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Exploring Family Farm Development in Dryland Agricultural Areas: a Case Study of the Laghouat

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Exploring Family Farm Development in Dryland Agricultural Areas: a Case Study of the Laghouat International Scholars Journals Frontiers of Agriculture and Food Technology ISSN 7295-2849 Vol. 8 (12), pp. 001-010, December, 2018. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. Full Length Research Paper Exploring family farm development in dryland agricultural areas: A case study of the Laghouat region of Algeria 1 2 2 1 Khaled Laoubi *, Melkhir Boudi , Moulay Adel and Masahiro Yamao 1 Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Japan. 2 University of Amar Telidji, Laghouat, Algeria. Accepted 23 February, 2018 Family farming is the predominant agricultural system of dryland agriculture in Algeria. The National Agricultural and Rural Development Program (PNDAR) was implemented in the last decade to enhance the development of family farms in drylands. The objective of the present study was to explore family farm development in Algerian dryland agricultural areas. Specifically, we were interested in the behavior of farmers and stockbreeders toward various institutional and agricultural development policies. To this end, surveys were conducted on 35 randomly selected stratified farmers using closed structured questionnaires in 5 municipalities, which were used to represent the three bioclimatic zones in the Laghouat prefecture. The results showed that the main form of organization at family farms depends on the bioclimatic zone, which affects the production systems, public support and conservative adaptation strategies. Constraints related to production factors are widespread, affect farm operations and challenge public policy. Agricultural diversification such as the introduction of livestock farming and non- agricultural activities occurred on the majority of the farms, and two primary strategies for achieving food security were observed. Namely, food crops were prioritized and diversified on family farms, and speculative crops and livestock were raised simultaneously. Nevertheless, the acquisition of subsidies and farming intensification did not yield significant results due to the non-continuity of actions in time and space. The results of the present study indicated that family farm development policies in drylands should be adaptable and account for the heterogeneity of agriculture, especially bioclimatic factors. Key words: Family farm, dryland, agricultural policy, agricultural development, bioclimatic. INTRODUCTION Family farming is the most common agricultural system in activities, the organization of family or paid labor and the the world. Family farms represent approximately 1.4 management of family resources (Gastellu and billion people, and 96% of family farms are located in Dubois, 1997). southern countries (Ferraton and Touzard, 2009). Family In Algeria, the largest dryland country in Africa, family farms supply more than 70% of the local and regional farming is the primary form of agricultural activity and food market, contributing significantly to food security at provides several economic and social functions. the local, national and regional level (ILEIA conference, Moreover, family farms play an important role in 2009). Family farming is a form of production maintaining the rural population. At the farm level, family characterized by the special link between economic labor accounts for 43.86% of the agricultural labor force activities and family structure. This relationship affects the (Benmouffok, 2006). Nevertheless, since Algeria became decision-making process, including the choice of independent in 1962, several agricultural reforms and policies (socialist era) have marginalized family farms in the agricultural development process (Baci, 1999). Moreover, arid and semi-arid regions are scattered over *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. nearly 2 million hectares, and approximately 100,000 ha Figure 1. Location of the study region: Laghouat prefecture, Algeria. of arable land are subject to rigorous arid environments. constraints of natural, technical, organizational and Indeed, family farms are faced with variable and adverse institutional problems that are responsible for the climatic conditions, especially with respect to the weakening of the basics of national food security, the mobilization of water resources, supervision of farmers, degradation of natural resources and the lack of cohesion etc. These factors are the major constraints to the and social peace in rural areas, which are essential for implementation of intensification processes and the Algerian society (MADR, 2007). stabilization of agriculture in the region (Campagne, Although effort has been extended toward agricultural 1997). Furthermore, family farms must cope with development, academic studies have not been conducted globalization and economies that are internationally in Algerian dryland areas to evaluate the effectiveness of oriented. To face reforms in market organizations, these measures on family farm development. Thus, the consumer demands and public opinion, and to remain a goal of the present work was to explore family farm major player in rural development, the competitiveness of development in Algerian dryland agricultural areas. farming must be strengthened to enhance the future Specifically, we were interested in the behavior of farmers performance of agriculture. and stockbreeders toward various institutional and To meet the aforementioned goals, the Algerian agricultural development policies. In the current government launched the National Agricultural and Rural investigation, the following research questions were Development Program (PNDAR) in 2000. The explicitly addressed: What are the main forms of implementation of this program was a decisive stage in organization at the family farm and bioclimatic level? the history of agricultural policies in Algeria and promoted Were the objectives of the development policies the role of the farmer as an active economic player. achieved? Moreover, the program transformed the traditional relationship between the farmer and agricultural administrations into a confident, responsible, cooperative METHODOLOGY relationship. Case study Rural development policies are based on local rural development projects (PPDR) and are aimed at the The Laghouat region was selected as the case study area and is sustainable improvement of food security and living located in southern Algeria, 400 km from Algiers (the capital city), conditions of households. Moreover, rural development between 33.5° North latitude and longitude 2.6° East latitude policies are constructed within the framework of a (Figure 1). The prefecture of Laghouat is divided into 10 participatory, decentralized, territorial based plan. The municipalities and possesses an arid bioclimate with a mean minimum temperature (m) of 2.4°C, a mean maximum temperature PNDAR was designed to be a comprehensive and (M) of 38°C and an annual rainfall (P) of 171.5 mm. The region has coherent response to the primary challenges and a total area of 2,469,700 ha, of which 73,013 ha are agricultural Table 1. Laghouat features by bioclimatic zone. Bioclimatic zone North zone Central zone South zone Bioclimatic type Cool semi-arid Cold semi-arid Pre Saharan Altitude (m) 800-1400 1200-1400 700-1200 Rainfall (mm/year) 200-400 400-500 100-200 Total area (ha) 464,500 342,000 1,663,200 1 Rangelands and Alfalfa (ha) 367,650 216,113 1,208,970 Agricultural land (ha) 29,510 14,491 29,012 Irrigated land (ha) 9,075 3,188 18,549 Forest and scrub (ha) 0 85,036 0 1 ; Rangelands only Field survey, 2010. land and 30,812 ha are irrigated land. The agricultural sector of a comprehensive list of farmers in the selected municipalities at employs more than 241,112 inhabitants or 65.82% of the total all levels (DSA, agricultural subdivision, chamber of agriculture), we population. Currently, there are 27,297 farms in the region, of which constructed a list of farmers from people who know or work with 11,245 are crop-based farms, 2,116 are agro-pastoralist farms and farmers in the selected municipalities. In this manner, a network of 13,936 are stockbreeding farms. farmers was constructed, and 35 farmers were selected according The region consists of three homogeneous areas (Table 1): to the method of stratified random sampling (7 farmers in Laghouat, 8 farmers in Sidi Makhlouf, 9 farmers in Aflou, 7 farmers in Hassi 1. North zone: High steppes plains, agro-pastoral regions and R’Mel and 4 farmers in Ksar Elhirene). The surveys were conducted alfalfa: The north zone has a total area of 464,500 ha and ranges in in April of 2010, and a well-structured questionnaire was used to altitude from 800 to 1400 m. In addition, the north zone possesses a interview the head of each farm. The questionnaire included cool semi-arid bioclimate, and rainfall ranges from 200 to 400 mm quantitative and qualitative socio-economic questions and was per year. Arable land in the north zone consists of rangelands and divided into 3 parts. Part 1 was used to obtain information on the alfalfa (367,650 ha, 79%), agricultural land (29510 ha, 6%) and farmers, and part 2 was used to determine the characteristics of the irrigated agricultural land (9,075 ha, 30% of the total agricultural farm. Lastly, the third section of the survey was used to obtain area). The north zone is characterized by an extensive degree of information on the relationship between the farmer and the vegetative degradation. Namely, 70,185 ha (19.06%) are environment. Questionnaires were constructed
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