treatment of choice for injuries to an appendage. Chloroform was used during the Civil War, when it was available. Use of Chloroform as an anesthetic greatly reduced the torture and trauma of the procedure. The Chloroform was applied to a cloth and held over the soldier's nose and mouth until the man was unconscious. Due to the enormous number of wounded, the Civil War Surgeons became proficient at performing amputations. In many cases the amputation would be performed in 10 minutes. Surgeons, along with their assistants, would work round the clock, ending up with stacks of amputated limbs up to five feet high. The number of wounded needing attention and the relative lack of water meant that there was no attempt to wash hands or instruments between procedures. This lack of hygiene and sterility did create a large chance of infection. However, it has been estimated that as many as 75% of the amputees did recover. Warm-up for 11-4

 Song- Gettysburg

 Try to imagine an event that could change life dramatically in your community. Prelude to Gettysburg  Chancellorsville, Virginia- April/May- 1863  S won- defeated Union, Gen Hooker was later replaced, Union forced to retreat  * Stonewall Jackson accidentally shot by own men, died of pneumonia  Lee still decides to invade N for supplies Gettysburg  Confederate soldiers in search of shoes  3 day battle in Pennsylvania (July 1-3, 1863)  **considered turning point of the Civil War**  Lee forced to retreat, would not have sufficient forces to invade again  total casualties ~50,000 (killed, wounded, captured, missing)  Day 1 -Gen. Robert E. Lee concentrated his full strength against Maj. Gen. George G. Meade’s Army of the Potomac at the crossroads county seat of Gettysburg. On July 1, Confederate forces converged on the town from west and north, driving Union defenders back through the streets to Cemetery Hill. During the night, reinforcements arrived for both sides.  Day 2 -On July 2, Lee attempted to envelop the Federals, first striking the Union left flank at the Peach Orchard, Wheatfield, Devil’s Den, and the Round Tops with Longstreet’s and Hill’s divisions, and then attacking the Union right at Culp’s and East Cemetery Hills with Ewell’s divisions. By evening, the Federals retained Little Round Top and had repulsed most of Ewell’s men.  Day 3- During the morning of July 3, the Confederate infantry were driven from their last toe-hold on Culp’s Hill. In the afternoon, after a preliminary artillery bombardment, Lee attacked the Union center on Cemetery Ridge. The Pickett-Pettigrew assault (more popularly, Pickett’s Charge) momentarily pierced the Union line but was driven back with severe casualties. Stuart’s cavalry attempted to gain the Union rear but was repulsed. On July 4, Lee began withdrawing his army toward Williamsport on the Potomac River. His train of wounded stretched more than fourteen miles. Result: Union victory

 Vicksburg, Mississippi  1 of 2 final holdouts preventing Union from controlling Miss. River  Grant laid siege to city & it fell on July 4, 1863  (food supplies ran so low during siege people ate dogs and mules)  (5 days later Port Hudson, Louisiana fell, the last holdout on the Miss. River)

 November 1863 Lincoln gives Gettysburg Address in dedication of a cemetery  *2 minute speech is perhaps the most famous in American History "Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation: conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war. . .testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated. . . can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate. . .we cannot consecrate. . . we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us. . .that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion. . . that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain. . . that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom. . . and that government of the people. . .by the people. . .for the people. . . shall not perish from the earth. " The featured speaker at the Gettysburg ceremony was the noted orator, Edward Everett, not Lincoln. Everett’s speech lasted more than two hours. Reporters at the time lauded Everett’s speech and mocked Lincoln’s. But Everett knew the truth. He wrote to Lincoln, “I should be glad if I could flatter myself that I came as near to the central idea of the occasion, in two hours, as you did in two minutes.” Confederacy Wears Down  S strategy changes from attack to survival  S hoped to destroy N morale & est. an armistice  lack of food and labor at home forced many soldiers to desert  (soldiers in every state but SC turned & fought for the N)  Grant appointed commander of all Union forces in 1864  appoints William Tecumseh Sherman- commander of a division  *both believed in total war (fight military, government, & civilians)  strategy- Grant fight Lee, while Sherman raided Georgia  Grant’s casualties 2x as high as Lee (N could afford it) - called a butcher Sherman’s March To The Sea- November/December 1864  destroyed, burned, & killed everything in his path from Atlanta to Savanna  marched N into SC burning every house in his path

(estimated $100 million in destruction- $1.378 billion today- destroyed railroads, bridges, telegraph lines, cotton gins, mills while killing & seizing horses, mules, & cattle)

“We can not change the heart of the people of the South but we can make war so terrible … and make them so sick of war that generations will pass away before they again appeal to it.” Sherman  Before burning Atlanta, Sherman ordered its citizens evacuated. Sherman added “the only way the people of Atlanta can hope once more to live in peace and quiet at home, is to stop the war, which can only be done by admitting that it began in error and is perpetuated in pride. We don’t want your lands, or anything you have, but we do want and will have a just obedience to the laws of the United States.”  Picture bottom right is Columbia, South Carolina Election of 1864  Lincoln wins w/ news of Atlanta being taken & Farragut controlling Miss R ports  Sherman’s “March to the Sea” through Georgia, 1864

 The Final Virginia Campaign: 1864-1865  At Cold Harbor Grant lost 7,000 men in one hour

Surrender  Grant and Sherman closing in on Richmond by March 1865  w/ news that Lee was defeated at Petersburg, President Davis abandoned capital (setting it ablaze April 2)  Appomattox Court House- April 9, 1865 – Lee surrenders to Grant

 Very Generous Terms …  Confederates allowed to keep their horses and simply ride home  Would not be punished as traitors as long as they obeyed the laws where they lived  Allowed to keep their swords (symbol of honor)  The Landscape Toll  2/3 of shipping was destroyed  9,000 miles of railroads were destroyed  1/3 livestock, bridges, and canals were destroyed  Farmland plunged by about 70%

Warm-up for 11-5

 Video –History of the American Civil War map

 What was the most interesting fact or piece of information that you learned in this chapter? War Changes the Nation

Political Changes  states rights issue does not entirely go away  the war increased the federal government’s power  people could not assume the govt. was too far away to bother them Economic Changes  govt. subsidized construction (national railroad system)  National Bank Act- made banking safer for investors (dev. national currency & regulate chartered banks)  N investors made rich through supplying the govt. during the war  S economy destroyed w/ loss of slavery  S livestock, machinery, railroads, and land destroyed

The Civil War in Charleston, SC Costs of War  ~360,000 Union soldiers & ~260,000 Confederate soldiers died  About 2 percent of the U.S. population died in the Civil War  Economic costs- estimated combined total of $3.3 billion -1860’s $  20 years later, interest payments on the war debt plus veterans’ pensions accounted for 2/3 ‘s of the federal budget Social Changes  slavery was still legal in border states  2nd attempt through Congress the Thirteenth Amendment was passed *ABOLISHED SLAVERY –ratified December 1865  many people move west in search of opportunity  Robert E. Lee lost his plantation, which became a cemetery (Arlington) (swore renewed allegiance to the U.S.)  William Sherman stayed in the military & became an Indian fighter  Clara Barton, Union nurse, helped found the American Red Cross (Blue) Ratified amendment, 1865 (Green) Ratified amendment post-enactment, 1865–1870 (Purple) Ratified amendment after first rejecting amendment, 1866-1995 (Grey) Territories of the United States in 1865, not yet states Assassination  5 days after Appomattox (April 14) Lincoln was shot at Ford’s Theatre  died April 15, 1865- 1st President assassinated  John Wilkes Booth- assassin, Southern Sympathizer  found 12 days later, he was shot and killed (might have been own bullet)  1/3 of U.S. or ~7 million people came out to mourn for Lincoln

Execution of Mary Surratt (owned the boarding home where the conspiracy was conceived), Lewis Powell (stabbed William Seward), David Herold (guided Powell & ran w/ Booth), and George Atzerodt (assigned to kill VP Johnson) on July 7, 1865 Lewis Powell- on one of the monitors, U.S.S. Montauk and Saugus, where the conspirators were for a time confined.