Warm-up for 11-1 American Civil War images to Ashokan Farewell Write anything that you know about the American Civil War. Confederate soldiers took over fed. installations in their states Fort Sumter SC remained in Union control Lincoln’s dilemma 1. shoot way into fort to reinforce & start hostilities 2. evacuate fort & treat Confederacy as a legitimate nation *decides to send in only food Jefferson Davis attacks and takes fort- April 1861 Virginia seceded after Fort Sumter (huge loss to Union) western counties of Virginia were antislavery- West Virginia joins Union in 1863 Union advantages more fighting power more factories greater food production extensive railroad system Union strategy** 1. navy would blockade S ports to prevent exports & imports 2. move down the Mississippi River & split Confederacy in two 3. capture Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia Anaconda Plan- plan by which the Union proposed to defeat the Confederacy (snake suffocates its victims in its coils- developed by Winfield Scott) Confederate advantages “king cotton” & the $ it earned exceptional leadership strong military tradition defending homeland- highly motivated Confederate strategy 1. defensive; survival as a nation The Confederate Generals “Stonewall” Jackson George Pickett James Longstreet Robert E. Lee Lincoln’s Generals Winfield Scott Joseph Hooker Ulysses S. Grant George McClellan George Meade Ambrose Burnside Warm-up 11-1 Part 2 Can you think of any famous American photographs? If you can, describe it and explain what about makes it important or memorable. Bull Run- creek outside of D.C.- July 1861 1st major bloodshed both armies inexperienced Stonewall Jackson- nickname for General Thomas Jackson Confederate reinforcements helped S win the battle Union Armies in the West Lincoln calls on 1 million to enlist for 3 yrs. General George McClellan- appointed leader of the Union army - “Army of the Potomac” General Ulysses S. Grant- led army in Tennessee failure in life, but decisive military commander captured Fort Henry & Fort Donelson in Feb. 1862 nickname from initials- “Unconditional Surrender” Shiloh- small Tennessee church- April 1862 surprise attack by the Confederacy Union counterattacked & forced Confederates to retreat (draw) Confederate retreat proved strategy to divide might work (Anaconda Plan) *Generals learned they had to use scouts, dig trenches, & fortify Union Casualties: 13,047 Confederate Casualties: 10,699 David G. Farragut- Union naval commander captured New Orleans and Baton Rouge Ironclads battle- March 62’ North’s Monitor v. South’s Merrimack (recovered Union frigate) *battle was a draw, but era of wooden fighting ships was over ironclads withstand cannon, fire, and resist burning New Weapons invention of rifle- more accurate, quicker, deadlier minie ball- soft lead bullet that was more destructive primitive hand grenades and land mines **new technology gave fighting from inside trenches a great advantage Musket v. Rifle Musket doesn’t mean smooth bore. It’s a type of firearm that is single shot and is beyond a certain length. A rifled musket is a musket that has rifling in the barrel. Meaning grooves that are in a twisted pattern to make the bullet spin. Most muskets are muzzle loaders, however towards the end of the civil war Springfield developed a breach loading musket that increased the rounds per minute a soldier could shoot. A conventional musket was 3 rounds a minute for a VERY well trained soldier. The breach loaders were double that. A muzzleloader is any firearm into which the projectile and usually the propellant charge is loaded from the muzzle of the gun (i.e. from the forward, open end of the gun's barrel). This is distinct from the more popular modern design of breech-loading firearms. Muzzle loading can apply to anything from cannons to pistols but in modern language the term most commonly applies to black powder small arms. It usually, but not always, involves the use of a loose propellant and projectile, as well as a separate method of ignition or priming. Muskets are single shot firearms with a long barrel, and although for the majority of their existence they were smooth bore, that does not mean there are variations that weren’t. Rifles are multi shot weapons with a rifled barrel. A rifled musket is a musket with a rifled barrel. The Gatling gun saw only limited use in Both the Union and Confederate armies the Civil War. Invented by Dr. Richard used balloons for reconnaissance during Jordan Gatling, the Civil War model the American Civil War, marking the served as the precursor of more first time that balloons were used in the successful models. United States for reconnaissance. The Gatling gun was a hand-crank- Thaddeus Lowe and John LaMountain operated weapon with 6 barrels both carried out missions for the Union revolving around a central shaft. The army during the war. On July 17, 1861, cartridges were fed to the gun by Lowe demonstrated his ideas for balloon gravity through a hopper mounted on reconnaissance and also for sending the top of the gun. 6 cam-operated bolts telegrams from the balloon to the alternately wedged, fired, and dropped commanders below. Lowe and the bullets, which were contained in LaMountain also introduced the use of steel chambers. Gatling used the 6 aircraft carriers. Lowe directed the barrels to partially cool the gun during construction in 1861 of the first aircraft firing. Since the gun was capable of carrier, George Washington Parke firing 600 rounds a minute, each barrel Custis, a rebuilt coal barge with a flight fired 100 rounds per minute. deck superstructure. War for the Capitals Union General McClellan was very cautious Spring 1862 he pushes towards Richmond Confederate General Johnston wounded- Robert E. Lee takes over Lee- opposed secession, but declined Union command, sided w/ Virginia Seven Days’ Battles- June 25 to July 1 1862- series of battles- Lee unorthodox- dividing his forces McClellan backed away from Richmond Antietam (Sharpsburg MD) Lee won a resounding victory at the 2nd Battle of Bull Run- August 1862 crossed Potomac & moved on D.C.- Union soldier finds Lee’s military plans Antietam creek- September 17, 1862 **bloodiest single day battle in American History** more than 26,000 casualties Confederate Losses Union Losses Killed-1,512 Killed--2,108 Wounded--7,816 Wounded--9,549 Captured/Missing--1,844 Captured/Missing--753 Antietam cont. McClellan could have pursued the Confederates & ended the war- did nothing Lincoln fired McClellan in Nov. 1862 Warm-up for 11-2 Draft Warm-up Britain remains neutral 1. had accumulated a large stockpile of cotton 2. new sources of cotton in Egypt & India 3. Northern wheat & corn were an important import Trent Affair (tested neutrality) 2 Confederate diplomats were traveling on the Trent (British) when an American ship stopped & arrested them Britain threatened war- Lincoln forced to release the men Proclaiming Emancipation Confederate food and fortifications were produced through slave labor since Lincoln ordered the army to seize supplies he could also authorize the army to emancipate slaves emancipation would discourage Britain from supporting the Confederacy emancipation was made a “My paramount object in this struggle is to weapon of war (political save the Union, and is not either to save or tool) destroy Slavery” Abraham Lincoln- 1862 emancipation proclamation- issued on Jan. 1, 1863 *freed all slaves behind Confederate lines symbolic effect (Confederates outraged) Jefferson Davis called the emancipation proclamation “the most hateful measure recorded in the history of guilty man.” war would truly be a fight to the death Proclamation allowed free blacks to join the Union army Dealing w/ Dissent N-Lincoln suspends habeas corpus- required authorities to bring prisoners before the court to determine if they are being held legally N-seized telegraph offices to prevent subversion copperheads- Northern Democrats who advocated peace w/ the S S-also suspended habeas corpus *Lincoln’s actions set a precedent in expanded presidential powers during war Conscription- drafting of citizens for military service (S- age 17-50, those w/ $ could hire substitutes, those w/ more than 20 slaves exempt) (N- age 20-45 for 3yrs, those w/ $ could hire sub, or pay $300 fee) over 90% of troops in both the N & S were volunteers Draft Riots of 1863 uprising of poor white workers (mostly Irish immigrants) did not want to compete w/ free slaves for jobs destroyed draft offices, newspapers, & attacked antislavery leaders & African Americans Draft Riot facts- do not copy Official death toll -119 11 African-Americans lynched 50 buildings destroyed 1-5 million in damages - ~ $96 million today Warm-up for 11-3 Video- amputations Recall an experience that you thought would be a good time but turned into a terrible time. How did you get through it? What did you learn about yourself from the experience? African Americans made up 1% of the N’s population, but made up 10% of the N’s army by war’s end suffered discrimination, commanded by white officers, & paid less than whites until 64’ suffered higher mortality rates than whites (labor duties, executed by Confederates) Fort Pillow, Tenn. - massacre of 200 African Americans by Confederate troops in 1864 Slave Resistance slaves who remained on plantations engaged in sabotage, destroying gear & livestock no major uprisings War Affects Regional Economies Southern food shortage (3) 1. drain of manpower into the army 2. Union occupation of food growing areas 3. loss of slaves to work in the fields Union blockade of ports also created shortages of imports (inflation rates reached 7,000%; w/ prices 70 times higher at the end of the war) Northern Growth industries boomed supplying the army standard of living decreased slightly as prices did rise free blacks, immigrants, & women replaced men in factories for less pay women work in the govt.