Essays on Economic Development: Pre-Independent Algeria at the Beginning of the 1900S
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TESIS DOCTORAL Essays on Economic Development: Pre-Independent Algeria at the Beginning of the 1900s Autor: Laura Maravall Buckwalter Directores: Markus Lampe Joan R. Rosés Tutor: James Simpson DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Getafe, Junio 2017 TESIS DOCTORAL ESSAYS ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: PRE-INDEPENDENT ALGERIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 1900s Autor: Laura Maravall Buckwalter Directores: Markus Lampe y Joan R. Rosés Tutor: James Simpson Firma del Tribunal Calificador: Firma Presidente: Giovanni Federico Vocal: Ewout Frankema Secretario: Alfonso Herranz Loncán Getafe, 20 de julio de 2017 Contents List of Tables 7 List of Figures 9 Chapter 1 Introduction 15 Chapter 2 The Crowding-Out of Small Family Farm Settlers 37 2.1 Introduction . 38 2.2 Land Concentration and Rural Failure . 40 2.3 The Process of Land Settlement . 41 2.4 The Indigenous Agency . 47 2.5 Data and Empirical Model . 51 2.6 Conclusions . 60 Chapter 3 Factor Endowments and Farm Structure: A Regional Approach 61 3.1 Introduction . 62 3.2 New World Conditions in an Old World Market . 65 3.3 Farm Size Restrictions: “Older” vs. “Frontier” . 72 3.4 The Factor Endowments: A Comparative Approach . 74 3.5 Conclusions . 84 Chapter 4 Build It and They Will Come? 87 4.1 Introduction . 88 4.2 The Railroad in French Algeria . 93 4.3 Data and Empirical Model . 99 4.4 Conclusions . 109 Chapter 5 Conclusion 111 A Appendix: Chapter 2 115 5 6 Contents B Appendix: Chapter 3 123 C Appendix: Chapter 4 127 D Appendix: General 139 D.1 Main Sources . 139 D.2 Variable Description . 141 D.3 Maps and Images . 148 D.4 Trade and Population . 150 D.5 Spatial Aggregation and Changes in Administrative Names . 159 References 165 List of Tables 1.1 Summary of domain properties, by category of land or method of acquisition, bound over to colonization, Constantine 1830-1851 . 31 2.1 European rural population, French Algeria 1872-1948 . 39 2.2 Settler and indigenous land tenancy per district, Const. in 1904/05 and 1913/14 . 49 2.3 Determinants of European agricultural population, Const. 1904/05 and 1913/14 . 55 2.4 Determinants of European agricultural land concentration, Const. 1904/05 and 1913/14 59 3.1 Wheat acreage and total production, grain exporting countries 1885-1914 . 66 3.2 Total rural population densities per district, Const. 1904/05 and 1913/14 . 67 3.3 Factor prices and quantities: t-test on mean differences, Const. 1904/5 and 1913/14 77 3.4 Mechanization, Const. 1904/5 and 1913/14 . 80 3.5 Comparative analysis: Oued Athmenia, Aïn Taghrout, and Oum El Bouaghi, 1904/05 81 4.1 Base diff-in-diff: settler population density, Const. 1884 and 1892 . 105 4.2 Base diff-in-diff: settler population density, Const. 1884 and 1897 . 106 4.3 Base diff-in-diff: indigenous population density, Const. 1884 and 1892 . 106 4.4 Base diff-in-diff: indigenous population density, Const. 1884 and 1897 . 106 A.1 Summary statistics in Chapter 2 . 115 A.2 Pair-wise correlation matrix in Chapter 2 . 117 A.3 Number of settlers and year of creation of settlement centers in Constantine . 118 A.4 Determinants of European agricultural population, Const. 1904/05 and 1913/14 . 119 A.5 Determinants of European agricultural population, Const. 1904/05 and 1913/14 . 120 A.6 Determinants of European agricultural population, Const. 1904/05 and 1913/14 . 121 A.7 Determinants of European agricultural population, Const. 1904/05 and 1913/14 . 122 B.1 Summary statistics in Chapter 3 . 123 B.2 Pair-wise correlation matrix in Chapter 3 . 124 C.1 Summary statistics in Chapter 4 . 128 7 8 List of Tables C.2 Pair-wise correlation matrix in Chapter 4 . 128 C.3 Summary statistics of elevation and t-test mean difference between treated and control groups in Chapter 4 . 128 C.4 Diff-in-diff: effects of railway access on settler population density, Const. 1884-1892132 C.5 Diff-in-diff: effects of railway access on indigenous population density, Const. 1884-1892 . 132 C.6 Diff-in-diff: effects of railway access on settler population density, Const. 1884-1897133 C.7 Diff-in-diff: effects of railway access on indigenous population density, Const. 1884-1897 . 133 C.8 Diff-in-diff: effects of railway access on settler population density (indden<2), Const. 1884-1892 . 134 C.9 Diff-in-diff: effects of railway access on indigenous population density (indden<2), Const. 1884-1892 . 134 C.10 Diff-in-diff: effects of railway access on settler population density (indden<2), Const. 1884-1897 . 135 C.11 Diff-in-diff: effects of railway access on indigenous population density (indden<2), Const. 1884-1897 . 135 C.12 Diff-in-diff (IV): effects of railway access on settler and indigenous population density, Const. 1884-1892 . 136 C.13 Diff-in-diff (IV): effects of railway access on settler and indigenous population density, Const. 1884-1897 . 136 C.14 Diff-in-diff: effect of railway access on settler and indigenous population density, economic activity redistribution, Const. 1884-1892 . 137 C.15 Diff-in-diff: effect of railway access on settler and indigenous population density, economic activity redistribution, Const. 1884-1897 . 137 D.1 Population density in square kilometres: S. Africa, S. Rhodesia, Kenya, and N. Algeria153 D.2 Summary statistics in Appendix D . 157 D.3 List of localities of communes or municipalities that changed names . 164 List of Figures 1.1 Map of French occupation in Algeria after 1830 . 19 1.2 Light density at night in year 2013 and average property size in 1913/14, Constantine 21 1.3 Terms of trade and wine and wheat prices, French Algeria 1870-1913 . 25 1.4 Cultivated area of wine and wheat, French Algeria 1875-1913 . 25 1.5 Export basket and price index, French Algeria 1873-1913 . 26 1.6 Production of wine and wheat per hectare, French Algeria 1875-1913 . 27 1.7 Export diversification, French Algeria 1896-1926 . 27 1.8 Map of Constantine at the beginning of the 1900s . 29 2.1 Total rural indigenous and settler population, French Algeria 1872-1936 . 39 2.2 European rural population and property size distribution, Const. 1904/05 and 1913/14 42 2.3 European property size and year of creation of settlement centers per municipality, Const. in 1904/05 and 1913/14 . 45 2.4 Density of settlement centers and year of creation of settlement centers, Const. 1904/13 and 1913/14 . 47 2.5 Share of owners, holdings size, share of leaders, and size of Private Gross Income, Const. 1895-1915 . 51 2.6 Year of creation of a settlement center and crop suitability per municipality, Const. 1904/05 and 1913/14 . 56 3.1 Total wheat acreage, Argentina, Australia, Canada, and Algeria, 1885-1914 . 63 3.2 Total wheat acreage in hectares per municipality, Const. 1913/14 . 69 3.3 Indigenous and European plow (photo) in French Algeria . 71 3.4 Property size and year of creation of settlement centers, Const. 1904/05 and 1913/14 73 3.5 Share of properties (per size and district) and average property size density (per period of settlement), Const. 1904/05 and 1913/14 . 73 3.6 Share of settler-owned small properties, Const. 1904/05 and 1913/14 . 74 3.7 Share and extension of the wheat-cultivated area and viticulture by year of creation of settlement centers, Const. 1904/5 and 1913/14 . 77 9 10 List of Figures 3.8 Indigenous rural population per suitable hectare, Const. 1904/05 . 82 3.9 Mules-to-oxen ratio (settler owned), Const. 1904/05 . 84 4.1 Total rural indigenous and settler population, French Algeria 1872-1936 . 89 4.2 Map of Constantine in the 1900s . 94 4.3 Selected regional sample: full and restricted, Const. 1884 and 1897 . 100 A.1 Box plot of the average property size (by year of settlement), Const. in 1904/05 and 1913/14 . 116 B.1 Winter cereal yields, Const. 1904/05 and 1913/14 . 125 B.2 Indigenous wages per day, Const. 1904/05 . 125 B.3 Indigenous labor per day, Const. 1904/05 and 1913/14 . 126 C.1 Mean and confidence intervals of settler population density (by treated and control groups), Const. 1884 . 129 C.2 Mean and confidence intervals of indigenous population density (by treated and control groups), Const. 1884 . 129 C.3 Box plot of settler population density (by treated and control groups), Const. 1884 130 C.4 Box plot of indigenous population density (by treated and control groups), Const. 1884130 C.5 Map of railway instrumental lines in Constantine . 131 C.6 Picture of the railway in French Algeria . 131 D.1 Colonial administrative boundaries in Constantine overlapped to current aerial image 148 D.2 Example of a part Constantine’s digitized map . 149 D.3 Zoom-in Constantine’s digitized map: douars from 1863 sénatus-consulte . 149 D.4 Total population estimates, French Algeria 1872-1936 . 152 D.5 Total indigenous and settler population, French Algeria 1872-1936 . 156 D.6 Natural population growth rates, French Algeria 1872-1914 . 158 D.7 Muslim and total population growth, Algeria 1872-1914 . 158 D.8 Aggregating current municipalities into 1949 boundaries in Constantine . 159 List of Abbreviations ANOM Archives Nationales d’Outre-Mer ANOM-iREL Archives Nationales d’Outre-Mer-Instruments de Recherche en Ligne ASF Annuaire Statistique de la France CBG Compagnie de Bône-Guelma CCFA Compagnie des Chemins de Fer Algériens CCO Carte de la Colonisation Officielle CEA Compagnie de l’Est Algérien CEPC Carte des Étapes de la Province de Constantine CI Commune Indigènes CM Commune Mixte CPE Commune de Plein Exercice CVC Carte des Voies de Communication DdC Dictionnaire des Communes, Villes et Villages de l’Algérie GGA Gouvernement Général de l’Algérie INE Instituto Nacional de Estadística SA Statistique Agricole SGA Statistique Général de l’Algérie TdCF Tableau du Commerce de la France TGdC Tableau Général ..