Historiogtl 'Revle-w

The State Historical Society of Missouri

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI BOARD OF EDITORS

LAWRENCE 0. CHRISTENSEN SUSAN M. HARTMANN University of Missouri-Rolla Ohio State University, Columbus

WILLIAM E. FOLEY ALAN R. HAVIG Central Missouri State University, Stephens College, Warrensburg Columbia

JEAN TYREE HAMILTON DAVID D. MARCH Marshall Kirksville

ARVARH E. STRICKLAND University of Missouri-Columbia 1 .

COVER DESCRIPTION: In January 1939, sharecroppers in the Bootheel moved onto the roadsides along Routes 60 and 61 to protest their dispossession from the land. At that time, landlords capitalized on New Deal policy under which they were paid to reduce cotton production and released their tenants. Upon State Health Commissioner Harry Parker's recommendation, the Highway Patrol removed the demonstrators to a campground between the levee and the Mississippi River in New Madrid County. This photo­ graph by Arthur Rothstein is in the Southern Historical Collection, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. For an account of this event, see: "The Plight of the People in the Sharecroppers' Demonstration in Southeast Missouri," published in this issue. MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

JAMES W. GOODRICH EDITOR

MARY K. DAINS ASSOCIATE EDITOR

R. DOUGLAS HURT ASSOCIATE EDITOR

LEON A S. MORRIS RESEARCH ASSISTANT

Copyright © 1987 by the State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201 The Missouri Historical Review (ISSN 0026-6582) is owned by The State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 10 South Hitt, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communications, business and editorial correspondence and change of address to the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri.

SOCIETY HOURS: The Society is open to the public from 8:00 A.M. to 4:30 VOLUME LXXXI P.M., Monday through Friday, and Saturday from 9:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M., except legal holidays. NUMBER 4 Holiday Schedule: The Society will be closed Saturday during the Memorial Day, Labor Day and Thanksgiving JULY, 1987 weekends; and Saturday, December 26, 1987 and January 2, 1988. THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1969, chapter 183, as revised 1978.

OFFICERS 1986-1989 JOSEPH WEBBER, St. Louis, President Avis TUCKER, Warrensburg, First Vice President SHERIDAN A. LOGAN, St. Joseph, Second Vice President VIRGINIA YOUNG, Columbia, Third Vice President NOBLE E. CUNNINGHAM, Columbia, Fourth Vice President R. KENNETH ELLIOTT, Kansas City, Fifth Vice President ROBERT G.J. HOESTER, Kirkwood, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer JAMES W. GOODRICH, Columbia, Director, Secretary and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia ELMER ELLIS, Columbia WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau FRANCIS M. BARNES HI, Kirkwood LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1987 H. RILEY BOCK, Portageville GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis ROBERT S. DALE, Carthage ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia FREDERICK W. LEHMANN IV, WALLACE B. SMITH, Independence Webster Groves ROBERT M. WHITE, Mexico

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1988 JAMES W. BROWN, Harrisonville BOB PRIDDY, Jefferson City ILUS W. DAVIS, Kansas City DALE REESMAN, Boonville JOHN K. HULSTON, Springfield ARVARH E. STRICKLAND, Columbia JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City BLANCHE M. TOUHILL, St. Louis

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1989 MRS. SAMUEL A. BURK, Kirksville DOYLE PATTERSON, Kansas City VICTOR A. GIERKE, Louisiana STUART SYMINGTON, JR., St. Louis JEAN TYREE HAMILTON, Marshall ROBERT WOLPERS, Poplar Bluff W. ROGERS HEWITT, Shelbyville DALTON C. WRIGHT, Lebanon

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-nine Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, President of the University of Missouri and Chancellor of the University of Missouri-Columbia constitute the Executive Committee. FINANCE COMMITTEE Five members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President, who by virtue of his office constitutes the sixth member, compose the Finance Committee. WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington, Chairman JEAN TYREE HAMILTON, Marshall FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia ELMER ELLIS, Columbia JOSEPH WEBBER, St. Louis EDITORIAL POLICY The editors of the Missouri Historical Review welcome submission of articles and documents relat­ ing to the history of Missouri. Any aspect of Mis­ souri history will be considered for publication in the Review. Genealogical studies, however, are not accepted because of limited appeal to general readers. Manuscripts pertaining to all fields of American history will be considered if the subject matter has significant relevance to the history of Missouri or the West. Authors should submit two double-spaced copies of their manuscripts. The footnotes, prepared ac­ cording to The Chicago Manual of Style, also should be double-spaced and placed at the end of the text. Authors may submit manuscripts on PC/DOS, 360K floppy disk. The disk must be IBM compatible, pre­ ferably a Displaywrite 3 or 4 program. Otherwise, it must be in ASCII format. Two hard copies still are required, and the print must be letter or near-letter quality. Dot matrix submissions will not be accepted. Originality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used, interpretation and style are criteria for acceptance and publication. Manuscripts should not exceed 7,500 words. Articles that are accepted for publication become the property of The State Historical Society of Missouri and may not be pub­ lished elsewhere without permission. The Society does not accept responsibility for statements of fact or opinion made by the authors. Articles published in the Review are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts, America: His­ tory and Life, Recently Published Articles, Writings on American History, The Western Historical Quar­ terly and The Journal of American History. Manuscripts submitted for the Review should be addressed to: Dr. James W. Goodrich, Editor Missouri Historical Review The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201 SOCIETY AWARDS At the annual meeting in the autumn, the State Historical Society confers four awards for distin­ guished service and historical research. The Dis­ tinguished Service Award is presented to a member who has given exceptional service to the Society and to the State of Missouri in the promotion and dissemination of knowledge concerning the history of our region. The recipient of this award receives an engraved citation and a medallion. The Society also presents the Richard S. Brownlee Fund Award. This cash award is given to the person or institu­ tion that has made a substantial contribution to the history of Missouri. In addition, the Society awards a three-hundred-dollar cash prize and an engraved citation for the best article published during the calendar year in the Missouri Historical Review. A three-hundred-dollar Floyd C. Shoemaker History Award is presented each year to a student who has written the best historical paper on the state or territory. In odd-numbered years, the Shoemaker Award is presented to a senior high school student; in even-numbered years, it is awarded to a junior class college or university student. A three-member committee, appointed by the president of the Society will select the Distinguished Service member. No active officers or trustees of the Society, with the exception of past presidents, may be nominated for this award. The winner of the Richard S. Brownlee Fund Award will be selected by the Finance Committee of the State Historical Society. Three historians appointed by the director will choose the prize-winning article from the Review. The Department of History at the University of Missouri-Columbia will judge the articles for the Floyd C. Shoemaker Award. Nominations for all awards should be submitted to: Dr. James W. Goodrich, Director The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201. STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY MEMBERSHIPS AND GIFTS

Memberships in The State Historical Society of Mis­ souri are available in the following categories:

Annual Membership $5.00 Contributing Annual Membership $25.00 Supporting Annual Membership $50.00 Sustaining Annual Membership $100.00 to $499.00 Patron Annual Membership $500.00 or more Life Membership $100.00

Each category of membership is tax deductible. Member­ ships help The State Historical Society preserve and disseminate the history of Missouri. The Missouri His­ torical Review is included as a membership benefit of the Society.

Gifts of cash and property to the Society are de­ ductible for federal income, estate and gift tax purposes. Inquiries concerning memberships, gifts or bequests to the Society should be addressed to:

James W. Goodrich, Director The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201 Phone (314) 882-7083 CONTENTS

NICHOLAS DE FINIELS: MAPPING THE MISSISSIPPI & MISSOURI RIVERS, 1797-1798. By W. Raymond Wood 387

THE PLIGHT OF THE PEOPLE IN THE SHARECROPPERS' DEMONSTRATION IN SOUTHEAST MISSOURI. By Arvarh E. Strickland 403

THE DEMISE OF O'REILLY HOSPITAL AND THE BEGINNING OF EVANGEL COLLEGE, 1946-1955. By Lawrence J. Nelson 417

FREEDOM AND REGRET THE DILEMMA OF KATE CHOPIN. By Bonnie Stepenoff 447

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Society to Expand Photo Collection 467

News in Brief 468

Local Historical Societies 472

Gifts 491

Missouri History in Newspapers 495

Missouri History in Magazines 503

In Memoriam 512

BOOK REVIEWS 514

INDEX TO VOLUME LXXXI 519

ANDREW COUNTY MUSEUM Inside Back Cover Courtesy Carl J. Ekberg Between 1797 and 1798, Nicholas de Finiels, a French draftsman in the service of Spain, produced several maps of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. This illustration shows the detail of his map of the Mississippi River Valley where the Missouri and Illinois rivers empty into the Mississippi. Nicholas de Finiels: Mapping The Mississippi & Missouri Rivers, 1797-1798 BY W. RAYMOND WOOD* In the late spring of 1797, the residents of Upper Lou­ isiana witnessed the return to Spanish St. Louis of an expedi­ tion which had explored and mapped in detail more of the upper reaches of the Missouri River than had previously been accomplished. James Mackay, the Scottish trader and ex­ plorer, had been chosen by Jacques Clamorgan to lead the *W. Raymond Wood is professor of anthropology and research professor at the University of Missouri-Columbia. He holds B.A. and M.A. degrees from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, and a Ph.D. from the University of Oregon-Eugene.

387 388 Missouri Historical Review

expedition upriver in 1795 on behalf of the Company of Explorers of the Upper Missouri, better known simply as the Missouri Company. This company, formed by many of the most influential St. Louis businessmen of the period, hoped to open the vast Upper Missouri River area to traders from Spanish Louisiana. Mackay chose as his second in command a young Welshman, John Thomas Evans, then in Louisiana seeking evidence for "Welsh Indians."1 The Missouri Company's expedition struggled up the Missouri River to a point near the Omaha Indian village in today's Dakota County, northeastern Nebraska. There, in the fall of 1795, they built Fort Charles (or Carlos). During the winter, Evans led a party farther upriver to the mouth of the White River in present-day South Dakota, but hostile Sioux Indians forced him back. In the spring, however, he managed to strike nearly 700 miles upstream from Fort Charles, meet­ ing the Mandan Indians and wintering near their villages at the mouth of the Knife River in current west-central North Dakota. Mackay, in the meantime, explored northeastern Nebraska between Fort Charles and the mouth of the Niobrara River. He returned to St. Louis in the spring of 1797. Evans followed him home a few months later. The Mackay-Evans expedition made the two men cele­ brities throughout Louisiana.2 More important, the geographi­ cal knowledge they obtained on this expedition made avail­ able for future scholars what many of those involved in the fur trading community of St. Louis had known, at least indirectly, for many years. This information was widely dis­ seminated throughout Spanish Louisiana, from St. Louis to New Orleans. Copies of their maps and journals likewise found their way into the hands of American officials in Indiana Territory, as well as in New Orleans and, thence, to 1 The expedition history may be pieced together from A.P. Nasatir, Before Lewis and Clark: Documents Illustrating the History of the Missouri, 1785-1804, 2 Vols. (St. Louis: St. Louis Historical Documents Foundation, 1952); Gwyn A. Williams, Madoc: The Making of A Myth (London: Eyre Methuen, 1979): and The Search for Beulah Land (London: Croom Helm. 1980); and David Williams, "John Evans' Strange Journey," American Historical Review 54 (January 1949): 277-295, and (April 1949): 508-529. See also W. Raymond Wood, "The John Evans 1796-97 Map of the Missouri River," Great Plains Quarterly 1 (Winter 1981): 39-53. 2 Gayoso de Lemos to Francisco de Saavedra, 22 November 1798, in Nasatir, Before Lewis and Clark, 2: 582-583. In this letter de Lemos alluded to these "two famous travellers, Don Jayn Macay and Don Juan Evans." Their fame did not, however, lead to any substantial financial rewards, especially for Evans. Nicholas de Finiels 389

Washington, D.C. Little wonder, for their charts were the most precise ones made before Lewis and Clark traversed the area. During the planning for their journey up the Missouri, Lewis and Clark consulted the invaluable journals and maps generated by this wilderness excursion. The maps produced by these two men, indeed, laid out in detail the entire first year of the Lewis and Clark expedition. The captains carried copies of the Mackay and Evans charts and regularly in­ spected them during the voyage.3 Perhaps the most important single document resulting from the Mackay-Evans expedition was a large-scale map illustrating the Missouri River from St. Charles, Missouri, to the Mandan villages.4 It is the only detailed map of the Missouri River of the period, especially because the maps of the lower Missouri made by Lewis and Clark have been lost.5 Although the company made several copies of this chart, only one draft is now known to exist. While usually referred to as the "Indian Office Map," scholars agree that it is a copy of one produced under James Mackay's direction in St. Louis, in 1797, following the return of the Mackay-Evans expedi­ tion. Mackay assumed responsibility for its compilation from his notes and those of Evans. A recently discovered manu­ script, however, reveals for the first time that Nicholas de Finiels, a French engineer and cartographer, actually pre­ pared the final draft.6 Annie H. Abel found the map in 1915 among the carto­ graphic files of the Lewis and Clark expedition in the Indian Office. When Abel first published the chart, she ascribed it to John Evans. However, a map specialist, Aubrey Diller, con­ vincingly has identified it as a copy of the map made by 3 Wood, "The John Evans Map," 39-41. 4 It was first described by Annie H. Abel, "A New Lewis and Clark Map," Geographical Review 1 (May 1916): 329-345. 5 W. Raymond Wood and Gary E. Moulton, "Prince Maximilian and New Maps of the Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers by William Clark," Western Historical Quarterly 12 (October 1981): 380. 6 The de Finiels manuscript, "Notice sur la Louisiane Superieur," is in the archives of Lovejoy Library, Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville. A photocopy of the memoir and a preliminary translation of the text is in the John Francis McDermott Research Collection, Box 46. Discovered about 1970 in France by McDermott, the manuscript is in several distinct hands, none of them identifiable as that of de Finiels. This 40,000 word manuscript was purchased from M. Le Comte de Pre de Saint-Maur, France, a descendant of Pierre Clement de Laussat. A notation on the manuscript states it was written by de Finiels at New Orleans in 1803. 390 ^1

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In 1915, Annie Abel, a historian, discovered the James Mackay-John Evans "Indian Office Map" in the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Nicholas de Finiels drafted that map from the notes which Mackay and Evans made on their explorations up the Missouri River during the waning years of 391

State Historical Society of Missouri the eighteenth century. This section of the Indian Office Map shows the Missouri River between St. Charles, Missouri, and the vicinity of Sioux City, Iowa. 392 Missouri Historical Review Mackay.7 This ascription still stands despite an intense scru­ tiny of the chart for forty years since Diller's identification.8 The history of the map remains somewhat convoluted. James Mackay returned to St. Louis from his upriver voyage a few days before May 13, 1797.9 Two men eagerly awaited his report on the expedition's activities and discoveries: the director of the Missouri Company, Jacques Clamorgan, and the Spanish Lieutenant Governor of Upper Louisiana, Zenon Trudeau. As one of his first tasks, Mackay produced a map illustrating the area explored by the expedition. Before his departure, Spanish officials had directed Mackay to pay par­ ticular attention to this cartographic assignment. He had been "instructed in the manner and knew that he had pledged himself to procure this map with careful attention for the government.,,1() A week or two after his return, Mackay, in fact, had prepared a map of the Missouri River from its mouth to that of the White River in present-day South Dakota. On May 26, 1797, Trudeau wrote the Baron de Carondelet, Governor Gen­ eral of Louisiana in New Orleans, that Mackay had "made a very good map of the Missouri from its mouth as far as the riviere Blanche [White River, South Dakota] which includes about three hundred and fifty leagues. You will receive this map as soon as it is distinct."11 This infers the map remained in rough draft and would be forwarded to New Orleans after Mackay drew it in a more refined form. Any final map purporting to illustrate the expedition's full range of discoveries would have to await Evans's return. Mackay had not gone further upriver than the mouth of the Niobrara River in northeastern Nebraska. Evans did not return to St. Louis until about July 15, 1797.12 7 Aubrey Diller, "Maps of the Missouri River Before Lewis and Clark," Studies and Essays in the History of Science and Learning, ed. M.F. Ashley Montagu (New York: Henry Schuman, 1946), 513-516. 8 John Logan Allen, Passage Through the Garden (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1975), 141-142, n50; Donald Jackson, ed., Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, With Related Documents, 1783-1854 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1962), 136, n3; Gary E. Moulton, Atlas of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1983), 6; and W. Raymond Wood, "An Atlas of Early Maps of the American Midwest," Illinois State Museum, Scientific Papers 18 (1983): Plate 10. 9 Carlos Howard to Baron de Carondelet, 13 May 1797, in Nasatir, Before Lewis and Clark, 2: 515. 10 Zenon Trudeau to Gayoso de Lemos, 16 January 1798, ibid., 545. 11 Zenon Trudeau to Baron de Carondelet, 26 May 1797, ibid., 520. 12 Williams, "John Evans," 529; Williams, Madoc, 182. Nicholas de Finiels 393

During his excursion, Evans had made a map of his voyage to the Mandans illustrating the river from Fort Charles to their villages.13 Without Evans's contribution, Mackay's prod­ uct could not have shown the Missouri River as far as the Mandans. The final, enlarged map, therefore, represented a composite product of the two men. At least two separate copies of the enlarged map appeared in the next few months after July. Jacques Clamorgan, direc­ tor of the Missouri Company, received the first of them. When Mackay reported to Clamorgan on his return, Clamorgan dutifully passed this information on to higher Spanish au­ thority. On October 14, 1797, five months after Mackay's return to St. Louis, Clamorgan forwarded to Secretary Andres Lopez Armesto a copy of "the map of the Missouri well drawn up at the cost and expense of the company."14 If this draft remains in the Spanish archives, it has yet to be discovered. The second enlarged map was drawn up for Zenon Tru­ deau. Three months after Clamorgan sent his map to New Orleans, Trudeau sent Manuel Gayoso de Lemos (Carondelet's successor in New Orleans) a map of the Missouri River. This version of the redrafted map, apparently now "distinct," included the course of the river "as far as the Mandan nation." Trudeau wrote: I am enclosing to Your Excellency a relacion of a voyage which M. Mackay has made in the Upper Missouri, and the map of the said river, as far as the Mandan nation, made by the same person, which I believe to be the most exact of those which have been formed up to the present.15 One of the Chouteau brothers of St. Louis, on a periodic business visit to the capital in 1798, delivered the map to Gayoso de Lemos. A letter to Gayoso by Trudeau documented this delivery and specified that Mackay was "the author of the map which Mr. Chouteau will deliver to you."16 No trace of this map remains.

13 Wood, "The John Evans Map," 39-53. 14 Jacques Clamorgan to Andre Lopez, 14 October 1797, in Nasatir, Before Lewis and Clark, 2: 520, n6. 15 Zenon Trudeau to Gayoso de Lemos, 16 January 1798, in ibid., 545. 16 Zenon Trudeau to Gayoso de Lemos, 5 March 1798, in ibid., 545, n3. McDermott's notes say the unnamed Chouteau brother made this trip in September; his source for this statement has not been verified. 394 Missouri Historical Review

Mackay, in a letter to Gayoso on June 8, 1798, claimed to have made a map of the Missouri from its mouth to the "wanutaries nation."17 The "Manutaries" were the Hidatsa Indians, close neighbors and, culturally, nearly indistinguish­ able from the Mandans.18 Mackay's claim did not mention the contribution made by his assistant Evans. He claimed, as commanders of expeditions often do, the accomplishments of his subordinate. Mackay earlier had visited the Mandan and Hidatsa villages, but he did so by coming in from Canada, in 1787, before he moved to St. Louis to work for the Spanish.19 Possibly, some of the details on this small upper portion of the map reflect his own personal experiences during that visit. Generally, Mackay has been given full credit for pro­ ducing the map, albeit with Evans's help. However, several compelling reasons suggest that the bulk of the map, instead, may be the work of Evans. Evans claimed, on his return, to have "explored and charted the Missurie for 1,800 miles," the distance believed to separate the mouth of the Missouri and the Mandan and Hidatsa villages.20 In addition, Evans was a trained surveyor, whereas Mackay, reportedly, had been "in structed in the manner" of map making just before the expedi­ tion. Nevertheless, the company later employed Mackay as a surveyor. One should not underestimate his mapping skills, even though he obtained the assistance of an experienced draftsman to prepare a final version of the map. Since Mackay never saw the Missouri River above the mouth of the Niobrara, he had to depend on Evans's explorations above that point, an area which comprises about one-half of the content of the final map. In addition, Evans may well have been responsible for the details of the lower half of the river. The features shown on this part of the chart are depicted in the same detail and style as those on his portion of the map. Beginning with his rough field data and those of John Evans, Mackay obtained the aid of a trained draftsman to 17 James Mackay to Gayoso de Lemos, 8 June 1798, in ibid., 563. 18 Stephen A. Chomko informed me by telephone in June 1978 that "Wanutaries" is a mistranscription of the term "Manutaries," a variant spelling of "Minatarees," a common name for one of the subgroups of the Hidatsa Indians. 19 "Captain McKay's Journal," in Nasatir, Before Lewis and Clark, 2: 492-493. 20 John Evans to Samuel Jones, cited in Williams, Madoc, 183; see especially Moulton, Atlas, 6. Nicholas de Finiels 395 compile a single comprehensive version of the map. Just such a person appeared in St. Louis at this time: Nicholas de Finiels, a French army engineer then employed by the Span­ ish government. De Finiels outlined his role in making this map in an unpublished memoir. Apparently, de Finiels com­ posed the account in June 1803, for Pierre Clement de Laussat.21 De Laussat, the French prefect, had come to New Orleans in 1803 to supervise the transfer of Spanish Louis­ iana to the French government.22 General Victor Collot's inspection of St. Louis in 1796 for the French had found it sadly lacking in defensive works. His report stimulated the Spanish minister at Philadelphia, Mar­ ques de Casa Yrujo, to remedy the situation. The Spanish government, accordingly, sent de Finiels to St. Louis in 1797 to superintend the construction of fortifications that Collot recommended. He arrived in St. Louis from Philadelphia on June 3, 1797, about a month after Mackay returned from his expedition up the Missouri, and nearly six weeks before Evans's return in July. The new military commander of Upper Louisiana, Lieu­ tenant Colonel Don Carlos Howard, however, refused to per­ mit de Finiels to carry out his assignment. "Frustrated and reduced to menial tasks," de Finiels instead prepared a meticu­ lously detailed map of the central Mississippi River valley and the lower reaches of the Missouri.23 This map has not been published satisfactorily due to its large size, nearly ten feet long and a yard wide. It shows all of the major physical features in the Mississippi valley, as well as roads, towns, streets and dwellings from the mouth of the Illinois River to New Madrid. Even a casual inspection of this monumental chart silences any question of de Finiels's cartographic skills.24 21 Undated note by McDermott in the McDermott Collection, Box 46. 22 Pierre Clement Laussat to Pierre Chouteau, 30 April and 24 August 1803, Delassus Collection, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis; cited in William E. Foley and C. David Rice, The First Chouteaus (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983), 101, nl. 23 Jack D.L. Holmes, "Some French Engineers in Spanish Louisiana," John Francis McDermott, ed., The French in the Mississippi Valley (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1965), 136-137. 24 A small scale reproduction of the map appears in Wayne C. Temple, "Indian Villages of the Illinois Country," Illinois State Museum, Scientific Papers 1, Supplement (1975): Plate 79. Nasatir, Before Lewis and Clark, 1: opp. 94, reproduces (at approximately full scale) that part of the chart illustrating the mouth and lower reaches of the Missouri River. State Historical Society of Missouri Nicholas de Finiels worked on a grand scale. His map of the Mississippi River, dated 1797-1798, measures 9 feet 2J/4 inches long by 27V6 inches wide. This section of the map shows the junction of the Ohio River with the Mississippi. Nicholas de Finiels 397

That de Finiels had no regular duties apparently gave him the time to prepare, for Mackay, a final version of the Mackay-Evans map. Given the interest of the Spanish at this time in the Upper Missouri River, his superiors may even have instructed him to assist Mackay in the matter. What­ ever the reasons, de Finiels spelled out his contributions in his Memoir. He wrote that "it was on the basis of [Mackay's] memoranda and notes that I drafted for him in 1797 the latest map of the Missouri."25 Later in the manuscript he says he made the map in 1798: The map of this river that I drafted in 1798 based on the memoranda of messieurs Mackay and Evans gives a very precise rendering of that part of the river which is best known at this time.26 His ambiguity in dating his assistance suggests that he did the work in late 1797 or early 1798. This appears consistent with the known completion of the map before about January 16,1798. Another copy of the map, also now lost, came into the possession of Daniel Clark, Jr., of New Orleans. Clark, a native of Ireland, came to New Orleans in 1786, where he became a wealthy merchant and attorney. He served for a time as a clerk in the office of Gayoso de Lemos, the Spanish Governor General in New Orleans. In this position many official documents of the period would have passed through his hands. Clark became an American citizen in 1798, and for a few months he acted as a temporary American consul. President Jefferson appointed him a regular consul at New Orleans on July 16, 1801. When Andrew Ellicott visited New Orleans in January and February 1803, just before the Lou­ isiana Purchase, Clark served as an intermediary between Ellicott and Gayoso de Lemos. Ellicott, the American com­ missioner, had charge of setting the boundary between Ameri­ can and Spanish lands.27 Clark obviously obtained a copy of the Mackay-Evans/de Finiels map through his Spanish contacts. In 1803, in re­ sponse to a request for information by President Jefferson, Clark wrote to Washington, D.C., that: 25 Nicholas de Finiels MS, "Notice sur la Louisiane Superieur," 62. Translation by Carl J. Ekberg. 26 Ibid., 89. 27 Allen Johnson and Dumas Malone, eds., Dictionary of American Biography (New York: Charles Scribners, 1929), 2:125-126. : i:Mg::i s ,

State Historical Society of Missouri Finiels's map of the Mississippi River provided the best guide then available for that waterway. The original is in the Archives de la Marine, Chateau, Vincennes, France. Nicholas de Finiels 399

The Map of the Missouri taken at the expence of the Company of the same name I sent to be presented to [President John] Adams ... in 1799.—this survey is certainly the best that was ever made in that part of the world, & the map must now be in Mr Adams possession.28 The wording in this passage is ambiguous. The content of the map, made at the expense of the Missouri Company, closely follows the words of Clamorgan ("the map of the Missouri well drawn up at the cost and expenses of the Company"), requires no elaboration. Apparently this copy also did not survive. The only existing copy of the map is the one carried on the Lewis and Clark expedition. The map must have been well-known among St. Louis residents. On November 5, 1803, William Clark wrote a letter to William Henry Harrison, governor of Indiana Territory, asking him for a copy of the chart. Harrison responded a week later with a copy of the map and the comment that: The map mentioned in your letter of the 5th Instant had been taken from me by Mr. Jones who claimed it as the property of Mr. Hay of Cahokia but as it was still in the possesion of Mr. Jones I have had it copied & now send it to you by the Post rider—29 An inscription on the back of the Indian Office map reads, "For Captn William Clark or Captn Meriwether Lewis on their voyage up the Mississippi." The notation, in Harri­ son's hand, illustrates he obviously was confused about their destination.30 A copy of the Mackay-Evans/de Finiels map thus had been in Harrison's possession. When Jones reclaimed it, Harrison had another copy made to send to Lewis and Clark. Harrison's notation on the back of the map provides con­ vincing evidence that the Indian Office Map is the one he sent William Clark on November 13. Meriwether Lewis mentions having obtained this map of the Missouri River

28 Daniel Clark to the Secretary of War, 1803, Clarence Edwin Carter, ed., The Territorial Papers of the United States, 9, Orleans Territory (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service, 1948), 29. 29 William Henry Harrison to William Clark, 13 November 1803; in Jackson, Letters, Lewis and Clark, 135. John Rice Jones was a lawyer of Vincennes and Kaskaskia, and postmaster at Vincennes, Indiana; John Hay was a merchant, trader, and the postmaster at Cahokia. 30 Ibid., 136, n3. 400 Missouri Historical Review

"from it's mouth to the Mandane nation" in his letter to President Jefferson, December 1803.31 The most enigmatic features on the chart are the bilingual labels (French with English translations) applied to the princi­ pal geographical features shown on the map. Abel, who first described the map, said that both sets of labels appeared to be in the same hand, which she did not identify.32 The similar handwriting on both sets led to this conclusion. The historian Donald Jackson, however, said he could not recog­ nize the French hand, although he concluded that the English terms are in the hand of William Clark.33 Having had the opportunity to either transcribe or inspect virtually all of the William Clark documents associated with the Lewis and Clark expedition, his opinion commands respect. John Evans knew no French,34 and neither did William Clark. Either de Finiels or Mackay (who wrote in French) could have been responsible for the French legends, and both men apparently collaborated in the preparation of the original map. Since Frenchmen actively had been exploring the river since its discovery, its major features naturally bore names in their language. Evidently, William Clark added, in his own hand, the English translations to the French legends on the copy supplied by Harrison. Clark, no master even of English, displayed his naivete of French in many of the translations on the map.35 Apparently he drew on the knowledge of the expedition's engages at Camp Dubois for these translations. The early French explorers' command of English probably left a great deal to be desired. The Mackay-Evans/de Finiels composite map, and the map of the Missouri River from Fort Charles to the Mandan produced by John Evans, contributed to the construction of many derivative maps in French, Spanish and English.36 Several of these charts, produced in St. Louis, circulated among local fur traders and their employers as well as local map makers. Other copies were obtained by visiting explorers and scientists active on the Missouri River before and after

31 Meriwether Lewis to Thomas Jefferson, 28 December 1803, ibid., 155. 32 Abel, "New Lewis and Clark Map," 338, n44. 33 Jackson, Letters, Lewis and Clark, 135-136, n3; 155. 34 Williams, Madoc, 30. 35 Abel, "New Lewis and Clark Map," 341. 36 Wood, "John Evans Map," 39, n51. Nicholas de Finiels 401

Lewis and Clark, including Perrin du Lac, Antoine Soulard and Joseph N. Nicollet. Other map makers who drew on this source obtained their copies in New Orleans. One such derivative map, drawn in France in 1803 by James Pitot, relied on sketches provided by Barthelemy Lafon.37 These charts also contributed to two other maps, in Spanish. One is an anonymous Spanish map of about 1800. Jose Pichardo compiled the other map in 1811.38 Both trace their inspiration for the course of the Missouri River to a copy of the Mackay-Evans/de Finiels map sent to the Spanish officials in New Orleans. To Nicholas de Finiels should go the credit for two sig­ nificant late-eighteenth-century cartographic treasures. The best known is his 1797-1798 map of the middle reaches of the Mississippi River and the lower Missouri River. His memoirs 37 Wood, Atlas, Plate 10. 38 Ibid., Plate 8; and Charles Wilson Hackett, Pichardo's Treatise on the Limits of Louisiana and Texas (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1931), Vol. 1. Pichardo was a Jesuit employed by the Spanish to determine the boundaries between Spanish territory and that of the United States. He obtained a great number of contemporary papers and maps in conducting this task; at least one of them was obviously a Mackay-Evans product. Meriwether Lewis and William Clark relied on a copy of Finiels's map for their expedition up the Missouri River in 1804. The Indian Office Map provided the most accurate information about the river between St. Louis and the Mandan nation in present-day North Dakota. State Historical Society of Missouri 402 Missouri Historical Review now reveal him as the individual who polished the rough notes of Mackay and Evans, after their return from the 1795- 1797 exploration of the Missouri River. De Finiels prepared for the Spanish one of the most exact and important maps to predate Lewis and Clark. The final form of the "Indian Office Map" now may be added to Nicholas de Finiels's cartographic contributions to western North American exploration. No less than five copies of the latter map were made. The best documented ones include the incomplete draft showing the Missouri as far as the White River, the two enlarged copies that Clamorgan and Trudeau sent to New Orleans, the copy obtained by John Rice Jones of Vincennes, the Indian Office Map, and the copy Daniel Clark sent to President Adams. The many derivative maps that exist give reason to suspect that some may remain, unrecognized, in Spanish or American archives.

Nowadays That's a Weekend

Canton Press, July 9, 1880. The Fourth of July this year was not a full day. As it was celebrated in various places on Saturday, Sunday and Monday, 'twas three-fourths.

Goodbye, Mosquito!

Cameron Daily Vindicator, July 2, 1885. Four ounces oil of cloves, two ounces oil of peppermint, eight ounces Persian powder, four ounces gum camphor; mix. The preparation is warrented to drive a mosquito out of the room. If it fails, hit him with a wet towel.

Rough Occupation

Weston Border Times, March 3, 1865. A horse dealer, describing a used-up horse, said he looked "as if he had been editing a country newspaper for a living."

Puritan Viewpoint

Maryville Weekly Republican, August 2, 1870. The Puritans hated bear-hunting, not because it gave pain to the bear but because it gave pleasure to the spectator.—[McCauley] ^f^Mk

St. Louis Post-Dispatch In mid-January 1939, many sharecroppers made temporary camps along U.S. Routes 60 and 61 in the Bootheel to protest their seemingly permanent contractural release from nearby farms. Some sharecroppers found shelter under bridges or, if lucky, in cars and trucks. Many of those protesters hoped even­ tually to move onto a cooperative, federal farming project, such as the one the Farm Security Administration established at LaForge. The Plight of the People in the Sharecroppers' Demonstration in Southeast Missouri BY ARVARH E. STRICKLAND* On Tuesday morning, January 10, 1939, hundreds of farm workers camped along the rights-of-way of U.S. Routes 60 and 61, two major highways of the Bootheel in south­ eastern Missouri. This demonstration focused attention on several major economic issues that faced the nation's agricul­ tural interests during the New Deal. The mechanization of agriculture, for example, led to the displacement of agricul­ tural workers and the consolidation of holdings throughout the South. New Deal agricultural policies accelerated that *Arvarh E. Strickland is professor of history at the University of Mis­ souri-Columbia. He received the A.B. degree from Tougaloo College, Touga- loo, Mississippi, and the A.M. and Ph.D. from the University of Illinois, Urbana.

403 404 Missouri Historical Review process by paying farmers to reduce the production of certain crops. Large landowners, in turn, used the government pay­ ments to purchase tractors and other equipment. Increased mechanization meant they had less need for tenants to culti­ vate and harvest their crops. Moreover, by requiring land­ owners to share the payments made for reducing production with their sharecroppers and tenants, the government made it more profitable for them to use day laborers. The mass release of sharecroppers and eviction of tenants were part of the results. Without homes or a means to make a living, thousands of sharecroppers soon faced starvation. With no political or economic power, they had little chance for relief. Consequently, they sought to dramatize their nearly hopeless plight in order to receive some form of governmental assistance until better times returned.1 The sharecroppers, exsharecroppers, renters, and day laborers who took their meager belongings and set up house­ keeping along the highways did so to demonstrate their intolerable economic condition. They had determined, "they

1 Louis Cantor, A Prologue to the Protest Movement: The Missouri Sharecropper Roadside Demonstration of 1939 (Durham, N.C.: Duke Univer­ sity Press, 1969), is a thoroughly researched, scholarly treatment of this demonstration. See pages 3-49 for his analysis of agricultural conditions.

Concerned individuals, private organizations, the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union (STFU), and the United Cannery, Agricultural, Packing and Allied Work­ ers of America (UCAPAWA) mobilized to aid the sharecroppers. In St. Louis, the UCAPAWA raised enough money to purchase 90 acres of farmland near Harviell, southwest of Poplar Bluff. On June 17, 1939, eighty black and fifteen white families moved onto the land. St. Louis Post-Dispatch Plight of the People 405 had just as well starve and freeze on the highways ... as in their shacks." Their camps "were scattered along 38 miles of U.S. 60. East and West, and 70 miles of U.S. 61 North and South, forming a cross with [Sikeston] as the center." Esti­ mates of the number of demonstrators varied. The FBI calcu­ lated a count of only 251 families, comprising 1,161 indi­ viduals, but the National Youth Administration reported be­ tween 400 and 450 families, made up of as many as 1,700 individuals.2 Although unrest and ferment among the sharecroppers had been present for some time, landlords seemed not to take the matter seriously. Many seemed unaware that their work­ ers had grievances. When the demonstration began, they first reacted with shock and disbelief. Soon, however, they began to exert every effort to quell the revolutionary tendencies in their labor force. In this endeavor, they had the support of local and state officials and the connivance of some federal officials. The demonstrators began moving to the highways on the evening of January 9, and the protest reached full swing by the following morning. But, preparations had been in progress for some time. In 1936, Thad Snow, a sympathetic white planter of Mississippi County, met and befriended the Rev­ erend Owen Whitfield, the leader of the demonstration. At that time, Whitfield worked to organize Missouri sharecrop­ pers into the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union (STFU). This union had been organized in Tyronza, Arkansas, in 1934 under the leadership of H.L. Mitchell and Henry Clay East. At the Fifth Annual Convention of the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union, held in 1938, the delegates elected Whitfield second vice president. The following year, however, Whitfield broke with the STFU and led his followers into the United Cannery, Agricultural, Packing and Allied Workers of Amer­ ica (UCAPAWA), a CIO union with which Mitchell and the STFU were feuding.3 2 Aubrey Williams to The President, 19 January 1939; Report of Herbert Little, dictated over the telephone, 15 January 1939; Official File number 1650, Roosevelt Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York; Cantor, A Prologue to the Protest Movement, 64. 3 Thad Snow, From Missouri (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1954), 232-235; Cantor, A Prologue to the Protest Movement, 95-113; H.L. Mitchell, Mean Things Happening in This Land: The Life and Times of H.L. Mitchell, Co-Founder of the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union (Montclair, N.J.: Allan- held, Osmun and Co. Publishers, Inc., 1979), 170-173. 406 Missouri Historical Review

For weeks before the protest, Whitfield had been holding meetings throughout the area. On January 8, Snow and Sam Armstrong, a reporter for the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, at­ tended the final meeting, held in a church in Sikeston. In his autobiography, Snow related how Whitfield at first refused permission to publish a story about the meeting and the demonstration. Then, according to Snow, Whitfield stopped Reverend Owen Whitfield (below right), a sharecropper near Charleston, Missouri, joined the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union in 1936. Within the organization, he worked to build membership in Southeast Missouri. During the course of the demonstration, Whit­ field believed the sharecroppers received more aid from the UCAPAWA than from the STFU. As a result, he broke with the STFU in February 1939. H.L. Mitchell, once an Arkansas sharecrop­ per, devoted himself to improving the eco­ nomic condition of the nation's tenant farm­ ers and sharecroppers. In July 1934, Mitchell helped form the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union in Tyronza, Arkansas. This biracial union grew quickly to more than 35,000 members by 1939. In 1937, due in part to the activities of the STFU, the Roosevelt administration created the Farm Security Administration to provide aid to landless farmers. Southern Historical Collection, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

St. Louis Post-Dispatch Plight of the People 407

Before the shift to mechanized farming, many large-scale land­ owners contracted sharecroppers or tenants to farm their land. Few of those farmers could afford mod­ ern agricultural technology, and the credit system kept them in per­ petual debt and tied to the soil. In 1933, when the federal govern­ ment began paying farmers to cur­ tail the production of several staple crops, such as cotton, many landowners used those funds to purchase new equipment for the production of other crops. Most sharecroppers and tenants soon were released from the land.

St. Louis Post-Dispatch Prior to 1890, the Southeast Missouri coun­ ties in the Bootheel had been swampy and *j^?v heavily forested. Land reclamation projects Si I,-- drained and cleared more than 1.5 million '***V > - acres of swampland during the early twen­ tieth century. By 1930, more than 70 percent of the land became arable. Planters found cotton especially profitable. Large-scale land­ owners and speculators usually arranged for : sharecroppers and tenants to cultivate this Br 1*3$ labor-intensive crop. St. Louis Post-Dispatch them before they drove away and said to Armstrong: "Mr. Sam, I've been thinkin'. You go ahead and print what you wants in tomorrow's paper. Nobody won't believe it, so it won't make no difference. You can go ahead if you wants to." Whitfield proved correct. The story appeared on the front page of the Sunday Post-Dispatch, but nobody believed it.4 Whitfield did his work well. On Tuesday morning, there was a well-disciplined and committed band of protesters in groups of varying sizes camped along the highways. Each group had its own leader, and the movement could go on without Whitfield's presence. In fact, he had departed for the relative safety of St. Louis. He knew the danger of being

4 Snow, From Missouri, 250-251. 408 Missouri Historical Review lynched if he remained in Southeast Missouri, and Snow confirmed that his fears were well founded.5 The landowners could not believe the sharecroppers capa­ ble of staging such a demonstration. Consequently, they recited the usual litany of explanations. First, they denied any cause existed for the demonstration. The sharecroppers protested their eviction from the land, but the landlords denied this, explaining that nothing more than the usual year-end procedure had taken place. Customarily landlords gave tenants notice of eviction in order to renegotiate con­ tracts for the coming year. Only this, the landlords main­ tained, had taken place. Then, why were hundreds of people braving cold, sleet and snow on the highways? The planters of New Madrid and Mississippi counties met in their county seats on January 12, 1939, to lay before the nation the true causes of the unrest. The Mississippi County planters said: this movement to the highways of this county is the result of unscrupulous and scheming agitators who have been deceiving the Negro tenants and share­ croppers by making them believe that they were going to be given property and money by the Government and that they will not have to work. Their colleagues in New Madrid County called upon the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the "proper Senate com­ mittee" to make a "fair and impartial investigation" of the situation. They believed the demonstrators had gone to the highways "at the instigation of certain agitators who claim to be representatives of the United States Government." These agitators told the people if they moved to the highway "the Federal Government will come along and give them 40 acres of ground with the proper tools and teams to cultivate it."6 Governor Lloyd C. Stark echoed the Southeast Missouri landowners. In a letter to secretary of agriculture Henry A. Wallace, Stark also called for an investigation. He said an extensive investigation by Robert K. Ryland, state director of the National Emergency Council, revealed the demonstration had been planned to attract national attention. The federal government then would expend additional money in the area on resettlement projects "similar to the present project at 5 Ibid., 245. 6 Cantor, A Prologue to the Protest Movement, 178-182. Plight of the People 409

LaForge." Colonel B.M. Casteel, superintendent of the State Highway Patrol, agreed with this assessment. Stark, there­ fore, urged an investigation "with the idea of disclosing certain un-American and communistic practices, which I am reliably informed can be traced directly to certain employees of the Farm Security Administration." Stark added another element to the explanation. He wrote: It is certain that the grossly exaggerated and unfavorable national publicity received by the Mis- sourians who live in this area has created the errone­ ous impression that this demonstration was staged by share-croppers supposedly evicted by land owners, and, in truth it was an organized demonstration of cotton pickers, transients, day-laborers—a large por­ tion (probably 60%) from other states, and a consider­ able number of town negroes [sic]. I am reliably in­ formed that most of them had been promised federal aid and an individual farm of their own.7 News of these events in Southeast Missouri soon spread across the nation. On the day the demonstration began, The San Francisco News carried stories released by the United Press. One story told of "tenant farmers, accompanied by bedraggled wives, pallid children and, in some cases, by a scrawny farm animal," moving to the highway. Soon Gover­ nor Stark received letters and petitions from organizations and groups of individuals calling for him to assist the share­ croppers. Organized campaigns for support also apparently developed in New York City and Chicago.8 Demands for action also went to the White House. On January 10 and 12, Marvin H. Mclntyre, secretary to Presi­ dent Franklin D. Roosevelt, referred telegrams from Missouri to the Department of Agriculture for "immediate attention" and "appropriate attention." One telegram came from the secretary of the St. Louis Industrial Council, Luther Slinkard. He asked to have the War Department authorize distribution to the demonstrators of "army supplies and provisions" from

7 Lloyd C. Stark to Henry A. Wallace, 16 January 1939, Lloyd C. Stark Papers, Joint Collection, University of Missouri Western Historical Manu­ script Collection-Columbia and State Historical Society of Missouri Manu­ scripts. Hereafter cited as Stark Papers. 8 San Francisco News, 10 and 12 January 1939, clippings in the Stark Papers. 410 Missouri Historical Review

An estimated 95 percent of the sharecrop­ pers who participated in the demonstra­ tion were black. Both whites and blacks, however, tilled the soil in the Bootheel. In that area, more than 70 percent of the blacks worked as sharecroppers and day laborers while only 30 percent rented their farms. Among whites, tenants and share­ croppers were divided evenly in number. Although agricultural income among these white farmers averaged more than for blacks, both racial groups endured ex­ treme poverty. In the Bootheel, tenants, sharecroppers and day laborers farmed the land. Although each group lived in poverty, the day laborers fared the worst. This group only worked seasonally and had little economic security. After landowners evicted their tenants and sharecroppers, they hired day laborers whenever they needed help. Jefferson Barracks, a military installation.9 The Chief of Staff, General Malin Craig, responded for the War Department. The department would not provide assistance because "intervention by the War Department would be illegal." Confidentially, however, Craig related that Missouri Adjutant-General Lewis Means had requested the department adopt a "hands off policy." Means informed Craig, off the record, the real reason he opposed providing relief for the sharecroppers. He explained, the demonstration "is an organized protest against working conditions, in which the CIO IS INVOLVED." 9 Memoranda, M.H. Mclntyre to Department of Agriculture, 10 Januarv 1939 and 12 July 1939, File 1650, Roosevelt Papers. Plight of the People 411

Missouri authorities, the War Department, and William Baxter of the American Red Cross took the official position that federal and state welfare agencies would meet the needs of the demonstrators if they would leave the highways. Baxter of the Red Cross added: "Adequate shelter can and will be provided by the local communities or farm owners, to any of these people who are willing to accept this."10 For his first-hand information concerning the demonstra­ tion, President Roosevelt relied upon Aubrey Williams, ad­ ministrator of the National Youth Administration. A New Dealer, Williams had a reputation for sympathy to the plight of black Americans. Williams sent Herbert Little, a former newspaper man, to Missouri to investigate the situation. Little went directly to the sharecroppers to get their stories.11 In the meantime, Missouri officials found a means of dealing with the demonstrators. Dr. Harry F. Parker, the state health commissioner, accompanied by Colonel B.M. Casteel, superintendent of the State Highway Patrol, went to Southeast Missouri on Friday, January 13. They spent two days inspecting the camps. He reported that he found: "The sanitary conditions were as bad as possible—no provision being made for obtaining decent water and no provision being made for sewage disposal." Parker ruled that the camps posed a "definite health hazard." He notified Colonel Casteel the "proper action would be to clear these camps out, and if these people were unable to find place of abode, to place them in concentration camps where they could be immunized and vaccinated against the outbreak of any communicable dis­ ease." Parker and Casteel conveyed this information to meet­ ings of citizens' committees in Mississippi, New Madrid, Pemiscot and Dunklin counties.12 Parker's recommendations gave state and local officials the excuse to act. State police, county sheriffs and deputized citizens descended upon the highways to disperse the demon­ strators. Their objectives were to get the demonstrators out of sight and to drive them back to the plantations. They suc­ ceeded in the first objective, but many families stayed together

10 Confidential memorandum, War Department, Office of the Chief of Staff, 13 January 1939, ibid. 11 Memorandum, Aubrey Williams to The President, 16 January 1939, ibid. 12 Harry F. Parker to Lloyd C. Stark, 19 January 1939, Stark Papers. 412 Missouri Historical Review in deplorable living conditions until mid-1939, when several hundred moved to land purchased for their use in Butler County near Poplar Bluff. Aubrey Williams reported to the president on January 16, 1939, and Roosevelt used the information in a memorandum to Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace. Williams placed the sharecroppers' problems in Missouri in a regional context and succinctly summed up the impact on those at the bottom of society. He wrote: This situation, serious as it is for the individual families and the communities in which they are lo­ cated, is even more serious as a symptom of the widespread situation existing throughout the South. It has been conservatively estimated that at least a quarter of a million families are being forced off farms in the South this year. Not only does this situation

In addition to food and water, the demonstrators needed adequate shelter. Only a few, as the people pictured below, had tents. Because of this need, H.L. Mitchell asked Eleanor Roosevelt for aid, and the National Guard soon sent a supply of tents. Before the distribution of the tents could begin, however, the State Highway Patrol scattered the protesters, and the tents never reached the demonstrators. St. Louis Post-Dispatch Plight of the People 413

St Louis Post-Dispatch Despite the threats of starvation, exposure and lynching, the protesters began their demonstration willingly and enthusiastic­ ally. Malnutrition, poor sanitation, and inadequate health care caused a high rate of infant mortality among these sharecrop­ pers and tenants. Once released from their lands, they could do little but protest their plight.

Insufficient clean water plagued share­ croppers and tenants alike. Among these farmers, 98 percent did not have running water indoors, and outhouses often pollut­ ed wells for drinking water. After many demonstrators moved onto land near Har- viell, the Farm Security Administration dug this well to provide clean water. St. Louis Post-Dispatch present a serious unmet relief problem, but the Mis­ souri situation clearly demonstrates that local com­ munities, faced with a grave economic situation which they are powerless to solve alone, will take measures toward the individuals made most desperate by that situation which ignores the civil rights and liberties our govenment is supposed to guarantee.13 Pulitzer Prize winning novelist Josephine Johnson Smoot remarked that several months after the highways had been cleared, the average person in Southeast Missouri had no idea what became of the demonstrators. " 'Well, I really don't 13 Memorandum, Aubrey Williams to The President, 16 January 1939; memorandum for the Secretary of Agriculture from F.D.R., 19 January 1939, File 1650, Roosevelt Papers. 414 Missouri Historical Review know,' they'll say. 'I reckon they just went back where they came from'." Some did drift away, but many remained for months in conditions almost as bad as those they endured on the highway. When forcefully removed from the highways, sharecroppers were taken to numerous sites where they would be out of sight. Owen Whitfield said that thirty-nine families went to an old church, twenty to an old dance hall in Charles­ ton, nine to another small church, thirty-eight to an old dance hall in New Madrid, seven in a three-room shack in Catron, eighteen on Frank Kirkpatrick's farm, and hundreds of other families scattered over the seven counties of South­ east Missouri. Herbert Little witnessed the removal of over 100 persons to a forty-acre tract in New Madrid County used as a spillway during floods.14 The movement of some of these individuals can be fol­ lowed over several months. Herbert Little, the investigator Aubrey Williams sent to Missouri, did case studies of a small number of persons while they were still on the highway. Then, he followed the group to New Madrid County and did a larger sampling of case studies. Several of the people he interviewed turned up later in Harviell on the land purchased by Whitfield and others as a home for those in dire need. At the Bethlehem Baptist Church a group of thirty-six persons—seventeen children, ten men, and nine women— lived under rather primitive conditions for four months. When the officials first moved them from the highway, they left them in a man's garden plot, where they pitched their tents. The sharecroppers had to leave this location, and the deacons of Bethlehem church gave them permission to live in the church for one week, but they stayed much longer. By June 1939, most of them had moved to Harviell, and their names appeared on a petition to Governor Stark.15 A group of about nine families relocated in houses owned by Frank Kirkpatrick. The experiences of these families were typical of many of the participants in the protest. They joined the protest on the highway as an act of desperation. When

14 Clipping, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 3 April 1939, Stark Papers; Owen H. Whitfield to Lincoln Fairley, 22 June 1939, Lorenzo J. Greene's Personal Files, Jefferson City, Missouri. 15 Notes of interviews conducted by Lorenzo J. Greene at Bethlehem Church, Greene Files. The interviews in these files are not dated. Petition to Governor Lloyd Stark from evicted sharecroppers, 29 June 1939, Stark Papers. Plight of the People 415 the authorities cleared the highways, they moved these fami­ lies to a camp behind the levee at New Madrid. Labor leaders and sympathetic groups and individuals continued to agitate for federal assistance for the sharecroppers. Landowners and local officials, however, did not want federal relief sent into the area. They wanted the sharecroppers to return to work as day laborers. When word reached local authorities that the federal government intended to send supplies to these dis­ placed sharecroppers, to forestall this, they hastily moved the people into vacant houses on planters' property. The share­ croppers moved because they had no choice. The planters accepted them as a temporary expedient, but they did not want the protestors to return as sharecroppers or tenants. Albert and Maggie Jackson were among the families brought to the Kirkpatrick place. They related to an inter­ viewer how they came to be there, and their experiences seem typical of a majority of the sharecroppers. The Jacksons had last worked for one J.C. Matthews. He wanted to stop using During the 1930s, landowners released their sharecroppers and tenants in order to consolidate their holdings and to mechanize. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration's benefit payment program gave the planters the incentive to evict their tenants and sharecrop­ pers. In 1937, after a bumper cotton crop, the agency changed the payment plan to ensure that the sharecroppers received half of the benefit check. In response, landowners evicted more sharecroppers to obtain the entire federal payment for curtailing the production of cotton. St. Louis Post-Dispatch 416 Missouri Historical Review sharecroppers and told them to move by January 10. They tried without success to find another place. So, they moved to the highway. The highway police came to their camp and took away the men's guns, and the next day, made them move. The highway patrol loaded them in trucks and took them behind the levee. Several days later, the policemen returned and told them that they had places for them and moved them into vacant houses belonging to Kirkpatrick. After a while, the landlord ordered them to leave. "But," Maggie Jackson said, "we have no where to go and nothing to do." This was of little concern to the landlord. He wanted use of his property. On March 24, Kirkpatrick went to a justice of the peace in New Madrid and began proceedings to have the sharecroppers evicted.16 By this time, the sharecroppers had all but faded from public notice. Among those still calling for relief was the head of their union. Donald Henderson, general president of the United Cannery, Agricultural, Packing and Allied Work­ ers of America, appealed to the superintendent of the State Highway Patrol and to the governor. He asked them to "meet this situation immediately, either by stopping this effort of the local authorities to evict these people or by finding ade­ quate shelter for these people under decent conditions."17 In the short run, only Harviell offered refuge. Some of the people from the Kirkpatrick plantation moved there. Many months would pass before officials acted to provide more permanent relief for the sharecroppers. For a continuation of the sharecroppers story in Missouri see the forthcoming article "Lincoln University's Involvement with the Sharecropper Demonstration in Southeast Missouri, 1939-1940," by Lorenzo J. Greene. It will appear in the October 1987 issue of the Review. Maggie Jackson interview, Matthews, Mo., Greene Files. Donald Henderson to Lloyd C. Stark, 29 March 1939, Stark Papers.

Undecided Bride

Maryville Weekly Republican, August 2, 1870. Two young fellows from Big Creek, near Memphis, got out license to marry the same girl the other day. The lady couldn't make up her mind until this was done. The Pythian Home of Missouri *t Spri»gfteldrM«K

State Historical Society of Missouri In 1955, the O'Reilly Hospital and grounds became the location of Evangel College. Originally a military hospital established in 1941, the General Council of the Assemblies of God acquired that property in December 1954, after a lengthy process of negotiation with the federal government. The Demise of O'Reilly Hospital and the Beginning of Evangel College, 1946-1955 BY LAWRENCE J. NELSON* In the late summer of 1955, Missouri's newest liberal arts college opened its doors in Springfield to a small pioneer class, the members of which came from more than half the states in the nation. At the inauguration of its first president on September 8, the fledgling institution, Evangel College of the Arts and Sciences, featured Missouri Congressman Dewey Short. He punctuated his keynote address with optimism about the impending growth and contribution of the new college, an institution "destined for a great future in service to our country and to the world." Short's reference to military preparedness and the Soviet leadership's sinister aspiration *Lawrence J. Nelson is associate professor of history at the University of North Alabama, Florence. He has the A.M. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Missouri-Columbia. 1 Springfield Leader and Press, 12 May and 9 September 1955; Spring­ field Daily News, 9 September 1955. Newspaper clippings in the Evangel College Library archives have been utilized for nearly all Springfield news­ paper citations in 1954 and 1955 plus one in 1966. See ceremony program in EC Library arch, and General Council of the Assemblies of God Executive

417 418 Missouri Historical Review of "world domination"1 reminded the crowd of the current Cold War, though this institution had roots deeper than that. The founding of the new college had not come easily and, neither had its location—part of the facilities of a former federal military hospital that had served the nation well in war and peace. The college was the creation of the General Council of the Assemblies of God church, for decades inter­ nationally headquartered in Missouri's third largest city.2 At first, however, the site, part of O'Reilly General Hospital, constituted a potential federal white elephant on Springfield's east side. Once the locus, among other things, of a nine-hole, sand- green golf course, O'Reilly General possessed more than 200 buildings on nearly 160 acres. Established in 1941 with the help of local citizens, the tract had expanded to include Springfield's Smith Park and the "Pythian Home," a formid­ able stone structure once owned by the Grand Lodge of Knights of Pythias. By war's end, the hospital grounds com­ prised nearly a quarter section of land within the city limits. Named for former Army Surgeon General Robert Maitland O'Reilly, the hospital, touted as "the best in the nation," produced an economic bonanza for Springfield, eventually pumping a million dollars a month into the economy.3 Files, General Council of the Assemblies of God, Springfield, Missouri. Hereafter cited as Exec. Files. 2 Organized in 1914, the General Council of the Assemblies of God met biennially while a twelve-member Executive Presbytery, holding substantial legal and discretionary powers, governed its affairs. These executives, headed by the General Superintendent, were ex-officio members of, and received advice from, the church's General Presbytery, a body numbering about 120 and representing decentralized national and foreign District Councils. See "Constitution of the General Council of the Assemblies of God in the United States of America and Foreign Lands Revised to September 1-6, 1955, and Bylaws," in Minutes of the Twenty-Sixth General Council of the Assemblies of God (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, September 1-6, 1955), 58-59, 62-65; see "A Welcome to Evangel," Springfield Leader and Press, 11 September 1955. For histories of the church see William W. Menzies, Anointed to Serve: The Story of the Assemblies of God (Springfield, Missouri: Gospel Publishing House, 1971); Carl Brumback, Suddenly . . . From Heaven: A History of the Assem­ blies of God (Springfield, Missouri: Gospel Publishing House, 1961); see also Klaude Kendrick, The Promise Fulfilled: A History of the Modern Pentecostal Movement (Springfield, Missouri: Gospel Publishing House, 1961); Stanley Frodsham, With Signs Following: The Story of the Pentecostal Revival in the Twentieth Century (Springfield, Missouri: Gospel Publishing Company, 1946); Walter J. Hollenweger, The Pentecostals: The Charismatic Movement in the Churches (Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1972); Richard D. Strahan, "A Study to Introduce Curriculum Approaches and Student Personnel Services for Evangel College" (Ed.D. diss., University of Houston, 1955); and Mario Hoover, "Origin and Structural Development of the As­ semblies of God" (M.A. thesis, Southwest Missouri State College, 1968). 3 Gerald W. Gleason, telephone conversation with author, Springfield, O'Reilly Hospital and Evangel College 419

War profits, however, meant reconversion problems. One person who had been at work on it was Springfield's con­ gressman, Marion T. Bennett. As a junior member from Missouri's solidly Republican Sixth District, Bennett probably had little clout. Nonetheless, he served as a member of the House Veterans Committee, and his district possessed a fed­ eral hospital. Since 1943, Bennett had wanted a veterans' hospital or soldiers' home for Springfield. O'Reilly's temporary frame structures, however, made the facility less attractive to the Veterans Administration. Still, when that agency looked for sites in Kansas and Missouri in 1944 to locate a hospital, Bennett claimed credit for placing Springfield on the list of potential sites.4 By mid-1946, when the army announced O'Reilly's im­ pending close, prospects for a second life under the VA had dimmed. Although Bennett had lobbied VA administrators, including General Omar Bradley, the Springfield site appeared larger than VA requirements warranted. The wooden struc­ tures—so efficient and necessary during the war—now proved unattractive. Any hopes for a long-term VA commitment to Springfield crumbled when the agency broke ground for a new facility in Kansas City. Such operations, henceforth, would locate in larger cities proximate to medical schools.5 Even before the army's announcement to discontinue O'Reilly's operations, effective September 30, 1946, sugges- Missouri, 13 August 1980; Springfield Sunday News and Leader, 13 Novem­ ber 1966; Harold Jellison (research paper for author's class, Evangel College, spring semester 1980); Philip A. Bennett to Louis Reps, 12 February 1941; Brehon Somervall to Bennett, 19(?) February 1941, Marion T. Bennett Papers, Joint Collection, University of Missouri Western Historical Manuscript Col­ lection, Columbia and State Historical Society of Missouri Manuscripts; A.W. Woolford to Thomas C. Hennings, Jr., 2 July and 6 November 1952, Thomas C. Hennings, Jr., Papers, Joint Collection, WHMC-SHS, Columbia; see City Block File, map, and copies of various deeds in Lincoln Abstract Company, Springfield, Missouri; Warranty or General Warranty Deeds, filed 17 March 1941, Book 704, pp. 428-430; 10 November 1942, Book 725, pp. 188- 189; 27 April 1944, Book 746, p. 306; 1 May 1944, Book 739, pp. 564-565; and Case No. 289, Civil Order and Judgment on Declaration of Taking, filed 9 July 1942, Book 721, pp. 362-363, Office of Recorder of Deeds, Greene County Courthouse, Springfield, Missouri; Springfield Sunday News and Leader, 7 November 1943, clipping from sec. B in Bennett Papers, 9 November 1941, 8 November 1942, 7 November 1943, 28 October 1945; Report of Dr. James W. Findlay at the Council of Administration, Veterans of Foreign Wars, Jef­ ferson City, Missouri, 3 April 1948, Bennett Papers. 4 See Springfield Sunday News and Leader, 8 November 1942, 28 October 1945, clippings in Bennett Papers. Bennett to George Olds, 24 June 1944; telegram, Bennett to Olds, 24 June 1944; see also Bennett to Omar Bradley, 27 September 1945, and reply, 4 October 1945, all in Bennett Papers. 5 See Bennett to Cliff Virgen, 7 September 1946, Bennett Papers. 420 Missouri Historical Review

Marion T. Bennett, Sixth District congressman, hoped O'Reilly Hos­ pital could be transformed into a veterans' hospital or soldiers' home, when the Second World War ended. Bennett wanted to keep needed federal dollars for the sup­ port of such institutions flowing into Southwest Missouri.

State Historical Society of Missouri tions circulated about possible uses for the facility. The Naval Reserve expressed interest in part of the hospital, one local resident wanted to bid on O'Reilly's chapel, and other parties, including a member of the State Health Department, believed the hospital could be used as a tuberculosis facility.6 Not the least among those who eyed the sprawling tract were numer­ ous national leaders of the Assemblies of God church. Church leaders anticipated a new college to serve return­ ing veterans with G.I. Bill benefits in hand. They not only expressed interest to the War Assets Administration's re­ gional office in St. Louis, but also scouted the perimeter of the facility in September 1946. Soon thereafter, the VA announced it did not want O'Reilly. As disappointment reverberated through the local Chamber of Commerce, the army hospital suffered yet another indignity. For some time, workers carted off its equipment for use in other federal facilities. The loss of operating materials, including kitchen items, lessened the

6 See N?rm.an T- Kirk t0 Bennett, 9 July 1946; Mrs. O.W. Cook to Bennett, 22 April 1946; Bennett to S.E. Blake, 1 August 1946; Quentin Haden to Bennett, 12 August 1946, and reply, 20 August 1946; businessman to Bennett 2 July 1946, Bennett Papers; Springfield Leader and Press, 16 heptember 1946. O'Reilly Hospital and Evangel College 421

hospital's attractiveness. State Senator Jasper Smith, an advocate of state acquisition for O'Reilly's reconversion as a mental hospital, earlier argued that the state's interest hinged on a fully equipped facility, and Assemblies officials suggested it might alter their plans to bid on the property.7 Those waiting to bid on the tract had little time to speculate on its disposition. Eight days after rejection, the VA announced it had discovered a new need for O'Reilly as a 500-bed tubercular hospital. On September 25, the agency placed a "freeze" on the property, and the exodus of equip­ ment halted. Surprisingly, the Assemblies planned to bid on the property anyway. Any lingering hopes surely dimmed in October when the VA asked for the entire O'Reilly tract. They faded altogether when President Harry S. Truman ap­ proved the deal on December 4.8 Blocked in their attempt to secure O'Reilly, college pro­ ponents faced an even more fundamental obstacle within the church. At the church's biennial General Council in Grand Rapids, Michigan, in 1947, delegates rejected the call for the creation of a liberal arts institution by a vote of nearly two-to- one. Ironically, while the government refused to yield O'Reilly Hospital, the General Council of the Assemblies of God would not start a national liberal arts college anywhere.9 While the General Council debated in Grand Rapids, O'Reilly enjoyed its second life as a tubercular facility for veterans. In 1948, over a year after opening under the VA, 7 J. Robert Ashcroft to Ralph Riggs, 6 February 1945, Exec. Files; J. Roswell Flower to Claude Fletcher, 4 September 1946, Bennett Papers; Spring­ field Leader and Press, 6, 13, 16, 17 September 1946; General Presbytery Minutes, 5-10, September 1946, General Council Headquarters, Springfield, Missouri; Bert Webb, interview with author, Springfield, Missouri, 20 August 1980; Kansas City Star, 1 September 1946; Springfield Sunday News and Leader, 8 September 1946. For wartime and postwar developments within the church, see Menzies, Anointed to Serve, 264, passim; and Lawrence J. Nelson, " The Noble Work to Which You Have Set Your Heart': O'Reilly Hospital and the Origins of Evangel College, 1944-1955" (unpublished manu­ script, 1980), including relevant documents cited in the latter piece. The present paper is essentially a revised extract from the larger 1980 study. Copy in General Council of the Assemblies of God Archives. 8 Springfield Leader and Press, 24, 25 September, 4 December 1946; Springfield Sunday News and Leader, 20 October 1946; see also New York Times, 5 December 1946; telegram, Dave Hargis to Bennett, 19 November 1946, Bennett Papers. 9 Minutes of the Twenty-Second General Council of the Assemblies of God (Grand Rapids, Michigan, August 26-September 2, 1947), 17-22; see Nelson, "Noble Work," including citation of sources; Menzies, Anointed to Serve, 264; Kendrick, The Promise Fulfilled, 137; "The Diary of a Delegate to the General Council, Grand Rapids, Mich.," Pentacostal Evangel, 4 October 1947,10, 11. 422 Missouri Historical Review the hospital cared for more than 400 patients and boasted eighteen doctors, two service personnel from the American Legion and Veterans of Foreign Wars, one Protestant clergy­ man, and a good library for the patients.10 The economic impact of the VA facility would never rival that of the high days of World War II when thousands of soldiers crowded O'Reilly's busy wards, but it remained important to the local economy. That became evident when the VA slated O'Reilly's closure in the early 1950s. A rumor about the hospital's future surfaced at least as early as 1948, but even from its opening under the VA in 1947, O'Reilly's days clearly were numbered. A combination of factors, including the wooden construction, other new or planned VA facilities, and slackening need militated against it. If Springfield civic leaders harbored any hopes for a long- term VA presence, those hopes suffered a setback early in 1952. A medical journal listed O'Reilly among six VA hos­ pitals scheduled for closure. "Our community is much dis­ turbed" over the article, wrote Louis W. Reps, managing director of the Springfield Chamber of Commerce, to Mis­ souri's Democratic Senator Thomas C. Hennings, Jr. "To walk away from a facility such as we have here is truly a civic sin."11 A flurry of letters and telegrams from veterans groups and other interested parties protested to Senator Hennings and probably his Republican colleagues, Senator James P. Kem and Sixth District Congressman O.K. Armstrong. The Springfield City Council passed a resolution, on June 27, favoring O'Reilly's retention, and the Chamber of Commerce, which had worked for years to retain the facility, bore part of the expense of a brochure, "The Case for Springfield." Also, some local citizens had formed a "Keep O'Reilly in Spring­ field" committee. Some advocates, including Maj. Gen. (ret.) Ralph E. Truman, the president's cousin, had already lobbied in Washington. In late June, Senator Kem told the VA that he daily received wires from O'Reilly patients who wanted to stay at the facility. Lobbying proved futile. The VA began phasing out the tubercular hospital through attrition and patient transfers. Remaining patients departed in the small 10 Report of Dr. Findlay, 3 April 1948, Bennett Papers; see also Spring­ field Leader and Press, 28 August 1952. 11 Reps to Hennings, 4 February 1952, Hennings Papers, Reps's citation of the Journal of the American Medical Association apparently is erroneous. O'Reilly Hospital and Evangel College 423 hours of August 28,1952, and for the second time in its eleven years, O'Reilly suffered the indignity of idleness.12 As hope for VA retention faded, increasing attention shifted to a possible third life for the aging facility on Glen- stone Avenue. As early as June 1952, Congressman O.K. Armstrong speculated that O'Reilly might warehouse materiel for military installations at Fort Leonard Wood and else­ where. One Humansville doctor wanted a building for a clinic, and the Rev. Bartlett Peterson, president of Central Bible Institute, publicly indicated his school "might be inter­ ested" in some of the O'Reilly structures, probably for off-site use. In October, even the Grand Chief of the Grand Temple Pythian Sisters, of Odessa, Missouri, claimed—incorrectly— that the lodge possessed reversion rights.13

12 Ibid.; City Council Resolution, Roll 5, 27 June 1952, Office of the City Clerk, City Hall, Springfield, Missouri; Springfield Leader and Press, 16, 23, 24, 30 June, 28 August 1952; Carl R. Gray, Jr., to Hennings, 19 July 1952; see also "ej" to Hennings, 4 February 1952, Hennings Papers; and Nelson, "Noble Work," including endnotes. 13 Springfield Leader and Press, 19 June 1952; R.W. Reid to General Services Administration, 4 November 1952, Box 117, Folder D-Mo-413 (Spring­ field, Missouri VA Hospital Reservation), Record Group 291, Records of Property Management and Disposal Service Under General Services Admini­ stration, Washington National Records Center, Suitland, Maryland. Hereafter cited as Record Group 291. Springfield Leader and Press, 16 June 1952; State Historical Society of Missouri

As late as June 1952, the disposition of O'Reilly Hospital had not been determined. Sixth District Congress­ man O.K. Armstrong believed the institution could serve as a ware­ house facility for Fort Leonard Wood. 424 Missouri Historical Review

Most interest focused on city or state acquisition. Even before the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950, Missouri's Democratic Governor Forrest Smith expressed interest to President Truman about using O'Reilly as a state mental facility for indigents. The City of Springfield also seemed a likely candidate for the O'Reilly tract, or at least part of it. The mayor advised Missouri's two senators of the city's inter­ est, and the Sunday News and Leader argued that "the federal government has a strong moral—if not legal—obliga­ tion to return at least a portion of the O'Reilly property to the City of Springfield." As early as September, the Springfield Public Park Board got in line for old Smith Park—and more—which hugged the northern edge of the O'Reilly plot.14 As before, those who cast longing eyes at the property found temptation soon removed, at least temporarily. On December 2, 1952, the Veterans Administration put O'Reilly on the procedural market, formally declaring it excess to its needs; four days later, the Department of Defense, armed with "priority," put a "freeze" on the property.15 Very likely occasioned by the Korean War, still dragging toward an armistice, that act may have helped save a sizable part of O'Reilly for the Assemblies of God church. Meanwhile, since the Grand Rapids General Council of 1947, attitudes within the church had shifted in favor of establishing a college of arts and sciences. The 1953 General Council, meeting in Milwaukee, endorsed the creation of a quotation see Leonard Irving to Jess Larson, 15 October 1952; W.E. Reynolds to F.H. Dryden, 27 or 29 October 1952; to Irving, 27 or 29 October 1952; Dry den to Irving, 6 November 1952, Record Group 291. Some letters by government officials cited in this paper are unclear as to date of authorship and such letters may accordingly carry questionable date citations. 14 Smith to Truman, 21 August 1952; see also Smith to Oscar Ewing; to Larson, both 23 September 1952, Forrest Smith Papers, Joint Collection, WHMC-SHS, Columbia; copy of Larson's letter also in Record Group 291; N. Karchmer to Hennings, 21 October 1952, Hennings Papers; Karchmer to Kem, 21 October 1952, Record Group 291. See also Springfield Leader and Press, 24 June 1952; Thomas F. Zimmerman, interview with author, Spring­ field, Missouri, 8 August 1980; typed notations, n.d., folder 6960, and Spring­ field Sunday News and Leader, 23 August 1952(?), Hennings Papers; H.S. Fanning to Commissioner of Public Buildings, 10 September 1952, Record Group 291. 15 See internal memo, 17 April 1953, folder 9690; Hennings to News and Leader Editor, 17 April 1953; unidentified newspaper clipping, 3 June 1953, folder 8239, all in Hennings Papers; teletype, Ward Harper to Director (or Chief), Real Property Acquisition and Utilization Division, Public Buildings Service, General Services Administration, 5 December 1952; memo, 10 November 1953; Frank R. Creedon to John L. Nagle, 6 December 1952; memo, L.R. Torpy to Deputy Regional Director, PBS, GSA, Kansas City, 9 December 1952, Record Group 291. O'Reilly Hospital and Evangel College 425 college, although problems of location, curriculum, and poten­ tially conflicting interests of the denomination's Bible schools loomed as formidable issues for resolution. In any case, the Milwaukee General Council not only endorsed the college idea but also elected the Rev. Ralph Meredith Riggs to head the church. For years, Riggs had waged a lonely but vocal uphill campaign for a liberal arts college. With grace yet bulldog tenacity, he refused to let the issue die despite defeat. The convention also named the Rev. Thomas F. Zimmerman as assistant general superintendent. A respected Ohio clergy­ man, he would play an important role in the college's loca­ tion. Several months later, the Rev. J. Robert Ashcroft, a long-time liberal arts advocate, joined the Springfield head­ quarters as national education secretary. With probably the best grasp of the liberal arts concept among the church's national leaders, Ashcroft, whose son John later became Missouri's forty-eighth governor, performed yeomen service, eventually serving sixteen years as the college's second presi­ dent.16 While possible college sites in Texas and southern Cali­ fornia appeared during 1953 and 1954, the search focused on eight midwestern states. The church made numerous contacts with chambers of commerce, boards of education, and others. When nothing solid developed by late winter, eyes turned to the old hospital gathering a layer of dust on Springfield's busy Glenstone Avenue.17 As if trapped in a replay of 1946, aging O'Reilly mostly lay dormant while politicians and bureaucrats haggled over its future. Even the hospital's ballfield, previously the scene of local organized play, stood silent. After freezing the prop­ erty in December 1952, the Department of Defense permitted the Southwestern Power Administration, a federal agency, to temporarily utilize several buildings for storage. Further, under agreement with the VA in 1949, the Army Reserves 16 Zimmerman interview; Nelson, "Noble Work," including sources cited; Zimmerman to Ashcroft, 8 December 1953; Charles W.H. Scott to Ashcroft, 9 December 1953, Exec. Files; informal comments of J.R. Ashcroft, 14 August 1980, taped for the author; Menzies, Anointed to Serve, 265, 276. 17 General Council, Application for the O'Reilly General Hospital, 26 April 1954, 10, 43; M.E. Collins to Ashcroft, 15 February 1954; Raymond F. McLain to Ashcroft, 28 January 1954; Guy Snavely to Ashcroft, 12 January 1954, Exec. Files. Webb interview. Ashcroft (evidently) to Collins, 11 March 1954, Exec. Files. Webb did visit a potential facility in Denver, possibly as late as April. See Russell G. Fulford to Riggs, 13 April 1954, Exec. Files. See also Nelson, "Noble Work," including citations. 426 Missouri Historical Review continued to occupy the old stone-constructed Pythian Home in the western portion of the O'Reilly tract.18 Meanwhile, the property became something of a football in Southwest Mis­ souri politics. Even as early as 1952, Republican Dewey Short, soon to represent the new gerrymandered Seventh Congressional District, talked of introducing legislation to get O'Reilly for the City of Springfield. But Senator Hen­ nings, in Springfield for a Jackson Day Dinner in 1953, told the press the city's mind seemed divided on O'Reilly. Some residents wanted federal control, while others favored city or state. The Sunday News and Leader indignantly replied that Hennings was "trying to evade his responsibility to South­ west Missourians." Ultimately, "the people of the Ozarks" desired VA control, argued the paper. It then warned that Hennings should "set the record straight as to how he feels about O'Reilly if he knows upon which side his political bread is buttered in Southwest Missouri." The criticism was unfair, but local residents clearly wanted something at O'Reilly.19 Henning's office monitored the intentions of the Defense Department which placed O'Reilly under study in the spring of 1953. When Pentagon reviews dragged through the sum­ mer and into the fall, the senator went public with his criticism. Addressing Secretary of Defense Charles E. Wilson in a letter released to the press, Hennings called the indeci­ sion "incredible," "unreasonable," and "appalling," and asked for Wilson's reply as to Pentagon intentions or, failing that, "some explanation for the further delay."20 As it developed, except for some acreage for the Army Reserves, none of the military services had immediate need of 18 Unidentified newspaper clipping, 3 June 1953, folder 8239, Hennings Papers; see teletype, H.G. Hunter to GSA Regional Director, Kansas City, 2 January 1953; Torpy, "Note," 31 December 1954; memo, Acting Commis­ sioner of Public Buildings Division, GSA to GSA Regional Director, Kansas City, to the attention of the Chief of the Real Property Disposal Division, 20 May 1955; and other relevant documents in Record Group 291. 19 Springfield Sunday News and Leader, 12 April 1953; Springfield Leader and Press, 21 April 1953, clippings in Hennings Papers. See numerous internal memoranda and notation, 17 April, 5, 16, 29 June, 17 July, 21 August, 29 September, 13 November 1953; Hennings to Editor, 17 April 1953; J. Howard Hannah to Hennings, 28 April 1953; C.W. Johnson to Hennings, 20 April 1953, Hennings Papers. See Springfield Leader and Press, 16 July 1952. 20 Hennings to Wilson, 13 November 1953; press release, n.d. (November 1953), Hennings Papers; see Springfield Leader and Press, 14 November 1953; Creedon to Harper, 29(?) June 1953; Franklin G. Floete to Thomas L. Peyton, 21 October 1953, Record Group 291. O'Reilly Hospital and Evangel College 427 the property. The guns in Korea had long since been stilled. Hennings's impact remains unclear, but the Pentagon for­ mally released O'Reilly within a week of his public criticism. Officials placed the old hospital back on the market, and the General Services Administration looked for early disposal.21 General Services would act as a type of broker and eventually even assume curatorship of O'Reilly. GSA believed the De­ partment of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) should be included in the disposition discussions. Under authority of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949, surplus property could be used for health or education purposes to benefit the public at a discount up to 100 percent. The task of screening applicants had fallen to HEW and to that agency's appropriate regional office. O'Reilly stood in HEW's Region VI, headquartered in Kansas City, Missouri. That office was administered by the able and conscientious James W. Doarn, formerly a regional director in the defunct Federal Security Agency. Primary screening for O'Reilly fell within the portfolio of Theodore P. Eslick, Doarn's Regional Property Coordinator in Kansas City.22 With the Pentagon's release, the haggling began anew. While the state's interest had waned, the City of Springfield demonstrated renewed interest. Others, too, got in line, includ­ ing one person whose campaign to create a not-for-profit benevolent agency at O'Reilly started even before the Penta­ gon released it. Southwest Missouri State College, a pride of 21 The Army Reserves would require some buildings, including the Pythian Home, and use of some fire hydrants and water and service lines. Kansas City Times, 18 November 1953, clipping in folder 8239; unidentified newspaper clipping in folder 6963; Floete to Hennings, 23 November 1953, Hennings Papers; Floete to Nagle, 19 November 1953; Ira D. Beynon to Reynolds, 23 November 1953; teletype, Paul V. Finegan to GSA Regional Director, Kansas City, 19 November 1953; memo, Acting Commissioner of Public Buildings, GSA to GSA Regional Director, Kansas City, to the atten­ tion of the Chief of the Real Property Disposal Division, 20 May 1955; see also G.S. Radley to GSA Regional Director, Kansas City, 25 November 1953, Record Group 291. 22 GSA believed HEW has shown "considerable interest" in O'Reilly although GSA may have had reference to HEW's predecessor, the Federal Security Agency. Radley to GSA Regional Director, Kansas City, 25 Novem­ ber 1953, Record Group 291; James W. Doarn, interview with author, Kansas City, Missouri, 7 August 1980; Hennings to John K. Hulston, 22 July 1952, Hennings Papers; Eslick to Zimmerman, 12 March 1954, and attachment; memos of telephone conversations, Zimmerman to Reps, 25 February 1954; to Eslick, 3 March 1954, Exec. Files; Reynolds to Irving, 29(?) October 1952, and other relevant material in Record Group 291, Exec. Files, and Federal Property Assistance Program, Department of Health and Human Services, Federal Building, Kansas City, Missouri. References to the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 also refer to its amendments. 428 Missouri Historical Review

Springfield since its founding in 1905, showed interest as did Drury College, the city's oldest collegiate institution. Others included the Executive Presbytery of the Assemblies of God, the church's twelve-member governing body. Since the Mil­ waukee General Council, Ralph Riggs had given little or no thought to O'Reilly as a possible college site. However, the virtual collapse of the southern California option plus the lack of progress in developing other prospects, along with the discount feature, likely contributed to the decision to explore O'Reilly.23 The church had some support. Tacit admission of the city's failure to make progress to acquire a large part of O'Reilly became evident as early as February 25. Louis Reps of the Chamber of Commerce told Thomas Zimmerman that he would support the bid of the Assemblies of God over Drury or Southwest Missouri State College. Mayor W.L. English, who once angrily berated a federal official for the city's lack of success, apparently encouraged the Assemblies' effort. However, he later tried to interest the Federal Civilian Defense Administration in locating at O'Reilly. Failing there, he wrote a letter to HEW on the church's behalf. Giving up hope for the bulk of O'Reilly, the city began its campaign to retrieve old Smith Park, which the federal government acquired dur­ ing World War II.24 23 Springfield Leader and Press, 24 November 1953; City Council Reso­ lution No. 2369 (Council Bill No. 336), Resolutions, Roll 5, Office of Springfield City Clerk, copy also included with letter, English to Hennings, 8 December 1953; Hulston to Short, 20 November 1953; see also Hulston to Hennings, 30 November 1953; unidentified clipping 3 June 1953, folder 8239; Joe N. Brown to Irene Lewis, 31 October 1953; G. Bruce and Mrs. James L. Cox to Hennings, 4 January 1954; Richard Farrington to Hennings, 24 July 1953; Rose K. Zimmerman to Farrington, 26 August 1953; Hennings to Farrington 18 November 1953, Hennings Papers; Theodore P. Eslick, Summary of Situation—O'Reilly General Hospital and Applications Therefor, 12 August 1954, Fed. Prop. Asst. Prog., copy also in Record Group 291; G.W. Van Fleet to Dwight D. Eisenhower, 23 May 1953; to James C. Hagerty, 22 October 1953; A.E. Synder to Hagerty, 28 December 1953; Edmund Mansure to Herbert Hoover, 28 January 1954, and other material in Record Group 291. Memo of telephone conversation, Zimmerman to Reps, 25 February 1954, Exec. Files; form letter, Riggs to "My dear Co-worker," 13 December 1954, EC Library arch.; see Nelson, "Noble Work," for Southern California loca­ tion issue. 24 Memo, telephone conversation, Zimmerman to Reps, 25 February 1954, Exec. Files. Drury possibly acquired at least two O'Reilly buildings for off- site use. See Bill of Sale, executed 6 July 1955, Record Group 291; see also related material in Exec. Files. Gleason, telephone conversation with author; English to Val Peterson, 3 May 1954, and reply, 13(?) May 1954, Hennings Papers; see also unsigned memo, 4 May 1954; memo, Catherine Blanton Roberts to Symington, 4 May 1954; Roberts to Sam Parker, 5 May 1954, Subject Correspondence, O'Reilly Hospital, Springfield, Missouri, W. Stuart O'Reilly Hospital and Evangel College 429

Assemblies of God Archives, Springfield, Missouri In 1954, Thomas F. Zimmerman (left), assistant general superinten­ dent, and Ralph Riggs (center), general superintendent of the Assem­ blies of God, and James W. Doarn, regional director of the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, look over the church's application for the acquisition of the O'Reilly Hospital.

Aside from seeking Congressman Dewey Short's support in the Assemblies' drive, City Councilman J. Roswell Flower, the church's general secretary, appealed to the state's two Democratic senators. Already burned on the O'Reilly ques­ tion, Hennings proved of little help. "You will be interested in knowing," he advised Flower, "that I have received a number of letters expressing interest in all or parts of this property for a variety of worthwhile purposes,. .. And while I earnestly believe that yours is a most worthwhile cause indeed, I cannot properly suggest that the claim of any one application ... is more meritorious than any other." Missouri's other senator, W. Stuart Symington, who replaced Republican James Kem in 1953, also reported he had "received many similar evidences of interest." He offered Flower slight en­ couragement by contacting HEW's Regional Office in Kansas Symington Papers, Joint Collection, WHMC-SHS, Columbia; English to Eslick 11 June 1954, Record Group 291. The Public Park Board already had renewed its effort. See John K. Saltsman to W.A. Holloway, 16 February 1954, Hennings Papers. 430 Missouri Historical Review

City "to express the hope that careful consideration be given the request of your group."25 While Flower made little political headway, assistant general superintendent Zimmerman already had opened ne­ gotiations for a portion of the old hospital. On March 3, he telephoned Theodore P. Eslick, HEW's regional property co­ ordinator in Kansas City, about details. Legal provisions allowed a "100 percent discount," but Eslick indicated the property would have to be utilized for education for twenty years. For that period, the government retained temporary reversion rights during emergencies proclaimed by the presi­ dent. Regulations also permitted federal inspection and re­ quired annual reports.26 Within a week, Riggs and Zimmerman appeared in Eslick's Kansas City office, armed with letters of endorsement from Louis Reps of the Chamber of Commerce and James A. Jeffries of Springfield's Citizens Bank. Chief James Doarn remembered Eslick as "a good property man." A conscientious and professional bureaucrat, Eslick's coaching proved of great assistance in preparing the Assemblies' application for O'Reilly and in the negotiating that followed.27 Since Southwest Missouri State College had expressed desire for the tract, Eslick thought the two applications might be coordinated to everyone's satisfaction. But SMS president Dr. Roy Ellis spurned Zimmerman's initial discussion. Despite friendship with Ellis, Zimmerman later suggested the SMS leader did not envision what the Assemblies had in mind and perhaps did not want any competition from a new school. There would be no coordination; SMS would apply for all the available land.28 Even as Zimmerman worked on the General Council 25 Flower to Hennings, 13 March 1954, and reply, 18 March 1954, Exec. Files; Flower to Symington, 13 March 1954, and reply, 16 March 1954; see also Doarn to Symington, 19 March 1954; and Symington to Flower, 22 March 1954, Exec. Files and Symington Papers. 26 Memo of telephone conversation, Zimmerman to Eslick, 3 March 1954, Exec. Files; see Exec. Presbytery Minutes, 2-5 March 1954, Gen. Coun. Hdqs. 27 Zimmerman to Eslick, 10 March 1954, Exec. Files; Jeffries to Eslick; Reps to Eslick, 8 March 1954, Hennings Papers; latter two also in General Council, Application for O'Reilly, 47, 49, Exec. Files; quote from Doarn interview. Eslick even provided a sample (or samples) application to aid the effort. Eslick to Zimmerman, 5 May 1954; Zimmerman to Eslick, May 1954, Exec. Files. 28 Memos of telephone conversations, Eslick to Zimmerman, 15 March 1954; Zimmerman to Ellis, 17 March 1954, Exec. Files; Zimmerman inter­ view; see also Eslick to Zimmerman, 7 April 1954, Exec. Files. O'Reilly Hospital and Evangel College 431 application, the Executive Presbytery, on March 26, desig­ nated him its liaison officer for the negotiations. His selec­ tion seemed logical. The son of a devout mother and an In­ dianapolis businessman, Zimmerman had left an Indiana University scholarship after his freshman year to assist his financially strapped family during the Great Depression. He married his pastor's daughter, spurned a business career and plunged into full-time pulpit ministry in several midwestern states. In 1943, that ministry brought him to Springfield's prestigious Central Assembly. His diplomacy, business skill, leadership presence, plus community involvement led to im­ portant "contacts" within the city. After serving a stint as Southern Missouri District Superintendent, Zimmerman left Springfield for an Ohio pastorage in 1950; in late 1953, he came back to the city as an assistant general superintendent. The trust of the city leadership in him had not dissipated.29 The Assemblies' drive to obtain O'Reilly shifted into higher gear with the completion of its fifty-plus-page applica­ tion. The document, bearing Zimmerman's heavy stamp, bristled with glowing recommendations,30 and included ra­ tionale and plans for the facility's use as a new college of the arts and sciences.31 Meanwhile, a 24-member board of trust­ ees, heavily weighted with clergy, organized and met initially late in May 1954. Aside from money matters, the board unani- 29 Menzies, Anointed to Serve, 306-309; Zimmerman interview; see endorse­ ment letters in General Council, Application for O'Reilly, 47-49, Exec. Files, and those from Jeffries to Eslick, 8 March 1954; and Reps to Eslick, 8 March 1954, also in Hennings Papers. 30 Endorsement letters in General Council, Application for O'Reilly, 47- 51, Exec. Files. 31 In a section regarding "evidence of the need for the facilities," the application included a pair of statements that perhaps warrant scrutiny: "1) Because we have 44,000 young people of college age for whom a college program such as we will offer is not now available,'" and "2) Because no other property is available to us in any wise suitable for our purposes." General Council, Application for O'Reilly, 10, Exec. Files (emphases added). Southern California Bible College had been conducting a dichotomized College of Bible and Theology and College of Arts and Sciences, leading to the baccalaureate, since 1950, and the latter included Departments of Lan­ guage and Literature, Natural Sciences, Social Sciences, etc. SCBC was District-sponsored rather than General Council sponsored and its business offerings apparently would not lead to a baccalaureate degree. Thirty-first Annual Catalog of Southern California Bible College (1950-51), 20, passim; Thirty-fourth Annual Catalog (1953-54), 9, 25, 45, passim, Southern Cali­ fornia College library, Costa Mesa, California; Pentecostal Evangel, 6 May 1950, 7. Also, in the summer of 1954, Zimmerman and Lester E. Cox signed a joint letter regarding the proposed share use of college facilities for nursing and geriatrics programs. As for location, while other potential sites may not have appeared immediately ideal, the language in the application remained very strong, perhaps excessive. 432 Missouri Historical Review

mously endorsed the Executive Presbyters' choice of Klaude Kendrick of Texas as the college's first president. In his mid- thirties, the soft-spoken and amiable Kendrick had logged many years of service at Southwestern Bible Institute. Later, he would obtain a doctorate in history from the University of Texas at Austin. When the Executive Presbytery chose a name for the new college, in August 1954, the embryonic institution had a designated president, a board, and a name, but no property.32 Months earlier, Senator Hennings reported that his mail indicated constituent interest in O'Reilly. Understandably, he had been "baffled" to learn from HEW's Regional Office, in February, that it had received "no applications, nor . . . any indication of interest ... by possible eligible claimants." Cecil Jenkins, of the Missouri Department of Education, acknowledged that many schools expressed interest in O'Reilly buildings for off-site use. In addition, two Spring­ field colleges had indicated interest in a portion of the facility. However, he told Hennings, "It is our understanding that we can make no formal application for this property until it becomes available." Apparently, Theodore Eslick did not share that understanding. He told Zimmerman, in April, that the General Council's application could be received prior to O'Reilly's declaration of "surplus" status.33 In other words, HEW would screen applicants for property it anticipated coming under its jurisdiction. Hence, the petition of the Gen­ eral Council of the Assemblies of God church evidently con­ stituted HEW's first formal application for O'Reilly. Some of the confusion could be traced to eligibility. Before the General Services Administration assumed custody of the O'Reilly tract on July 1, 1954, the hospital's disposal became the subject of numerous conferences involving GSA, HEW, and the Department of Defense. The prevailing attitude held

32 Senior College Program Committee, minutes, Exec. Files; Pentecostal Evangel, 27 June 1954, 10; Riggs to Emil A. Balliet, 7 April 1954; see similar letters sent to other prospective board members of same date, and some replies, Exec. Files; Executive Presbyters Minutes, 19-21 May, 24-26 August 1954, Gen. Coun. Hdqs.; Klaude Kendrick, interview with author, Spring­ field, Missouri, 30 April 1980; Springfield Daily News, 29 December 1954; Springfield Leader and Press, 29 December 1954. See also Nelson, "Noble Work." 33 Hennings to English, 2 April 1954; Doarn to Hennings, 9 February 1954; Hennings to Oveta Culp Hobby, 9 March 1954; Jenkins to Hennings, 7 April 1954, Hennings Papers; Zimmerman to Eslick, 19 April 1954, and reply, 22 April 1954, in both Exec. Files and Fed. Prop. Asst. Prog. O'Reilly Hospital and Evangel College 433

that the hospital should be disposed of essentially intact. Those eligible under health and education provisions of the appropriate legislation, such as the State of Missouri, did not seem interested or had not formally petitioned HEW. Although interested parties such as the City of Springfield or the Ozark Empire Fair contemplated worthy uses, they did not qualify within the narrow proscriptions of health or educational use. In Springfield's case, the city compounded the issue by its desire for the O'Reilly tract without the buildings. Appar­ ently, ineligible petitioners could bid on property remaining only after federal agencies, including GSA and HEW, worked their will.34 34 Hennings to Hobby, 9 March 1954, and reply, 26 March 1954; see also Hennings to H. Frank Fellows, 12 April 1954 and other correspondence between them in Hennings Papers. Memo, Fred S. Poorman to GSA Regional Director, Kansas City, to the attention of the Chief of the Real Property Division, 20 May 1955; Department of Interior, National Park Service, Region II, Omaha, Nebraska, "Report on Smith Park, A Part of the O'Reilly General Hospital, Springfield, Missouri," Surplus Property Disposal, January 1955, 1, Record Group 291; see also Sam Parker to Symington, 9 July 1954, Symington Papers; memos of telephone conversations, Zimmerman to Eslick, 9 July and 10 September 1954, and Eslick to Zimmerman, 21 September 1954, Exec. Files. The very complicated issue of Springfield's bid is discussed in Nelson, "Noble Work," including endnotes. See, in particular, Peter A. Stroebel to Symington, 27 July 1954, Symington Papers and Record Group 291; and Symington to D.A. Mallory, 29 June 1954, Symington Papers. On the other hand, see Dept. of Interior, National Park Service, "Report on In the spring of 1954, the O'Reilly Hospital still was far from becoming the site of a new college. Nevertheless, after careful planning and persistent lobbying, the General Council of the Assemblies of God acquired that property in December, and the college opened its doors for the autumn term in 1955. Assemblies of God Archives, Springfield, Missouri 434 Missouri Historical Review

Meanwhile, Zimmerman expected rapid disposition of the issue. Instead, he encountered the snail-paced vicissitudes of federal bureaucracy. Even though GSA desired rapid settle­ ment, the required screening of federal agencies consumed many months. In mid-April 1954, GSA reported to Senator Hennings that some acreage and numerous buildings would be given to the Bureau of Prisons, Southwestern Power Ad­ ministration, Organized Reserve Corps, and Federal Civilian Defense Administration. Over two weeks later the Kansas City Regional Office "rescreened" federal agencies in Region VI, apprising them of the remainder. No new takers ap­ peared.35 Still, new problems emerged. The Federal Civilian Defense Administration's need for warehouse space delayed disposi­ tion. Every day trucks unloaded Civil Defense material at its O'Reilly facilities. The Veterans Administration added more pressure to GSA by indicating it would not fund O'Reilly's maintenance past June 30, 1954.36 Meanwhile, HEW in Kansas City did more than wait on General Services. Although Eslick had suggested coordination with Southwest Missouri State College, he sympathized with the Assemblies' petition. With Zimmerman, he discussed mat­ ters relative to the General Council's application, including fire protection, right of access to remove buildings and the like. Telling Zimmerman, on June 7, that things looked "very favorable," Eslick believed GSA could issue a "temporary permit" to end its maintenance burden. But HEW in Wash­ ington acted with more restraint. W.T. Frazier, HEW's chief of the Surplus Property Utilization Division, wanted to delay, giving GSA the responsibility "until our negotiations are Smith Park," 1, Record Group 291. See also unidentified newspaper clipping, n.d., in folder 6963, Hennings Papers; and Symington to English, 9 July 1954; and to Holloway, 10 July 1954, Symington Papers. 35 Holloway to Hennings, 17 April 1954, Hennings Papers; Harper to Federal Agencies in Region VI, 3 May 1954; memo, Acting Dep. Reg. Dir., PBS, GSA, Kansas City to Director, Real Estate Division, PBS, GSA, 26 August 1954, Record Group 291. 36 Memo, 7 July 1954; teletype, Swan McDonald to Acting Chief, Surplus Real Property Branch, PBS, GSA, 24 May 1954; McDonald to Reynolds, to the attention of T.L. Peyton, 27 April 1954; see also Synder to GSA Regional Director, Kansas City, 3 June 1954, Record Group 291; English to Peterson, 3 May 1954, and reply, 13(?) May 1954; English to Hennings, 11 May 1954, and reply, 4 June 1954, Hennings Papers; unsigned memo, 4 May 1954; memo, Roberts to Symington, 4 May 1954; to Parker, 5 May 1954, Symington Papers; Springfield Daily News, 19 June 1954; Springfield Leader and Press, 19 June 1954; memos of telephone conversations, Karl McVay to Zimmer­ man, 24 May 1954; Zimmerman to Eslick, 19 May 1954, Exec. Files. O'Reilly Hospital and Evangel College 435 concluded." HEW's Commissioner of Education leaned to state institutions in such matters and thought SMS should be accommodated. But Eslick's view had some foundation. The SMS proposal suffered serious flaws. College officials had no money to develop the land had their petition been granted and would have to wait without guarantee for Missouri's legislature to convene in 1955. Further, their use of the O'Reilly tract for an agricultural department would have collided with a local ordinance prohibiting pasturage within city limits. SMS surely knew its petition had problems; in any event, the college's board of regents voted in mid-July to withdraw its application.37 Even before the departure of SMS, the narrow field con­ cerned officials in Washington, and they made a new effort to generate more applicants. Accordingly, HEW appropriated funds to advertise in Kansas City and Springfield newspapers and to distribute an advertising mailer "to potential appli­ cants." Back in Springfield, however, things neared an em­ barrassing turn. Zimmerman desired a low profile for the church's application. He did not wish to "embarrass" local civic leaders by making public their support. Nonetheless, Springfield papers, on June 19, 1954, featured the page-one story. Proclaimed the Daily News: "Third College to Be Estab­ lished Here Soon." More subdued, the Leader and Press claimed "O'Reilly Site is Requested For a College." Although Assembly officials had not leaked the story, Zimmerman, out of town when the story broke, attempted to repair any damage at HEW. He asked Education Secretary J. Robert Ashcroft to tell Eslick the story originated with newsmen in Washington. Ashcroft learned the Leader and Press had contacted GSA in Kansas City and therefore "felt free to make such a spread of the story." He told Ralph Riggs the newspaper inferred from GSA's regional director "that at this juncture it is almost a foregone conclusion as to the final decision."38 37 Telephone transcript, Zimmerman-Eslick-McVay, 7 June 1954, Exec. Files; Frazier to Doarn, to the attention of Eslick, 17 June 1954; S.M. Brownell to Chester Lund, 11 June 1954; see also memo, Acting Chief, Surplus Real Property Branch, PBS, Real Estate Division to McDonald, 13 July 1954; McDonald to Eslick, 19 July 1954; Ellis to Eslick, 21 July 1954, Record Group 291; see also relevant material in Fed. Prop. Asst. Prog.; and Lund to Hennings, 19 July 1954, Hennings Papers. Springfield Leader and Press, 17 July 1954. 38 Frazier to Doarn, to the attention of Eslick, 17 June 1954, Record Group 291; Springfield Daily News, 19 June 1954; Springfield Leader and Press, 19 June 1954; Zimmerman interview; Ashcroft to Zimmerman, 19 June 436 Missouri Historical Review

Assemblies of God Archives, Springfield, Missouri In 1954, after a six-year effort, the General Council of the Assemb­ lies of God successfully acquired the O'Reilly Hospital. From left to right, J. Roswell Flower (general secretary); Bert Webb (assistant general superintendent); J. Robert Ashcroft (secretary of the De­ partment of Education of the Assemblies of God); Gayle F. Lewis (assistant general superintendent); Thomas F. Zimmerman (assis­ tant general superintendent); and General Superintendent Ralph M. Riggs, seated, pose with newspapers announcing their successful bid to acquire the O'Reilly Hospital. Evidently, publicity surrounding the case generated some active opposition. Three days after the splash the Southwest Missouri School Administrators Club affirmed resolutions supporting "the application of Southwest Missouri State College" and calling for prior consideration of all qualified public agencies. Referring to HEW and the Assemblies of God, the president of the club told senators Hennings and Symington: "I hope it is possible to stop this anticipated transfer." Another opponent expressed resentment at "this giveaway," while another contended "that no one religious group [should] be permitted to accept any government gift."39 The religious issue impinged on the question of separation 1954; to Riggs, 19 June 1954; to Board members, 19 June 1954, see Ashcroft's handwritten notation; see also Zimmerman to Reps, 19 April 1954; Zimmer­ man to Eslick, 29 June 1954, Exec. Files. 39 Resolution of the Southwest School Administrators Club, 22 June 1954 (former); Mallory to Hennings, 25 June 1954, Hennings Papers; Resolution of Southwest School Administrators Club, 22 June 1954 (latter); Mallory to Symington, 25 June 1954, Symington Papers. See also Eslick, "Summary of Situation," 12 August 1954, Fed. Prop. Asst. Prog, and Record Group 291, which also includes "this giveaway" quote; for latter quote see constituent to Symington, 21 June 1954, Symington Papers. O'Reilly Hospital and Evangel College 437 of church and state. The secretary of the St. Louis chapter of Protestants and Other Americans United for Separation of Church and State had waged an unsuccessful protest against transfer of the old Marine Hospital in Kirkwood to the Sisters of St. Joseph* of Carondelet. The protests focused on both procedure and substance. Now the chapter learned of the impending transfer of O'Reilly to the Assemblies of God church. The chapter's secretary told Symington and Hen­ nings—the latter a personal friend—"Our position with regard to this give-away is the same as in the matter of the Kirkwood Hospital. We cannot have separation of church and state if property purchased by tax money is to be turned over to religious institutions." As late as October, the chapter's presi­ dent, a Baptist pastor from St. Louis, politely raised the issue with the Assemblies' General Secretary, J. Roswell Flower. Flower believed if the church felt the deal violated the prin­ ciple, it would reject the property. "Possibly," he replied, "this is a matter of interpretation and all may not interpret the matter in the same way."40 For its part, HEW long had realized its inability "to question the constitutionality of legislative action taken by Congress," and argued that the Marine Hospital had been disposed of properly. In late June, Senator Symington told the president of the Southwest Missouri Administrators Club that current legislation did not provide for prior consideration of public operations. The Assemblies' proposed utilization appeared eligible under federal provisions and fell within the public interest. Also, the church's desire for the whole proper­ ty, or at least a substantial part, impressed HEW.41 About the time the embarassing story hit the newsstands, the Assemblies learned it must produce a recommendation from Missouri's education department to supplement its appli­ cation. Missouri Commissioner of Education Hubert Wheeler declined to issue a recommendation, arguing his portfolio 40 Victor Harris to Hennings, 21 June 1954, Hennings Papers; to Syming­ ton, 21 June 1954, Symington Papers. See other relevant material in papers of both senators. Baptist pastor to Flower, 21 October 1954; and reply, 27 October 1954, Exec. Files; Zimmerman interview. 41 Symington to Mallory, 29 June 1954, Symington Papers; see note 34 above; Doarn interview; Doarn to Hennings, 27 April 1954; Lund to Hen­ nings, 14 July 1954, Hennings Papers. According to Lund, the government preferred that O'Reilly remain intact in the event of reclamation during "national emergency." See also memo, McDonald to Acting Chief, Surplus Real Property Branch, PBS, Real Estate Division, GSA, 7 July 1954, and reply, 13 July 1954, Record Group 291. 438 Missouri Historical Review

included neither accreditation matters nor direct involvement in the deal. Apparently, given the presence of other colleges and area need, he hinted the Assemblies would not like his recommendation, based on an area canvass. Church officials quickly turned to Manning M. Patillo, an official of the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools in Chicago. The academic efforts of the proposed college would be directed to North Central, the regional accrediting organi­ zation. Eslick believed the substitution would suffice. In mid- July, Patillo, having "reviewed carefully" the General Coun­ cil's proposals, declared: "The proposed curriculum and or­ ganization of the college are in accord with commonly accepted practice in American higher education."42 To further boost the church's position, Zimmerman turned for endorsement to Seventh District Congressman Dewey Short. In late July, the churchman signed a joint letter with Lester E. Cox, prominent Springfield industrialist and board president of the city's Burge Hospital, regarding use of the college's facilities for nursing and geriatrics programs. Short pointed to the proposal and told HEW in Kansas City: "I hope you will give the above application due consideration." Actually, the administrators in HEW's regional office already favored the church's application. HEW officials in Washing­ ton and the General Services Administration needed con­ vincing. Of course, the issue also hinged on the property's ultimate availability. Still, Eslick believed the Short and Cox- Zimmerman letters significantly boosted the church's appli­ cation.43 By the end of July, the application of the Assemblies of God had some company, a result, perhaps, of the dutifully run advertisements in the Springfield Leader and Press and

42 Ashcroft to Riggs, 19 June 1954; Zimmerman to Eslick, 1 July 1954; memo of telephone conversation, Zimmerman to Wheeler, 29 June 1954; Patillo to Riggs, 14 July 1954; see also Ashcroft to Zimmerman, 19 June 1954; and memo of telephone conversation, Zimmerman to Eslick, 9 July 1954, Exec. Files; Frazier to Doarn, to the attention of Eslick, 17 June 1954, Fed. Prop. Asst. Prog. Wheeler suggested the North Central alternative, but if HEW in Washington wanted a statement concerning both curriculum and justification of the proposed college in a community already possessing two, then the Patillo letter would not meet all the specifics of the request. 43 Zimmerman to Short, 29 June 1954; Cox and Zimmerman to HEW Regional Office, Kansas City, 28 July 1954; Short to HEW Regional Office, Kansas City, 28 July 1954; memo of telephone conversation, Zimmerman to Eslick, 30 July 1954, Exec. Files. See Zimmerman interview for an alternate view. See also Doarn to Short, 2 August 1954, Fed. Prop. Asst. Prog.; and Zimmerman to Eslick, 29 July 1954, Exec. Files. O'Reilly Hospital and Evangel College 439 the Kansas City Star. Southwest Missouri State College had taken itself out of contention in mid-July, but four new applica­ tions for O'Reilly land appeared. Although the new applica­ tions involved "considerable duplication" in terms of desired buildings and acreage, none requested the entire available site. The new proposals, which Eslick forwarded to HEW in Washington, contemplated either health or education utiliza­ tion. Furthermore, three hospitals and thirty-seven schools, mostly in Southwest Missouri, contemplated acquiring at least one O'Reilly building apiece. Apparently many of the old hospital's temporary structures, available at discount for off-site health and education purposes, might soon be scattered to the Missouri winds.44 44 Springfield Daily News, 19 June 1954; see Springfield Leader and Press, 29 June 1954; Kansas City Star, 27 June 1954. Cecil Jenkins "To Those Eligible to Receive Surplus Property," 28 June 1954, Record Group 291; Eslick, "Summary of Situation," Fed. Prop. Asst. Prog. The new appli­ cants requested facilities for United Cerebral Palsy, an athletic field and some buildings for St. Agnes High School, facilities for Ozark Christian School which envisioned a high school and junior college, and new facilities for Midwest Bible and Missionary Institute of St. Louis. See Eslick to Director of Field Administration, to the attention of the Chief of Surplus Property Utilization, GSA, 12 August 1954, and attachment; Eslick, "Sum­ mary of Situation," Fed. Prop. Asst. Prog. Quote is from Doarn to Hennings, 3 August 1954, Hennings Papers; see also memos of telephone conversations, Zimmerman to Eslick, 30 July and 23 August 1954, Exec. Files.

Students, who entered Evangel College for the autumn term of 1955, found their dormitories to be barracks and offices of the old federal hospital. Assemblies of God Archives, Springfield, Missouri

I I I 1I !I%jf 440 Missouri Historical Review

One O'Reilly building, the massive steam plant, would go nowhere. Zimmerman agreed the church would pay normal market value for both the steam plant and O'Reilly's old chapel if the General Council received a considerable portion of the requested facilities. A complication arose over the plant's boilers. Zimmerman learned in September the church would not be granted the plant if it contained high pressure boilers since they would be too dangerous and require round- the-clock licensed engineers. He told Eslick an engineer would be employed on a twenty-four hour basis. An investigation revealed the boilers to be "high-pressure," but they could be reduced.45 Eventually, Zimmerman learned of a new request from HEW in Washington. Officials wanted some assurance the proposed college would not generate hostility in the neighbor­ hood. Zimmerman doubted whether Lily Tulip Company, whose large and attractive two-year-old building faced a significant portion of O'Reilly's Glenstone exposure, would lodge any protest. To gauge neighborhood attitude, the church turned to the news personnel at KWTO, a local radio station. Of fifty-six interviews, fifty-one looked with favor on the proposed college, four expressed "No opinion" and only one objected.46 By mid-summer, O'Reilly had been screened, filtered and cannibalized. As summer turned into fall, the bureaucracy ground on slowly. GSA wanted freedom from the maintenance that burdened its budget and, although they had not formally requested the property for reassignment, HEW worked on it.47 45 Memos of telephone conversations, Zimmerman to Eslick, 23 August, 9, 10 September 1954; Zimmerman to Eslick, 10 September 1954, Exec. Files; latter also in Fed. Prop. Asst. Prog.; Emmett Davis, telephone conversation with author, Springfield, Missouri, 17 September 1980; see also Kendrick interview; Zimmerman interview; Springfield Sunday News and Leader, 13 November 1966. 46 Although Eslick wanted Zimmerman to include the attitude of Lily Tulip in his report on area sentiment, it remains questionable whether that occurred; Zimmerman reported independently that Lily was developing an endorsement letter. Memos of telephone conversations, Eslick to Zimmer­ man, 9 September 1954; Zimmerman to Eslick, 10 September 1954, Exec. Files. While Lily Tulip may have developed such a letter, the author has not seen it. 47 Some discrepancy appears over when the available O'Reilly property passed from "excess" to "surplus" status. The alternatives appear as late as June and 8 September 1954. Supporting or tending to support the former, see Doarn to Symington, 3 August 1954, Symington Papers, and Springfield Daily News, 29 June 1954; for the latter, see Stroebel to Symington, 16(?) September 1954, Symington Papers, and John S. Fickling, Memorandum for the Records, 23 August 1954, and handwritten notation, 2 September 1954, Record Group 291. O'Reilly Hospital and Evangel College 441

Within the bureaucracy, meanwhile, some of the General Council's potential property slipped away. The Federal Civil­ ian Defense Administration discovered new requirements. It altered the land pattern by giving up two buildings but grabbing nine more. Then, a Springfield-based campaign successfully took more than sixteen acres for the Missouri National Guard. GSA reshuffled the O'Reilly map, eventually transferring land to Civilian Defense that might have been deeded to the church.48 GSA also held back Smith Park pending final outcome of the city's application. All this re­ sulted in loss of buildings and land requested by the General Council. The loss included a two-story house ear-marked for the residence of the new college president.49 By the fourth week of October, nearly everything appeared ready. Appraisals, surveys and amendments to the General Council application were in place. That the church would get a good chunk of land seemed clear for some time, or so HEW's Kansas City office believed. What happened to other applicants remains unclear, but by late October, only two remained.50 HEW's Regional Office worked out details with its General Services counterpart. On October 25, 1954, it hand-delivered to the GSA office in Kansas City the request for transfer of property. HEW slated Springfield's St. Agnes High School, of the Catholic Diocese of Kansas City, for more than 13 acres and two buildings for athletic purposes; the General Council of the Assemblies of God church would get some walkways and scores of buildings sprawling over approximately 58 acres, most of which fronted Glenstone Avenue.51 That same day HEW's Regional Attorney forwarded 48 Transfer of land to the Missouri National Guard probably had no effect on potential church acreage, but the transfer involved bureaucratic and legal activities. See MB, Memorandum, 12 October 1954, Symington Papers; see also other relevant documents in Symington Papers, and in folder 3181, Hennings Papers, and in Record Group 291. Included in the latter, note Harold F. Holtz to Nagle, 12 October 1954, and Reuben B. Robertson, Jr. to Edmund Mansure, 27 October 1954; see also Eslick to Frazier, 25 October 1954, Fed. Prop. Asst. Prog., and Record Group 291. 49 Memo of telephone conversation, Eslick to Zimmerman, 21 September 1954, Exec. Files. In 1955, Springfield received deed to Smith Park. See Springfield Sunday News and Leader, 15 May 1955, and relevant material in Record Group 291. See also note 34 above and Nelson, "Noble Work," including endnotes. 50 See material in Exec. Files and Fed. Prop. Asst. Prog., including, in the latter, memo, Frazier to HEW Regional Director, to the attention of the Regional Property Coordinator, 21 September 1954; in the former, see Riggs to Eslick, 14 October 1954. 51 The General Council would take property worth nearly $950,000; 442 Missouri Historical Review

Assemblies of God Archives, Springfield, Missouri Many of the original structures on the grounds of the O'Reilly Hospital became classrooms for the students at Evangel College. Whatever the campus may have lacked in ambience, the students overcame with their enthusiasm to be part of the new college. to Eslick copies of quitclaim deeds, prepared in his office, covering the requested property. Since Kansas City's regional GSA office formally endorsed the HEW move on October 28, the issue awaited only official approval in Washington. Eslick advised Zimmerman, on October 27, that approval might take a few days to a few weeks. The buoyant hopes held by Ashcroft for opening the new college in 1954 had long vanished.52 In fact, Zimmerman had not yet emerged from the bureaucratic gauntlet. For some reason, the General Services Administration in Washington held up the transfer. Zimmerman strained for the brass ring. He visited Lester E. Cox, Springfield's leading citizen, at his office on Jefferson Street. Cox and Zimmerman schools would take numerous buildings for off-site use. Memo, Eslick to Frazier, 25 October 1954; Doarn to Regional Director, GSA, Kansas City, to the attention of the PBS, Chief, Real Property Activities, 25 October 1954; see copies of Quitclaim Deed, executed December 1954, Fed. Prop. Asst. Prog., and Record Group 291. 52 See Joe Rockwood to Eslick, 25 October 1954, Fed. Prop. Asst. Prog.- Acting Deputy Regional Director, PBS, GSA, Kansas City to Commissioner' PBS, GSA, 28 October 1954, Record Group 291. Ashcroft to George Sample 12 January 1954, Exec. Files. ' O'Reilly Hospital and Evangel College 443 had worked together on civic projects in the past and enjoyed mutual respect. But Cox, a wealthy industrialist, had con­ siderable influence. "I laid before him some of the plans and aspirations of the General Council ... in initiating a senior college program within our Fellowship," Zimmerman recalled years later. "Mr. Cox was a man of vision and could quickly see the advantages that would accrue to Springfield should this institution be established in this city."53 With Cox convinced, Zimmerman sat in his presence for an hour and a half while the industrialist talked long distance to Representative Dewey Short in Washington. Cox remained a politically powerful supporter of Short, a fact not easily overlooked by the congressman. Short, of course, needed no convincing, and had been of assistance earlier; still, Zimmer­ man believed the telephone call "became very crucial in obtaining Mr. Short's unqualified support for this request."54 Whether Short acted on the matter immediately is not certain. But when GSA had not acted several weeks after its Regional Office had recommended the transfer, Zimmerman called Short direct. Short responded by quickly telephoning Administrator Edmund F. Mansure at General Services. Mansure subsequently advised Short by letter that "some of our people feel that it is at least questionable as to whether we should assign property to the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare for educational purposes at 100% discount when the land has an appraised value for sale of $2500 per acre." Short's response, solicited by Mansure, dis­ played scorching diplomacy: "Apparently you are not taking cognizance of the fact that the city of Springfield incurred a bonded indebtedness of approximately $85,000 in order to acquire this property for use by the Federal Government. . . . Certainly, that is an act in good faith on the part of the City for the public good." The congressman looked for a like response from the government and argued against allowing the disposition to "be dominated by purely financial con­ siderations."55 53 Zimmerman to author, 18 August 1980; see also Zimmerman interview; see both sources for Zimmerman's additional views of why Cox supported the church position. 54 Ibid.; Short to Zimmerman, 13 November 1954, Exec. Files. 55 Memo of telephone conversation, Zimmerman to Short, 22 November 1954, Exec. Files. Thomas Peyton, GSA's Acting Chief of the Surplus Real Property Branch, Public Buildings Service, advised the Kansas City Regional Office to wait for Mansure's affirmation. Teletype, Peyton to GSA Regional 444 Missouri Historical Review

Short's intervention proved significant. His argument had merit, and he possessed political influence as chairman of the large and powerful House Armed Services Committee. Democrats would soon organize the new House and he would lose that chairmanship, but he would remain the ranking Republican on the committee. Still, it remains difficult to believe that GSA in Washington would have resisted the release to HEW indefinitely, at least for monetary reasons. It is also questionable that any individual or group waited in the wings to purchase the tract at market value. Given GSA's Regional Office endorsement, a reversal in Washington might have occasioned morale problems; as for HEW in Kansas City, James Doarn declared years later that the deal would have been blocked "over my dead body." Certainly Dewey Short's eleventh hour intervention could not hurt—as Eslick advised Zimmerman—and it may have broken the logjam. Within a week of Short's letter, Mansure signaled his Kansas City regional director to release the property to HEW. On December 10, 1954, the Regional Office yielded to HEW and by Christmas the Assemblies of God had their O'Reilly deed—signed, notarized and recorded in Springfield's Greene County courthouse.56 On December 15, after word of the Director, 29 November 1954; see also reply wire, 30 November 1954, Record Group 291. Mansure to Short, 22 November 1954, and reply, 3 December 1954, Exec. Files and Record Group 291. Evidently, Short linked the church issue to Springfield's attempt to reacquire Smith Park, In fact, GSA reserved all or most of the park for the City and did not contemplate releasing it to HEW. Short's estimate of $85,000 may have been a little high; if so, would that have made any difference to Mansure in light of his declared reasons for release of the property? Probably not but see note 56 below. 56 Doarn interview; memo of telephone conversation, Zimmerman to Eslick, 18 November 1954, Exec. Files; see also Zimmerman interview. According to Mansure, the decision to release the property to HEW was "In view of your recommendation, and the information given us by Congress­ man Dewey Short in his letter of December 3...." Mansure to GSA Regional Director, Kansas City, 7 December 1954; for reply to Short, see Synder to Short, 10 December 1954, Exec. Files, and Record Group 291. McDonald to HEW Director, Kansas City, 19 December 1954, Fed. Prop. Asst. Prog.; Zimmerman to Eslick, 22 December 1954, Exec. Files, and Fed. Prop. Asst. Prog. See copies of Quitclaim Deed in Fed. Prop. Asst. Prog., and Record Group 291. See also Springfield Leader and Press, 14 December 1954; Spring­ field Daily News, 14 December 1954; and relevant material in above collec­ tions as well as in Symington Papers and Hennings Papers. The government retained lead and zinc rights. E.A. Finley to Eslick, 21 June 1954, Fed. Prop. Asst. Prog. In 1955, the General Council paid well over $9,000 for the old O'Reilly firehouse, including its land and equipment. The church intended to give it to Springfield, but the city decided to extend normal protection to O'Reilly's new occupants. Zimmerman to McDonald, 1 February 1955, Exec. Files. For some biographical material on Short, see Anna Rothe and Evelyn Lohr, eds., Current Biography: Who's News and Why (New York: H.W. Wilson Co., 1952), 580-582. O'Reilly Hospital and Evangel College 445

victory, J. Roswell Flower, one of those who had eyed the property back in 1946, wired Congressman Short: "The Execu­ tive Presbytery of the Assemblies of God on behalf of our 50,000 young people thank you sincerely for the effective part you have played in securing the O'Reilly property for our new college."57 Despite dual victories within the church and the federal bureaucracy, little time remained for rest or celebration. Nu­ merous obstacles had to be hurdled for the new college to open in the fall of 1955. Having already ratified Klaude Kendrick as president, the board of directors, in December, endorsed an interim budget, approved an institutional seal and named a business manager. It also selected Richard D. Strahan as dean of the college. Strahan would turn twenty- 57 Telegram, Flower to Short, 15 December 1954; see also telegram, Zimmerman to Short, 14 December 1954; Zimmerman to Eslick, 22 December 1954, Exec. Files.

On September 8, 1955, Klaude Kendrick became the first president of Evangel College. With his installa­ tion, a new era in higher education began for the Assemblies of God. Assemblies of God Archives, Springfield, Missouri

State Historical Society of Missouri Dewey Short, Seventh District congress­ man, proved a staunch supporter of the Assemblies of God during the church's attempt to acquire the O'Reil­ ly Hospital for a college. As chairman and later while the ranking Republi­ can of the powerful House Armed Services Committee, Short helped in­ fluence the General Services Admini­ stration to turn the hospital grounds over to the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare for transfer to the Assemblies of God. 446 Missouri Historical Review

eight and receive his doctorate from the University of Hous­ ton weeks before the college opened. According to Ashcroft, Strahan constructed a curriculum that previously "did not have very much of a philosophical foundation... ,"58 Before classes could commence, the faculty roster had to be completed, catalog finished, and a thousand other issues resolved. Many of O'Reilly's buildings stood ready for re­ moval, and the college began preparing a number for its own use. The college secured personal property including, apparent­ ly, unused bunk beds, and mattresses from Maiden Air Force Base and bedding from Southwest Missouri State College. Meanwhile, officials laid elaborate plans for Kendrick's in­ augural. And then a small but pioneering group of freshmen began arriving from all over the nation, having cast their lot, for whatever reason, with the infant college. Despite sig­ nificant philosophical and budgetary limitations, Evangel College began its struggle to find a place in American higher education. The new institution, the church's weekly publica­ tion optimistically reported, "bravely set out on its course of ministry to the rising generation."59 58 Springfield Leader and Press, 30 December 1954 and 12 May 1955; Pentecostal Evangel, 6 February 1955, 16; Bulletin of Evangel College (1955- 56), 9; see Kendrick interview; Richard D. Strahan, interview with author, Houston, Texas, 13 May 1980; Strahan, "A Study to Introduce Curriculum Approaches and Student Personnel Services." Ashcroft later reflected that "true liberal arts education was out of the question" economically and philosophically. Ashcroft, informal comments tape. 59 Springfield Leader and Press, 12 May 1955; Springfield Sunday News and Leader, 15 May, 21 August 1955; see also Zimmerman to Kendrick, 16 February and 11 March 1955; Zimmerman to Holloway, 12 September 1955; and relevant Zimmerman-Eslick correspondence, and Zimmerman-I.W. Steele correspondence, all in Exec. Files. Ashcroft, informal comments tape; Pente­ costal Evangel, 30 October 1955, 7. In 1959, the college graduated its first senior class and within a decade of its founding achieved North Central accreditation. Over the years, O'Reilly's aging structures grudgingly began to yield to permanent buildings. If physical and philosophical progress was sometimes hesitant or checkered, thousands of alumni eventually began to find their places in American and world society.

A Preacher's Complaint

Ozarks Mountaineer, December 1986. A preacher told us how difficult it is to preach in the Ozarks. "The falls and springs are so perfect the parishioners can't be enticed into believing there is a better place. Then, in summer it's so hot that a minister can't scare them about hell." Missouri Historical Society Kate Chopin did not begin to write stories of rural Louisiana until she returned to St. Louis in 1884. This portrait was taken in 1894, around the time of publication of At Fault and Bayou Folk. Chopin's literary work encompassed Creole culture, indus­ trial St. Louis and the dual nature of turn- of-the-century American women. Freedom and Regret: The Dilemma of Kate Chopin BY BONNIE STEPENOFF* Kate Chopin lived two lives. Her first life culminated in the quaint domesticity of a Louisiana-style raised cottage in the bayou country. Her second life, which brought her sudden notoriety and lasting acclaim, ended in a modest two-story brick house in the West End of St. Louis, Missouri, not far from the site of the great 1904 World's Fair. Both houses have survived, and both now are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. *Bonnie Stepenoff is cultural resource preservationist with the Missouri Division of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Jefferson City. She has the B.A. degree from Ohio State University-Columbus, and the M.A. and M.L.S. degrees from the University of Missouri-Columbia.

447 448 Missouri Historical Review

Novelist and story-writer Chopin did not begin her literary career until she had married, borne six children, and become the widow of a Louisiana cotton merchant. After spending thirteen years of her life in Louisiana, she returned to St. Louis, her native city, where she began to write for publica­ tion. Her first short story appeared in the St. Louis Post- Dispatch in 1889. * She published her first novel, At Fault, at her own expense in 1890. After 1890, Chopin's work was published not only in St. Louis, but also in national peri­ odicals, including Century Magazine, Vogue, Atlantic Month­ ly, and The Saturday Evening Post. Collections of her stories about folk life in rural Louisiana appeared under the titles of Bayou Folk (1894) and A Night in Acadie (1897), establishing her as a prominent writer of the local color school. Her second novel, The Awakening, provoked strong reactions from both local and national critics in 1899. The Nation magazine harshly criticized the behavior of the novel's central character, a woman who engaged in an extramarital affair, although the reviewer praised the author's skill.2 Locally, the Post-Dispatch critic echoed the Nation reviewer's sentiments.3 The reviewer for the St. Louis Republic wrote that the novel should be labelled "poison."4 At the Mercantile Library in St. Louis, the librarian removed the book from circulation.5 Much speculation exists about the effect of these harsh critical reactions upon Chopin's career. It is not true that she never wrote again. However, in the years following The Awakening, her output decreased. In 1900-1902 she produced six stories.6 During the last two years of her life, which she spent in the modest house in St. Louis's West End, she composed her last story, "The Impossible Miss Meadows," and her last poem, "To the Friend of my Youth: To Kitty." After her death in 1904, the author's fame declined but never completely faded. With the exception of a few short stories in anthologies, her work remained out of print between

1 Daniel S. Rankin, Kate Chopin and Her Creole Stories (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1932), 115. 2 Nation, 3 August 1899, 96. 3 C.L. Deyo, review of The Awakening, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 20 May 1899. 4 St Louis Republic, 20 May 1899. 5 Rankin, Kate Chopin, 173. 6 Ibid., 186. Dilemma of Kate Chopin 449

1911 and 1964.7 In a 1923 study entitled The Development of the American Short Story, Fred L. Pattee called Chopin a genius and described her career as "a vivid episode" in American literature "as brief and intense as a tropic storm."8 Nine years later, Daniel S. Rankin produced the first full- length treatment of Chopin's life and work. Her name ap­ peared with a brief biographical sketch in American Authors 1600-1900, published in 1938. In a 1956 article in Western Humanities Review, Kenneth Eble described The Awakening as a "forgotten novel" and drew attention to the ground-breaking nature of the author's choice of subject matter.9 Eble became one of the first literary scholars to rediscover Chopin. A 1969 biography by the Nor­ wegian scholar Per Seyersted marked a growing recognition of Chopin's importance in American literary and social his­ tory. The Complete Works of Kate Chopin, in two volumes, edited by Seyersted, also appeared in 1969. During the 1970s, scholars produced numerous articles and dissertations treating the author and her work. A 1972 dissertation by Peggy Dechert Skaggs sparked controversy by interpreting The Awakening as a feminist plea for sexual freedom.10 Another scholar, Donald A. Ringe, rejected this interpretation and described The Awakening as a powerful romantic novel.11 In 1974, Bert Bender defended Chopin's shorter works as too skillful and too serious to be dismissed as "local color" stories.12 Chopin's precise position in Ameri­ can literary history remains to be determined. However, the scholarly literature firmly establishes her as an author to be read, reread and regarded as a subject for serious debate. Kenneth Eble, who rediscovered Kate Chopin after World War II, treated her career as a social as well as a literary phenomenon. As Eble pointed out, The Awakening dealt with 7 Emily Toth, "St. Louis and the Fiction of Kate Chopin," Missouri Historical Society Bulletin 32 (October 1975): 38. 8 Fred L. Pattee, The Development of the American Short Story (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1923), 324-327. 9 Kenneth Eble, "A Forgotten Novel: Kate Chopin's The Awakening," Western Humanities Review 10 (Summer 1956): 261-269. io Peggy Dechert Skaggs, "A Woman's Place: The Search for Identity in Kate Chopin's Female Characters" (Ph.D. dissertation, Texas A & M Uni­ versity, 1972). 11 Donald A. Ringe, "The Romantic Imagery in Kate Chopin's The Awakening," American Literature 43 (January 1972): 580-588. 12 Bert Bender, "Kate Chopin's Lyrical Short Stories," Studies in Short Fiction 2 (Summer 1974): 257-266. 450 Missouri Historical Review the subject of a woman's sensuality in a way that shocked many readers of the time. That the novel was written by a middle-class midwestern woman, the mother of six, indicated spectacularly the changing times. In his 1966 study of American writers of the 1890s, The American 1890s: Life and Times of a Lost Generation, Larzer Ziff argued that in The Awakening, Chopin rejected the idea of the family as the equivalent of feminine self-fulfillment, she raised the question of what women were to do with a freedom that, in the nineties, they had not yet won.13 As previously mentioned, Peggy Skaggs adopted a feminist in­ terpretation of the novel, widely accepted in the early 1970s. Joyce Ladenson observed in a 1975 article that the "seeds of female consciousness and rebellion" appeared not only in The Awakening, but throughout Chopin's work.14 Whether or not a self-conscious feminist, Chopin certainly appeared aware of strong undercurrents of social change during the period of her creativity. Her published remarks on a meeting of the Western Association of Writers, a group that she termed "provincial," attested to this awareness. She wrote of her midwestern contemporaries: The cry of the dying century has not reached this body of workers, or else it has not been comprehended. There is no doubt in their souls, no unrest: apparently an abiding faith in God as he manifests himself through the sectional church, and an overmastering love of their soil and institutions.15 With the banning of her book from the Mercantile Library, Chopin became a symbol of the "dying century" and the social and moral changes that marked the advent of a new era. Her own life began idyllically in a handsome Greek Revival home on Eighth Street between Gratiot and Chouteau avenues in St. Louis.16 Her mother, Eliza Faris O'Flaherty, 13 Larzer Ziff, The American 1890s: Life and Times of a Lost Generation (New York: Viking, 1966), 296-305. 14 Joyce R. Ladenson, "The Return of St. Louis' Prodigal Daughter: Kate Chopin after Seventy Years," Mid-America II: The Yearbook for the Society of Midwestern Literature (1975): 24-34. 15 Kate Chopin, "The Western Association of Writers," Complete Works of Kate Chopin, ed. by Per Seyersted (Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 1969) 2: 691-692. ^ Until recently, scholars have believed that Kate Chopin was born in 1851* But Mary Helen Wilson has discovered by reading the 1850 Census, that Kate O'Flaherty was born on July 12, 1850. See Mary Helen Wilson, Dilemma of Kate Chopin 451

was a gentlewoman of French and Virginian ancestry. Her father, Thomas O'Flaherty, a prosperous Irish-American merchant, died in a train wreck on the Gasconade Bridge in 1855, when Kate was only five years old.17 After his death, responsibility for Kate's upbringing rested upon the maternal side of the family, with the lively involvement of a great- grandmother, who lived in the O'Flaherty home. This great-grandmother, Madame Victoire Charleville, a Creole woman, brimmed with life and tales of the past. Chopin's biographers have traced her love of colorful char­ acters and true-to-life stories to her relationship with Madame Charleville. Both Rankin and Seyersted related that Mme. Charleville delighted in telling tales, sometimes spicy, of Old St. Louis and the Creoles who inhabited it.18 Kate's tender memories of this lady and her vivid narratives may have "Kate Chopin's Family: Fallacies and Facts, Including Kate's True Birth- date," Kate Chopin Newsletter 2 (Winter 1976-1977): 25. A picture of the home in which she was born appeared in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 26 November 1899. 17 Encyclopedia of the History of St. Louis, 4 vols. (St. Louis: Southern Publishing Co., 1899), 1: 358. 18 Per Seyersted, Kate Chopin: A Critical Biography (Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 1969), 17-21. Chopin grew up in a St. Louis still retaining its Southern and French flavor. Her great-grandmother, Victoire Charleville, influenced the young Chopin with her stories of the city's founding, and images of early St. Louis recur throughout Chopin's writings. An artist rendered this view of the city in 1854 when Chopin was four years old, a year before the death of her father. Missouri Historical Society 452 Missouri Historical Review

sharpened her sympathy for the Louisiana Creoles who became enchanting characters in her most famous stories. In addition to the education she received from her great- grandmother, Katie O'Flaherty undertook formal studies at the convent school of the Sacred Heart. A school composition book, signed and dated 1867, survives in the manuscript collection of the Missouri Historical Society. This book con­ tains extracts from various authors and demonstrates wide and serious reading that included the works of Alphonse de Lamartine, Thomas Macauley, Henry W. Longfellow, Johann von Goethe, and other American and European romantics.19 An especially interesting entry in this composition book is a long and unambiguous quotation from "Woman's King­ dom" that asks and then answers the question, who is responsible for the happiness or misery of the household? The answer: "the woman." The quotation continues: "The men make or mar its outside fortunes; but its internal comfort lies in the woman's hands alone. And until women feel this— recognize at once the power and their duties—-/£ is idle for them to chatter about their rights." She had underlined the last ten words in the book.20 Kate O'Flaherty seems to have accepted this view of a woman's place within the home, but the idea weighed upon her mind. She expressed her misgivings in a manuscript entitled "Emancipation, A Life Fable." The scenario appeared simple, even trite. A small bird was nurtured and protected in a cage. One day, by accident, someone left the cage door open. The bird, excited and frightened, flew out, returned, and then flew out again. In the outside world, the bird fought for food and struggled to find water. For the first time in her life, she suffered hunger, injury and thirst. But she also discovered joy. The cage remained empty.21 The manuscript was dated 1870, the year of Kate's marriage to Oscar Chopin. Oscar Chopin was a substantial and prosperous man. A merchant like Thomas O'Flaherty, he took his new wife to Europe first and then to New Orleans, where he engaged in the cotton business. Several years later, the couple moved with their children to Cloutierville, in Natchitoches Parish, 19 Kate O'Flaherty, Commonplace Book, Kate Chopin Papers, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis. 20 Ibid. 21 Kate Chopin, "Emancipation, A Life Fable," manuscript in Chopin Papers. Dilemma of Kate Chopin 453

"ft

In 1862, Kate O'Flaherty retreated into seclusion due to the deaths of her half- brother, George, and great grandmoth­ er, reading voraciously to escape her grief. Later, she attended the Convent School of the Sacred Heart from 1866, when this picture was taken, until 1868. While in school, friends delighted in her gift of storytelling. She drew upon this talent and her literary training when writing twenty years later.

Missouri Historical Society on the Cane River in Louisiana. There Kate Chopin observed the life she would write about most often in her short stories. The Chopin family's home in Cloutierville was a two- story raised cottage with front and rear galleries and exterior wooden staircases in a typical Louisiana style. Seven pillars supported the upper gallery with its wooden balustrade. French doors opened from the main living space onto the wide second-story gallery, which commanded a view of the tiny French village, the cotton fields, and the slow-moving river in the distance. Kate Chopin described such a house in a story entitled "Regret," in which an older unmarried woman enjoyed a brief taste of motherhood and suffered the loss of her tem­ porary family. Early in the story, the central character Mam- zelle Aurelie observed her unexpected charges, the children of a neighbor, after their mother has left them: crowded into the narrow strip of shade on the porch of a long, low house; the white sunlight was beating in 454 Missouri Historical Review on the white old boards; some chickens were scratching in the grass at the steps, and one had boldly mounted, and was stepping heavily, solemnly, and aimlessly across the gallery. There was a pleasant odor of pinks in the air, and the sound of negroes' laughter was coming across the flowering cotton field.22 As a young mother, raising her children in the old white house in Cloutierville, Kate Chopin must have witnessed such scenes with some frequency. After the death of her husband and the commencement of her life as an independent woman in St. Louis, she may have experienced feelings of nostalgia and regret, such as those of Mamzelle Aurelie after the children leave her home: Oh, but she cried! Not softly, as women often do. She cried like a man, with sobs that seemed to tear her very soul.23 In the house in Cloutierville, Kate Chopin experienced a momentous loss. Her husband Oscar died on December 17, 1882,24 leaving her a widow with five sons and a daughter. She remained in Louisiana until she had settled her husband's affairs and returned to St. Louis, sometime in 1883. At first she stayed at the home of her mother, whom Rankin described as a woman belonging in the old-fashioned garden of her home at 1122 St. Ange Avenue. Mrs. O'Flaherty, a woman of poise and gentility, spoke English in the Creole manner. She died suddenly in 1885, leaving her widowed daughter completely on her own.25 In Chopin's house on Morgan Street she began to exercise her literary gifts.26 Her circumstances had changed dramatically. The O'Flaherty family had long ago abandoned the antebellum mansion of her birth. She had lived with her husband in New Orleans and then in the airy French-style home in the bayou country. From there she had moved to her mother's house, sheltered in its well-tended garden. Now, on the threshold of her literary career, she moved to a house on Morgan Street, in a working-class urban neighborhood, studded with boarding 22 Kate Chopin, "Regret," The Awakening and Selected Stories of Kate Chopin, ed. by Barbara H. Solomon (New York: New American Library, 1976), 202. 23 Ibid., 204. 24 Elizabeth Shown Mills, "The Practical Side of Oscar Chopin's Death," Kate Chopin Newsletter 1 (Winter 1975-1976): 29. 25 Rankin, Kate Chopin, 105. 26 Ibid., 107. Dilemma of Kate Chopin 455 houses and saloons and peopled by the engineers and con­ tractors busily turning St. Louis into a modern American city. The St. Louis in which she did her serious writing contrasted with the St. Louis where she grew up. The pro­ cesses of industrialization and urbanization, which had begun before the Civil War, brought pounding mills, booming busi­ ness and an influx of immigrants to the city. In 1878, while Chopin lived in Louisiana, the first electric light bulbs had glittered in Tony Faust's restaurant,27 and lights began flashing on all over town. Bustle and commerce no longer centered on the riverfront. The city spread to the west, along the man-drawn lines of steel rails. Noisy electric trains had replaced the horse-cars of a quieter time. In a brief story entitled "The Blind Man," Chopin described these modern conveyances as "monster electric cars thundering up and down clanging wild bells."28 Chopin had some difficulty coming to grips with urban St. Louis as a setting for her stories. Some of her earliest, apprentice pieces lacked any identifiable setting at all. These novice stories remained not only vague as to time and place, but thinly sentimental in texture and tone. In 1890, the St. Louis Spectator published "With the Violin," a Christmas sketch for children, in which a German-American called Papa Konrad told his grandchildren tales of his life. In 1891, St. Louis Life printed "A Harbinger," a maudlin vignette of timid love.29 Both these stories appear anchorless and slight. Neither had a clearly identified setting, and neither contained a glimmer of the brilliance of the author's later work. During the early years of the nineties, Chopin made rapid progress as a craftsman. Her dexterity in handling characters and situations increased enormously; her deftness in creating an atmosphere, in evoking a time and a place, reached wonderful heights. The people in her stories began to come alive. But her people became, almost exclusively, the Creoles of Natchitoches Parish. In a symbolic way, perhaps, Natchitoches represented St. Louis to Chopin. The society of the bayou country clearly 27 Harry M. Hagan, This Is Our St. Louis (St. Louis: Knight Publishing Co., 1970), 363. 28 Kate Chopin, "The Blind Man," Complete Works, 2: 518. 29 Kate Chopin, "With the Violin" and "The Harbinger," Complete Works, 1: 167-170 and 145-146. 456 Missouri Historical Review lacked similarity to St. Louis of the 1890s, but it may have been similar in many ways to the St. Louis Chopin had known as a child. It was Southern, as the St. Louis of Kate's mother and Mme. Charleville had been Southern. The pace of life there was slow, as it had been in St. Louis with horse- cars, gaslight, columned white mansions, convent schools, and Kate Chopin's youth. In many ways, at any rate, Chopin probably found it less foreign than the loud, motorized, brash and booming St. Louis to which she had returned as an adult in the 1880s. To some extent, the great city of the 1880s and 1890s became unexplored territory to the author. Although in some ways she thought the city fascinating, in many ways she found it puzzling. While she enjoyed the theater, shopping, and later the exuberance of the St. Louis World's Fair, the noise and speed of the new electric streetcars frightened her. She began to see behind the surface of a prosperous city to a corrupt and greedy business establishment. In St. Louis at the turn of the century, she saw a chaotic and baffling future. In Natchitoches, she had found her own past, and in many ways it comforted her. The past was also easier to handle in fiction. In 1890, few writers of fiction as yet had captured the life and essence of a great industrialized American city. On the other hand, a number of skillful writers, including George Washington Cable and Ruth McEnery Stuart, had explored the life of the bayous of Louisiana. Not to underestimate the talent of Chopin, her stories remained unique, authentic and unquestionably su­ perior to those of Cable and Stuart. Alexander DeMenil, a St. Louis critic of some note, recognized her ascendancy over these other local colorists.30 But Kate Chopin herself expressed admiration for the artistry of Stuart. In 1897, she phoned Stuart in a St. Louis suburb, where the Southern author visited friends. On a snowy day in February, the two authors chatted, but did not discuss each other's work. Stuart's pro­ fession, observed Chopin, did not overshadow her quiet, sensitive and charming personality. "Sympathy and insight," Chopin reflected, "Are the qualities . . . which make her stories lovable."31 30 Alexander DeMenil, "A Century of Missouri Literature," Missouri Historical Review 15 (October 1920): 118. 31 Kate Chopin, "As You Like It," St. Louis Criterion, 27 February 1897, reprinted in Rankin, Kate Chopin, 156-157. Dilemma of Kate Chopin 457

No doubt, Chopin studied the work of the other local colorists of her day. The fiction of Cable and Stuart helped to make the material of Louisiana available to Chopin as a writer. The success of these authors helped to create a ready market for Chopin's Creole stories. American publishers accepted these works because of their familiarity to the pub­ lic. A frame of reference already existed within which the reader, in New York or Cabool, could understand and ap­ preciate her tales of the bayous. No similar familiarity existed for her rarer stories of life in St. Louis, just as no such frame of reference supported Stephen Crane's ground-breaking and much-rejected novel of the city slums, Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1892). Crane and Theodore Dreiser pioneered in this field of fiction, and so, in a few of her stories, did Chopin. In her very brief tale "The Blind Man," a streaking trolley in an unnamed city blindly crushed out a man's life. The story opened with a description of a ragged blind man shambling through a residential neighborhood, trying to sell pencils. Far from showing great sympathy for the blind man, Chopin portrayed him as shift- Chopin moved to this French-style home in Cloutierville, Louisi­ ana, with her husband Oscar in 1879. Here, they raised their six children. Life in Natchitoches Parish provided the author with material for her novels about rural Louisiana. Many of her stories, placed in cities, contained characters embodying Creole culture. Bayou Folk Museum, Cloutierville, Louisiana 458 Missouri Historical Review less and "stupid." Suddenly, he stepped out into a street in which huge electric streetcars roared and thundered, shaking the ground under his feet. Something terrible happened. A speeding trolley screeched to a halt. A man had been killed but not the blind man. Instead, it was "one of the wealthiest, most useful and most influential men of the town—a man noted for his prudence and foresight."32 One recalls poignantly that Thomas O'Flaherty, a well-to-do St. Louisan, died in a railroad disaster when his daughter was five years old. Per­ haps Chopin envisioned her father under the wheels of that trolley car. In her story "A Pair of Silk Stockings," a lady of the middle class, obliged to be careful in her expenditures al­ though not threatened with starvation, suddenly received a windfall of fifteen dollars. At first, she thought about all the sensible purchases she could make with the money. But a pair of silk stockings in a department store caught her eye. She bought them and a pair of fine gloves, and treated herself to a meal in a posh restaurant. By the end of a delightful day, the fifteen dollars had vanished.33 This in­ cident hardly could have happened in the more restricted environment of a rural American village. "A Pair of Silk Stockings" and "A Blind Man" gave two contrasting views of city life. One story focused on the horrors, and the other revealed the joys and temptations of life in an urban world. Substantial sequences of Chopin's first novel, At Fault, were set in nineteenth-century St. Louis. The city appeared in these passages as a dreary sanctuary for drunkenness, in­ fidelity, and a blind striving for material success. One of the more sympathetic characters in the novel, a St. Louis doctor, warned the principal characters not to sacrifice their chances of happiness to outmoded moral principles.34 But his warning went unheeded by David Hosmer, the hero of the novel, and the Southern woman he loved. Hosmer, an ambitious young man, traveled to the South to develop his lumbering interests, lived on a plantation and fell in love with an attractive, but morally scrupulous, widow named Therese LaFirme. Although she loved him, she con­ vinced him to reestablish his relationship with his estranged

32 Kate Chopin, "The Blind Man," Complete Works, 2: 519. 33 Kate Chopin, "A Pair of Silk Stocking," Complete Works, 1: 500. 34 Kate Chopin, At Fault, Complete Works, 2: 777. Dilemma of Kate Chopin 459 and sodden wife Fanny. He did so, suffered for it, and endured his sacrifice, almost destroying his as well as Therese's life. At the climax of the novel, Fanny drank herself into a stupor and drowned in a bayou. David and Therese were free to marry.35 The novel was innovative in two respects. First, the St. Louis passages treated city life unromantically, suggesting anomie and alienation, as Fanny Hosmer and her city friends frittered away their lives, going to vaudeville shows and cheating on their husbands. Secondly, the novel broached the subject of alcoholism, a social issue that would figure sig­ nificantly in Maggie: A Girl of the Streets. Like Crane's novel, At Fault proved unsalable to commercial publishers. Chopin had the work privately printed by the Nixon-Jones Printing Company of St. Louis in 1890, about two years before Crane published Maggie. At Fault received some atten­ tion in the national media, although the critics remained lukewarm in their reactions. The reviewer for the Nation called the characters in the novel "a array of disagreeables," but acknowledged the promise shown by the author.36 A writer for the Natchitoches Enterprise in the Cane River country also praised the author of At Fault, but completely misinterpreted the intentions of the novel. In an article published on December 4, 1890, the local reviewer complimented Chopin on her evocation of the bayou country setting, her re-creation of the local Negro dialect, and her long and skillful description of a canoe ride on a slow Louisiana river. The reviewer objected, however, to the love- making between David Hosmer and Therese LaFirme and interpreted the novel as a romance, with Fanny as its tragic heroine.37 Kate Chopin composed a personal response, which ap­ peared in the Natchitoches Enterprise on December 18,1890: While thanking your reviewer for the many agreeable and clever things said of my story "At Fault", kindly permit me to correct a misconception. Fanny is not the heroine. It is charitable to regard her whole existence as a misfortune. Therese LaFirme, the her­ oine of the book, is the one who was at fault—remotely and immediately. Remotely—in her blind acceptance 35 Ibid., 873. 36 Nation 53 (1 October 1891): 264. 37 Natchitoches Enterprise, 4 December 1890. 460 Missouri Historical Review of an undistinguishing, therefore unintelligent code of righteousness by which to deal with out judgments. Immediately—in this, that unknowing of the indi­ vidual needs of this man and this woman, she should yet constitute herself not only a mentor, but an instru­ ment in reuniting them .... Their first marriage was an unhappy mistake; their reunion was a crime against the unwritten moral law. She went on, in her brief essay, to quote Ralph Waldo Emerson, who said "Morals is the science of substances, not of shows."38 She reaffirmed this moral position in a story entitled "Miss McEnders." The title character of the tale, a young St. Louis woman of the upper middle class, planned to marry a successful businessman. A high-minded and morally irre­ proachable lady, Miss McEnders belonged to an association devoted to the moral uplift of factory girls. The model for this association may have been the elite St. Louis Wednesday Club, with which Chopin affiliated at various times in her life.39 Primarily certain of her world and of her position in it, Miss McEnders paid a visit to Mile. Salambre, the seamstress in charge of her elaborate trouseau. Mile. Salambre had an illegitimate child. She tried, at first, to conceal this fact from her respectable client. But the child revealed the truth by calling her "mama." Astonished at first and then indignant, Miss McEnders swept out of the woman's flat and later withdrew her business from the hard-working and needy Frenchwoman. Then Mile. Salambre entered her patron's proper Vic­ torian house and caused her world to collapse. In an im­ passioned speech, the seamstress exposed the truth upon which the wealthy woman's world rested. You are so morally perfect, the seamstress sneered. Your life is so safe and pleasant, your respectability unquestioned. But do you know, Miss McEnders, that your father made his money in the Whiskey Ring? Do you know that your wealth and position rest upon a swindle? And do you know that your fianc^ is involved in practices just as questionable, just as corrupt? Miss McEnders had not known. But she realized that it must 38 Ibid., 18 December 1890. 39 Emily Toth, "St. Louis," 43. Ms. Toth suggests that Kate Chopin withdrew from the Wednesday Club in 1892. Dilemma of Kate Chopin 461

State Historical Society of Missouri During the years Chopin lived away from the city of her birth, St. Louis changed dramatically. By 1886, cable-driven streetcars transported St. Louisans, and electric trolley cars replaced these by the early 1890s. Chopin's observations of an industrial city furnished images for her short stories, "The Blind Man," and "A Pair of Silk Stockings." be true. Her illusionary world collapsed into an ugly reality.40 Miss McEnders experienced the death of one world. Edna Pontellier, in The Awakening, experienced the birth of a new one. The Awakening portrayed change. Having gradually outgrown an old world and an old definition of herself within that world, Edna Pontellier felt lost, bewildered, and at the same time elated, on the brink of discovering a new world and a new identity. Significantly Edna lived in a large and modernizing city, New Orleans. Also of significance, her story appeared in 1899, on the brink of a new century. Mrs. Pontellier discovered, during one momentous summer in the nineteenth-century parlance, that she could not be "a womanly woman." After growing up in Victorian America, marrying properly and passionlessly, and bearing two chil­ dren, she realized suddenly her difference in a fundamental way from her dear, but conventional, friend Madame Ra- tignolle. A Creole lady, devoted to the happiness of her

40 Kate Chopin, "Miss McEnders," Complete Works, 1: 204-211. 462 Missouri Historical Review household and the preservation of her complexion, Mme. Ratignolle symbolized the perfect Victorian wife and mother. While fond of Mme. Ratignolle, Edna found she could not be, and did not want to be, like her. A heady discovery for her, she exulted in it for a while, but she could not live with it in the end. Edna lived most of the year with her husband, Leonce, in New Orleans. But she made her discovery during a pastoral summer, spent mainly without him, on Grand Isle in the Gulf of Mexico. There she met Robert Lebrun, a flirtatious and not very reliable young man. More importantly, she began to learn some truths about herself. Edna shocked Mme. Ratignolle one day by announcing that she could not give herself to her children. Her affection she would give willingly, even her life, but not her "self." Mme. Ratignolle, a sweet and contented woman of fair complexion and matronly figure, refused to understand.41 On returning to New Orleans at the end of the summer, Edna realized she could no longer live as one of her husband's cherished possessions. Leonce, a businessman, cared a great deal for money and material objects. But Edna bumped against them. They left her no room. She moved from her husband's lavish home to a small house around the corner, where she could be free. Robert Lebrun had abandoned her and moved to Mexico. His motives remained unclear. He may have gone away to spare Edna the shame of a forbidden love, or to seek his fortune. His motives hardly mattered to Edna, who wanted him wholly, without excuse and restraint. She sought solace and found emptiness in an affair with a gambler. Robert came back to her at last, declaring his love, just as Mme. Ratignolle went into labor and called Edna to her bedside. Even that scene of childbirth, however, could not recall Edna to her duties as wife and mother. After the travail ended, she still wanted Robert. But he had vanished once again, leaving a note that said, "Good-bye, because I love you."42 Robert had failed to understand her feelings. He had not seen how brave she could have been in love or how little her reputation mattered to her in the face of her new self- 41 Kate Chopin, The Awakening, ibid., 2: 929. 42 Ibid., 997. Dilemma of Kate Chopin 463 awareness. She remained utterly alone. Her husband, her friend and her lover had all refused to accept the reality of Edna, and she had not the will to be as they wanted her to be. She drowned herself. In telling Edna's story, Chopin wrote: . . . the beginning of things, of a world especially, is necessarily vague, tangled, chaotic, and exceedingly disturbing. How few of us ever emerge from such a beginning! How many souls perish in the tumult.43 Edna Pontellier did not survive her "awakening." Chopin, however, bravely endured the "tumult" created by her scan­ dalous novel. On November 29, 1899, several months after the publica­ tion of The Awakening, Chopin took part in a gala evening with St. Louis authors, sponsored by the venerable Wednesday Club, a women's organization with a long tradition of social service and support of the arts. The Globe-Democrat reported, "Mrs. Chopin wore black satin with white lace trimmings, and jetted front and blue velvet toque" for the occasion and she read " 'Ti Demon,' a touching little story of Creole life."44 From the brave social challenge of The Awakening, she withdrew once again to the safer, more familiar, subject matter of folk life in the bayou country. In the fall of 1903, the author moved from her home on Morgan Street to a modest, but comfortable house at 4232 McPherson in St. Louis's West End. This compact two-story house has survived to symbolize the author's life as an independent and creative woman. Interesting to recall, Edna, in The Awakening, moved from her husband's lavish home, secluded in an elegant garden, to a small house around the corner, where she could live as a free and separate being. A long sequence of losses and changes led Chopin to a similar position. She too moved from her husband's spacious resi­ dence to a small house on a city street, where she lived in solitude and freedom. In the small brick house in the West End, she produced her last story, "The Impossible Miss Meadows," and her last poem, "To the Friend of my Youth: To Kitty." She addressed the poem, a lyrical and nostalgic piece, to a girlhood com­ panion.45 The story, a brief character sketch, featured an 43 Ibid., 893. 44 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 30 November 1899. 45 Complete Works, 2: 735. 464 Missouri Historical Review unfortunate young woman, who became the embarrassing houseguest of a reluctantly charitable dowager in a resort community in Wisconsin. Miss Meadows, the houseguest, was "impossible" because she wore dowdy clothes and failed to fit into the society of middle-class vacationers in which she found herself.46 Chopin, who flourished outwardly in St. Louis society, may have felt similarly "impossible" after the scan­ dal of The Awakening. Nevertheless, she became enthusiastic about the Louisi­ ana Purchase Exposition, which took place in St. Louis in 1904. Rankin stated that she purchased one of the first season tickets to the great fair. On Saturday, August 20, she returned home from the exposition, terribly ill. At midnight, she called her son Jean, who arrived to find her unconscious. On Sunday, she was able to talk to her children, but by evening she lost consciousness again. She died on Monday, August 22. Father Francis Gilligan celebrated a requiem mass in the Cathedral Chapel of the Cathedral of St. Louis the King. She was buried in Calvary Cemetery on the Way of the Second Door on August 24, 1904.47 46 Ibid., 685-688. 47 Rankin, Kate Chopin, 196.

Missouri Department of Natural Resources

Chopin moved to this St. Louis West End house a year before her death. The residence contrasted with the elegance of her earlier homes but served as a comfortable, perhaps reclusive setting, for Cho­ pin. Dilemma of Kate Chopin 465

Charles Reeves Collection, WHMC-Columbia & SHS Chopin no doubt entered the "Cabildo" upon one of her visits to the St. Louis World's Fair. For the fair, the State of Louisiana built this exact replica of the Town House of New Orleans where the final transfer of the Louisiana Territory took place in 1803. Chopin had witnessed both Creole culture and industrial St. Louis. At the fair, the two existed side-by-side. Although Chopin wrote mainly about the bayou country and its people, certain aspects of city life attracted her. From the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in 1904, which she visited daily, a biographer states "she drew inspiration from the syntheses of civilization spread before her in the great magic city." Missouri Historical Society 466 Missouri Historical Review

The years since her death have brought growing recogni­ tion of the literary worth of her ground-breaking novels, At Fault and The Awakening, as well as her lyrical short stories of life in the Louisiana bayou country. Her two surviving residences, both listed on the National Register of Historic Places, have become valuable representatives of the dual nature of her life and career. The life of the modern woman at the turn of the century has found literary expression in her novels and physical representation in the small brick house in St. Louis's Central West End. The wide, white galleried house in Cloutierville, Louisiana, has survived as a reminder, of domestic rural life that inspired her local color tales. This life awakened the tender feelings of Mamzelle Aurelie in her nostalgic story, revealingly entitled, "Regret."

Tin Wedding

Edina Sentinel, January 6, 1876. A pleasant affair came off at the residence of Dr. E.L. Phillips, in this place on Saturday evening last, it being the tenth anniversary of his wed­ ding. The rain prevented many from presenting tokens of friendship to Mr. Phillips and lady, but notwithstanding the inclemency of the weather, quite a crowd were present. Refreshments were spread and a pleasant hour was spent in social communion. The following is a list of the tinware presented: 1 wash boiler, 1 coffee boiler, 1 bucket, 1 dipper, 1 soup ladle, 1 pan cake turner, 2 spittoons, 2 tart pans, 2 spice boxes; 3 small pie pans, 4 quart cups, 1 sausage stuffer, 4 pint cups, 15 gal. can and oil, 1 tin plate, 1 stew pan, 1 tin rattle, 1 pepper box, 1 tea cannister, 2 pans; 3 cake cutters, 1 biscuit cutter, 1 wash basin, 6 pie pans, 1 cake box; 2 dust pans, 1 tea-kettle, 6 tea spoons, 1 lantern, 1 bird cage and bird, 2 large cake pans, 8 jelly pans, 1 molasses can, 1 cullender [sic], 1 match safe, 1 tea pot, 1 fine chamber set.

This Was Boone County

Columbia Missouri Herald, January 9, 1903. Eighty Years Ago This Week. An article in the Missouri Intelligencer, published at Franklin, says of Boone county—soil of first quality. One of the wealthiest in state. It is high and healthy. No large water courses—Roche Perche being most considerable. Others are Bonne Femme, Moniteau and Cedar creeks. The Perche bottom not excelled by any on the Missouri river. First settlements in Thrall's neighborhood, town later called Lexington. Persia is on road from Franklin to St. Charles. Columbia seat of justice but has few improvements. Historical Notes and Comments 467

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS Society to Expand Photo Collection The State Historical Society's photograph collection con­ tains over 100,000 original photographs, postcards, copy photographs of line drawings, sketches and other illustrative material. The Society acquires limited additions for this collection through purchase, but relies mainly on gifts of historic and contemporary photos. At this time, the Society has begun an active effort to expand its contemporary collection and bring it up to the 1980s. Readers' help with this project will be appreciated. In conjunction with this effort, the Society is now revising the pictorial history, Historic Missouri, and plans to include new acquisitions in this work. The expanded edition will depict both Missouri's heritage and current importance. As such, Historic Missouri also will serve as a document for the current era. The Society seeks identified and dated views of historical events, prominent Missourians, daily life, agriculture, busi­ ness and industry, education, transportation, public buildings, such as courthouses, churches, depots and schools, home or building interiors, street scenes, tourism and recreation, and aerial photographs. Other desirable additions include CCC and WPA work, construction of roads, dams and structures, construction or destruction of architecturally or historically significant buildings, before and after photos of floods and other natural disasters, and examples of work by prominent Missouri photographers. Other contemporary subjects cover the new roles of women and the civil rights movement as well as urban renewal, labor organizations and historic preser­ vation. The Society appreciates donations of both single items and collections. Black and white or color photographs and/or postcards of subjects listed above will be welcome additions to the Society's collection. Severely damaged negatives and prints or nitrate negatives cannot be accepted. The Society does not have space for subjects not related to Missouri. The Society looks forward to the publication of Historic Missouri, and to the addition of mid- to late-twentieth-century photographs to its collection. For further information or inquiries, please call the editorial office at (314) 882-9367 or (314) 882-7083. 468 Missouri Historical Review NEWS IN BRIEF Mineral Area College of Flat River Society of Missouri, participated in recently established a Historic Pres­ the program on the administration ervation Center, administered through of specialized libraries. the college's learning resources cen­ ter. The primary focus of the center is to collect and preserve historical In keeping with the Women's His­ materials relating to Southeast Mis­ tory theme for the month of March, souri, particularly the mining indus­ State Historical Society staff mem­ try and Mineral Area College. These bers Leona S. Morris and Mary K. materials include printed, audio and Dains developed a slide program on video items such as mining and town "Missouri Women in History." They photos, history books, college memor­ presented the showing on March 9, abilia, small antiques and collectibles at the University of Missouri-Colum­ and recordings of radio programs and bia Women's Center for two chapters town meetings. An oral history pro­ of Beta Sigma Phi. It also was pre­ gram began in 1986. Further infor­ sented, March 11, for the UMC Stu­ mation may be obtained from John dent Development Support Staff in Hilton, Mineral Area College (314) the University's Brady Commons. On 431-4593. March 23, they gave the program at a meeting of Show-Me State Chapter, American Business Women's Associ­ History Professor Carl J. Ekberg, ation in the Flaming Pit, Columbia. of Illinois State University, Normal, has won the Gilbert Chinard Prize Leona S. Morris, research assistant for his book, Colonial Ste. Genevieve; for the Missouri Historical Review, An Adventure on the Mississippi Fron­ presented a program on March 10, tier, published in 1986 by The Patrice for the Columbia Evening Lions Club Press, Gerald, Missouri. Awarded an­ at the Holidome in Columbia. She nually, the prize includes a $1,000 showed the slide presentation, "A stipend. The Institut Francais de Visit to Your State Historical Soci­ Washington and the Society for ety" and answered questions about French Historical Studies jointly the Society and its collections. make the awards for distinguished scholarly books or manuscripts in the history of Franco-American rela­ A special ceremony, April 6, marked tions by Canadian or American au­ the opening of a new exhibit at the thors. Ekberg's book, a monumental State Museum's Resources Hall, on study of the oldest town in Missouri, the first floor of the Capitol Building, is considered one of the most signifi­ Jefferson City. The new series of 24 cant studies of colonial French in exhibits collectively is called "The North America. Missouri Spirit: Human Heritage of the Show-Me State." Designed by Heritage Communications of St. On February 12, the Mid-Missouri Louis, the exhibit examines the his­ Chapter of the Special Libraries As­ torical contributions of four major sociation held a meeting at Boone cultural and ethnic populations in Tavern, Columbia. James W. Good­ Missouri: the French, Germans, rich, director of the State Historical blacks and Anglo-Southerners. Historical Notes and Comments 469

In conjunction with St. Louis Coun­ Dueling in Nineteenth-Century Mis­ ty Historic Buildings Commission souri." and the Department of Parks and On April 4, Goodrich spoke at the Recreation, Save Grant's White Hav­ Ladies Program for the 65th Rotary en, Inc., held an open house, April District 605 Conference at the Lodge 10-12, at the Ulysses S. Grant Home of the Four Seasons, Lake of the near Affton. A $10 per person tax- Ozarks. He told some 80 persons in deductible donation includes mem­ attendance about dueling in Missouri. bership dues to Save Grant's White Goodrich addressed two Columbia Haven. Proceeds will help begin res­ organizations about the resources of toration of White Haven. Donations the State Historical Society. On April may be sent to Save Grant's White 9, he spoke to some 30 members of Haven, Inc., P.O. Box 230095, Affton, the Golden Key Kiwanis at the Hay- Missouri 63123. market Restaurant, Columbia. On April 16, at the home of Mrs. Jack Creasy, he addressed the Epsilon The Harry S. Truman Library, In­ Sigma Alpha, Columbia Chapter. dependence, is featuring an exhibi­ tion by Vienna-born artist, Greta Kempton, "Forty Years on Canvas," At the twenty-ninth annual meet­ April 11-October 12. The exhibition ing of the Missouri Conference on includes representative samples of History, held April 24-25, at Stephens Kempton's work from her entire pro­ College and the University of Mis­ fessional career, with emphasis on souri in Columbia, four Missouri- the portraits she painted during the based historians received awards for Truman Administration. Kempton their research and publication. The became known as "America's Court 1986 award for the best book went to Painter" when her portraits of Tru­ Kerby Miller, professor of history at man Administration officials began the University of Missouri-Columbia, to adorn the walls of government for Emigrants and Exiles: Ireland buildings in the capital city. From and the Irish Exodus to North Amer­ 1947 to 1952, she painted more than ica (New York: Oxford University a dozen portraits of the Truman fam­ Press, 1985). Patricia L. Adams, as­ ily and members of the cabinet. Her sociate director of the Western His­ 1947 portrait of President Truman torical Manuscript Collection/State became the official White House por­ Historical Society Manuscripts at the trait and appeared on numerous post­ University of Missouri-St. Louis, won ers during the 1948 election cam­ the best article award for "Fighting paign. The State Historical Society for Democracy in St. Louis: Civil of Missouri loaned Kempton's paint­ Rights During World War II," Mis­ ing of the Truman family, 1952, for souri Historical Review 79 (October the exhibition. 1985). George G. Suggs, professor of history at Southeast Missouri State University, won the 1987 book award James W. Goodrich, director of the for Union Busting in the Tri-State: State Historical Society of Missouri, The Oklahoma, Kansas, and Mis­ presented a lecture for Honors Week, souri Metal Workers* Strike of 1935 April 15, at the University of Mis- (Norman: University of Oklahoma souri-Rolla. He spoke on "Demand­ Press, 1986), while Dominic J. Capeci, ing Satisfaction on a Field of Honor: Jr., professor of history at Southwest 470 Missouri Historical Review

Missouri State University won the April through December. Admission best article award for "The Lynching is $2.00 for adults and $.75 for chil­ of Cleo Wright: Federal Protection dren. Those interested in special for Constitutional Rights During group tours may contact the director, World War II," Journal of American Alexander Majors Historical Trust, History 72 (March 1986). 8201 State Line Road, Kansas City, James W. Goodrich, director of the MO 64114, or call (816) 333-5556. State Historical Society of Missouri, served as a panelist for one of the sessions. He participated in a discus­ Baylor University has announced sion of "What Shall We Preserve? a national symposium on "Regional­ Assessing Missouri's Historical Rec­ ism: Concepts and Applications," to ords Needs." Other panelists included be held October 1-3, 1987, at the William E. Foley and Betty Harvey Hooper-Schaefer Fine Arts Center, Williams, both of Warrensburg; Bene­ Waco, Texas. Guest speakers will dict K. Zobrist, of the Harry S. Tru­ emphasize geography, history, folk­ man Library, Independence; and lore, regional economic planning, Gary W. Beahan, of the Missouri linguistics, musicology, religion, ma­ State Archives, Jefferson City. terial culture and women's studies. Further information about this sym­ posium, designed for American schol­ National History Day in Missouri ars, planners, and public and private was held at the University of Mis­ students of regional concepts, is souri-Columbia, on April 25. Students available by writing: Program for Re­ from across the state competed for gional Studies, Baylor University, awards on both the junior and senior CSB Box 696, Waco, Texas 76798. Or levels by submitting research papers phone (817) 775-2190. and projects, by performing historical interpretations and by making media presentations to panels of judges. The fall meeting of the Midwest Staff members from the State His­ Archives Conference, an organiza­ torical Society who served as judges tion for those interested in the preser­ were: Mary K. Dains, Robert Dunkel- vation and use of archival and manu­ burger, R. Douglas Hurt, Paula Mc­ script materials, will be held in Neill and Mark Thomas. James W. Columbia on October 15-17, 1987. Goodrich, director of the Society, Those interested in more information made the awards presentation at the should contact Nancy Lankford at conclusion of the competition. the Joint Collection, University of Missouri Western Historical Manu­ script Collection-Columbia and State Alexander Majors operated the Historical Society of Missouri Manu­ West's largest freighting business scripts, 23 Elmer Ellis Library, Uni­ from his 1856-period Kansas City versity of Missouri, Columbia, Mis­ house. The historic site, listed on the souri 65201; (314) 882-6028. National Register of Historic Places, includes a barn, blacksmith/wagon- making shop and showroom for bug­ The 1988 Missouri Conference on gies and wagons. The house and park History will be held, April 29-30,1988, are open Thursday through Sunday, at the Missouri Southern State Col­ except holidays, from 1:00 to 4:00 P.M., lege, Joplin. Sessions will deal with Historical Notes and Comments 471 all fields and phases of history. Pro- in Wichita, Kansas. Those dealing posals for papers and sessions and with new trends and resources and offers to chair and comment are wel- innovative research in western his- come by the December 1, 1987 dead- tory particularly will be welcome. A line. Proposals should be sent to brief summary of prospective papers, Virginia Laas, Social Science Depart- with names and a short paragraph ment, Missouri Southern State Col- of each presenter, chair and com- lege, Joplin, Missouri 64801-1595. mentator, should be sent by Septem­ ber 1, 1987, to the committee chair, Judith Austin, Idaho State Historical The program committee for the Society, 610 N. Julia Davis Drive, 1988 conference of the Western His- Boise, ID 83702-7695. All who submit tory Association welcomes proposals proposals will be notified of their for sessions to be held October 12-15, status by January 1,1988.

Danger Averted on the MKT

Burr's Post Card News, March 16,1987. Sedalia, Missouri—March 22, 1907: Work crews of the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway were ordered not to wear red shirts at work. According to a dispatch put on the news wire, the proclamation came from general superintendent E.M. Alford. Alford had just returned from investigating a close call involving a speeding locomotive. "An engineer did not heed a red flag signal recently," explained the dispatch, "and when taken to task, he explained that he mistook the flag for the red shirt of a section man."

Land Measure Hannibal Daily Messenger, January 5,1859. Every farmer should have a rod measure, a light, stiff pole, just sixteen and a half feet long, for measuring land. By a little practice he can learn to step just a rod at five steps, which will answer very well for ordinary farm work. Ascertain the number of rods in length and width of a lot you wish to measure, and multiply one into the other, and divide by one hundred and sixty, and you have the number of acres, as one hundred and sixty square rods make a square acre. If you wish to lay off one acre square, measure thirteen rods upon each side. This lacks one rod of full measure.

'... And Early to Rise ... Makes a Man Wise ...' Canton North-East Reporter, August 2,1849. RISE EARLY. The difference between rising at six and rising at eight o'clock in the course of forty years, supposing a person to go to bed at the same time he otherwise would, amounts to 29,000 hours, or three years, one hundred and twenty-one days fifteen hours; which will afford eight hours a day for exactly ten years; which is, in fact, the same as if ten years were added to the period of our lives, in which we might command eight hours every day for the cultivation of our mind and the dispatch of our business. 472 Missouri Historical Review

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES Affton Historical Society Church Law Chapel, Lamar. He Archaeologist and Washington Uni­ traced Richardson's military career versity graduate student Carol Diaz- from his involvement in Central Granados presented a slide program America at the turn of the century, on the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair at through World War I and World War the Society's quarterly meeting, April II. 23, at Affton Presbyterian Church. Bates County Historical Society Members enjoyed a Derby Day cele­ bration, May 2, in Oakland. Festivi­ The Society meets the second Thurs­ ties included horse racing, a presen­ day of each month at the Stagecoach Depot in the Butler museum complex. tation of the Kentucky Derby and Members elected the following offi­ dinner. cers at the February meeting: Larry Audrain County Historical Smith, president; Steven Hanson, Society vice president; Janice Furman, trea­ Visitors can again tour the Soci­ surer; and Nadine Garnett, secretary. ety's late nineteenth-century home, The Butler Rotary Club has begun Graceland, in Mexico. Members an­ a $150,000 fund-raising project to pro­ nounced the completion of exterior vide money for the construction of a renovation. The home is open Tues­ fireproof addition to the historical day through Saturday, 1:00 to 4:00 P.M. society's Museum of Pioneer History. The Society is selling The History The addition will provide security and of Audrain County, Missouri, An Up­ protection for the Society's collections date, 1936-1986 for $45.00, with an of artifacts and documents. additional $3.00 for postage. Orders Leonard Miller presented his re­ should go to the Audrain County His­ search on Butler lodges at the regular torical Society, P.O. Box 3, Mexico, meeting, March 12. The April 9 meet­ MO 65265. ing featured Ed Robertson's talk en­ Officers for 1987 are Tim Williams, titled, "What is going on in the World president; Frank Wilfley, Jr., Ralph ofCollectables." Luckaman, Molly B. Maxwell and Bellevue Valley Historical Clifford Powell, vice presidents; Betty Society Baker, secretary; and Maurice Kemp, Members attended a workshop on treasurer. historic preservation, May 2, at the Barnard Community Historical Bellevue Presbyterian Church, in con­ Society junction with the recent listing of The Society met March 19, at the Caledonia sites on the National Reg­ Depot Museum in Barnard. This ister of Historic Places. Robert Flan­ group meets regularly the third Thurs­ ders served as main speaker on May day of each month from March 3, at the United Methodist Church, through November. Activities include Caledonia, at the dedication program acquiring new items for museum dis­ celebrating Caledonia's acceptance to plays. the Register. Barton County Historical Society Belton Historical Society Bob Douglas spoke on "Who Was The Society discussed museum dis­ Tracy Richardson?" for the April 12 plays to commemorate the bicenten­ meeting at the United Methodist nial signing of the United States Historical Notes and Comments 473

Constitution, at the April 26 meeting, tion's purpose is to learn about, pre­ Old City Hall, Belton. The current serve and promote the history of the rotating museum display features Sweet Springs, Houstonia, Emma and memorabilia of past military con­ Dunksburg area. Officers are R.F. flicts. Arndt, president; Joyce Knight, vice president; Sharon Meinershagen, sec­ Benton County Historical Society retary; and Mary Jo Berry, treasurer. The Benton County Museum in The Association held its February Warsaw is open from June 1 to Sep­ 10 meeting at the Blackburn-Thomas tember 1, Tuesday through Sunday, Real Estate building in Sweet Springs. 1:00 to 5:00 P.M. President Bob Arndt gave a report Bethel German Communal Colony on the visit by four members to Co­ The Bethel Colony Woodcarvers lumbia and their research at the State held their annual show on April 25 Historical Society of Missouri. Mem­ and 26 in Bethel. Those attending bers discussed their Sweet Springs could purchase fine woodcarved items history book project and the various crafted by northern Missouri artisans. contact persons for material. Chris The 1987 Antique Show and Sale Ahlmann gave the program and told took place May 16 and 17 at ten about the historical novel she is writ­ nineteenth-century buildings listed ing. With early Brownsville as the on the National Register of Historic background for the story, she uses Places. Among the antiques featured the lives of actual settlers as models were quilts, copper, brass, pewter, Vic­ for her fictional characters. torian furniture, oil paintings, folk A program on researching, writing art and hooked rugs. and publishing local history high­ lighted the April 14 dinner meeting Bollinger County Historical at Mary Lyns Restaurant, Sweet Society Springs. State Historical Society staff Delmar A. Cobble spoke at the tenth- members, Mary K. Dains, R. Douglas anniversary celebration of the Soci­ Hurt and Leona S. Morris gave the ety's chartering at the April 12 meet­ presentation, answered questions and ing in the Marble Hill courthouse. provided a display of sample local Cobble served nineteen years as teach­ history books. er and superintendent of schools in the Lutesville, Zalma and Patton Brush and Palette Club areas. He spoke at the society's char­ Officers for 1987 are Lois Hoerst- tering service on April 17,1977. kamp, president; Kermit Baecker, vice president; and Patricia Baecker, sec­ Boone/Duden Historical Society retary-treasurer. The April 27 meeting, held at St. Paul's United Church of Christ Hall Carondelet Historical Society in Defiance, featured N. Jean Fields's Members attended the general meet­ presentation, "Rebecca Boone: The ing on February 15, at the Carondelet Woman Who Was Dropped From His­ Historic Center, St. Louis. Lois Wan- tory." Professor Fields teaches Eng­ inger gave a slide presentation on lish and communications at Linden- the homes of Natchez. wood College in St. Charles. The April 26 meeting at the Center featured a luncheon and discussion Brown County Historical of repairs for the Center. Flea mar­ Association kets, held April 25 and May 9, in­ Incorporated in 1986, the Associa­ creased revenues for the Society. 474 Missouri Historical Review

Carroll County Historical Society Hall in Jerico Springs, Don Owen Officers for 1987 installed at the showed a film on farming and con­ January 22 meeting at the Senior servation practices. Members estab­ Center, Carrollton, are Mrs. Rex lished a James Landreth memorial Strong, president; Stanley Miller fund for the Society museum. Vice and Mrs. Marvin Kinker, vice presi­ president of the Society, Landreth dents; David Brockmeier, secretary; died in an accident in March. and Mary V. Huddleston, treasurer. Mrs. Homer Leech gave a history of Centralia Historical Society the Carrollton Public Library and The Society held its annual meet­ Don Heil reported on his trip with ing, April 21, at the museum in Cen­ the American Soybean Association tralia. A panel presented the program to South America. on "Present and Future Centralia." New board members gathered for an On March 26, members attended organizational meeting on May 11. the dinner meeting at the Methodist The United Fund Drive has ac­ Church in Hale. Forestry manage­ cepted the Society as a member ment expert Dwight Bensend pre­ agency. sented slides on his government assignments to Egypt and Indonesia. Chariton County Historical Cass County Historical Society Society The officers for 1987 are Boone Rick Gressman, pastor of the Ingles, Jr., president; Marjorie Reid United Methodist Church, spoke on and Marjorie Buckner, vice presidents; a "Kid's Eye View of the World," on Dorothy Smith, recording secretary; April 26, at the Salisbury museum. Jane Dodson, corresponding secre­ His father's career as a navy com­ tary; and Irene Webster, treasurer. munication specialist caused his fam­ ily to travel to and live in northern The Society met February 22 at Europe and China and provided the the Information Center, Harrison- material for his talk. ville. Helen Jones and Shirley Hut- son spoke about "Buttons and their Christian County Museum History." The museum has moved to 202 E. The Martin Marietta Corporation, Church, Ozark, and expanded its dis­ under its Matching Gifts Program play facilities. Held on April 5, the for the Arts, donated $1,000 to the grand opening featured railroad, mill, Society. A Marietta employee, Turner county industry, and Civil War memo­ H. Bailey, gave an antique melodeon rabilia, the Bilyeu Canning Factory, that previously had stood in the Ozark entertainment and toys, plus Hotel Harrisonville. the new exhibits on old-time medicine and pioneer photography. Museum Cedar County Historical Society hours are Friday through Sunday, James W. Goodrich, director of the 1:00 to 4:00 P.M. State Historical Society of Missouri, spoke on January 26, at the meeting Civil War Round Table held in the Savings and Loan build­ of Kansas City ing in El Dorado Springs. The February 24 dinner meeting, The February 23 meeting occurred at the Homestead Country Club in at the museum in Stockton. Lawrence Prairie Village, Kansas, featured Jones presented his slides of Europe George Wheeler. He discussed the his­ and western United States. tory and usage of Civil War swords. On March 30, at the Community Members attended a day-long Fort Historical Notes and Comments 475

Leavenworth Tour on March 14. at the Yates Union, William Jewell Peter Maslowski lectured on "Lincoln College, Liberty. Museum curator of as Commander-in-Chief," and Rick the Harry S. Truman National His­ Eiserman spoke on "Train Ride to toric Site, Steve Harrison served as the River of Death," in the main guest speaker. academic building, Bell Hall. Cole Camp Area Historical Civil War Round Table Society of St. Louis The Society met February 9, at the Members enjoyed a Civil War trivia Home Economics Room of Benton quiz on February 25, at Garavelli's County R-l School, Cole Camp. The Restaurant in St. Louis. The March program featured antiques and heir­ 25 meeting featured Walter L. Brown looms. On April 13, Rory Melville of the University of Arkansas. He gave a short history of his antiques spoke on General Albert Pike, C.S.A. business and explained the processes and the Battle of Pea Ridge. On April of furniture stripping and restora­ 22, author Larry J. Daniel discussed tion. Members gathered at Melville's the Confederate artillery at Shiloh at Furniture Stripping & Refinishing for the regular meeting. the presentation.

Civil War Round Table Concordia Area Heritage Society of the Ozarks Organized in October 1984, this So­ Round Table members attended the ciety presently holds meetings the February 11 meeting at the 89er Res­ third Sunday of each month in the taurant, Springfield, to hear Clifford city library or Lohoefener House Ameduri, a graduate of New York Museum, Concordia. Past activities Medical College. Ameduri lectured on include reprinting of the centennial medicine and surgery during the history of Concordia, cleaning and Civil War era. surveying of the Zoar Cemetery, fund- Leo Huff spoke on April 8. Profes­ raising events, and planned preserva­ sor Huff discussed General John C. tion of the Dough Boy Statue in Cen­ Fremont and Major Charles Zagonyi's tral Park. charge at Springfield in 1861. Clay County Historial Society Crawford County Historical Shannon Gallagher spoke to the Society Society on March 12, at the James S. The Society meets the third Thurs­ Rooney Justice Center in Liberty. She day of each month at the Two Score presented a history of the Kansas Plus Clubroom, Cuba. On February City Museum and showed a film 20, members attended a workshop to about its collections. help complete a Crawford County his­ tory book. Those interested in the Clay County Museum Association volume may contact Dorothea Pres- The Museum held a dinner meeting son, Rt. 2, Box 213-B, Cuba, MO 65453. on February 24, at Cedars of Liberty restaurant, Liberty. Museum curator Creve Coeur-Chesterfield Mark Beveridge gave the program Historical Society on Kansas City's World War One In conjunction with Creve Coeur Liberty Memorial Complex. Over fifty Days, the Society sponsored its an­ members attended. nual bus tour of area historic sites, For the annual spring dinner meet­ May 17. The bus visited both Creve ing, the Association met on April 23 Coeur and Chesterfield. 476 Missouri Historical Review

Dade County Historical Society officers were elected: David Jackson, Members attended the February 3 president; Virginia West, vice presi­ meeting at the Recreation Center, Re­ dent; and Ralpha Peck, secretary. tirement Homes No. 2, Greenfield. Members toured the Missouri state Mary Pogue, of H & R Block, ex­ capital on April 22 and participated plained changes in the 1987 income in a Trail of Tears Tour on May 9. tax laws. In conjunction with Spring­ field KTTS-FM's CCA Program, Ferguson Historical Society Pogue's appearance helped raise The general meeting, on March 17, money for the Dade County Hulston was held at Central School, Fergu­ Mill restoration fund. son. Scheduled events included a slide The Society's fund-raising basket­ show of 1880-1980 Ferguson, student ball tournament was well attended, performances and a tour. and cleared over $1,600. On April 26, members participated On April 7 at the Center, members in the annual fund-raising Tail Gate discussed the results of the tourna­ Sale. Proceeds go to the Caboose proj­ ment and future fund-raising plans. ect and other Society activities. Dallas County Historical Society Florissant Valley Historical Lucile Scott gave a slide presenta­ Society tion of old Buffalo businesses and Jo Ann Epping presented "Remi­ homes at the February 1 meeting, niscing Through Yesteryear," at the Dallas County Library, Buffalo. On Society champagne brunch, March March 12, Society president Ronald 15, at Taille De Noyer, Florissant. Powell dressed in a Union soldier's uniform for his demonstration of Fort Osage Historical Society Civil War guns and their usage. He The annual spring general meeting also read an account of the Battle of occurred April 3, at Sibley Commu­ Wilson's Creek from his great-grand­ nity Center. Martha Meyers, of Mid- father's diary. Continent Public Library, discussed Members met on April 2, in the the genealogical and historical re­ Dallas County Museum located in search materials available for pa­ the Buffalo Head Prairie Historical trons. Historian Fred Lee spoke about Park. Educator Jessie Henderson dis­ the history of Kansas City and West- cussed "Herbs and their Uses." port. The Society participated in River- Daviess County Historical days at Fort Osage, May 16-17. The Society theme of the festivities focused on Officers for 1987-1988 are Eddie the period from 1790 to 1840. Story­ Binney, president; Jack Tingler, vice tellers, 1800s music, period attire and president; J. Paul Croy, secretary; and Indian games highlighted this cele­ Dorothy Dale, treasurer. bration of the fur-trapping era. Dent County Historical Society Franklin County Historical The dinner meeting on March 13 Society at the Dent County Community Cen­ The Society met April 26, at St. ter, Salem, featured Charles Stacey's Louis Federal Savings & Loan, Union. presentation, "Reminiscing-Then and Vice president Judith Hunt presided, Now." A committee began plans to and Edna Smallfelt served as guest publish a book on Dent County ceme­ speaker relating Franklin County his­ teries. At the meeting, the following tory. Historical Notes and Comments All

Friedenberg Lutheran Historical the Ravenswood home, and a picnic Society supper. On March 28, the Society held its annual business meeting at the town Friends of Keytesville hall, Friedenberg. Members discussed Members attended the April 26 plans for the coming year. meeting, at Sterling Price Museum, Keytesville, to discuss business items. Friends of Arrow Rock Museum hours are 2:00 to 5:00 P.M., The Friends held their annual meet­ Monday through Friday, May 1 to ing, April 12, at the Information Cen­ October 31. ter, Arrow Rock. Officers elected for 1987-1988 were Mrs. Whitney E. Kerr, Friends of Missouri Town-1855 president; Mrs. Richard Quinn, vice On April 18-19, the Friends assisted president; and Mrs. J. Taylor Smith, with spring planting days and clean­ secretary. The president reported an ing at Missouri Town-1855, near Blue increase in the Endowment Fund due Springs. Participants planted flax to the successful Homes Tour last and pole beans and a garden at the September. The fund now stands at tavern. Spring cleaning occurred at $110,000. the Blacksmith House, Settlers House, School, Church and Law Office in In cooperation with the Arrow Rock the village. Other activities included State Historic Site, the Friends began a church service, music and dancing. a spring education program for 2,050 elementary school children on April 7. Gasconade County Historical Society Friends of Historic Boonville The Society held a spring dinner The Historic Properties Task Force meeting, April 26, at the Charlotte held meetings January 26, February United Church of Christ. Members 3, and February 9, at Laura Speed voted on the constitution and bylaws. Elliott Middle School, Boonville, to Following the business session, Karen discuss ongoing building renovation Herbert displayed her collection of plans. Indian artifacts. The touring International Chil­ dren's Choir performed February 15, Glasgow Area Historical and at Thespian Hall as part of the Preservation Society Thespian Hall Tonight Concert Series. The Society announced the dona­ The series continued March 21, when tion of the Isaac Vaughan Home, built approximately in 1858. Robert, the Metro Theater Circus enacted Anthony, Tom, John, Ron and Tim Lewis Carroll's poem, "The Hunting Monning gave the home, which will of the Snark." Cellist David Low and become a visitors' center and tour pianist Audun Ravnan gave the facility after restoration. This home series final performance for 1986- witnessed the Battle of Glasgow dur­ 1987 on April 4. ing the Civil War. The Folk Arts of Mid-Missouri ex­ Members hosted the Westport His­ hibit opened at Hain House, April 5. torical Society's tour of three historic Hours were 2:00 to 5:00 P.M. The Glasgow homes on April 26. They Friends hosted the annual Missouri visited Dunhaven (1836), Inglewood Heritage Trust meeting, May 1-2. The (1857) and the Cerese Jackson home schedule included workshops on his­ (1890s) and museum and library. toric preservation, tours of Howard The Missouri Department of Nat­ County historic sites, Boonville and ural Resources, Division of Parks, 478 Missouri Historical Review

Recreation and Historic Preservation Society of Missouri followed. The So­ granted the Glasgow society funds ciety met April 6, to hear Jow May- to survey, identify and evaluate all erle of Schlage Lock Company speak buildings within Glasgow city limits about home security. in need of protection and restoration. The Society held a dedication cere­ Architectural historian Mary Ellen mony on April 26, to celebrate the McVickers will do the survey. restoration of the Kansas City South­ ern Railroad's Grandview Station and Golden Eagle River Museum Depot-Museum. The museum exhibit Members attended a general infor­ featured "Growing up in Grandview," mation session on April 26, at the to commemorate the city's 75th anni­ museum in St. Louis. Volunteer at­ versary. tendants learned about the new ex­ hibit of nine boat models made by Greene County Historical Society Ernst Arenz. Supported by a grant from the Mis­ The Museum sponsored an all-day souri Committee for the Humanities, tour, May 17, to Grand Tower, Illinois, Duane Meyer, president emeritus of to see the site of the Golden Eagle Southwest Missouri State University, River Packet sinking. Lunch at Hales spoke at the Sunshine Heritage Cafe­ restaurant followed. teria, Springfield, February 26, on "Missouri and the U.S. Constitution: Grand River Historical Society A Love-Hate Relationship." Meyer's Elected officers for 1987 are Frank presentation was part of a statewide Stark, president; George Seiberling, effort to promote understanding of Mary Skinner and Donald Burgard, the Constitution. vice presidents; Elizabeth C. Ewen, To continue the celebration of the secretary; and Charles C. Adams, trea­ 200th anniversary of the signing of surer. John Neal and Jane Stark the U.S. Constitution, the Society serve as co-curators of the Society's sponsored the exhibit "The Blessings museum in Chillicothe. of Liberty," prepared by the American The regular quarterly meeting took Historical and Political Science As­ place April 14, in the Community sociations. The exhibit opened March Room of the Coburn Building, Chil­ 2, at the Greene County Courthouse licothe. Tom Brown, of Trenton Ju­ and the South Oaks Shopping Mall, nior College, presented his research and then moved to Great Southern and slides on attempts to tame the Savings and Loan and the Spring­ Missouri River over the years and its field City Hall on March 22. importance to pioneer westward mi­ Rick Goman, a captain in the U.S. gration. Army Reserve, served as guest speak­ er at the March 26 meeting, in Battle­ Grandview Historical Society field Heritage Cafeteria, Springfield. Members, attending the January 5 He discussed Springfield's role as a meeting at 705 Main Street, Grand- regional federal depot during the view, brought items about the town's Civil War and the Battle of Spring­ history. On February 2, Roland An­ field in 1863. derson served as guest speaker and On April 23, the Society honored discussed genealogy. Jim Feagins District History Day Lipscomb Award spoke about collecting bones at arch- Winners at the Battlefield Heritage eological sites at the March 2 meet­ Cafeteria. Melissa Smillie, Tamara ing. A slide presentation of facilities Anderson, Michele George, Nina Wal­ and resources at the State Historical lace and Gretchen Gillham won the Historical Notes and Comments 479 best performance category with "Your The March 2 meeting, in the Herm­ Story, My Life"; Tom Robinson and itage Housing Center, featured 89- Jonathan Lambeth won best media year-old Bob Ott. production for "Free Expression or Social Corruption"; Amy Cavin had Harvey J. Higgins Historical the best paper, "Walking for the Society Right to Ride: The Montgomery Bus Members attended the meeting on Boycott"; and best project went to May 7, in the Higginsville municipal Shannon Kelley and Danny Owen building. The program included a his­ for "Soldiers for Liberty." tory of the Eagle Mill and Elevator and McCord's Park, two early Hig­ Grundy County Historical Society ginsville landmarks. and Museum The Society hosted a tour for thirty- Historical Association of three Kansas Citians of the Grundy Greater Cape Girardeau County Museum in Trenton. The mu­ The Association held its regular seum opened for the season on May meeting, March 16, at the Cape Girar­ 9. Guests may visit Saturday, Sunday deau Public Library. Mrs. Kenneth and holidays through October. Bender spoke on "How to Obtain His­ torical Registry." Phoebe Apperson Hearst The Southeast Missouri Antique Historical Society Dealers Association donated to the For the annual Arbor Day observ­ historical association approximately ance, the Society planted trees and $1,200 in proceeds from its January beautified Hearst Park, St. Clair, on 10 and 11 Antique Show. The Associa­ April 5. Members listened to a pro­ tion also received a $10,000 legacy gram on the value of trees. from the estate of Viola Vogel. Henry County Historical Society The Carriage House Craft Shop re­ The museum in Clinton opened for opened April 1. Regular hours are the season on April 8, with an exhibit Monday through Saturday, 12:30 to of Louis Freund's paintings and draw­ 4:30 P.M. In 1986, over 4,000 visitors ings. A winner of the first foreign toured the Glenn House. scholarship of the St. Louis School Historical Association of of Fine Arts at Washington Univer­ Greater St. Louis sity in 1929, Freund spent fourteen The 1987-1988 officers are Nora months in France and northern Af­ Ross, president; Roger Taylor and rica. His paintings, during the Great Mary Golden, vice presidents; Wil­ Depression, captured the life and liam B. Faherty, S.J., corresponding times of the American people. Freund, secretary; Jo Frances Vallo, record­ a native of Clinton, attended the ing secretary; and Stephanie Haffer, opening. The exhibit remained on treasurer. display through May. Robert Tabscott, pastor of Des Hickory County Historical Society Peres Presbyterian Church, addressed Recent gifts for the Society's mu­ the Association on March 22, at the seum in Hermitage include a 1912 Des Peres Church. He spoke on "Great child's dress, a cradle scythe and Men in the Anti-Slavery Movement clothing items. The Society purchased in St. Louis," and emphasized the the John Siddle Williams home, built role of Elijah Lovejoy. in 1847, and began renovations in The annual dinner meeting was 1976 to house the county's museum. held on May 1, at the Salad Bowl 480 Missouri Historical Review

Cafeteria, St. Louis. Author and past 1987. The Society held the Fortescue president of the Association, Roger Homecoming Banquet on May 30, in Taylor presented "Great Men of Jef­ the auditorium of the society museum. ferson Barracks: Where North Met Howell County Historical Society South." The newly organized Howell Coun­ Historical Society of ty Historical Society held its first Maries County meeting March 24, at Howell Oregon Adolf E. Schroeder, emeritus profes­ Electric, West Plains. R. Douglas sor of German at the University of Hurt, associate director of the State Missouri-Columbia, gave a slide/tape Historical Society of Missouri, served presentation on "Missouri Origins: as guest speaker. Discussion included The German Heritage," April 16, at Society plans for historical preserva­ the courthouse in Vienna. Schroeder tion, public education projects and has participated in international con­ eventual establishment of a Howell ferences and national programs re­ County Museum. Charlene May was garding German culture in the United elected acting chairman of the Society. States. Members attended a second meeting on May 14, at Howell Oregon Electric. Historical Society of Polk County The Society held its bimonthly Iron County Historical Society meeting on March 26, at the North The Society held its annual meeting, Ward Museum, Bolivar. Jack Glenden- April 20, in the Arcadia Valley High ning presented his research on county School library, Ironton. President Jim killings during and shortly after the Finley conducted the business meet­ Civil War. ing. James Denny, of the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, fol­ Historical Society of lowed with a slide presentation of University City the KATY-Missouri River Trail de­ Officers for 1987 are Judy Little, picting historical sites and natural president; Vi Ruesing, vice president; beauty. Judy Wilson, recording secretary; Lor­ raine Carlson, corresponding secre­ Jackson County Historical Society tary; and Howard Rose, treasurer. The annual meeting and election From November through January, of board members took place on March at the city public library, the Society 15, at the Harry S. Truman Library exhibited the works of sculptor George and Museum, Independence. Julian Zolnay, whose lions surmount "Needle & Thread: An Exhibit of University City's Lion Gates. Guests, Antique Needlework" was on display attending the November opening, do­ at the 1859 Jail Museum in Indepen­ nated over $1,800 toward the restora­ dence through April 1. "Something tion of the gates. Zolnay's St. Louis Old: A Display of Wedding Apparel" monuments include the Forest Park followed and will continue through Civil War Monument, the Pierre La­ October 1. clede statue west of St. Louis City The Society sponsored a "Planning Hall and the David R. Francis Monu­ an Herb Garden" workshop on April ment in Bellefontaine Cemetery. 18, and Spring Herb Sale on April 25, at the Wornall House Museum, Holt County Historical Society Kansas City. On May 19, the Society Members attended the March 23 participated in the Wellesley Garden meeting, at the Squaw Creek Truck Tour of five Kansas City gardens Plaza, Craig, to discuss plans for and the Wornall House herb garden. Historical Notes and Comments 481

Jefferson Heritage and in the Dorothea B. Hoover Muse­ Landmark Society um, Joplin. The program featured The Society elected the following period dress, artifacts, exhibits and officers for 1987: Betty Mueller, presi­ a live presentation. The Society has dent; Jean O'Brien, vice president; launched a fund-raising campaign to Catherine Crawford, secretary; and expand the museum. Betty Olsun, treasurer and librarian Kansas City Westerners of the De Soto Public Library. Members gathered for the March The annual business meeting took 10 dinner meeting at the Homestead place on March 22, at the Fletcher Country Club, Prairie Village, Kan­ House in Hillsboro. Karen Moore di­ sas. Western artist Tom Beard dis­ rected a genealogy workshop on cussed his recent commission of a April 11, at Jefferson College, Hills­ statue for Pioneer Park. boro. Ongoing projects include com­ piling records of Jefferson County Guest speaker John Ragsdale lec­ tured on "The Rise and Fall of the cemeteries and entering the data in Assimilation Movement in American the De Soto Public Library computer. Indian Law," on April 14. His topic Jennings Historical Society covered efforts to destroy Indian cul­ Members hold regular meetings the ture and the Indian Reorganization second Tuesday of each month at Act of 1934. the Jennings Civic Center, 8720 Jen­ On May 12, Larry Roberts, of the nings Road, Jennings. Activities in­ Combat Studies Institute of Ft. Leav­ clude an April 5 tour of the Cupples enworth, presented "Frontier Army House in St. Louis and completion of and its Policy & Tactics in Fighting the School House Museum project. the Plains Indians." Kimmswick Historical Society Johnson County Historical On March 2, Rosemary White Noud Society entertained the Society with her The Society's Museum and the Old reminiscences of Kimmswick at Courthouse in Warrensburg are open Kimmswick Hall. Mr. and Mrs. Sam to the public on weekends between Chapman presented the flag of the Memorial Day and Labor Day. Visi­ Rauschenbach family to the Society. tors will enjoy the nineteenth-century This family figured prominently in clothing exhibit and "Pillars of the the town's early history; two of the Community," pertaining to schools, restored Rauschenbach buildings government and churches. Michael stand in Kimmswick. Clark has prepared an exhibit about The Society has prepared a slide Johnson County's participation in show and tour of five historic Kimms­ World War I, to mark the 70th anni­ wick homes. The program continues versary of American entrance into April through November. Interested the conflict. persons may contact Ms. Chris Fer- The spring meeting took place on bet at (314) 464-3041 or write P.O. May 3, at the Old Courthouse. Roy Box 41, Kimmswick, MO 63053. Stubbs spoke on Johnson County and the U.S. Constitution. Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society Joplin Historical Society Margo Roberson gave a slide lec­ Members celebrated Joplin's 114th ture on the history of folk art in anniversary of its incorporation on Callaway County, March 16, at the March 22, with a Civil War program Fulton Community Center. 482 Missouri Historical Review

The Millersburg Lions Club pre­ Laclede County Historical Society pared a wild game supper for the Officers elected for 1987-1988 are Society's April 25 meeting at the David Moulder, president; Bill Butts, Lions Club near Little Dixie Lake. Vickie Cravens, and Claudia Stubble- John McCray and his associates from field, vice presidents; Lena Burns, the Oak Creek Muzzleloaders Club recording secretary; Lois Hill, corre­ demonstrated fur trading in the early sponding secretary; and Jerry Hen- 1800s. drickson, treasurer. Betty Grace, of the Missouri Depart­ The Society held its spring banquet ment of Conservation, presented "Nat­ on March 23, at Tiny's Restaurant, ural History of Callaway County," Lebanon. Guests enjoyed dinner and at the Fulton Community Center, the 1987-1988 officers were installed. May 18. In memory of Glennes Kellerman Elected officers for 1987 are Warren Elliott, the estate of Kenneth B. El­ Hollrah, president; Carolyn Branch liott, Sr., donated $5,000 to the So­ and Dolores Tucker, vice presidents; ciety for use on museum projects. The Lori J. Harris, secretary; and John museum in Lebanon is open Monday C. Harris, treasurer. through Friday, 10:00 A.M. to 3:00 P.M., from May to October. Kirkwood Historical Society Members elected the following offi­ Lawrence County Historical cers for 1987: Carol Miller, president; Society Barbara Perry Lawton, vice presi­ Sheriff David J. Tatum presented dent; Mildred Carr, secretary; and a program on Lawrence County jails Pat FitzRoy, treasurer. at the March 15 meeting, in the Jones The quarterly membership meet­ Memorial Chapel, Mt. Vernon. For ing took place, March 10, at Com­ the gathering, Ruth Tobey directed merce Bank in Kirkwood. Restora­ the Mello Tones Choir in their recital tion architect Tom Sater presented a of Irish and other selected songs. slide-illustrated narrative on the res­ toration of the Governor's Mansion Macon County Historical Society during Christopher Bond's adminis­ On March 31, guests enjoyed a his­ tration. torical fashion show at Macon Elks The Jarville Farm's 4th Annual Lodge. The combined musical, his­ Antique Show, on March 20-22, at torical and fashion show covered 150 the Greensfelder Recreation Complex, years. Over three hundred people at­ West County, provided funds benefit­ tended. ting county historic houses. Mari-Osa Heritage Society La Brigade a Renault The Society met February 10, at The Brigade and L'Eglise Catho- the Freeburg City Hall. Those attend­ lique St. Joachim cosponsored the ing established library, workshop, third La Fete a Renault, May 16 and publicity and membership, publica­ 17, at Old Mines. Guests enjoyed vari­ tions and program committees. Volun­ ous activities to celebrate the culture teers have set up the society library and traditions of early French, Span­ at the Vienna High School. ish and American settlers. These in­ Sharon Kliethermes and Patsy cluded a black powder shoot, music Luebbert spoke at the beginners' festival and colonial crafts exhibit. genealogical workshop on April 5, at Participants came in pre-Civil War Sacred Heart School, Rich Fountain. dress. Twenty-six people attended. Historical Notes and Comments 483

Mid-Missouri Civil War Round March 22; and Katharine T. Corbett's Table guided tour of German St. Louis, Phil Gottschalk spoke on the Battle March 28. Society education staff of Champion Hill, March 17, at Viets presented two programs for children: Restaurant, Jefferson City. Missouri "Harriet Tubman and the Under­ troops played a major role in this ground Railroad," on March 7, and battle near Vicksburg. "Dolly Madison—Hospitable Host­ Instead of the regular April meet­ ess," on March 21. ing, several Round Table members Visitors to the museum in March attended the reenactment of the Bat­ enjoyed a new permanent exhibit of tle of Shiloh in Corinth, Mississippi. uses and manufacture of silver in St. Departing on April 3, visitors reached Louis, the floral paintings of artist Corinth the following day, in time Vel Marshall, "Transportation Toys: for a tour and the three-hour reenact­ Reflections of the Adult World," and ment in the afternoon. other continuing displays. The Artist Roscoe Misselhorn Retro­ Miller County Historical Society spective Exhibition opened April 1, The Society held its April 12 meet­ with 100 works, executed between ing and potluck dinner, at the Court­ 1920 and 1985, on display in the house Annex in Tuscumbia. Ben Rog­ Shoenberg Portrait Gallery. It will ers conducted the business meeting. continue through December. April pro­ Members elected, by vote of acclama­ grams featured Chris Limber of the tion, the following 1987 officers: Ellis Theatre Project Company and the Livingston, president; Ben Rogers, musical production, "Profiles: Wings vice president; Lorena Brown, secre­ of Time," April 5; Melanie Fathman's tary; Nathan Calhoon, treasurer. presentation of "The St. Louis Herb Peggy Smith Hake then presented Society Presents a Victorian Tea," the program on Miller County's ses- April 9; Laclede String Quartet cham­ quicentennial year and early county ber music, April 12; Nkege Mawusi's history. Hake brought maps, pictures, participation play for children on documents and artifacts from her per­ "All Aboard the Freedom Train," pre­ sonal collection for display. sented by the St. Louis Black Reper­ Missouri Historical Society tory Theatre, April 19; and for chil­ March events at the Jefferson Me­ dren, "The Trail-Driving Rooster," morial Building, Forest Park, St. April 4, and "Volunteer Firefight­ Louis, included the St. Louis Irish ers," April 11. ensemble Blackthorn's musical nar­ A show and sale of the works of rative of "The Green Fields of Amer­ fifty artists, between April 24 and ica," March 8; Susan Lyn's tea lecture May 10, "America in Paint and on "Feminism is a Sea of Domesti­ Bronze," benefitted the Society. The city: Women Activists 1940s-1950s," Missouri Historical Society and The­ on March 12; a conference entitled, atre Factory St. Louis presented "The "And She Generally Decides: Women Spirit of St. Louis," a musical revue in Mid-Mississippi Valley Creole Cul­ of life and Charles Lindbergh in St. ture," March 14; the St. Louis Black Louis during the 1920s, from May 16 Repertory Company's presentation of to May 23, in the history museum. In "American Black Folk Tales," March conjunction, the exhibit, "Charles A. 15; Kenneth M. Ludmerer's lecture Lindbergh—A Hero for St. Louis and about "Learning to Heal: The St. the World," opened May 16, in the Louis Model in Medical Education," Charles A. Lindbergh Gallery. 484 Missouri Historical Review

Moniteau County Historical old windmill, now standing in the Society backyard of the Society's House-Mu­ The Society held a business meeting seum, Maryville. on March 16, at the Fellowship Hall of the Christian Church, California. Normandy Area Historical Lynn Brauer played the dulcimer fol­ Association lowing the business session. The mu­ The Association holds regular meet­ seum exhibit for March and April ings the third Tuesday of each month centered on home life. Displays fea­ at the historic Wilson Price Hunt tured washing, ironing, child care, House, Normandy. canning, etc. Members have prepared a slide/ tape show entitled, "The History of Morgan County Historical Society the Normandy Area in the Twentieth The Society's annual Pancake Day Century." Schools, churches and took place on April 20, at Pioneer other organizations or groups may Restaurant in Versailles. Proceeds contact the Association to rent the went to the Morgan County Histori­ program. cal Museum. Members attended a business meet­ O'Fallon Historical Society Members attended the quarterly ing on April 27, in the courtesy room meeting on March 2, at the Log of the Drive-in Bank of Versailles. House, O'Fallon. The Society dis­ The Society decided to open the mu­ cussed planned activities for the seum on June 1. Hours are 1:00 to year. 5:00 P.M., six days a week, until Sep­ tember 1. Those interested in special Old Trails Historical Society tours may call Sarah Nelson at (314) Ettus Hiatt, president of the Ca­ 378-4645. hokia Mounds Museum Society, spoke John G. Neihardt Corral about the mounds and presented a of the Westerners slide program at the meeting, Febru­ Dan Spies served as guest speaker ary 18. Members met at the Germania at the February 12 dinner meeting, Savings and Loan Building in Man­ at Holiday Inn West, Columbia. His chester. topic featured "Hiking with Lewis On March 18, Mike Warner, owner and Clark." of Bed & Breakfast St. Louis River On March 12, members listened to Country of Missouri & Illinois, Inc., Slim Funk's discussion of "Similari­ discussed the advantages and ser­ ties and Differences Between the Aus­ vices of bed and breakfast inns. The tralian Outback and the American meeting took place at the Daniel West." Boone Branch, St. Louis County Li­ brary in Manchester. Nodaway County Historical The April 11 meeting, at Barbara Society Wilp's home in Soulard, featured a Members gathered for the regular luncheon and tour of the area. The meeting on February 25, at the Alum­ group also toured Grace Ferrier's ni House, Northwest Missouri State home and restored schoolhouse in University, Maryville. The program Bland on May 16. included questions relating to county Members discussed paper antiques history. at the May 20 meeting at the Bacon Joe Baumli recently donated the Cabin in Manchester. Historical Notes and Comments 485

Oregon-California Trails lishes a quarterly newsletter. Officers Association, Trails Head Chapter are Eloise Sletten, president; Connie This local chapter of the Oregon- Lyons, vice president; Hilda Lincoln, California Trails Association formed librarian; and Mark Cheney, secre­ last year for interested persons in tary-treasurer. the Kansas City area, in both Mis­ Ongoing projects include inventory souri and Kansas. The national as­ of all Ozark County cemeteries and sociation seeks to preserve remnants rebinding of deteriorated county rec­ of historic western emigrant trails. ord books. Over 1,200 members represent nearly every state in the nation and several Palmyra Heritage Seekers foreign countries. Gregory Franzwa The Seekers held a business meet­ of Gerald, Missouri, serves as execu­ ing on February 16, at the Gardner tive director. Officers of the local House, Palmyra. Sara Bier reported chapter are Barbara Magerl, presi­ on the success of the January "Olde- dent; Milton Perry, vice president; 'Tyme Picture Show." Mary Margaret Barbara Bernauer, secretary; and Zoller then gave a slide presentation Elaine McNabney, treasurer. Mem­ of the Gaspe Peninsula, Canada. bers are helping mark the trail in At the March 16 regular meeting their area. at the Gardner House, Tom Lemons announced the museum's schedule. Osage County Historical Society The Society met February 26, at The visitor center is open seven days the Citizens Civic League Center in a week from Memorial to Labor Day. Meta. Preceding the meeting, some Marguerite Happel presented excerpts members toured the historic St. Johns from Garrison Keillor's radio pro­ Lutheran Church, Babbtown. Follow­ gram, "The Prairie Home Compan­ ing dinner and a business session, ion." Douglas Wixson spoke about the folk­ lore of railroad shops, using material Pemiscot County Historical from the writings of Jack Conroy. Society On May 7, members enjoyed a din­ Josephine Van Cleve presided at ner meeting at the Masonic Lodge the February 27 business meeting at Dining Hall in Belle. Adolf Schroe­ Colonial Federal Savings and Loan, der, retired professor of German at Caruthersville. The Society donated the University of Missouri-Columbia, funds for the construction of a me­ discussed "English and Scottish Tra­ morial dedicated to Pemiscot County ditional Songs in Missouri." A tour citizens who died in World War I, before the meeting visited Koenig World War II, and the Korean and Methodist Church, Pilot Knob Bap­ Vietnam wars. tist Church, the Adolph Klebba resi­ Jessie Markey spoke about native dence near Gascondy and the railroad plants and shrubs of Pemiscot Coun­ trestle bridge. ty, on March 27, at the Savings and Ozark County Genealogical Loan. and Historical Society On April 24, at Heritage Awards The Society meets the second Tues­ Day, the Society honored four Pemi­ day of each month at the Senior Citi­ scot County citizens who have written zen Center in Gainesville. This group autobiographies. Members of the maintains a library, adjacent to the Lake County Tennessee Historical Gainesville public library, and pub­ Society also attended as guests. 486 Missouri Historical Review

Pike County Historical Society The March 8 membership meeting Society members held their spring featured a program on restoration in dinner meeting, April 14, at the Bowl­ St. Joseph by Don Haage. Members ing Green Community Center. The also held a festival planning session. program featured music native to During the first two weeks of March, Pike County and Missouri. Mrs. the St. Joseph Cable TV Channel 18 Rodes Hood narrated the background featured the Association's Patee history of each rendition including: House Museum and the Jesse James "Those Were The Days," "Sweet Home. Betsy From Pike," "St. Louis Blues" Clyde Weeks gave the program at and "The Missouri Waltz." Vocalists the Association's April 5 meeting. He Mrs. Hood, Mrs. James Millan, Mrs. spoke on "History of Lake Contrary." Don Powell and Mrs. Tapley McCune Both the Patee House Museum and were accompanied by Carol Craig. the Jesse James Home opened on a daily basis, April 1. The Association Platte County Historical Society also reported a record membership The Society held its spring dinner total of over 500 persons. Recent do­ meeting, April 26, at the Platte Coun­ nations to the museum collections ty Vo-Tech School, Platte City. James included a custom-built race car and McCrea and Craig Cox presented the a collection of Missouri license plates. program on "The Carriage and Driv­ ing Society of Greater Kansas City, Randolph County Historical Missouri." A number of members and Society guests attended in 1800s dress. At the April 27 meeting in the His­ Reprinted copies of the 1907 Platte torical Center, Moberly, Bob Schafer County Historical Atlas are available presented the program on railroads. for $32.00 each, and the Laurel Hills An expert on model railroads, Schaf­ Cemetery survey of Weston also may er set up a scene with authentic scale be purchased for $7.00. model engines of the Wabash and The Ben Ferrel Platte County Mu­ Norfolk & Western railroads. Mem­ seum, Platte County Archives and Genealogical Library are open Tues­ bers and guests had an opportunity day and Saturday, 1:00-4:00 P.M., until to run the trains. October 31, at Third & Ferrel streets, The Railroad and Historical Muse­ Platte City. um on Sturgeon Street, Moberly, offi­ cially opened for the tourist season Pleasant Hill Historical Society on May 2. The event coincided with A history of the telephone system a parade held by the Constitutional in Pleasant Hill highlighted the April Committee for the Bicentennial Cele­ 26 meeting in the museum, Pleasant Hill. Betty Jo Lewis, customer rela­ bration. tions representative of United Tele­ On June 6, the Society, in conjunc­ phone, presented the program. A busi­ tion with the Constitution Bicenten­ ness meeting followed. nial Committee, sponsored a special program at the Historical Center. Mis­ Pony Express Historical souri Supreme Court Judge Charles Association Members met for the February 8 Blackmar spoke on the Constitution. meeting at Patee House Museum in Special projects of the Society are St. Joseph. Barbara Ide presented the recording oral history, gathering cem­ program on "Historic St. Joseph etery and school records and compil­ Neighborhoods." ing school histories. Historical Notes and Comments 487

Ray County Historical Society St. Louis Westerners On February 12, students in the Members met, Feburary 20, at the fourth grade class of Sally Ingram Salad Bowl cafeteria, St. Louis. N. visited the Ray County Museum in Webster Moore spoke on "York—The Richmond. Warren Hayes, museum Forgotten Explorer: The Slave with attendant, and Society members the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804- Mary Hogan and Kay Barchers 1806." served as tour guides. "Steamboating Reminiscences on the Upper Mississippi" highlighted Raytown Historical Society the March 20 meeting. Herman A. A fund-raiser spaghetti dinner was Radloff used slides of steamboating held March 21, at Kiwanis Hall, Ray­ activity on this portion of the river town. Evelyn Crews, ways and means to illustrate his talk. chairman, had charge of the event. The May 9 meeting and ladies' Jim Chipman, an antique dealer and night was held on board the Lt. Rob­ appraiser, was available during the ert E. Lee at St. Louis. Jean Kittrell afternoon to appraise individual presented the program on "Early items. Ceramics were offered for sale. Jazz, Ragtime, and Blues West of the Members met for the April 22 quar­ Mississippi." An assistant professor terly meeting at the museum. Barbara of English at Southern Illinois Uni­ Jacobs, a teacher at Raytown High versity, Edwardsville, Kittrell has School, presented the program on the been playing and singing jazz for Constitution. the last 20 years. The Society reported that 55 volun­ teers had given time to keep the mu­ Scotland County Historical seum open 205 days in 1986. Society On February 23, Society members St. Francois County Historical assembled for their meeting at the Society Downing House Museum in Memphis. On February 25, members of the Wilma June Kapfer related her re­ Society met in the Ozarks Federal search on the courthouses of Scotland Savings and Loan building in Farm- County. The group participation por­ ington. Jon Cozean discussed the tion of the program featured many Presbyterian Church and Cemetery photographs, a yearbook, perfume at Caledonia. bottles and 1850 baby shoes. Burlyn Boyer presented the program At the March 23 meeting, members at the March 25 meeting. He spoke related information about their fami­ on the City of Desloge and the county. nes' migration to Missouri. Most mem­ For the April 22 meeting, members bers could trace their families from brought historical items for discus- the Revolutionary War period through their movement across the eastern Saint Joseph Historical Society states to Missouri. The Society held an open house on The Society reported several items May 3, at Robidoux Row, 3rd and relating to its Downing House Mu­ Poulin, in St. Joseph. Bob Slater pre­ seum. Many articles have been loaned sented the program on the early his­ and acquired for display in 1987, in­ tory of St. Joseph. Refreshments were cluding artifacts for the Ella Ewing served. Robidoux Row continues to room. The new library in the museum be open for the summer season until has been established in memory of October 4. Hours are 1:00 to 5:00 P.M., Kenneth Bradley, the Society's first Tuesday through Sunday. president. The museum is open each 488 Missouri Historical Review

Thursday for visitors. Members also of Europe and a copy of a 1940s film gather to cut and sew rag rugs which on Missouri Pacific property. are sold to assist with museum ex­ The April 10 meeting at the Capitol penses. Historical and genealogical Federal building in Prairie Village, researchers with questions about Scot­ Kansas, featured two films. The Nor­ land County families may write to folk Southern Corporation provided the Downing House, 311 S. Main, Rolling South and Southern Gives a Memphis, MO 63555. Green Light to Safe Transportation. Scott County Historical Society Sons and Daughters of the Blue At the February 2 meeting in the and Gray Civil War Round Table courthouse, Benton, members dis­ The Round Table held the February cussed Society projects. The group 15 meeting in the American Bank, plans to publish a book entitled, Early Maryville, with 17 members in atten­ Pioneer Families of Scott County. So­ dance. Morris Walton presented the ciety officers will receive submissions program, "Burnside's Folly—The Bat­ of information on families living in tle of Fredericksburg." Scott County before 1870. Restoration Over 25 members and guests at­ of the Giboney Cemetery, near Scott tended the March 15 meeting. Bill City, is another project of the Society. Mauzey and Harley Kissinger shared The cemetery is thought to be the facts on George Armstrong Custer oldest in the county dating to 1815. from boyhood through the Battle of A display of documents, including the Little Big Horn. The program letters and pictures relating to Harris also included a video presentation, D. Rodgers, highlighted the April 6 "Red Sunday" about the battle. meeting. George Hinshaw gave the program at the April 19 meeting. He told about Shelby County Historical Society the Battle of Boonville. The Society met, April 7, in the Mercantile Bank Building, Shelbina. South East Missouri Civil War During the business session, the sec­ Round Table retary and treasurer presented reports The Round Table held its February and the president told about the pur­ 5 meeting, at the Ozark Regional Li­ chase of some ceiling tin for the mu­ brary in Ironton. M.E. Chiles pre­ seum. Gayla Totten showed her slides sented the program on the Battle of of the Orient and compared farming Vicksburg. A film concerning the and life in China and Japan with battlefield supplemented the presen­ that in the United States. tation. Jessica Kunkel, a high school ju­ Smoky Hill Railway and nior at South Iron High School, An­ Historical Society napolis, gave the program at the The Society held its Feburary 13 April 2 meeting. She spoke on the meeting at Farmland Industries, Kan­ topic, "Causes of the Civil War," and sas City North. Members heard re­ showed slides of people and places ports on the Society's various museum mentioned. projects and discussion, questions and answers followed. Sullivan County Historical Members met for the March 13 Society meeting, at Kernodle Park clubhouse The Society met at the Presbyterian in Kansas City. The program featured Church in Milan on April 6. The pro­ two videotapes on train enthusiasts gram featured a film on the drafting Historical Notes and Comments 489 of the U.S. Constitution at the na­ toured the museum's new exhibits tional convention in Philadelphia 200 and archives and became acquainted years ago. with available research services. Union Cemetery Historical Wayne County Historical Society Society Officers for 1987 are Roy C. Pay- Sonny Wells presented the program ton, president; Mary Glenn, vice presi­ at the February 28 meeting at Loose dent; Kim Graham, secretary; Opal Park Garden Center, Kansas City. Lee Payton, treasurer; John Dunlap, He showed slides of local Civil War reporter; and Virgil Clubb, historian. sites and monuments. Members met for the April 23 meet­ The program at the March 28 meet­ ing at the courthouse in Greenville. ing featured the new slides of Union Bob Manns, past president of the Cemetery. Butler County Historical Society, gave the program. He presented in­ Vernon County Historical Society formation on the location, dates and Members viewed a slide show about history of railroads in Wayne Coun­ the State Historical Society of Mis­ ty. Larry Boyles and A.J. White dis­ souri at the April 26 special meeting, played and discussed some artifacts and discussed various historical arti­ they have collected as railroad buffs. facts. Refreshments followed the pro­ gram. Webster Groves Historical The Society's Bushwhacker Museum Society in Nevada opened for the season on In conjunction with Women's His­ May 3. tory Month, the Society met on March 29, at the Monday Club in Webster Warren County Historical Society Groves. The club received a citation On April 25, the Museum and His­ from the Society on the occasion of torical Library, located in Warrenton, its 100 years of history. George Good- opened with a number of new exhibits. en discussed and identified antiques Hours are 10:00 A.M.-4:00 P.M., Satur­ brought by members of the two or­ days, and 1:00-4:00 P.M. on Sundays. ganizations. Refreshments followed Admission is free. The Society plans the program. to participate in the county's sesqui- centennial celebration in September. Wentzville Community Historical Society Washington Historical Society On March 16, the Society held its On March 7, the Society's museum regular dinner meeting at the Cross­ reopened for the 1987 season and re­ roads Cafe. Professor Jean Fields of sumed its regular schedule, 1:00 to Lindenwood College in St. Charles 4:00 P.M., Saturdays and Sundays. Spe­ served as the featured speaker. Her cial tours or research appointments presentation was entitled "Rebecca may be arranged by contacting a Boone, the Woman Who Was Dropped member of the Society's board or by from History." She stressed Rebecca calling the Washington Area Cham­ Boone's toughness and independent ber of Commerce at (314) 239-2715. spirit. The Society held its March 10 gen­ eral membership meeting at the muse­ Weston Historical Museum um. Members discussed Society activi­ During 1987, an official 1837 Ameri­ ties, and board members answered can flag will fly over the Weston questions about the Society and mu­ Museum, 601 Main Street. It honors seum operations. The group then the sesquicentennial celebration of 490 Missouri Historical Review the founding of the community. The noon schedule included tours of the group welcomes visitors to the town Glasgow Community Museum, his­ and the free museum. toric Lewis Library and pre-Civil War buildings. Westport Historical Society Society officers for 1987 are Flossie The February 20 dinner meeting at R. Parsons, president; Dale R. Fowler, St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Kansas John E. Perucca and Lydia Davin, City, featured a program on the Harry vice presidents; M. Joan Huse, corre­ S. Truman Library, Independence. sponding secretary; Gloria G. Free­ Benedict Zobrist, director of the li­ man, recording secretary; Beverly brary, served as guest speaker. Shaw, treasurer; and Peggy J. Smith, Connie Soper presented the program historian. at the March 20 dinner meeting. She spoke about early days in Westport. White River Valley Historical The Society and the Monnett Fund Society of the Civil War Round Table of Kan­ The Society held its regular quar­ sas City sponsored a tour to Glasgow terly meeting, March 8, at the Friend­ on April 26. Buses departed from the ship House, The School of the Ozarks, Harris-Kearney House, followed a his­ Point Lookout. Emory Melton, state toric route and crossed the Missouri senator from the 29th District and River on a ferry before entering the past president of the Society, present­ rivertown of Glasgow. After a tour of ed the program. He spoke on "His­ antebellum homes of the town's foun­ torical Events of the Ozarks Region." ders and sites where the 1864 Civil The Society loaned artifacts for a War battle occurred, participants en­ display depicting the seasonal life­ joyed a buffet dinner at the Methodist style of the early settlers of the Church. During the Battle of Glas­ Ozarks. The display may be seen at gow on October 15, 1864, the church the Dewey Short Visitor Center, south served as a field hospital. The after­ of Table Rock Dam.

Where Care Is Necessary

Columbia Missouri Herald, February 2, 1900. An ex-judge, who is a cashier of a bank, refused one day recently to cash a check offered by a stranger. "The check is all right," he said, "but the evidence you offer in identify­ ing yourself as the person to whose order it is drawn is scarcely sufficient." "I've known you to hang a man on less evidence, judge," was the stranger's response. "Quite likely," replied the ex-judge; "but when it comes to letting go of cold cash we have to be careful." Historical Notes and Comments 491

GIFTS American Family Records Association/Mid-Continent Public Library, donor, through Martha L. Meyers, Kansas City: Catalog of Books: AFRA Genealogy Circulating Collection. R* Beta Theta Pi, Zeta Phi Chapter, Columbia, donor, through Robert Selsor: " 'A New Vision of Excellence,' Beta Theta Pi, Zeta Phi Chapter, the University of Missouri." R Robert C. Bingenheimer, Louisiana, donor: St. Louis German Conference, Methodist Episcopal Church, Minutes and Historical Review, 1925. R Catherine Cargill Blake, O'Fallon, donor: 150 original editorial cartoons, by Jesse Taylor Cargill and related items. A Evelyn W. Boeckman, Columbia, donor: "History of Whitewater Presbyterian Church, 1832-1932," by Emma G. Conrad, loaned for copying. R Laurel Boeckman, Columbia, donor: Swamp Angel, by Dorothy Langley. R Virginia Botts, Columbia, donor: Numerous programs, reports and publications relating to Columbia, Boone County and University of Missouri organizations and Missouri businesses, agencies and associations. R Lucille Bower, Bethel, donor, through Carol Heming, Boonville: Lebenserfahrungen, by Carl G. Koch and photograph of Koch, both loaned for copying. R & E Cape Girardeau Genealogical Society, donor, through Ken Schlimme, Cape Girardeau: Cape Girardeau Genealogical Society, Surname List, 1984. R Wanda L. Clark, McAlester, Oklahoma, donor: The Trosper Tree, Descendants of Nicholas Trosper, Soldier in Revolu­ tion. .., compiled by donor. R Mary K. Collett, Kirksville, donor: Directory of Paris Presbyterian Church, Paris, Mo./South Fork Presby­ terian Church. R George R. Cook, Palo Alto, California, donor: Information about Olive Rambo Cook and her books. R

These letters indicate the location of the materials at the Society. R refers to Reference library; E, Editorial Office; M, Manuscripts; RFC, Refer­ ence Fitzgerald Collection; N, Newspaper Library; B, Bay Room; and A, Art Room. 492 Missouri Historical Review

Robert S. Dale, Carthage, donor: Calendar issued by H.E. Williams, Inc., featuring lithographs of Carth­ age homes by Jim Lish. R Daughters of the American Colonists, John Forster Chapter, donor, through Mrs. William G. Murdick, Farmington: "Descendants of Benjamin Landreth and Elizabeth Frost Farmer," copied by Mrs. Murdick. R Allene Davidson, Columbia, donor: The Cat Who Walks Through Walls: A Comedy of Manners, by Robert A. Heinlein. R B. Kathleen Fannin, Jefferson City, donor: "Thongs of Love: Life on the Home Front During the Civil War," by donor and Loyal Ladies' Annunciator, 1982 to present and index, 1982- 1986. R Cecille O. Foster, Albuquerque, New Mexico, donor: The Mason-Brads haw Family History, by Irma Ruth M. Anderson, material on the Kenton family and other genealogical items. R Gerri Cagle George, Houston, Texas, donor: "Samuel Dent (Circa 1755-1834) and Some of his Descendants" and "James Maxwell and His Wife, Sarah Moore, from Tennessee to . . . Missouri, Circa 1835," both compiled by donor. R Raymond B. George, Jr., St Charles, donor: Publications of Katy Railroad Historical Society. R Vernon M. Gibbs, Fort Worth, Texas, donor: Material on the Gibbs family. R Grand Lodge of Missouri, Ancient, Free and Accepted Masons, donor, through Terry C. Alexander, Columbia: Official Proceedings, 1986. R Gerald Haddock, Wheaton, Illinois, donor: Legends of the Haddock Family, compiled by Hugh Ransom Haddock and Orpha Vaughan Haddock. R John W. Hamblen, Rolla, donor: The Hamblen and Allied Families, by Armeanous Porter Hamblen, revised and reissued by donor. R Eugene Harryman, Weaubleau, donor: Information on the town of Weaubleau, compiled by donor. R Beverly Hillebrand, Columbia, donor, through Walter L. Pfeffer II: Program, Hot L Baltimore, by Columbia Entertainment Company. R Kansas City Museum, Kansas City, donor: Publications from cultural resource investigations at Third Fork, Platte River, Buchanan County and River Forest Park in Clay County. R Historical Notes and Comments 493

KATY Missouri River Trail Coalition, Columbia, donor: Material on the proposed KATY Missouri River Trail. R Mark H. Laughlin, Kirksville, donor: Maps and directories for Northeast Missouri towns and counties, publi­ cations of Kirksville High School, State Teachers College and Kirksville College of Osteopathy and Surgery. R Mike McClurg, Paola, Kansas, donor, through Doran L. Cart, Kansas City: Some 140 negatives of historic scenes, 1895-1915, in Rockville, Mo. area. E Charles J. Moore, Middletown, donor: Material on the Beshears family. R Virginia B. Nichols for Missouri State Council, National Society United States Daughters of 1812, Columbia, donor: Program and minutes, 1985, of Missouri State Council, Daughters of 1812. R Charles O'Dell, Columbia, donor: Telephone directories for Hermann, R; photographs of and taken by Charles A. Morgenthaler and his wife. E Marian Ohman, Columbia, donor: Four photographs of Dr. Frank Nifong, Boone County Hospital and hospital staff, 1938, and interior photograph of Booches Billiard Parlor, Columbia. E Delia C. Olson, Bentonville, Arkansas, donor: Some Descendants of Captain Thomas Graves and Allied Lines, com­ piled by donor. R Walter L. Pfeffer II, Columbia, donor: Items relating to education, entertainment, politics and businesses in Missouri, R; 24 color photographs of visit by President Ronald Reagan to Columbia, March 26,1987. E Venita Phillips, New Madrid, donor: Photocopy of Shapley R. Phillips ledger. M R.L. Polk & Co., Kansas City, donor: City directories for Liberty, 1984, Poplar Bluff and Raytown, 1985, and Springfield, 1986. R Mollie Price, Middletown, donor: Louisville Christian Church, 1847-1985, compiled by donor. R Betty M. Pritchett, Waynesville, donor: Telephone directories for Lebanon, Rolla, St. Louis and Springfield. R Mary E. Pypes, Kansas City, donor: Diaries of James Henry Wheeler and Roxana H. (Annie) Delany Wheel­ er. M 494 Missouri Historical Review

Alice L. Ream, Clinton, donor: "Green Ridge: As I Remember It," by Floyd M. Ream. R Mrs. Mark T. Riedel, LaGrange, Illinois, donor: New Overland School, St. Louis, photographs. E Virginia H. Robertson, Columbia, donor: Material on the Connelly family. R Mary Ann Rohde, Rialto, California, donor: Creason family information. R Martha C. Russell, Grand Prairie, Texas, donor: Mary E. Akin friendship book, 1857-1864. M Robert G. Schultz, St Louis, donor: Copy of George Lyon, Jr., letter, 1884, describing train wreck near St. Joseph. R Shelby County Historical Society, donor, through Gladys G. Powers, Shelbina: Several Shelbina telephone directories. R Rosalie Coudray Smith, Fresno, California, donor: The Smith Gentes, Colonials, Continentals, Americans, compiled by donor. R Stephens College, Columbia, donor, through Loup Langton and Kristie Northington: Stephens Life, 1985-86. R Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth S. Tisdel, Columbia, donors: Material relating to Columbia and St. Louis area organizations. R Thomas M. Todd, Junction City, Kansas, donor: Thomas M. Todd World War II letters and Welton McCutcheon World War I letters. M U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Denver, Colorado, donor: Draft Eligibility/Feasibility Study and Environmental Assessment for National Historic Trail Authorization—California and Pony Express Trails. R Charles van Ravenswaay, Wilmington, Delaware, donor: Pencil sketch, L. Eversmann, 1814; hand-colored lithographs of Battle of Carthage, 1861 and General Nathaniel Lyon. A Vernon County Historical Society, donor, through Patrick Brophy, Nevada: Oversize photographs of American Legion parade and dedication of Liberty Memorial, Kansas City, 1921, and Missouri Federation of Labor Convention, Jefferson City, 1917. E Virginia Wekenborg, New Bloomfield, donor: Genealogy of the Musick Family and Some Kindred Lines, by Egbert S. Musick. R William Williams, Memphis, Tennessee, donor: Bust of Thomas Hart Benton, the artist. A Historical Notes and Comments 495

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS Ashland Boone County Journal April 23,1987—"Progress takes landmark home" of Jim Wilcox, editor of Ashland Bugle. Ava Douglas County Herald March 19,1987—An old photograph of Caney Store near Brixey. Bloomfield Vindicator March 11,1987—"Callie Underhill Remembers ..." life in 1890s. Boonville Daily News January 28, February 11, 25, March 11, 18, 25, April 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 1987—"Remembrances From the Friends of Historic Boonville," a series, featured old photographs and personalities of the area. February 25—"First class" in 1922 to graduate from old Pilot Grove School. Bowling Green Times February 4, 11, March 4, 25, 1987—"Pike County Memories," a series, featured old area photographs. Cabool Enterprise April 16, 1987—"Cabool's First Public School House," by Jack E. John­ son. California Democrat March 18, 1987—Henry C. and William C. "Finke influence was felt throughout California," by Grant Chapman. Canton Press-News Journal January 29, February 5,12,19, 26, March 5, April 9,1987—"Yesteryear's Pictures," a series. Cape Girardeau Southeast Missourian February 6, 1987—"Post office ledgers of yesteryear donated" to River Heritage Museum, Cape Girardeau. Carrollton Daily Democrat January 30, February 20, 27, March 6, 13, 20, 27, April 3, 17, 24, 1987— Old area photographs. Carthage Press February 4, 1987—Civil War "Carthage battle featured," by Marvin L. VanGilder. February 10—"At County Courthouse . . . Vintage bell speaks" formerly at Carthage Congregational Church. February 11—"Ragtime, James Scott are subjects of a Black History Month program." March 12,13,17, 23, 24, 31, April 2, 9,15, 23, 27, 29—"Brief For History," a series, by Marvin L. VanGilder, featured histories of Carthage, Jasper County and area settlers. 496 Missouri Historical Review

Charleston Enterprise-Courier February 26,1987—"Civil War Occupation of Bird's Point." March 19—"The Battle of Belmont, November 7, 1861 and the Hunter family cemetery" in Mississippi County, by Liz Anderson. Clayton Watchman-Advocate April 27, 1987—"Tales of History," by Tom Ladwig, featured early debating societies at the University of Missouri. Clinton Daily Democrat January 28, February 11,12,16,17, 20, 23, March 2, 5,12,16, 23, 26, April 7, 14, 15, 20, 23, 28, 1987—"Remember When," a series, featured old area photographs. March 25—Louis Freund, "Well known artist will be at Museum." April 15—Erma Argabright Varner "Recalls days at Old Shiloh School in the 1930's" near Deep water. Columbia Daily Tribune February 1, 8, 15, 22, March 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, April 12, 1987—"Whatever Happened To . . . ," a series by Francis Pike, featured respectively: Blind Boone Home; Hamilton-Brown Shoe Factory; Old Plank Road and Provi­ dence; J.L. Stephens Home; Willis Mansion; Swallow Monument; William Jewell House; Hunt-Ward Home, Callaway County; Powers House Hotel; and Columbia College of 1833. February 12—"Our town, Sidney Larson," by Jim Noelker. March 8—"Freedom's Homestead" black settlers in Three Creeks area of Boone County, by Jeff Truesdell. Columbia Missourian March 4, 22,1987—"Tales of History," a series by Tom Ladwig, featured respectively: furs and tobacco as medium of exchange and pioneer taverns. April 9—"An Artful life, Hazel Kanatzer creates a world through writing and painting," by Kris Ringuest. Concordia Concordian March 18, 1987—"Beginning a visit along Main Street in early Con­ cordia," by Nora Hartwig. Crane Chronicle/Stone County Republican January 22, 1987—"Missouri Schools . . . their roots," by Maxine Arm­ strong. Dexter Daily Statesman February 11, 1987—Early 1930s photograph of hamburger stand op­ erated by E.C. and Ruby Williams in downtown Dexter. East Prairie Eagle March 5,1987—"The Battle of Belmont" on November 7,1861. El don Advertiser February 19, 1987—"Miller County was founded 150 years ago this month," by Peggy Smith Hake. Faucett Buchanan County Farmer January 29, 1987—"More Faucett History," philanthropy and the public high school. February 5—"Remembering The Past With 1916 Students at Faucett." Historical Notes and Comments 497

Fayette Advertiser February 18, 1987—Vaughn "Home to Be Tourism Centerpiece" in Glasgow. Fayette Democrat-Leader February 14, 1987—"Secret Room Suggests Log Cabin Has Picturesque Past" in southeast Howard County. March 14—First Baptist Church, New Franklin, "Oldest Church To Observe 175th Anniversary." April 18—"Recalls Moguls Strove to Curb Rail line Through Here," the Hannibal to Sedalia division of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railway, by Ray George, reprinted. Festus News-Democrat February 6, 1987—"Happy 100th, Festus, Elizabeth Posch: played part in picking city unusual name," by Peggy Bess. March 13—"Twin Citians caught the movie scene at local air domes" in Festus and Crystal City. Flat River Daily Journal March 23, 1987—"Local man finds Civil War treasure" Union belt buckle, by Joe Layden. April 24—A supplement "View of the past Reflections a look to the future" featured numerous historical articles. Fredericktown Democrat-News February 19, 1987—"More photos submitted on Schulte's Shop," by John Paul Skaggs. Gallatin North Missourian April 22,1987—"Winston train depot offers history worth remembering." Glasgow Missourian February 19, 1987—Built by Dr. Isaac P. Vaughn "Historic House Do­ nated to Glasgow Historical Society." March 5—"Yesteryear Revisited," an article on Glasgow's historic bronze cannon, reprinted. Hamilton Advocate-Hamiltonian January 28,1987—A Senior Citizens Supplement featured "Memories" of events and life in yesteryears. Hannibal Courier-Post January 24, 31, February 7, 21, 28, March 7, 21, 25, 28, April 4, 18, 29, 1987—Old area photographs. January 31—"Looking back, Hannibal was a booming town 100 years ago," by Gene Hoenes. Hayti Missouri Herald April 9,23,1987—Old photographs of Hayti. Higginsville Advance February 13, 1987—War of 1812 "Muster roll names may link national, county history," by Mark Cheffey. 498 Missouri Historical Review

Houston Herald & Republican March 12, 1987—"Railroad Fever Brings Depot, No Freight Cars" to Houston, by Brad Gentry. March 12—A special section, "Remember When" a look at Houston's past through the camera lens. Humansville Star-Leader February 19, 1987—"A little Bit of History," men from Humansville established chain of Golden Rule Stores. Independence Examiner January 29, 1987—"Remodeling let courthouse grow to fit county" of Jackson, by Sue Gentry. February 2—"In 1850 Sterling Avenue RLDS Church was a home," by Charles Burke. February 9—"Brady Cabin, Dwelling built near spring on Independence townsite," by Charles Burke. February 9—"City may raze historic house" built by Martin L. Kritser, written by Charles Burke. March 16—Harry S. "Truman played cards at Hutchison home with his war buddies," by Charles Burke. Ironton Mountain Echo April 22, 1987—"Focus on Iron County ..." a 1926 photograph of the first laundry and cleaners in Ironton. Jefferson City Daily Capital News March 26, April 2, 23, 1987—"Our Heritage," featured parts of the Thomas Hart Benton capitol mural. Joplin Globe February 13, 20, March 13,1987—Old area photographs. April 3—Thomas Connor, "King of zinc land owners died in 1907." April 3—Douthitt Grocery "Landmark to close doors," by Marti Attoun. Kansas City Star February 4, 1987—Sarah Lucille Turner "KC woman was one of first female state legislators," by Mary K. Dains. February 27—"A Switzer History, Kansas City's oldest school is younger than some think," by Donald Hoffmann. April 26—"Designers' Showhouse, Historic farm opens for Symphony benefit," Longview Farm, Lee's Summit, by Marjean Busby. Kansas City Times February 13, 27, March 13, April 24, 1987—"Postcard from old Kansas City," a series by Mrs. Sam Ray, featured respectively: Charles K. Hamilton biplane in 1909; New Central High School, 1909; Main Street, 1887; and Mainstreet Theater, all in Kansas City. Lamar Democrat February 5,1987—"Lamar's Opera House and Opera Block recalled," by Reba M. Young. Historical Notes and Comments 499

Lee's Summit Journal January 28,1987—"Pioneer log house history preserved," Webb house, of Jackson County to be reconstructed at Missouri Town-1855, by Elizabeth Rogers Jones. Lexington News February 27,1987—"Scenes from Lexington of yesteryear." March 6—"Coal mining fueled Lexington's history." Linn Unterrified Democrat March 4, 1987—St. Louis Review, "Catholic paper observes 30th anni­ versary." April 29—History of the "Bank of Freeburg," by Joe Welschmeyer. Marble Hill Banner-Press April 9,1987—"Old footbridge joined cities," Marble Hill and Lutesville. Marshall Democrat-News January 26, 29, February 2, 3, 5, 6,12,13,16,17,18,19, 20, 23, 24, 26, 27, March 2, 5, 6,12,16,17,18, 24, 31, April 1, 3, 7, 8, 9,10,13,15, 20, 21, 23, 24, 28,29, 30,1987—Old area photographs. Maryville Daily Forum February 13, March 13, April 21,1987—Old area photographs. March 21—Dr. Charles Dean Humberd "Memories of Barnard doctor still live today," by Opal Eckert. Moberly Monitor-Index March 8,1987—"Darksville, thriving village in early 1900's," by Mildred Terrill. Monroe City News March 5,1987—"Civil War history lies buried in Cemetery," St. Jude's in Monroe City, by Juanita Yates. Nevada Daily Mail March 13, 1987—In 1919, Mrs. Fronia Dawes was sheriff, by Patrick Brophy. New Madrid Weekly Record February 20,1987—"Harriett LaForge Succumbs" in 1881, reprinted. Oak Grove Banner February 19, March 5,19, April 2,1987—Old area photographs. Ozark Headliner March 12, 1987—"Ozark Building Once Hub of Community," former Baptist Church and Masonic lodge, later known as Opera House. March 12—"Showcase For Christian County," a 1908 photograph of Ozark Water Mills and covered bridge on the Finley River. Perry ville Monitor February 5, March 12, April 9, 1987—"Perry County Album" featured respectively photographs of an early Longtown car, Immaculate Conception Church at St. Marys and a home in Crosstown. 500 Missouri Historical Review

Perry ville Perry County Republic April 7, 1987—"Perry County Album" featured a photograph of Killian School students, 1914. Piedmont Wayne County Journal-Banner January 29, February 12,19, 26, March 5,12,19, 26, April 2, 9,16,23, 30, 1987—"Historical Wayne County," a series, featured old area photographs.

Puxico Weekly Press March 11, 1987—CN. Orr, "Dudley Historian Says Town's Employment Good But Recalls Boom Days During 1900-15 Period," by Karen Sue King. Richmond Daily News January 23, February 12,1987—Old area photographs. January 30—"1867 Bank Robbery 'Richmond Heroes' Put Up Fight against James Gang," by Tom Bogdon and John Crouch. February 2—"Most of 1867 Bank Robbers Meet Violent Deaths Later," by John Crouch and Tom Bogdon. February 20—Built by George W. Schweich " 'Old House' Hoards a Century of Secrets," by Tom Bogdon. March 16—Robert Woodson "Hite Murder Case linked to James Death," by John Crouch. March 17—"Jesse James' Death Brings Hoopla Here," by John Crouch. March 19—"History Reads Like Good Novel, Says 92-Year-Old Ray Countian," Vic Jacobs, by Tom Bogdon. March 20—"Old County Poor Farm Home to History" as Ray County Museum, by Equella Whitfield. Ste. Genevieve Herald February 26, 1987—"The Hanging Of Hurt Hardy Jr.: 50th Anniversary Of Local Event," by Romaine Holman. April 2—Roscoe "Misselhorn Retrospective On View" features scenes from Ste. Genevieve. April 16—Old Mill "Local Landmark Has Long History." St. James Leader-Journal March 11, 1987—"Oldest brick building in St. James was first home of Masonic lodge," by Earl Strebeck. St. Joseph Gazette February 6, 1987—A section, "Young at Heart," featured accounts by area senior citizens relating to "Orphan Trains." March 10—Winston, Mo. "Depot linked to James gang deteriorating," by Gary Chilcote. April 9—George Wilhoit "Outdoor artwork looks at animal life," by Betty Demas. April 9—Virginia Hillix, artist "Rural scenes spring from farm roots," by Lynn Cassity. St. Joseph News-Press March 18, 1987—St. Joseph Police Department in 1920s, "When motor­ cycles were speeders' downfall," by Frederick W. Slater. Historical Notes and Comments 501

St. Louis Business Journal February 9, 23, 1987—"looking back" featured photographs of an excur­ sion bus in Forest Park and a 1916 Packard taken by Walter C. Persons. St Louis Post-Dispatch February 8, 1987—"Focusing On Missouri's Past, Reissued after 46 years, the 'WPA Guide'," by Florence Shinkle. March 22—"Webster Groves In Black and White, Photographs recall North Webster and other black settlements of the past," by Patricia Rice. San Antonio [Texas] Express/News September 27,1986—Hermann, "German settlement thrives along mighty Missouri River," by Claude Stanush. Senath Dunklin County Press February 26,1987—William H. "Major Willie" Ray and Jennie Meadows Ray "... Were World's Smallest Couple," by Laura Allen. Sikeston Daily Standard April 13,1987—A 1913 photograph of Blodgett with wagons loaded with watermelons. Smithville Lake Democrat-Herald February 18, 1987—"Edgerton's lively past recalled in 1902 newspaper," by Becky Sellars. March 4—"life in early Edgerton described," by Becky Sellars. March 22—"Log building leaves area after 150 years." April 8—Photo of Paradise School students 78 years ago. April 8—"What's new about the old," gave a history of the Kum Join Us class at Smithville Christian Church, by Marge Harris. Springfield Daily News January 13,1987—"Crane residents proud of active, prosperous city," by Peggy Soric. January 27—Peace Valley, Mo., "There is peace in this valley," by Steve Cusick. February 12—"Branson honors retiring city clerk with gifts, naming of road," Pat Nash Drive, by Mike Penprase. February 27—"Rolla-area wineries hope to win viticultural designation from agency," Ozark Highland area, by Keith White. March 13—"Park Central booster buys historic site," in downtown Spring­ field, by Kathleen O'Dell. March 17—"Old Indian settlement underlies highway's path," U.S. Highway 160 near Tecumseh, by Jane Fullerton. Springfield News-Leader February 15, 1987—"Turn-of-century photographs provide memorable glimpses of black Springfield culture prior to sad departure of the Many Thousand Gone," by Patricia Fennewald. March 15—"Ordinary water, autos contributed to towns' disappear­ ances" in Christian County, by Bill Maurer. 502 Missouri Historical Review

Stockton Cedar County Republican February 18, 25, March 11, 25, April 1,1987—"Cedar County Yesterday," a series, featured old area photographs. Sweet Springs Herald April 23, 1987—"History of the Sweet Springs Resort," compiled by the State Historical Society of Missouri, reprinted. Troy Free Press April 1, 1987—"Depot Of Troy, Mo. 1908, St. Louis and Hannibal Train #1," by Charles R. Williams. Tuscumbia Autogram-Sentinel February 19, 1987—"Miller County was founded 150 years ago this month," by Peggy Smith Hake. Vienna Gazette-Adviser February 11,1987—"A Good Home Is Found For Maries County's Oldest Surviving Records." March 22—"More of Old Jail Museum Tour," from a talk by Madolyn Baldwin. Washington Missourian February 11, 1987—"Post Office at New Melle Dates Back to 1856; 15 Postmasters," by Alberta Toedebusch. March 25—"Flour Mills in Washington Date Back to 1850; Old Concrete Storage Tanks Were Built in 1909," by Ralph Gregory.

A Backwoodsman's Recommendation

Jefferson City Inquirer, March 9, 1843. I can't bear egotism. I never like to praise myself; but, humanly speak­ ing, I can double any two men in these diggins, take the bark off a tree by looking at it, and bore a hole through a board fence with my eyes. But I don't praise myself. I have others to give my character; and if they give it true, they will say that I am seven horses to ride, well edicated [sic] for the forest, as strong as a horse, and as swift as a wild cat—always ready for a knock down, and a match for seven buffaloes. But I don't want to brag of myself, only if all I've said is not true, there's not a sober man this side of Salt river does tell me so.

More Lively Persons Needed

Pipeline, Campbell Area Genealogical & Historical Society, April 1986. Re­ printed from Campbell Dunklin County Citizen, October 26,1900. Some of the men who were selected for election judges in Stoddard county have been dead for more than a year. Historical Notes and Comments 503

MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES American History Illustrated, March, 1987: "Steamboats on the Mississippi" River, by Joan W. Gandy and Thomas H. Gandy. , April, 1987: "Charles Deas," by Carol Clark. Badenfest News, February, 1987: An article on Sebastian J. Genova, a lamplighter in the Baden area of St. Louis. , March, 1987: "Remember When?" former businesses in the Baden area. , April, 1987: An article on Bob Watts Pharmacy, St. Louis. Bentley House Beacon, Spring, 1987: "Reflections on History—Aaron Beck- ner, Forgotten Frontiersman," by Wayne Bartee. Blue & Gray Magazine, April-May, 1987: "I Am A Rip-Squealer And My Name Is FIGHT ... M. Jeff Thompson of Missouri," by Steve Davis. Bulletin, Johnson County Historical Society, Inc., April, 1987: "A Voice From the Past," Charles F. Martin recorded memories of campus life at Normal No. 2, now Central Missouri State University, Warrensburg; "Johnson County's Century Farms." Chariton County Historical Society Newsletter, April, 1987: "Writings of the Late Aubrey Fellows"; "Recollections of Jake Schlichter." Cherry Diamond, February, 1987: Jim Sheehan, "Engineering Club's Suc­ cess"; "Looking Back" at the Missouri Athletic Club in 1937. , March, 1987: Jack Hermen, "A Tendency To Persevere"; "Honoring St. Louis' Citizen #1," August A. Busch, Jr. April, 1987: Bill Holtgrieve "Let's Be the Best"; "Looking Back" at the Missouri Athletic Club in 1941; Vince "Forst Helped Shape Soccer Then, Now." Civil War Times Illustrated, February, 1987: "The Carthaginian Wars," Governor Claiborne Fox Jackson and Union commander Franz Sigel clash in 1861 Battle of Carthage, by Phillip Rutherford. Clayton Magazine, Spring/Summer, 1987: Better known as Polo Drive, "Country Club Place: The Other End of the Forest' "; "Charter Anni­ versary, 1957-1987, Clayton Charter: A Deed Well Done"; "City Manager: A Charter Member of the Community," Clifford W. O'Key, Clifford R. James, Lee R. Evett; "Clayton: Cruise Ship's First Port-of-Call" ships designed by The Christner Partnership. Collage of Cape County, March, 1987: "Wreck of the 'Stonewall'," by M.E. Nussbaum Hildebrandt; "Revolutionary Soldiers who came to the Cape Girardeau District Upper Louisiana Territory, Alexander McLane, Ithamar Hubble." Columbia College Friends, March, 1987: "1958 graduate named Distinguished Alumna" Kaye Herman Steinmetz. 504 Missouri Historical Review

Courier, Missouri Conference, United Church of Christ, October, 1986: "Church of the Month: Valley Center UCC, Deepwater," by Kay Moellenhoff. , March, 1987: "Church of the Month: Eden UCC, St. Louis," by Kay Moellenhoff. , April, 1987: "Church of the Month: Friedens UCC, Brazito," by Kay Moellenhoff. Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine, March, 1987: "A Tribute To Allene Wilson Groves President General 1956-1959," by Sarah McKelley King. DeKalb County Heritage, January, 1987: "Timothy Batchelder Titcomb"; "Ruloffson-Roelofson-Roleson-Roloson" family; "McClure" family; "Auto­ biography Of Mrs. Amanda Jeffries Bearss," reprinted; "Century Farm Awards Presented in 1986," commentary on each farm; "Mildred White—More Than Just A Friend," by Cindy Buhman, reprinted. Drury Quarterly, March, 1987: T. Victor Jeffries recalled "You Can't Go Home ... That Dam Water" covered old Linn Creek with construction of Bagnell Dam, by Kathy Matthews. Fence Painter, Winter, 1986/1987: "Norval 'Gull' Brady, Clemens Boyhood Friend"; "Mark Twain's Friends At Special Radio Broadcast" in Hanni­ bal in 1926. Florissant Valley Quarterly, April, 1987: "The Castello Family in Florissant, Missouri and Colorado," by Rosemary Davison; "Memories," by Ed Arkes; "Grand Days of Loretto" Academy. Fort Leonard Wood Guidon, April 9,1987: "Army honors heroes at ceremony today" Don J. Whitaker and John Merseal for actions in World War II. Gateway Heritage, Winter, 1986/1987: John James "Audubon's Quadrepeds and the Natural History of the West," by Peter Michel; "Transacting Science on the Border of Civilization, The Academy of Science of St. Louis, 1856-1881," by John R. Hensley; "Forest Park: More People, More Uses (1885-1901)," by Caroline Loughlin and Catherine Anderson, reprinted; "The Charles A. Lindbergh Photograph Collection," by Jean Douglas Streeter; "Marshall and its East Wood Neighborhood, A County Center of Missouri and the New South," by Lynn Morrow. , Spring, 1987: "A.G. Edwards & Sons Celebrating 100 Years of Brokerage History," by Janice K. Broderick. Gateway Postcard Club News, January/February, 1987: "The 1927 St. Louis Tornado"; "Teddy Visits St. Louis" Theodore Roosevelt in 1907, by Jane R. Pepper; "My Hometown: Cape Girardeau, Missouri," by Randy Huebel. , March/April, 1987: "St. Louis Views 'The Texas Eagle'," of the Missouri Pacific Railroad, by Skip Gatermann. Genealogical Society of Central Missouri, Reporter Quarterly, March, 1987: "The Thomas Copher Book" with information on the Copher and Stidham families, from the file of Rev. Jacob Haller Stidham, edited by Francis Stubbs. Historical Notes and Comments 505

Graceland Gazette, Audrain County Historical Society, March, 1987: "The Brides of Graceland," historic home in Mexico, Mo., by Leta Hodge. Historic Kansas City Foundation Gazette, March/April, 1987: "The Progress Club"; "Brewhouses in Kansas City, 1850s-1919," by Doran L. Cart; "From the Survey" house at 1004 West 52nd Street designed by Mary Rockwell Hook for Captain and Mrs. Bertrand Rockwell, by Linda F. Becker. James Farm Journal, April, 1987: "Jesse James First Photograph," by Milt Perry. Journal, Jackson County Historical Society, Spring, 1987: "Kansas City Jazz: A History," by Michael T. White; "The Kansas City Rockets— Thamon Hayes and Harlan Leonard," by Nathan W. Pearson, Jr.; "18th & Vine: Kansas City's Most Famous Intersection," by Mamie Hughes and Tom Webster; "The Society's One-Room School of the 1870s." Kansas City Magazine, April, 1987: Irving Achtenberg "Rebel With A Cause," by Peter Von Ziegesar; "Splendor Restored" at Longview Farm in Jackson County, by Karen Leabo. Kelso Correspondence, December, 1986: "The History of Kelso, Missouri," contributed by Ramona Glastetter; information on John Russell Kelso, contributed by John David Kelso. Kirksville Magazine, Spring, 1987: "The history of osteopathic psychiatry" and the Still-Hildreth Sanatorium in Macon, Mo., by Patrick Hyde; "Howard E. Gross, D.O., receives KOAA 1987 living Tribute Award" served on faculty of Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine. Kirkwood Historical Review, September and December, 1986: "The Early Days of The Kirkwood Historical Society," by R.T. Bamber; "The Arm­ strong Place," by Mary Chomeau, reprinted; "Missouri-Pacific Station," reprinted; "The Coulter Feed Store," by R.T. Bamber; "Purdy's Meat Market," by R.T. Bamber. Laclede County Historical Society Newsletter, Winter, 1987: "Laclede County Courthouses," reprinted; "Knob School District #43," by Kirk Pearce. Landmarks Letter, January/February, 1987: An article on development of concrete block houses in St. Louis in the early 1900s. Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin, April, 1987: "Marked Out In 1857: The Old Springfield-Carthage Road"; "The Bowers of Bower's Mill"; "Civil War Letter of Iieut. William Heagerty Found"; "The Turnback Story: Turnback Creek"; "Forest Grove Church (Hunt's Chap­ el)." Maries Countian, April, 1987: "Search For Information On Old Log House Brings To Light Fascinating Family Story" of John Felker, by Lucy Terry Henderson, reprinted. Missouri Alumnus, January-February, 1987: "Macon, Mo: An Enduring Town," by Karen Worley; "Mizzou: A Family Affair," the Capshaw, Corwin and Watkins families honored for sending children to the Uni­ versity of Missouri, by Mary Vermillion. 506 Missouri Historical Review

Missouri Archaeological Society Quarterly, October-December, 1986: "Mis­ souri Archaeological Society Field Exercise 1986" at Mendenhall site in Boone County, by Earl H. Lubensky; "Early Woodland Occupation of the Fishing River Drainage," by Terrell L. Martin; "An Extinct St. Charles County Archaic Site," by Alan Banks; "Preliminary Survey: Pitkin Chert Artifacts in Southern Missouri," by Jack H. Ray. Missouri Life, Winter, 1987: "Missouri Homes: Dream House Restored," built in 1886 for Frank Hill in Carthage, by Marti Attoun; "Voices: Visualiz­ ing History," Sidney Larson painted Jefferson City mural, by Mary K. Dains; "Captain Isaiah Sellers, The Master of the Mississippi" River, by Trudy Martin; "The Unsung Hero of Abolition" John Brooks Hen­ derson, by Bob Laloge; "Battle of Wilson's Creek" in 1861, by Monika L. Burkhart; Daniel R. Smith recorded "A Soldier's Life" in Missouri in 1861, by Gordon N. Morgan; "Southland: Missouri's First Industrialist" Moses Austin, by Jo Burford. Missouri Partisan, February, 1987: "The Confederate Home of Missouri," by Mrs. Bernard C. Hunt, reprinted. , April, 1987: Article on Moses D. Bates, Jr., re­ printed; Confederate Army unit, "Woodson's Missourians in the Battle of New Market." Missouri Preservation News, Winter, 1987: "Hermann: Revitalization and Preservation—A Beautiful Partnership," by Patrick H. Steele. , Spring, 1987: "Boonville ... an historic past, a bright future," by Mary Pat Abele; "White Haven: St. Louis' Newest 'Landmark of Democracy'," by Patricia Treacy; estate built for William J. Lemp, Jr., "Alswel: a unique threatened St. Louis County property," by Esley Hamilton; "DeSales Community Housing Corporation." Missouri Press News, March, 1987: "Happy 100th!" for Versailles Leader- Statesman newspaper; "Monroe City News Celebrates 112th." Missouri Record, April, 1987: Pat O. "Adams: The Governor's Best," by Dave Marner. Missouri Resource Review, Spring, 1987: "The Missouri River: A Proud Past and a Promising Future," by Kenny Seeney; "Missouri's Underground Wilderness" caves and springs, by Dwight Weaver; "Underground Space: An Underestimated Resource," by Diane Vasey. Missouri Ruralist, February 14, 1987: "Missouri's Popcorn Kings," by Joe Link; "History is cast in iron" implement seats collected by John Friedly, story by Larry Harper. Missouri State Genealogical Association Journal, Winter, 1987: "Edeenah (Ajeniah/Ejaniah/Edjniah) Virgin of Bollinger County, Missouri," by Edward D. Virgin, reprinted; "The Red School on Marble Creek," in Iron County, by Paul H. Reeves. Missouri Supreme Court Historical Journal, Spring, 1987: "William B. Napton: Committed Jurist and Court Critic," by Kristen Morrow. Historical Notes and Comments 507

Missouri Wildlife, April, 1987: "The KATY-Missouri River Trail"; "linking Missouri History" along the trail, by Jim Denny. Mojuco News, Moberly Area Junior College, January/February, 1987: "Memo­ ries" of Dr. Harold McCormick, by Ralph Gerhard. , February/March, 1987: "60th Anniversary Plans Finalized"; "Memories," of separation of high school and the college, by Ralph Gerhard. Museum Piece, March/April, 1987: "Curators' Corner: Baby June At The Museum," theatrical life of June Gearhart via photographs and costumes at Kansas City Museum, by Barbara Gorman. Nebraska History, Spring, 1987: "A Forgotten Fur Trade Trail," Fort Pierre to Fort Laramie, by James A. Hanson. Nemo Scope, Winter, 1987: George Wilson "Golden Olympian returns to NMSU," Northeast Missouri State University, by Carrie Allen. Newsletter of the Phelps County Historical Society, March, 1987: "Remarks on Historical Areas in Phelps County," by Maude Gaddy; "Frisco Engine 1501: 'A Good Old Horse Put Out To Pasture'," at Schuman Park in Rolla, by John F. Bradbury, Jr. Northwest Missouri Genealogical Society Journal, April, 1987: "Hall Family, Andrew County, Missouri"; Isaac Miller "An Old Pioneer, Gentry County, Missouri," reprinted. Oak Leaf, Affton Historical Society, April, 1987: "Eden United Church of Christ, 1912-1987." Omnibus, February 13, 1987: "Ellen Bell honored for 37 years of dedication to SBU," Southwest Baptist University, Bolivar. Osage County Missouri Historical Society, Newsletter, April, 1987: "Forest Grove School To Be Demolished," from information supplied by Hallie Mantle. Ozark Visitor, January/February, 1987: "Enid Neihardt Fink Remembers Growing Up in the Ozarks," by Enid Volnia Neihardt Fink. Ozarks Mountaineer, January-February, 1987: "little Towns Of the Past," Knorpp and Flucom in Jefferson County, Mo., by Harold Matthes and Rita Farnham; "Baseball Players' School of Dreams," Mickey Owen Baseball School near Miller, by Larry Wood; "Before it was Branson: The Gayler Farm," by Larry J. Gayler; "little Strangers from the East," came on orphan trains to the Ozarks, by Kay Hively; "The Ozarks Then and Now," by Russell Hively; Ruth Freeman, "The Doll Lady," by Mabel Carver Taylor. , March-April, 1987: "A Barn Full of Memories," in Dallas County, by Dale McCurry; "Hearth Tales of the Ozarks, Belle Starr's Daughter," Pearl Starr by Phillip W. Steele; "A Marvel of a Cave," in 1920, by Flo Montgomery Tidgwell; "The store in 1926 at— McClurg," in Taney County, by Emmett Adams; "When the Chautauqua Came To Town," by Kay Hively; "Mountain View, Amazing Town," by Mildred Barnum DeBoard; "The Ozarks Then and Now," by Russell Hively. 508 Missouri Historical Review

Patrol News, February, 1987: Missouri Highway "Patrol History Trivia," 1947 capture of escapees from Missouri State Penitentiary, by E.M. Raub. , March, 1987: "Patrol History Trivia" about 1935 capture of murder suspect, William Brandon, by E.M. Raub. April, 1987: "Trooper R.G. 'Poodle' Breid, His Influence Is Still With Us Today," by E.M. Raub; "Patrol History Trivia" about the radio transmitting towers erected in the 1930s for the patrol, by E.M. Raub. Pemiscot County Missouri Quarterly, January, 1987: "George J. McRey- nolds"; "History of the First Christian Church" in Caruthersville, by Roberta Pollock. Perry County Heritage, Autumn, 1986: "Back To The Birmingham Road!!" by Lou Hudson Pellican; "More of Ralph Killian's Sketches," Crosstown; an article on Circuit Court records, 1820s; "County Court Proceedings, Continued." , Winter, 1987: "A History" of Dickson and Martin families, by James A. Dickson; "Proceedings of the County Court, Perry County, MO"; "Mr. J. Frederick Ferdinand Winter's Account of the Stephanite Emigration," to Perry County, translated by Paul H. Burg- dorf, reprinted; "Perry County's 1860 Census"; "Perry County's Circuit Court, 1829." Phelps County Genealogical Society Quarterly, April, 1987: "McWhorter Family History," submitted by Dennis Peterman. Pioneer Times, January, 1987: "The Family of Franz," submitted by Pati Myer; "The William L. Fenix Papers"; "Missouri Probate Packets," Estate of J.I. Wilson, Dallas County; "Bits and Pieces, Rose" family, submitted by Lois Rose Hileman. Pipeline, Campbell Area Genealogical & Historical Society, January 1987: "Churches of the Early Days of Campbell," reprinted; "Campbell's Newspapers," reprinted; "Hotels." , February, 1987: Article on the history of Campbell, reprinted; "McCutchen Store," as remembered by Joyce Overall Meyer; "The Pol-Mac Hotel," as remembered by Joyce Overall Meyer. Platte County Missouri Historical And Genealogical Society Bulletin, Winter, 1987: "A Tribute To Carrie Frances Murray Wilson," by R.P.C. Wilson, Sr., submitted by Lena Frances Murray; "John D. Murray," reprinted. Prairie Gleaner, March, 1987: An article on the history of Mt. Olivet Baptist Church in Henry County, contributed by Mrs. George Pfeffer; "Johnson County, Oak Hill Church Fading Away After Many Years of Service" as Christian church, compiled by Mrs. Alfred Thompson. Ray County Mirror, A.pril, 1987: "Remembering the Good Old Days at little 'Red' Brick School," near Hardin, by Mary Hogan; "Teacher Training Students Taught In Rural Schools," by Cleora Dear; Bob Ford "He Laid Historical Notes and Comments 509

Poor Jesse in His Grave," by Tom Bogdon; "Men Mastered the River Which Molded Their Character" 1852 explosion of Saluda at Lexington on the Missouri River, by Jacki Gray; Oliver H. Johnson "Blacksmith Shop at Morton Opened in 1917"; "Hogan Family History," researched by Bernita (Newham) Eliott. Record, Park College, March, 1987: "Park's Educational Service in the Military Resident Center"; "The RECORD from the Beginning (Part XIV)." St. Louis, February, 1987: "Family Album: The Protzels," by Steve Friedman; Duncan Bauman, publisher of the Globe-Democrat, by Ken Cook; "Compton Heights—A Present from the Past," by Janet Keller; "Allure of the Old, Visitors to St. Charles become part of the past," by Nancy Solomon. , March, 1987: "Family Album: The Edwards Fam­ ily," by Maggie Ries. , April, 1987: "First Families, Here are the latest in the lines of Lacledes, Chouteaus, Soulards, Clarks and more," by Candace O'Connor; "Barbecue and Jazz, For those and much more, head for Kansas City," by Douglas Hitchcock. St. Louis Commerce, February, 1987: "champion of creativity," W.H. Higgin- botham, by Lois Rea; "these spiritual shepherds share flocks of simi­ larities," religious publishers of Lutheran Witness, St. Louis Review, St. Louis Jewish Light and The Disciple, by Sue Schneider. , April, 1987: "New life for a former excursion steamer . . . flags fly again over floating pleasure palace," Admiral; "breeding ground for baseball players, Area-based athletes under Ameri­ can Legion sponsorship have risen to leadership," by George Walden; St. Louis Regional Commerce and Growth Association, 1986 Annual Report focused on "Working For St. Louis: 150 Years of Progress, 1836- 1986"; "Century of Commerce Club to honor 16 new members," St. Louis Screw & Bolt Co., Manufacturers Railway Co., A.G. Edwards & Sons Inc., National Benevolent Association, St. Louis Labor Council AFL- CIO, American Recreation Products Inc., Waterways Journal Inc., Pevely Dairy Co. and St. Louis Metro Baptist Association. Saints Herald, March, 1987: "An Early Venture in Sharing, Joseph Smith III and the 1893 World's Parliament of Religions," by Roger D. Launius. Scott County Historical Society Newsletter, March, 1987: "Jacob Friend," submitted by Norma Wilfong. Seeking 'N Searching Ancestors, April, 1987: Articles on George R. Smith and the Miller family of Saline Township, Miller County. ShowMe Libraries, January, 1987: "The Special Collections of Washington University libraries," St. Louis, by Timothy D. Murray. Soulard Restorationist, February/March, 1987: "Remember When . . . Janu­ ary 19, 1891 Cable Comes To Soulard" St. Louis Railroad Company trolley system, by John Soderberg. 510 Missouri Historical Review

South Dakota History, Fall, 1986: "General William S. Harney on the Northern Plains," by Richmond L. Clow. Springfield! Magazine, February, 1987: "Portrait of an Artist, Meanings Abound in Works of Peintregraveur Rodney Frew of SMSU," by Edgar A. Albin; "Local Color In the Queen City of the Ozarks, Part X— Memorable 'Welcome Home' for Queen City's Doughboys Sparked Spring 1919," by William J. Moore. , March, 1987: "Farewell Old Friend," Springfield Daily News, by Bob Glazier; "Ozarks Funeral Home Dynasties Merge in New Ragan-Thieme Firm," by Kelly Foster; "Berthe Daniel: Her Amaz­ ing 62-Year Teaching Career Spans the Globe and 3/5 of Century," by Sandra Holmes Tinsley; "(Part I) Eddie Bass, Working Fast in His Fifth Decade As a Communicator in Queen City," by Sherlu Walpole; "(Part I) A Love Story Don & Barbara Burrell," by Reta Spears Stewart; "(Part I) Crystal Cave: Greene County's Best Kept Tourism Secret," by Hayward Barnett; "Your Neighbor's Faith, Ebenezer Church: Cradle of Methodism (Part I)," by Theresa A. Bade; "Local Color In the Queen City of the Ozarks, Part XI—Future Pro Baseball Greats Began to Emerge From Springfield's Improving Semipro Teams," by William J. Moore; "Portrait of an Artist . . . ," Jerry Hatch, by Edgar A. Albin; "When TV Was Young, Weaver School's Operettas Offer Performance Strength in TV Series," on KTTS-TV, Channel 10. _, April, 1987: "Springfield's Church Windows Tell Stories of Faith," by Mabel Carver Taylor, photos by Herbert M. Turner; "Old Branson," by Sandra Holmes Tinsley; "Jolly Mill Park, Historic Site for Jollification," by Otis Hays, Jr.; "The R.T. French Story, Part I," by Judson Howell; "(Part II) Crystal Cave: Greene County's Best Kept Tourism Secret," by Hayward Barnett; "From Golf Course to City in 20 Years, Fremont Hills," in Christian County, by Suzann Ledbetter; "(Part II) Eddie Bass, Working Fast in His Fifth Decade As a Com­ municator in Queen City," by Sherlu Walpole; "Local Color In the Queen City of the Ozarks, Part XII—Wide Variety of Public Enter­ tainment Kept Springfieldians Amused Back in Year 1919," by William J. Moore; "Your Neighbor's Faith, Ebenezer Church: Cradle of Method­ ism (Part II)," by Theresa Bade; "(Part II) A Love Story Don & Barbara Burrell," by Reta Spears-Stewart; Larry Waggoner "Cheese Maker Muralist: Working High Above Ozark," by Sharon Kinney-Hanson; "Portrait of an artist, Sculptor Dudley Murphy Plays Bluegrass, Too," by Edgar A. Albin; "When TV Was Young, Television Classroom Created Springfield's School Open House Heritage." Stephens Life, February 13, 1987: "Alumna continues love of learning, Mother and son share talent for drawing," Norene Booth and George Booth, by Melanie Brubaker. , April 17, 1987: "Ann Casey Johnstone: 'Golf has been my life'," by Nannette Heitzig. Sunflower, Reno County Genealogical Society, February, 1987: "Laura Reed Yaggy," by Betty Morgan. Tennessee Historical Quarterly, Spring, 1987: "The First Missouri Brigade at the Battle of Franklin," by Phillip Thomas Tucker. Historical Notes and Comments 511

Today's Farmer, February, 1987: Auldridge Morris "One farmer's sketch of life," by Allen Tatman. Transport Museum News and Views, Winter, 1987: HT. Pott "Historic Towboat For Transport Museum" in St. Louis. Union Cemetery Historical Society, The Epitaph, February, 1987: "Civil War Veteran" Daniel Eckman Bierley; "Mrs. Elizabeth Millett...," reprinted. United Methodist Reporter, MidMissouri Advocate edition, February 20, 1987: Clarksville Methodist Episcopal Church organized in 1835. , March 20,1987: An article on the history of Bowling Green First Methodist Church. April 17, 1987: An article on the history of St. James United Methodist Church, Fulton. Viking Views, Missouri Valley College, March, 1987: "Valley loses a good friend, Catron Gordon"; "History of MVC tied to Presbyterian Church." Vincentian Heritage, Volume VII, Number 1,1986: "Catholic Motor Missions in Missouri," by Patrick McKenna, CM. , Volume VII, Number 2, 1986: "Saint Vincent's College and Theological Education," in Cape Girardeau, by John E. Rybolt, CM. Waterways Journal, February 23, 1987: "Antlers from Deer Lodge Found in Texas," by James V. Swift. , March 2, 1987: "Keokuk Pilotwheel Ends Up in California, Mv. Alarm, with Blue Wing Alongside," by James V. Swift. _, March 9, 1987: Excursion boat, "Admiral Now Ready for a New Career," by James V. Swift. March 16, 1987: "Old Boat Stories Bring Back Memories, Missouri River Construction Fleet in the 1930s," by James V. Swift. _, April 20,1987: "Two Excursion Boats of an Earlier Era," G.W. Hill and Sidney, by James V. Swift. Webster Groves Historical Society Newsletter, March, 1987: An article in honor of the centennial of the Monday Club of Webster Groves. Westminster College Report, Winter, 1986-87: "Profiles, Alumni Achievement Awards, 1987," to Al Sikes and William Taft; "living legends," Hank Iba and Abe Stuber; "Lee Hunter 1913-1986." Whistle Stop, Volume 14, Number 4, 1986: Harry S. Truman, "A Yank At Oxford" University in 1956, by Lenore Bradley. , Volume 15, Number 1,1987: Harry S. Truman and men of Battery D, 129th Field Artillery Regiment "At The Wrong End of a Trajectory: The Battle of 'Who Run'," in France in 1918, by Alonzo Hamby. White River Valley Historical Quarterly, Winter, 1987: "Not A Whiskey Town: Ash Grove's Campaign For State Normal School Number Four," by Robert K. Gilmore; "Willis 'Old Parson' Keithley," by Teckla Keithley; "Andrew Coggburn 1866-1986," by Janice Looney; "Branson Presby­ terian Church," by Townsend Godsey. 512 Missouri Historical Review

IN MEMORIAM CARL H. CHAPMAN known works include Indians and ELEANOR F. CHAPMAN Archaeology of Missouri and the two- Carl Haley Chapman, noted archae­ volume The Archaeology of Missouri. ologist, and his wife, Eleanor Finley Born Feburary 14, 1917, Eleanor Chapman, illustrator, of Columbia, Finley Chapman was a graduate of died February 18, 1987, as the result Newark State Teachers' College, of an automobile accident in Kissim- Newark, New Jersey. She later stud­ mee, Florida. ied art and archaeology at New York Professor Carl Haley Chapman University and the University of New was born May 15, 1915, in Steel ville Mexico. An artist, she dedicated much to William M. and Estelle H. Chap­ of her life to illustrating and coauthor- man. In 1939 he became the first ing her husband's works. She served archaeology student to graduate from for 16 years as the art editor of The the University of Missouri. He en­ Missouri Archaeologist, the publica­ tered graduate school at the Univer­ tion of the Missouri Archaeological sity of New Mexico in 1941, and the Society. She also was art editor of next year he married Eleanor Finley. the society's Memoir Series and re­ His studies were interrupted by ser­ ceived a special award of appreciation vice in the Army Air Corps and a from the group. Chapman was an year in a German prison camp dur­ active member of the League of Wom­ ing World War II. After the war, en Voters and the Fortnightly Club. Chapman earned a master's degree They are survived by two sons and from the University of New Mexico three grandchildren. in 1946 and a doctoral degree in 1959 from the University of Michigan. He began teaching at the University of MARION OVERTON RIDINGS Missouri in 1946 and founded the Marion Overton Ridings, 75, former American Archaeology Division and publisher of the Hamilton Advocate- the Museum of Anthropology there. Hamiltonian, died January 28, 1987, He also led excavations of archaeo­ at a hospital in Kansas City. A native logical sites earmarked for reservoirs. and life-long resident of Hamilton, Professor Chapman initiated the Na­ he graduated from Kemper Military tional Archaeological and Historic School and College in Boonville. In Preservation Act, which allows fed­ 1931 he joined his father, CF. Rid­ eral agencies to pay for surveys and ings, in the operation of the Hamilton excavations of sites where history Advocate-Hamiltonian. He served as could be lost to construction. For this publisher of the paper until 1985. work, he received the Society of Amer­ Active in the Missouri Press As­ ican Archaeology's Distinguished Ser­ sociation, he became president in vice Award in 1975. Four years later, 1969. He had earlier served as presi­ he became president of the National dent of the Northwest Missouri Press Society of Professional Archaeolo­ Association in 1943. He held the of­ gists. In 1984 he received the Thomas fice of treasurer of that group from Jefferson Award from the University 1949 until 1982. An honorary colonel of Missouri and the next year he on the staff of three Missouri gov­ retired from teaching. The author of ernors, Ridings also was active and many books and articles, both schol­ served in various offices in many arly and popular, Chapman's well- community organizations. He is sur- Historical Notes and Comments 513 vived by his wife, Loraine, a son, LAWRENCE, REX I., Walnut, Illinois: two daughters, and several grandchil­ July 20,1912-October 22,1986. dren and great-grandchildren. LLOYD, JUNIOUS ORME, Tampa, Flor­ ida: July 4,1897-January 19,1987.

ALEXANDER, IONE, Kansas City: May MARTIN, J. ANDREW, Toronto, On­ 7,1892-August 6,1986. tario, Canada: June 12, 1951-Decem- ber 20,1986. BARNES, DR. ASA, Fernandina Beach, Florida: March 20, 1904-Feb- MATHEWSON, JACQUELINE B., San Raf­ ruary 21,1986. ael, California: July 11,1927-Novem- ber 10,1986. BURBANK, DAVID T., St. Louis: May 6,1912-April 6,1987. MCILVAINE, J. EDWARD, St. Louis: DUNAGAN, HORACE, JR., Caruthers­ August 17,1903-March 17,1987. ville: March 20,1924-February 4,1987. MINTON, JAY E., Denton, Texas: Sep­ DUNAVANT, HOMER, Columbia: July tember 13,1893-April 7,1987. 14,1923-May 7,1986. PORTER, NAOMI R., Costa Mesa, Cali­ DUNLAP, VIRGINIA M., Greenville: fornia: June 28,1913-August 10,1986. November 18,1904-May 9,1986. PREDOEHL, REV. THEO. C, Frohna: GLENN, GEORGE ALLEN, Harrison- March 5,1904-November 29,1986. ville: March 2,1917-October 15,1986. RICHARDSON, ERMA N., Bragg City: GREEN, MRS. J. WILBUR, Claremore, February 4,1907-August 21,1986. Oklahoma: April 3,1904-February 11, RUMER, MRS. RICHARD O., St. Louis: 1987. May 14,1897-December 12,1986. HARLAN, FRANCIS M., Troy: Decem­ SCOTT, MRS. GEORGE, Springfield: ber 16,1894-September 28,1986. June 9,1924-March 23,1987. JULIAN, VANCE, Green Valley, Ari­ zona: April 17, 1905-November 27, STARK, MRS. CLAY HAMILTON, Louisi­ ana: March 3, 1903-November 1, 1986. 1986. KAUFMAN, HARRELL LYNN, Mississip­ pi State, Mississippi: May 1952-No- STEINMAN, FRANK, Kansas City: Oc­ vember 1986. tober 8,1914-October 25,1986. KUBIN, DR. MILFORD T., Starkville, SWEARINGEN, JOE A., Kansas City: Mississippi: February 15, 1903-Au­ February 29,1916-December 1,1986. gust 11,1986. WENGERT, JAMES J., Cedar Rapids, KUEHLING, OTTO, Odessa: November Iowa: September 20,1900-October 21, 9,1911-February 4,1987. 1986. LANDRETH, JAMES P., Stockton: No­ WOODS, LOUISE JULIA, Kansas City: vember 24,1910-March 5,1987. July 20,1922-September 11,1986. LANDRUM, CARLR., Columbia: March YANCEY, JOHN G., Charlottesville, 11,1901-February 14,1987. Virginia: February 6,190OJune 19,1986. 514 Missouri Historical Review

BOOK REVIEWS Settlement Patterns in Missouri: A Study of Popula­ tion Origins, with a Wall Map. By Russel L. Gerlach (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1986). 88 pp. Maps. Bibliography. Appendices. Indexed. Includes a loose, folded and colored map, 22 inches by 33 inches. $22.00. Geographers think in spatial terms and they communicate through maps. As Gerlach makes clear in his first paragraph, the heart of his geographic study is the "wall map," while the accompanying book of chiefly historical explanation and statistical appendices is intended to help the reader interpret the map. Therefore, the map constitutes the author's original contribution. The map contains six "national origin" categories, each portrayed in a distinctive color and divided into numbered subgroups: Germanic, dominated by Germans; Eastern Euro­ pean, divided among seven subgroups but each occupying only miniscule tracts of land; British and Celtic, overwhelm­ ingly Scotch-Irish; Central and Northern European, into which the important Missouri French component is placed; Southern European, represented by only four tiny areas; and Old-stock American, those native-born (non-Indian) Ameri­ cans whose ethnicity had already been erased by time and intermarriage when they arrived in Missouri and who formed the basic background culture for the state. Old-stock Ameri­ cans are distributed broadly from the Bootheel to the north­ western corner and cover approximately two-thirds of the state. Finally, conspicuous black dots overlie the colored regions to show slaves in 1860 at the ratio of one dot for two hundred slaves. In all, twenty-six separate national-origin (or Historical Notes and Comments 515 ethnic) groups are distinguished. The colors, quite pleasing to the eye, are complemented in the marginal spaces of the paper by delightful pastel sketches of ordinary people, build­ ings and scenery. Truly a beautiful map, it appears quite suitable for displaying in one's home or office, but removal of the creases is difficult after the publisher folds the map. For orientation, the map includes counties and selected rivers, but only seven named cities. While no geographer wants to destroy the visual effectiveness of the patterns on his map with too much cartographic noise, the few city names reflect a lack of concern with the population origins of Missouri's major cities. For example, St. Louis city contains no indication of the great number of national groups. Many of those easily would outnumber their counterparts in rural Missouri, carefully depicted on the map. As an analytical device, the map does provoke thought. Why are Scotch-Irish so dominant in the roughest, least accessible, and poorest-soil regions of the Ozarks? Why are the southeastern lowlands the least diverse natural region in population origins? Why were Germans able to penetrate and settle all parts of the state, even though concentrated along the Missouri River? And what does one make of all the slaves shown for German-settled regions? The accompanying text helps formulate answers to these and other questions. Primary sources of information for the map include census manuscript schedules of population for 1850 through 1900 and, for foreign-born population, the censuses for 1910 and 1930. To glean nativity information tediously from so many manuscript schedules for the entire state represents a major achievement in itself. Other sources include church records, directories, local and county histories, and the au­ thor's fifteen years of statewide travel and interviews. Diverse sources made possible a more comprehensive map, but they raise questions regarding a time perspective. The black popu­ lation of Missouri is represented solely by slaves in 1860, but the Amish and Mennonite populations are based on quite recent settlement information. Some of the smallest rural groups have disappeared from the landscape, yet their ex­ istence, however short-lived, must never be forgotten. The map does not indicate numbers of people involved (except for the slaves), although they may be inferred from the relative size of the areas they inhabit. 516 Missouri Historical Review

The book, accompanying the map, contains a concise summary of Missouri settlement history along with other maps stressing ethnic, national and religious topics. Appen­ dices present county statistics, mostly for 1860 and 1980, excerpted and organized from the sources listed above. They will become one of the more convenient references for this kind of information. The purpose of the map and book addresses two basic questions: from where did Missourians come and where did they settle in Missouri. Gerlach, a professor of geography at Southwest Missouri State University, has given a splendid statewide visual picture through his map and a data base from which to work. Historians and social scientists need to continue examination of how the various national groups differed and the significance and contribution of these groups to the geographically complex and fascinating cultural his­ tory of Missouri. University of Missouri-Columbia Walter A. Schroeder

Union Busting in the Tri-State: The Oklahoma, Kan- sas, and Missouri Metal Workers Strike of 1935. By George G. Suggs, Jr. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986), xiv + 288 pp. Illustrated. Maps. Tables. Notes. Essay on Sources. Indexed. $22.50. In 1935, the Tri-State Mining District of Oklahoma, Kan­ sas and Missouri led the world as a producer of lead and zinc concentrates. George G. Suggs, Jr., notes that traditionally the area consisted of nonunion labor where its workers toiled in an unhealthy environment. Off the job, the typical miner lived in substandard housing. Yet these miners and smelter workers willingly labored under poor conditions in what became known as the poor man's camp of the Tri-State District. One reason the workers appeared willing to forego decent, safe working conditions, at least in the early decades following the discovery of ore, was that a little luck enabled the individual miner to obtain a lease. Then perhaps he could improve his economic and social status when he became an owner-operator of a mine. The Tri-State mining area also became a region with a white Protestant work force that wanted no foreigners. To the Tri-State District worker, for- Historical Notes and Comments 517

eigners also meant those who lived in the United States but resided in states far from the district. In the midst of the Great Depression, the International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers organized seven local unions in the district and tried to improve the working conditions of the employees of the lead and zinc mining industry. Professor Suggs has focused his book on the labor unrest in the Tri-State District when this union confronted management by calling a strike, in May 1935. Unable to gain recognition as the exclusive bargaining agent for workers of the district, the strike indicated to the owners that a "foreign" union had the ability to completely shut down milling and mining operations throughout the district. Suggs also portrays the resilience of the old district order that strongly resisted changes in labor-management relations. This occurred in an era when the workers willingly labored under any conditions to support themselves and their families. The old order worked together to organize a company union known as the Tri-State Metal Mine and Smelter Work­ ers Union, dubbed the "Blue Card" union, after the color of the membership cards. The mine owners supported the union financially and physically. This union had tacit support of most state and local officials because they knew and con­ sidered the officers safe from communist and outside influ­ ence. Professor Suggs writes that effective pressure from the owners, bad judgment by the leaders of the International and confusion among the workers of the Tri-State District led to the demise of the International and failure of the strike. He examines a microcosm of the unprotected condition of Ameri­ can labor during the Great Depression. His interesting book is written with a flare which captures the reader's imagina­ tion and arouses sympathy for the workers and the owners. Obvious extensive research adds to the credibility of the book which tells about labor, managment and the lives of people in the Tri-State District during the 1930s and 1940s. It gives an excellent example which reflects on modern labor-manage­ ment relations. This superb book is a welcome addition to our understanding of a neglected subject so important in com­ prehending the history of the Tri-State District. Missouri Southern State College Robert E. Smith 518 Missouri Historical Review

WORKSHOPS The State Historical Society of Missouri will offer three workshops on Saturday, October 17, 1987, to coincide with the annual meeting. The workshops will provide stimulating and useful discussions on: • INTERMEDIATE GENEALOGY AND FAMILY HISTORY. Ms. Nancy Thomas, an experienced gene­ alogist, will conduct this intensive look at the pursuit of genealogy and family history. This workshop is designed for those who have a familiarity with gene­ alogical methodology. (Memorial Union Room S3) • WRITING LOCAL HISTORY. Dr. Alan Havig, Professor of History at Stephens College and the author of From Southern Village to Midwestern City: An Illustrated History of Columbia, will conduct this how-to-do-it workshop. He will discuss problems of researching, writing, illustrating, and publishing local history. (Memorial Union Room S7) • HISTORIC PRESERVATION. Ms. Beverly Flem­ ing, Section Chief for the Office of Preservation Plan­ ning in the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, will conduct this workshop. She will discuss the place­ ment of properties on the National Register as well as federal and state regulations and other aspects of historic preservation. (Memorial Union Room S8) Each workshop will be held from 9:00 to 10:30 A.M. The registration fee for each workshop is $10.00. To reserve a place in the workshop of your choice send a check and notification of your selection to: Dr. R. Douglas Hurt, State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Please register me for the following workshop: Intermediate Genealogy and Family History Writing Local History Historic Preservation My check for $10.00 is enclosed. (Make checks payable to the State Historical Society of Missouri). Name: Address: Zip Code INDEX TO VOLUME LXXXI COMPILED BY HIROKO SOMERS Audrain County, Graceland, 230, 232, 505 A. G. Edwards & Sons, Inc., 504,509 Audrain County Historical Society, 77, 194, Academy of Science of St. Louis, 504 472 Achtenbert, Irving, 505 Audubon, John James, 3,106,228,504 Adair County, 108 Augusta, Mo., 113 Adair County Historical Society, 77,194 Aull, William, III, 184 Adams, Philip, 369 Austin, Moses, 506 Adler, Bernhardt, 361 Automobiles, 107, 233,499,501 Admiral, 113,509,511 Ava, Mo., 110 Advance, Mo., 360 Ava High School, basketball team, 221 Affton, Mo., Oakland, inside back cover, Jan. Aviation, 233 issue Affton Historical Society, 77,194, 335, 472 B Agriculture, 403-416 Baden, Mo., 365, 503 Aire-Master of America, 236 Bagnell Dam, 504 Akins, Virgil, 229 Bailey School, 236 Alarm (boat), 511 Baird, Guy E., 231 Aldrich, Mo., 101 Baker, Buddy, 236 Alexander, lone, obit., 513 Baldwin, Thomas E., 44 Alexander, Ralph L., obit., 239 Ball, Harriet Virginia Bertis Stephens, 360 Allega School, 221 Ball, Larry D., "Federal Justice On The Santa Allenville, Mo., 223 Fe Trail: The Murder of Antonio Jose' Alley Spring Mill, 363 Chavez," 1-17 Altamont, Mo., post office, 370 Ballard, Charlotte, 230 Alton (steamboat), 113, 226 BankofClarkton,44 Amazonia School, 230 BankofFreeburg,499 American Legion, 422,509 Bank of Kirksville, 108 American Recreation Products Inc., St. Louis, Bank of Lincoln County, 222 509 Bannon, F. C, obit., 373 American Telephone & Telegraph, 361 Bannon, John Francis, S.J., obit., 239 Anders, Leslie, 187,188, 364 Barber, Mary, 236 Anderson, Mo., post office, 370 Barclay, Ethel, 236 Anderson, Homer W., 144,145,146,148 Barham, Charles Henry, 222 Anderson, William "Bloody Bill," 66-68, 108, Barmann, Mrs. Francis L., obit., 373 362,369 Barnard Community Historical Society, 194, Andrew County, 230, 233, 507 472 Andrew County Historical Society, 77,194 Barnes, Dr. Asa, obit., 513 Andrew County Museum, inside back cover, Barnes, Francis M., Ill, 184,185-187 July issue Barrow, Clyde, 237 Anzeiger des Westens, 35 Barry County, 368 Apple Creek, Mo., 105, 234 Barton County Historical Society, 77, 194, Appleton Mill, 105 335, 472 Architects, 109, 231 Basden, Mildred, see Holmes, Mildred Architecture, 112,360 Baseball, semipro teams, Springfield, 510 Arkansas City (steamboat), 115 Bass, Eddie, 510 Armour, Margaret and Charles, 369 Bates County Historical Society, 78, 472 Armstrong, F., house, Cape Girardeau Co. Bates, Edward, 5, 6,9,10,15 101 Bates, Moses D., Jr., 506 Armstrong family, 371 Battle of Belmont, 159-172,496 Armstrong, O. K., 422, 423 Battle of Carthage, 102,503 Armstrong, Sam, 406, 407 Battle of Franklin, 510 Army of Tennessee, 160,161,172 Battle of Hemp Bales, 372 Arrow Rock, Mo., 109, 231, 362 Battle of New Market, 506 Ash Grove, Mo., Normal School #4,511 Battle of Oak Hills, 231 Ashcroft, Rev. J. Robert, 425, 435, 436, 446 Battle of Pea Ridge, 64,66 Ashcroft, Gov. John, 333, 425 Battle of Pilot Knob, 103, 223, 244-245 Ashcroft, Mrs. John, 333 Battle of Springfield, 365 Asher, John W.,Sr., 112 Battle of Wilson's Creek, 506 Ashton Chapel, 104 Baughman, Maj. George, 225 Assemblies of God Church, 417-446 Bauman, Duncan, 509 Association of Missouri Interpreters, 74 Bay, Mo., St. Paul Evangelical Lutheran Atchison County, Long Branch Cemetery, 364 Church, 223 Atchison, David Rice, 369 Beam family, letters, 233 Atkins, Mary, 233 Beard, Dan, 365 Auditorium Theater, Marshall, 311 Bearss, Mrs. Amanda Jeffries, 229, 504

519 520 Index

Beaumont Patrons Association, 146 Bolivar, Mo., 113,135,234; Southwest Baptist Beaumont, Dr. William, 370 University, 507 Becker, H. W., 146,147 Bolivar Weekly Courier, 369 Beckner, Aaron, 503 Bollinger County, 104,506 Beech Grove Farm, Bloomfield, 222 Bollinger County Historical Society, 78, 195, Beecher, Rev. Henry Ward, 235 336,473 Belle, Ellen, 507 Bonnell, Herbert, home, Platte County, 359 Bellefontaine Cemetery, St. Louis, 106, 235 Bonnie, Mrs. Doris, obit., 117 Bellevue Valley Historical Society, 78, 335, Boon, Ina, 369 472 Boone County, 229, 496,506 Bells, steamboat, 371 Boone County Historical Society, 78,195, 336 Belman Garage, Kansas City, 231 Boone, Daniel, 226 Belmont, Mo., battle of, 159-172 Boone/Duden Historical Society, 79,196, 473 Belovich-Herzog family, 230 Boone, Henry A., 369 Belton Historical Society, 78,195,335 Boone, John William "Blind," 102, 238, 496 Belton-Raymore Star-Herald (newspaper), 232 Boonville, Mo., 64,101, 221, 318, 359, 506 "Benjamin Franklin Cheatham at Belmont," Booth, George, 510 by Timothy D. Johnson, 159-172 Booth, Norene, 510 Benjamin, Judah P., 166 Bosch-Bess family, 365 Bennett, Marion T., 400,419 Bouyer family, Kirkwood, 110 Benton County Historical Society, 335, 473 Bowen, Isaiah, 369 Benton, Thomas Hart (artist), 140,366,498 Bower's Mill, 505 Bertrand, Mo., Rushings Telephone Exchange, Bowers Mill Bridge, 102 227 Bowers, Winifred, 370 Bess-Bosch family, 365 Bowling Green First Methodist Church, 511 Bethel, Mo., band, 113 Boxx family, 108 Bethel German Communal Colony, 335, 473 Boyd School, 236 Bethlehem, Mo., 363 Boyton, Capt. Paul, 113 Bethlehem Baptist Church, 414 Bradford, Louise, obit., 239 Bevo Mill, St. Louis, 230 Bradshaw, Rosanna, 114 Bidwell, John, 112,234 Brady, Norval "Gull," 504 Biehle, Ed H., obit., 117 Brandhorst, Alvin R., obit, 117 Biehle, Mrs. Hilda, obit., 117 Brandimarte, Cynthia Ann, "Fannie Hurst: Bierley, Daniel Eckman, 511 A Missouri Girl Makes Good," 275-295 Big Oak Tree State Park, Mississippi Co. 334 Brandon, William, 508 Big Piney River, 109 Branson, Mo., 109,369,501,507,510 Bingham, George Caleb, 223, 374 Branson Presbyterian Church, 511 Birmingham, Dick, 235 Brasher family, 112 Birthright, Bettie, 37-52 Brazito, Mo., Friedens United Church of Birthright, C.E., 39,41, 47 Christ, 504 Birthright, Charles, 37-52 Breid, R. G. "Poodle," 508 Birthright, Chick, 50 Bridges Birthright, David, 47-50 -Apple Creek, 234 Birthright, Mrs. Lou, 48 -Bowers Mill, 102 Bishop, E.C., and Son, Inc., Warsaw, 230 —covered, Finley River, 499 Black History Month, 334, 495 —covered, Garrettsburg, 102 Blacks -Eads, St. Louis, 109,113,278 —culture, Springfield, 501 -Georgia, Mo., 102 —history, 101 —Sandy Creek Covered, Jefferson Co., 334 -St. Louis, 230 —Twain, Mark, Memorial, Hannibal, 365 -slavery, 37-52; Cape Girardeau Co., 107 —Union Covered, Monroe County, 105 —soldiers, 366 Brixey, Mo., Caney Store, 495 —theater, St. Louis, 227 Brookfield High School, 221 —Three Creeks area, 496 Brown County Historical Association, 473 -Webster Groves, 371, 501 Brown, Eliza Ann (Melton), 232 Blair, Francis P., 232 Brown, Henry, 107 Blodgett, Mo., 501 Brown, Joseph, 4-6, 8, 9,11-14,15 Bloomfield, Mo., Beech Grove Farm, 222 Brown, Spencer W., 115 Blow Middle School, St. Louis, 142,148 Brown, William, family, 233 Blue Springs Hardware Store, 221 Brownington school, 102 Blue Springs Historical Society, 78,195, 335 Brownville (towboat), 309-327 Blue Wing (boat), 511 Brune, A.H., 146,147 Blunt, Roy, 236 Brunk, F.T., 224 Boats, excursion, 115 Brunswick, Mo., 101,115,229 Bock, H. Riley, 184,185 Brush and Palette Club, 79,196, 473 Bohart home, Plattsburg, 224 Brush Creek Methodist Church, 110 Index 521

Brushy Knob, Mo., 362 —Nixon-Jones Printing Company, St. Burbank, David T., obit., 513 Louis, 459 Burk, Mrs. Samuel A., 184 -Pevely Dairy Co., St. Louis, 509 Burkhead, Mrs. Myrtie D., obit., 117 —Purdy's Meat Market, 505 Burlison, Grace E., obit., 239 —Ragen-Thieme Firm, 510 Burlison, J. I., 369 -Ritz Cafe, 108 Burrell, Barbara & Don, 510 —Rushings Telephone Exchange, Bertrand, Burton, Dr. W. A., obit., 239 227 Busch, August A., Jr., 503 -St. Louis Dairy Co., 235 Busch Temporary School, St. Louis, 142 —St. Louis Railroad Company, 509 Businesses -St. Louis Screw & Bolt Co., 509 -A. G. Edwards & Sons, Inc., 504, 509 -Schulte's Shop, 497 —Aire-Master of America, 236 -Sioux City and New Orleans (SCNO) —American Recreation Products Inc., St. Barge Lines, Inc., 309-327 Louis, 509 -3M, Springfield, 370 —American Telephone & Telegraph, 361 -Tindall Beverage Co., Kirksville, 108 -BankofClarkton,44 -Van Horn's Tavern, 359 —Bank of Freeburg, 499 -Watts, Bob, Pharmacy, St. Louis, 503 -Bank of Kirksville, 108 -Woolworth, 114 —Bank of Lincoln County, 222 —Zero House, 359 —Belman Garage, Kansas City, 231 —Zuccarini's grocery, 361 -Bishop, E.C., and Son, Inc., Warsaw, 230 Butler, Mo., 221 —blacksmith shop, Morton, 509 Butler County, Good Hope United Methodist —Blue Springs Hardware Store, 221 Church, 108 —Butterfield Stage Line, 236 Butler County Historical Society, 79,196 —Campbell Bakery, St. Joseph, 226 Butterfield Overland Mail, 221 —Canepa Blacksmith Shop, Festus, 222 Butterfield Stage Line, 236 —Caney Store, Brixey, 495 Buzzard Roost Cave, 112 —Cape Girardeau, 101 Byrd, Clyde, obit., 239 —Christner Partnership, 503 —Columbia Brewery, 235 -Coulter Feed Store, 505 CIO, 405,409 —Davis, W.C., Hardware Store, Stockton, Cabet, Etienne, 173-176 363 Cabool, Mo., 101, 495 -Dexter, 496 Caldwell County, 122 —Dillender's grocery store, Louisiana, 104 Caldwell County Historical Society, 79, 336 -Douthitt Grocery, 498 Caledonia, Mo., 109 —drug stores, Clayton, 108 Callaway County, 60,63,65, 369, 496 —Elders Manufacturing Company, 222 Callaway family, 366 —Fajen, Reinhart, Inc., Warsaw, 230 Calvary Cemetery, St. Louis, 464 —Ferguson-Kintrea Drug Company, 72 Calvert, Harold N., obit., 117 —Ferringo Winery, St. James, 236 Camden, Mo., post office, 370 —First National Bank, Kansas City, 224 Camp Jackson, St. Louis, 63 —Fox Midwest Amusement Corp., 311 Campbell, Mo., 221,369,508 -Franklin Mill and Distillery, 105 Campbell Area Genealogical and Historical —Golden Rule Stores, Humansville, 498 Society, 79 —Hall Drug Company, Springfield, 72 Campbell Bakery, St. Joseph, 226 —Hall-Ferguson Drug Company, 72 Campbell, Robert A., obit., 239 —Hamilton-Brown Shoe Factory, Colum­ Canada, Silas Woodson, obit., 373 bia, 496 Canepa Blacksmith Shop, Festus, 222 —Hammons Products, 368 Caney Store, Brixey, 495 —Hercules Inc., Carthage, 102 Canton, Mo., 101, 221, 359,495 -Hiland Dairy, 363 Canton Ferry, 221 —Hughes and Wasson Bank, 225 Cantrell, Noval, 368 —Ivie, Joseph M., coal mine and brick fac­ Cape Girardeau, Mo., 109, 365,503,504 tory, Adair County, 108 —Reynolds House, 365 —Jackson, Mo., 101 —River Heritage Museum, 495 —Knollin Sheep Commission Company, 261 —riverfront, 371 —Lutz Brothers, St. Louis, 284 —Saint Vincent's College, 511 -McCutchen Store, 508 Cape Girardeau County —Manufacturers Railway Co., St. Louis, 509 —Armstrong, F., house, 101 —Merrell, J.E., Drug Company, St. Louis, -slavery, 107,380-381 72 Caplan, Nikki, 109 —Mississippi Lime Co., Ste. Genevieve, 236 Capshaw family, 505 —Monsanto Company, 115 Carlock, Don, obit., 373 —Muzak, Kansas City, 223 Caron, Claude, 230 522 Index

Carondelet, Mo., 227, 229 Cheatham, Benjamin Franklin, 159-172 -Des Peres School, 227 "Cheltenham: The Search for Bliss in Mis­ —Dover Place Christian Church, 367 souri," by Jeanette C. Lauer & Robert H. —south public market, 229 Lauer, 173-183 Carondelet Bus, St. Louis, 114 Cherokee Caves, 226 Carondelet Historical Society, 79,196,473 Cherokee/Lemp Historic District, St. Louis, Carroll County Historical Society, 80, 336, 235 474 Cherry Diamond (magazine), 365 Carrollton, Mo, 101, 221, 359, 495 Cherryville, Mo, 331 Carthage, Mo, 102, 495, 506 Chester (steamboat), 236 Carthage Congregational Church, 495 Chopin, Jean, 464 Caruthersville, Mo, 359, 508 Chopin, Kate, 447-466 Casey, Vincent L, 367 Chopin, Oscar, 452, 454 Cass County Historical Society, 80,196, 474 Chouteau family, 509 Cassell, Frank A, 187,188 Christensen, Lawrence O. 187, 188; "The Casteel, Col. B.M., 409, 411 Popular Image of Blacks vs. The Birth­ Castello family, Florissant, 504 rights," 37-52 Catawissa, Mo, St. Patrick's Church, 226 Christian Churches, Springfield, organ war, Cathedral of St. Louis the King, 464 114 Catherine, Mo, 103 Christian County, 499, 501, 510 Catholic Motor Missions, 511 Christian County Museum, 474 Catron, Mo, 414 Christmas, 361, 365, 367 Catron, John, 5, 6, 9-11,15 Christner Partnership, 503 Caves, 230, 506 Churches, 231 —Buzzard Roost, 112 -Ashton Chapel, 104 -Cherokee, 226 —Baptist, Jackson County, 112 —Crystal, Greene County, 510 -Baptist, Ozarks, 499 -Jam Up, Ozarks, 233 —Bowling Green First Methodist, 511 -Marvel, 507 —Branson Presbyterian, 511 -St. Louis, 113 -Brush Creek Methodist, 110 -Twain, Mark, Hannibal, 230 -Campbell, 508 Cedar County, 228, 502 —Carthage Congregational, 495 Cedar County Historical Society, 80,197, 337, —Cathedral of St. Louis the King, 464 474 -Catholic Parish, St. Joseph, 226 -Christian, 236 -Bellefontaine, St. Louis, 106, 235 —Christian, Springfield, 114 —Calvary, St. Louis, 464 —Clarksville Methodist Episcopal, 511 -Dover, 367 -Dover, 367 —Hopper Street, Scott City, 106 —Dover Place Christian, Carondelet, 367 -Howard Ridge, Ozark County, 237 —Ebenezer, 510 —Hunter family, Mississippi County, 496 -Eden United Church of Christ, 504, 507 —Lebanon, 367 —First Baptist, Grandview, 369 —Long Branch, Atchison County, 364 -First Baptist, New Franklin, 497 -Lulu, 369 —First Christian, Caruthersville, 508 -Old Picker, St. Louis, 175,176 —First Christian, Hannibal, 123 -St. Jude's, Monroe City, 499 -First Christian, Poplar Bluff, 225, 367 -Union, Kansas City, 236, 371 -First Christian, Springfield, 114, 236 Center School, 103 —Freedom Baptist, Jasper County, 102 Central High School, Kansas City, 498 —Friedens United Church of Christ, Bra- Central High School, St. Louis, 279, 281, 294 zito, 504 Central Missouri State University, 503 —Good Hope United Methodist, Butler Central Trades and Labor Union (CTLU), County, 108 145,153,155,157 -Gosneyville Methodist, 227 Centralia Historical Society, 197, 474 —High Prairie Baptist, Andrew Co, 230 Chambers, Sarah, 366 -Hood United Methodist, Republic, 363 Chamness, Mart, 105 —Hunt's Chapel, Forest Grove, 505 Chamois, Mo, flooding, 361 —Immaculate Conception, St. Marys, 499 Chaney, Frank H, 367 —Independence Temple of Zion, 234 Chapman, Carl H, obit, 512 —Jesus United Church of Christ, St. Louis, Chapman, Eleanor F, obit, 512 363, 370 Chariton County, 101 —Jones Memorial Chapel, Mt. Vernon, 360 Chariton County Historical Society, 80, 197, -Liberty Baptist, Fayetteville, 107, 229 337, 474 -Liberty Hill General Baptist, 101 Charleston, Mo, 414 —Lutheran, 113 Chautauqua, 507 —Lutheran-Missouri Synod, 108, 231 Chavez, Antonio Jose', murder of, 1-17 -Middle Fork, 223 Index 523

-Mt. Lebanon, 372 -Old Forsyth, 363 -Mt. Olivet Baptist, Henry County, 508 -Perry County, 234 —Mt. Pisgah United Methodist, Spring­ —Second Tennessee Regiment, 165-167 field, 363 -slavery, 37-52 -Mt. Zion Baptist, Edgerton, 227 —Third Missouri State Militia Cavalry, —New Salem, Couch, 101 Company E, 66 -Oak Hill, Johnson County, 508 —Union, Fifth Missouri Militia, 65 —Presbyterian, 511 Civil War Round Table of Kansas City, 81, -Protestant, Florissant Valley, 230 197,337, 474 -St. James The Greater Catholic, 227 Civil War Round Table of St. Louis, 81, 197, —St. James United Methodist, Fulton, 511 337, 475 —St. John's Lutheran, Westboro, 106 Civil War Round Table of the Ozarks, 81,197, -St. Joseph, White Church, 383 337, 475 —St. Luke United Methodist, Mexico, 371 Clamorgan, Jacques, 387, 392, 393, 399, 402 —Ste. Marie Du Lac Catholic, Ironton, 227 Clark County Historical Society, 81 —St. Patrick's, Catawissa, 226 Clark family, 509 -St. Paul Evangelical Lutheran, Bay, 223 Clark, William, 309,389, 399-402 —St. Paul's Episcopal, Ironton, 103 Clarksville Methodist Episcopal Church, 511 —Sacred Heart, St. Louis, 235 Clarkton, Mo, 38,40,41,43, 44,47,52 —Salem Congregation United Church of Clay County, 2,3,107,115,224 Christ, Lafayette County, 112 Clay County Historical Society, 81, 198, 337, —Salem Lutheran, Farrar, 225 475 —Smithville Christian, 501 Clay County Museum Association, 81, 198, —South Street Christian (Disciples of 338,475 Christ), Springfield, 114, 236 Clay, Henry, 369 -Sterling Avenue RLDS, 498 Clayton, Mo, 108,229,503 —Trinity Lutheran, Jefferson City, 234 Clayton Club, 229 -Trinity Lutheran, St. Louis, 363, 370 Clayton Hotel, Kansas City, 366 —United Methodist, Skidmore, 105 Clemens, Sam, see Twain, Mark —University Heights Baptist, 370 Climax Springs, Mo, 107 —Valley Center United Church of Christ, Cline, Minnie, Elementary School, 230 Deepwater, 504 Clinton, Mo, 102, 221, 359, 496 —Westport United Methodist, Kansas City, Clough, Forest L, obit, 117 224 Cloutierville, Louisiana, 452-454, 466 Churchill, Winston, 130,133 Cocke, Charles, 40 Cincinnati, Ohio, 24-26, 29, 32 Cockrell, Francis Marion, 115, 364 Cinque Homines' Creek, 234 Coggburn, Andrew, 511 Circuit Court, Howard County, record, 113 Colborn, Si, 367 City of St. Louis (towboat), 115 Cole Camp, Mo, 222 Civil Rights, 366 Cole Camp Area Historical Society, 82, 198, Civil War, 35, 53-72, 108, 113, 224, 229, 233, 338,475 296, 297, 329, 370, 497, 499, 505,511 Cole County Historical Society, 82,198, 338 -Army of Tennessee, 160,161,172 Cole, T.R, 112 -Battle of Belmont, 159-172,496 Collet, Gen. Victor, 395 -Battle of Carthage, 102, 495, 503 Columbia, Mo, 268,359, 496 -Battle of Franklin, 510 Columbia Brewery, 235 -Battle of Hemp Bales, 372 Columbia College, 365,496, 503 -Battle of New Market, 506 Columbia Female Academy, 359 -Battle of Oak Hills, 231 Company of Explorers of the Upper Missouri, -Battle of Pea Ridge, 64,66 see Missouri Company -Battle of Pilot Knob, 103, 223,244-245 Concordia, Mo, 102,496 -Battle of Springfield, 365 Concordia Area Heritage Society, 475 -Battle of Wilson's Creek, 366,506 Concordia Historical Institute, 338 -Bird's Point, 495 Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, 108 -Boonville, 359 Conley House, University of Missouri-Colum­ —Confederate, Army of the West, 64 bia, 192,232 -Confederates, 112,115, 234, 235, 506 Conlon, Charles Martin, collection, 230 -DeKalb County, 229 Conner, Thomas, 498 —Fiftieth Regiment Illinois Volunteer In­ Conran, Joseph P, 365 fantry, 372 Convent School of Sacred Heart, St. Louis, —First Missouri Brigade, 510 452 —46th Missouri Mounted Infantry, Com­ Copher, Thomas, family, 504 pany H, 110 Cork-making, 225 -Franklin County, 106 Corkball, 226, 227 -Iron Brigade, 221 Cornett family, 106 —Nodaway County, 105 Corwin family, 505 524 Index

Cottage Industry, 366 Deck, Irene, 235 Cotton, 368 Deep water, Mo, Valley Center United Church Couch, Mo, New Salem Church, 101 of Christ, 504 Coulter Feed Store, 505 Deer Lodge (boat), 511 "The Court Martial Of Lieutenant Nathaniel DeKalb County, 199,229,361, 504 Lyon," by Christopher W. Phillips, 296-308 DeKalb County Historical Society, 199 Courthouses Delta Queen (steamboat), 113 -Carthage, 495 DeMasters family, 234 —Gasconade County, Hermann, 324 "The Demise of O'Reilly Hospital and the -Jackson County, 129, 498 Beginning of Evangel College, 1946-1955," —Laclede County, 505 by Lawrence J. Nelson, 417-446 —Newton County, 105 Dent County Historical Society, 83,339, 476 —Nodaway County, 105 Dent County Museum, Salem, inside back Cox, Donna Langley, 370 cover, April issue Cox, Lester E, 438, 442, 443 Dent, Samuel, family, 234 Coy, Roy, inside back cover, July issue Derrick, Tyree C, Sr, obit, 117 Craig, Gen. Malin, 410 Des Peres School, Carondelet, 227 Crane, Mo, 501 DeSales Community Housing Corporation, Crane, Stephen, 285,457, 459 506 Crawford County, 331 Devine, Vaughan P. "Bing," 115 Crawford County Historical Society, 198, 338, Devotional Lessons (Stunden der Andacht), 475 28 Crawford, H.G, obit, 239 DeWitt, Mo, 101 Creach, Ormal, 230 Dexter, Mo, businesses, 496 Creve Coeur-Chesterfield Historical Society, Dickson family, 508 82,198, 475 Dillender's grocery store, Louisiana, 104 Crosstown, Mo, 499, 508 Dinosaurs, Bollinger County, 104 Crouch, James A, Jr., obit, 239 The Disciple, 509 Crowder, Mo, tornado, 1917,107 Doe Run, Mo, 360 Crump, Mo, 223 Donnelly, Gov. Phil M, 135 Crystal Cave, Greene County, 510 Doran, James W, 427,429, 430,444 Crystal City, Mo, 497 Dorroh, Mary Aileen, 233 Crystal City Historical Society, 82 Doss, Mary, 372 Current River Valley, mortuary art, 232 Dougherty, Charles, 103 Curry family, 114 Douglas County, 110,366 Curry, Harold, obit, 117 Douglas County Historical Society, 339 Cyclone, St. Louis, 1896,115 Douglas County Home Guard, 110 Douglas, James M, 156,157 D Douglass family, Mountain Grove, 235 Dade County, 102, 246 Douthitt Grocery, 498 Dade County Historical Society, 82, 198, 338, Dover Church and Cemetery, 367 476 Dover Place Christian Church, Carondelet, Dail, Howard M, obit, 117 367 Dains, Mary K, 73, 468 Downey, Francis M, family, 231 Daisy, Mo, 223 Downing House, 224 Dallas County, 507, 508 Dream Spinner (film), 113 Dallas County Historical Society, 83, 198, Drury College, 109,114, 236, 428 339,476 Dubuque (steamboat), 115 Dalton High School, 224 Dudley, Mo, 500 Dam, Truman, Harry S, 109 Dudley, Louise, 371 Daniel, Berthe, 510 Dunagan, Horace, Jr., obit, 513 Darby, M.E., 371 Dunagan, Mary Schwieder Green, 368 Darksville, Mo, 499 Dunavant, Homer, obit, 513 Dames, William, 370 Dunklin County, 43, 411 Daugherty, John W, 106 Dunlap, Virginia M, obit, 513 Davies, John E, 229 Dutchtown, Mo, 223 Daviess County, circular jail, 102 Daviess County Historical Society, 199, 339, 476 Eads Bridge, St. Louis, 113, 278 Davis, Andrew Jackson, 370 Eads, James B, 232 Davis, James, 105 Eagle Rock, Mo, post office, 114 Davis, W.C., Hardware Store, Stockton, 363 Eagleton, Thomas, 369 Dawes, Mrs. Fronia, 499 Eagleville, Mo, 101 De Finiels, Nicholas, 387-402 Earthquake, 362, 369,372 De Soto, Mo, 328, 329, 331 East St. Louis Board of Education, 146 Deas, Charles, 503 Ebenezer Church, 510 Index 525

Eckert's Tavern, St. Charles, 113 Finke, Henry C, 495 Eden United Church of Christ, St. Louis, 504, Finke, William C, 495 507 Finley River, 231, 499 "Edgar Snow: China Hand From Missouri," Fire Insurance Trusts, 113 by John Maxwell Hamilton, 253-274 First Baptist Church, Grandview, 369 Edgerton, Mo, 227, 501 First Baptist Church, New Franklin, 497 "Eduard Muhl: 1800-1854 Missouri Editor, Re­ First Christian Church, Caruthersville, 508 ligious Free-Thinker and Fighter For Hu­ First Christian Church, Poplar Bluff, 225,367 man Rights," by Siegmar Muehl, 18-36 First Christian Church, Springfield, 114, 236 Education, 141-158,370,511 First Missouri Brigade, 510 Edwards, Edward I, 272 First National Bank, Kansas City, 224 Edwards, John N, 115 Fishing, float, 230 Egypt Mills, Mo, 223 Fishing River, drainage, 506 Elders Manufacturing Company, 222 Fitzgerald, Nugent E, obit, 117 Electric Park, Kansas City, 104 Fleming, Will, Sr, obit, 239 Ellington, Mo, 222 Floods, 105,222,225,361 Ellis, Elmer, 184 Florida, Mo, 105,225 Elsey, Ivella McWhorter, 114 Florissant, Mo, 109,363,504 Empire Theatre, Kansas City, 366 Florissant Valley, churches, 230 England, Rebecca Rector, 112 Florissant Valley Historical Society, 339, 476 Engleman, Dr. George, 233 Flower, J. Roswell, 429,436,437,445 Eschen, John Francis "Frank," 370 Flucom, Mo, 507 Evangel College, Springfield, 417-446 Folkins, Larry, 370 Evans house, Smithville, 227 Ford, Bob, 362,508 Evans, Jim, 360 Forest Grove, Mo, 505 Evans, John Thomas, 387-402 Forest Grove School, 507 Evett, Lee R, 503 Forest Park, St. Louis, 363,375-376,501,504 Excelsior Springs, Mo, 230 Forsyth, Mo, Civil War, 363 Excelsior Springs Historical Museum, 199; Fort Carlos, see Fort Charles inside back cover, Oct. issue Fort Charles, 388,393,400 Eyerman, J.F., obit, 239 Fort Davidson, 223 Fort Laramie, 507 Fort Osage, 361 Fair Grove, Mo, mills, 227, 363 Fort Osage Historical Society, 200,339, 476 Fair View School, 107 Fort Pierre, 507 Fairdealing, Mo, post office, 222 Forty-sixth Missouri Mounted Infantry, Com­ Fairport, Mo, 229 pany H, 110 Fairview School, Springfield, 370 Foster, John B, 105 Fajen, Reinhart, Inc., Warsaw, 230 Foster, Ralph, Museum, 370 Family and Children's Service of Greater St. Foundation for Restoration of Ste. Genevieve, Louis, 234 83 "Fannie Hurst: A Missouri Girl Makes Good," Frank, Harold N, obit, 117 by Cynthia Ann Brandimarte, 275-295 Franklin, Mo, 309 Farming, 108,360,361,504 Franklin County, 106,232 Farrar, Mo, 225, 235 Franklin County Historical Society, 83, 200, Faucett, Mo, 496 339,476 Fayetteville, Mo, 107 Franklin Mill and Distillery, 105 "Federal Justice On The Santa Fe Trail: The Franklin School, 361 Murder of Antonio Jose' Chavez," by Larry Frazee, Douglas R, 311, 312,316 D. Ball, 1-17 Frazee, Lula Wilhemine Bierbaum, 311 Felker, John, family, 505 Frazee, Stephen A, 311 Fellows, Aubrey, 365,503 Free, Rodney, 510 Femme Osage River, 226 Freeburg, Mo, 499 Fenix, William L, 12, 234, 369,508 "Freedom and Regret: The Dilemma of Kate Fenton, Mo, 103 Chopin," by Bonnie Stepenoff, 447-466 Ferguson, Mo, 365 Freedom Baptist Church, Jasper County, 102 Ferguson Historical Society, 339, 476 Ferguson, John Richie, 53-72 Freeman, Ruth, 507 Ferguson-Kintrea Drug Company, 72 Freemasonry, 113 Ferringo Winery, St. James, 236 Fremont Hills, Mo, 510 Festus, Mo, 222,497 Fremont, Gen. John Charles, 116,164 Fifth Tennessee Regiment, 161 French, Kansas City, 244 Fiftieth Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry, French, R. T, 510 372 Friede, Irma, 147,152 Fillmore C-l School, 230 Friedenberg Lutheran Historical Society, 200, Fink, Enid Neihardt, 368, 507 477 526 Index

Friedens United Church of Christ, Brazito, Grand River Historical Society, 84, 201, 341, 504 478 Friedheim, Mo, 223 Grand Temple Pythian Sisters, Odessa, 423 Friedly, John, 506 Grandview, Mo, 130,134, 235 Friend, Jacob, 509 Grandview Historical Society, 478 Friends of Arrow Rock, 83, 200, 340, 477 Grant, Gen. Ulysses S, 69, 159, 160, 164, 165, Friends of Florida, 105 168-170, 366, 370 Friends of Historic Boonville, 200, 340, 477 Gravois Creek, 124-125 Friends of Keytesville, 201, 477 Great Depression, 108,141 Friends of Missouri Town-1855, 84, 201, 340, Green, Mrs. J. Wilbur, obit, 513 477 Greene County, 70, 72,112, 231, 236, 363, 510 Friends of Old St. Ferdinand, 84 Greene County Agricultural & Mechanical Friends of the James Farm, 201 Society, 114 Friendship United Baptists, 231 Greene County Historical Society, 85, 201, Fugel, John J, 224 341, 478 Fulton, Mo, 65,103,130, 368, 511 Greene, Elizabeth, 238 Fulton family, cemetery, 110 Greene, Nathanael, Park, Springfield, 109 Fur Trade Trail, 507 Gross, Howard E, 505 Groves, Allene Wilson, 504 Grundy County Historical Society, 85, 202, G. W. Hill (excursion boat), 511 341,479 Gabelsberger, Lawrence, obit, 117 Guillaume, Robert, 115 Galena, Mo, 227, 237 Gamble, Hamilton R, 64 H Garden, Edward Gordon, 231 HT.Pott (towboat), 511 Garrett, Otto Ross "Doc," 109 Ha Ha Tonka State Park, 109 Garrettsburg, Mo, covered bridge, 102 Hager, Ruth Ann (Abels), 361 Garrison, Exilee, 235 Hahs, Henry, 229 Gasconade County Courthouse, Hermann, 324 Hailey, James, 110 Gasconade County Historical Society, 340, 477 Hall Drug Company, Springfield, 72 Gasconade Hotel, 109 Hall family, Andrew County, 507 Gasconade River, 109, 236 Hall-Ferguson Drug Company, 72 Gayler Farm, 507 Hall, Ginnie, 368 Gearhart, June, 507 Hall, Leonard, 230, 368 Geers, Henry, 235 Hallaman, Richard A, obit, 239 Genova, Sebastian J, 503 Hamilton, Mo, 223, 497 Gentry County, 507 Hamilton-Brown Shoe Factory, Columbia, 496 Georgia City, Mo, bridge, 102 Hamilton, Charles K, 498 German Settlement Society of Philadelphia, Hamilton, Frederick B, 109 18,22 Hamilton, Jean Tyree, 184 Germans, 18-36,112,113, 234, 501 Hamilton, John Maxwell, "Edgar Snow: Geyer, Henry S, 14,15 China Hand From Missouri," 253-274 Gibbs, Mrs. Mattie, 369 Hammons, John Q, 361 Gierke, Jim, 232 Hammons Products, 368 Gierke, Victor A, 184 Handley family, Platte County, 234 Gifts, 97-100, 215-220, 353-358, 491-494 Hannibal, Mo, 103, 109, 223, 360, 365, 371, Gilmore, Robert K, 114 497, 504 Glasgow, Mo, 318, 497 Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, 309 Glasgow Area Historical and Preservation Hanover Lutheran Day School, 365 Society, 201, 340, 477, 497 Harbison, Earle H, Jr., 115 Glasser, Elliott, 370 Hardeman, Joe, 359 Glendale Historical Society, 84 Hardeman, John, 105 Glenn, George Allen, obit, 513 Hardin, Mo, Red Brick School, 508 Goebel, Rudolph, 113,226 Hardy family, 112 Golden Eagle River Museum, 201, 340, 478 Hardy, Hurt, Jr., 500 Golden Rule Stores, Humansville, 498 Harney, Gen. William S, 510 Good Hope United Methodist Church, Butler Harney, William S, Historical Society, 341 Harperly Hall, St. Louis, 279 County, 108 Harriman, Alice, obit, 373 Goodrich, James W, 184-187,189, 469, 470 Harris, Gov. Isham, 161,163 Gordon, Catron, 511 Harris, Gen. John A, 229 Gordon, Dr. William A, 103 Harris Teachers College, 142,143,144 Gosneyville Methodist Church, 227 Harrison County Historical Society, 85 Graceland, Audrain County, 230, 232, 505 Hartford, John, 113 Granby, 123 Hartmann, Susan M, 375-376 Granby Historical Society, 84, 201, 341 Harvey, Dean Anson, obit, 373 Index 527

Harviell, Mo, 414, 416 Holtgrieve, Bill, 503 Hatch, Jerry, 510 Homes Hayes, Thamon, 505 —Armstrong, F, Cape Girardeau Co, 101 Hayti, Mo, 497 -Bohart, Plattsburg, 224 Hayward, Joseph H, obit, 373 -Bonnell, Herbert, Platte County, 359 Hazelwood, Mo, 230 -Boone, Blind, 496 Heagerty, Lt. William, 505 —Bradley Cabin, Independence, 498 Hearst, Phoebe Apperson, Historical Society, -Clinton, 102 341, 479 -Conley, Columbia, 192, 232 Held, Ruth L, obit, 117 —Crosstown, 499 Helmbacher, M, 107, 221 —Downing, 224 Hendel, Henry, 109 -Evans, Smithville, 227 Henderson, Gen. John B, 64,65 -Graceland, Audrain County, 230,232,505 Hennings, Thomas C, Jr., 136, 422, 426, 427, -Hill, Frank, Carthage, 506 429,432, 433,436,437 —Hoffmeister, Jacob, 229 Henry County, 508 —Hunt-Ward, Callaway County, 496 Henry County Historical Society, 85,202,342, —Hutchison, Independence, 498 479 —Imbler, Adair County, 108 Herculaneum, Mo, lead, 103 —Independence, 498 Hercules Inc., Carthage, 102 —Jewell, William, Columbia, 496 Herman, Jack, 503 -Maclay, Tipton, 232 Hermann, Mo, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25-33, 36, 236, —Majors, Alexander, 470 324, 501, 506 —Moniteau County, 125 Hermann Licht-Freund, 18, 25-28, 30 —Myers, John B, Florissant, 109 Hermanner Wochenblatt, 31-34 -Old Rock, St. Louis, 232 Hermitage, Mo, 363 —Reynolds, Cape Girardeau, 365 Herring, Capt. George L, 67 —Riutcel family, Martinsburg, 224 Hetherington, Clark W, 105, 359 —Rockwell, Capt. & Mrs. Bertland, Kansas Hewitt, W. Rogers, 184 City, 505 Hickman, Ky, 162 -St. Louis, 505 Hickok, Lorenzo B, 233 -Schweich, George W, 500 Hickok, "Wild Bill," 107 —Shipman family, Greene County, 363 Hickory County, 223, 360 —Starr, Raymond, Kansas City, 231 Hickory County Historical Society, 86, 202, —Stephens, J.L., Columbia, 496 342,479 -Stockton, Robert H, St. Louis, 231 Hickory County Museum, 363 —Strehly, Hermann, Mo, 30 Higginbotham, W.H, 509 —Townsend, Arrow Rock, 109 Higgins, Harvey J, Historical Society, 342, —Truman, Independence, 137 479 —Vaughn, Dr. Isaac P, Glasgow, 497 High Prairie Baptist Church, Andrew Co, —Violette, Merritt Alexander, 225 230 -Watson, Dr. T.J, 103 Highways, 102, 227 —Webb, Jackson County, 499 Hiland Dairy, 363 —White Haven, St. Louis County, 103 Hill, Frank, home, Carthage, 160 —White, John Barber, Kansas City, 109 Hill, Nancy, 368 —Wilcox, Jim, 495 Hillcrest Subdivision, 108 —Williams, John Siddle, Hermitage, 363 Hillix, Viriginia, 500 —Willis Mansion, Columbia, 496 Hinde, Dr. Howard, 236 -Wood-Smith, George F, 236 Hinote, James, family, 110 —Woodson, Warren, 359 Historic Florissant, 86 Hood, Harry, Sr, 102 Historic Hermann, 86, 202, 342 Hood United Methodist Church, Republic, 363 Historic Kansas City Foundation, 86 Hook, Mary Rockwell, 505 Historical Association of Greater Cape Girar­ Hopkins, Mo, 223 deau, 86, 202, 342, 479 Hopkins, Joe, 321 Historical Association of Greater St. Louis, Hopper Street Cemetery, Scott City, 106 342.479 Hornersville, Mo, 369 Historical Society of Maries County, 87, 202, Horse thieves, 222 343.480 Hospitals Historical Society of Polk County, 87, 203, —Marine, Kirkwood, 437 343,480 -O'Reilly, Springfield, 417-446 Historical Society of University City, 87, 480 —State Lunatic Asylum, Fulton, 65 Hoffmeister, Jacob, house, 229 -State Mental, 121 Hogden School, 167 —Still-Hildreth Sanatorium, Macon, 505 Holmes, Mildred, 141-158 Hotels Holt County, court records, 233 —Clayton, Kansas City, 366 Holt County Historical Society, 88,343,480 —Keystone, Joplin, 104 528 Index

-Lindell, 113 -Newark, 222 Jackson, Mo, business, 101 -Palace, Fulton, 103 Jackson, Gov. Claiborne F, 64,115,297,503 —Planter's House, 113 Jackson, Mrs. Claiborne F, 115 -Pol-Mac, 508 Jackson County, 107, 112, 128-130, 136, 138, —Powers House, Columbia, 496 498,499,505 -Seven Gables, 229 Jackson County Historical Society, 88, 203, -Southern, 113 343, 480,505 -Travelers, Kirksville, 108 Jackson, Jurel, 105 Houston, Mo, 109, 498 Jackson, Samuel, 109 Howard County, 113,497 Jacobs, Vic, 500 Howard, Don Carlos, 395 Jails, 102,232 Howard Ridge Cemetery, Ozark County, 237 Jam Up Cave, Ozarks, 233 Howell County Historical Society, 480 James, Clifford R, 503 Hower, Mary Helen, inside back cover, July James, Frank, 108 James, Jesse, 104, 108, 225, 226, 233, 366, Hubble, Ithamar, 503 500,505,509 Hughes and Wasson Bank, robbery, 225 James, Larry, 368 Hughes, Rupert, 232 Jamestown, Mo, 368 Hulston Mill Park, Dade County, 102 Jasper County, 102,359, 495 Humansville, Mo, Golden Rule Stores, 498 Jasper County Historical Society, 88, 203,343 Humberd, Dr. Charles Dean, 499 Jazz, Kansas City, 505,509 Hunt, Bruce H, 109 Jefferson Barracks, 102, 410 Hunt-Ward Home, Callaway County, 496 Jefferson City, Mo, 4, 60, 64, 67, 69, 70, 104, Hunter, Charles Franklin, 366 109, 114, 222, 223, 232, 234, 236, 370, 371, Hunter, D.C., 225 379, 506 Hunter family, Mississippi County, 496 Jefferson County, 328,507 Hunter, Lee, 511 Jefferson Heritage and Landmark Society, Hunting, 112,230 88,481 Hunt's Chapel, Forest Grove, 505 Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, 238 Hurst, Fannie, 275-295 Jeffries, T. Victor, 504 Hutchison Home, Independence, 498 Jeffries, Thomas, 233 Jenkins, William R, 234 I Jennings Historical Society, 481 Iba, Hank, 511 Jennings, Molly, 115 Icaria Community, 173-183 Jesus United Church of Christ, St. Louis, 363, Imbler, Ephriam and Anna, Adair Co, 108 370 Immaculate Conception Church, St. Marys, Jewell, William, house, Columbia, 496 499 Jews, St. Louis, 109,230,366,368 Inaguration du Cours Icarien, 178 Johnson County, Oak Hill Church, 508 Independence, Mo, 3, 103, 109, 130, 133, 134, Johnson County Historical Society, 204, 481 139, 232, 249, 498 Johnson, Jeremiah, 116 Independence (steamboat), 309 Johnson, Timothy D, "Benjamin Franklin Independence and the Opening of the West Cheatham at Belmont," 159-172 (mural), 140 Johnston, Gen. Albert Sidney, 159,163 Independence Temple of Zion, 234 Johnstone, Ann Casey, 510 Indian Office Map, 389,390, 391, 401,402 Joint Council of Teachers Unions of St. Louis, Indians, 222, 359, 501 144 -battle, 102 Jolly, Benjamin S, 367 —culture, 105 Jolly Mill Park, 510 -dance, 102 Jonas, L.H, obit, 117 -Hidatsa, 394 Jones, Daniel Boone, 368 -Kaskaskia, 124-125 Jones Memorial Chapel, Mt. Vernon, 360 -Mandan, 388, 393, 394, 400 Joplin, Mo, 104, 245,359, 498 -Omaha, 388 Joplin Historical Society, 204, 343, 481 -relics, 227 Junior College of Kansas City, 265 -Seminole, 299 -Sioux, 388 -thesis, 238 K Irene E (store boat), 325 KTTS-TV (Channel 10), 235,370,371, 510 Irish family, 112 KWTO (radio), Springfield, Mo, 440 Iron Brigade, 221 KYTV-TV (Channel 3), 236 Iron County, 103, 506 Kanatzer, Hazel, 496 Iron County Historical Society, 88, 203, 480 Kansas City, Mo, 104,109,128,138,143, 223, Ironton, Mo, 66, 70, 498; churches, 103, 227 253, 254, 259-265, 267, 268, 270, 272, 274, Ivie, Joseph M, Adair County, 108 310-312, 361, 366 Index 529

—American Hereford Association building, Kuehling, Otto, obit, 513 224, 498 —Belman garage, 231 —brewhouses, 505 La Brigade a Renault, 89,205,345,482 -First National Bank, 224 Laclede County, 233,505 -French, 244 Laclede County Historical Society, 89, 205, —garment district, 234 345,482 -Jazz, 505,509 Laddonia, Mo, 224 —Jones Store building, 224 Lafayette County, church, 112 —Mainsteet Theater, 498 Lafayette County Historical Society, 90,345 —Progress Club, 505 LaForge, Harriett, 499 —Rockwell house, 505 Lake, Mark Twain, 127,225 -Southwest Blvd., 224 Lake Taneycomo, 115 —Starr, Raymond, home, 231 Lamar, Mo, 127,134,490 -Switzer School, 498 Lambert, Albert Bond, 109 -Union Cemetery, 236,371 Lampe, Mo, 235 -Westport United Methodist Church, 224 Lancaster, Mo, 232 Kansas City Museum, 104,507 Landreth, James P., obit, 513 Kansas City Star, 135,136,138, 264, 265, 439 Landy, Anita, see Mrs. Arthur Weis KATY-Missouri Trail, 507 Lane, David, 235,236 Katy Railway, 266 Lane, Rose Wilder, 368,370 Kaufman, Harrell Lynn, obit, 513 Langdon, Blanche, 369 Kefauver, Sen. Estes, 134 Larson, Sidney, 374,496,506 Keith Circuit Theater, 283 Lauer, Jeanette C, "Cheltenham: The Search Keithley, Willis "Old Parson," 511 for Bliss in Missouri," 173-183 Kelley, Don, 235 Lauer, Robert H, "Cheltenham: The Search Kelly, Samuel, 301-307 for Bliss in Missouri," 173-183 Kelso, Mo, 505 Lawrence County Historical Museum, 360 Kelso, John Russell, 505 Lawrence County Historical Society, 90, 205, Kem, Sen. James P, 134,135,422,429 345,482 Kendrick, Klaude, 432,445, 446 Lawrence, Rex I, obit, 513 Kessler, George, 366 Layton, Bernard Thomas, 230 Kessler, Harry, 232 Lead, 103 Kester, Buck, 110 League of Women Voters (LWV) of St. Louis, Keysor School, 110 144,146,149,152,155,158 Keystone Hotel, Joplin, 104 Lebanon Cemetery, 367 Keyte, James, 229 Lee, Edgar D, 365 Kieferndorf, Frederick, 371 Lee, Gen. Robert E, 69,172 Killian, Ralph, 508 Lee's Summit, Mo, Longview Farm, 498 Killian School, 500 Leeton, Mo, 224 Kimmswick Historical Society, 204,344,481 Lehmann, Frederick W, IV, 184,185 Kinder, Mo, 235 Leland, Cyrus, Jr., 366 Kindred, Jesse L, obit, 239 Lemp, Lillian Handlan, 235 King family, Galena, Mo, 237 Lemp, William J, Jr., 506 Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society, 89, Leonard, Harlan, 505 204, 344, 481 Lewis, Gayle F, 436 Kirkendall, Richard S, 188; "Truman and Lewis, Meriwether, 309,389,399, 401, 402 Missouri," 127-140 Lexington, Mo, 64,372,409,499 Kirkpatrick, James C, 238 Lexington Library and Historical Associa­ Kirksville, Mo, 108,231,233 tion, 90, 205 Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, Liberty, Mo, 2, 3 367, 505 Liberty Baptist Church, 229 Kirkwood, Mo, 110,157,437,505 Liberty Baptist Church, Fayetteville, 107 Kirkwood Historical Society, 89,205,344,482, Liberty Hill General Baptist Church, 101 505 Libraries Kirkwood, James Pugh, 231,367 -Mercantile, St. Louis, 333,448,450 Klepzig Mill, Shannon County, 368 Klotzer, Charles, 369 -St. Louis Main, 108 Knob School, district #43,505 -St. Louis Public, 279 Knorpp, Mo, 507 -Truman, Harry S, 103,140,469 Koch, Albrect, 369 —Washington University, 509 Kohmueller, Henry E.L., 107 Lieutenant Governor, office of, 226 Kremer, Gary R, 187,188 Lilbourn, Mo, Union depot, 104 Krug Park, 226 Lillard family, 234 Kruger, Charles, 231 Lillard, Lou, 234 Kubin, Dr. Milford T, obit, 513 Lincoln County, Bank of, 222 530 Index

Lincoln County Historical and Archeological Mackay, James, 387-402 Society, 205 Maclay Home, Tipton, 232 Lindbergh, Charles A, 230, 238, 290, 504 Macon, Mo, 505 Lindell Hotel, 113 Macon County Historical Society, 90, 206, 345, Linneus, Mo, farm, 106 482 Literature, American, 275-295 Maddox, Delbert E, 231 Little Dixie, region, 360 Madison, Mo, 105 Little Theater of St. Louis, 148 Madonna of the Trail, 229 Livingston County, schools, 380 Magazines Lloyd, Junious Orme, obit, 513 —Cherry Diamond, 365 Lockwood, Mo, 371 -The Disciple, 509 Log Cabins, 101,103,105, 497 —Lutheran Witness, 509 Logan, Col. John Byrne, 229 -MSM Alumnus, 361 Logan, Temple Goodwin, 361 —St. Louis Jewish Light, 509 London, Norman, 115 —St. Louis Review, 509 London, Stan,115 Mail, 227, 362 Long Branch Cemetery, Atchison Co, 364 Mainstreet Theater, Kansas City, 498 Longview Farm, Jackson County, 498, 505 Majors, Alexander, Home, 470 Loretto Academy, 504 Mallory, Arthur, 236 Louisiana, Mo.,'53, 65, 66, 72, 104, 224, 388, Mandan Indians, 388,389, 393, 394, 400 395 Manufacturers Railway Co, St. Louis, 509 Louisiana Press-Journal, 232 Maramec, Mo, 367 Louisiana Purchase, 229 Marble Creek, 506 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904, see St. Marble Hill, Mo, 499 Louis World's Fair March, Mo, 227 Louk, Frank T, obit, 117 Mari-Osa Heritage Society, 206, 482 Lucy, Gary, 225 Maries County, 228, 232, 502, 567 Lulu Cemetery, 369 Marine Hosptial, Kirkwood, 437 Lundrum, Carl R, obit, 513 Marmaduke, John Sappington, 115 Lutesville, Mo, 499 "Married Women and the Right to Teach in Lutheran Church, 113 St. Louis, 1941-1948," by Sharon Pedersen, Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod, 108, 231 141-158 Lutheran Witness (magazine), 509 Marshall, Mo, 105, 224, 311, 361, 504 Lutz Brothers, St. Louis, 284 Martin, Charles F, 503 Lyon, Gen. Nathaniel, 63, 64,114, 235, 296-308 Martin family, 508 Martin, J. Andrew, obit, 513 Mc Martin, William, 224 McBride, Mo, flood, 225 Martinsburg, Mo, Riutcel home, 224 McCaleb, Harvey, obit, 117 Marty, Fred F, 235 McCarthy family, 113 Marvel Cave, 507 McCarthy, Mike, 371 Maryville, Mo, 105, 224, 499 McCauley, Jerry, 236 Mason, William, 4-8,12-16 McClure family, 504 Massa, Laurencevobit, 373 McClure, Mrs. Margaret M.E, 115 Masters, Edgar Lee, 281 McClurg, Mo, 507 Mastodon, 369 McCormick, Dr. Harold, 507 Mastodon, State Park, 110 McCullough Community, Stone County, 116 Mathewson, Jacqueline B, obit, 513 McCutchen Store, 508 Matthews, Warren Montgomery "Monty," 236 McDaniel, David, 2, 4-7, 9,11-14,17 Maxfield family, letter, 233 McDaniel, Eliza Ross, 231 Mayfield, Mo, school, 231 McDaniel, John, 1-17 Maysville, Mo, 229 McDonald County, 368 Mencken, H.L, 282 McDonald, Donald, 363 Meramec River, flood, 1915, 222 McFreely, Henry W, obit, 373 Mercantile Library, St. Louis, 333, 448, 450 McGee family, 112 Merrell, J.E, Drug, St. Louis, 72 Mcllhany, Mrs. Sidney, obit, 373 Merseal, John, 504 Mcllvaine, J. Edward, obit, 513 Messick family, 368 McKeever, George, 368 Metropolitan Railway, Kansas City, 259 McLane, Alexander, 503 Mexico, Mo, 224, 371, 505 McLeod, Patrick, 225 Mid America Singers of Springfield, 238 McNair, Alexander, 365 Mid-Missouri Civil War Round Table, 90, 206, McReynolds, George J, 508 345, 483 McWhorter family, 112,508 Middle Fork Church, 223 Milan, Mo, 224 M Militia Springs, Mo, 110 MSM Alumnus (magazine), 367 Miller, Mo, 224, 507 Index 531

Miller, Andy, 114 Missouri Baptist Children's Home, 116, 237 Miller County, 496, 502, 509 Missouri Baptist Foundation, 116 Miller County Historical Society, 483 "Missouri, Center of Population of the United Miller family, Saline, 509 States," by Walter A. Schroeder, 328-332 Miller, Isaac, 507 Missouri Century Farm Award, 222 Miller, Gov. John, 105,359 Missouri Company, 388,392, 393, 399 Miller's Landing (painting), 225 Missouri Cultural Heritage Center, 75 Millett, Mrs. Elizabeth, 511 Missouri Folklore Society, 193 Mills Missouri General Assembly, 70 -Alley Springs, 363 Missouri Heritage Trust, 192, 232 -Bevo, St. Louis, 230 Missouri Highway Patrol, 233, 368, 409, 411, —Bower's, 505 416, 508 -Fair Grove, 227 Missouri Historical Society, 90, 206, 345, 452, —flour, Washington, 502 483 -grist, 227 Missouri History in Magazines, 108-116, 229- —Klepzig, Shannon County, 368 237, 365-372, 503-511 -Old Appleton, 105, 234 Missouri History in Newspapers, 101-107, -Ozark Water, 499 221-228, 359-364, 495-502 —Ste. Genevieve, 500 Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railway, 497 -Watkins, 232 Missouri Mansion Preservation, Inc., 75 —Wommack, Fair Grove, 363 Missouri Mounted Volunteers, Second Regi­ Mine Au Breton Historical Society, 206 ment, 108 Mineral Area College, Historic Preservation Missouri Mule Skinner's Society, 75 Center, 468 Missouri National Guard, 229, 441 Mines, 102,103 Missouri Pacific Railroad, 60,109, 504 Mingo Swamp, Ozarks, 230 Missouri River, 60, 64, 65, 129, 133, 226, 236, Minton, Jay E, obit, 513 266, 506, 509 Misselhorn, Roscoe, 367, 500 —construction fleet, 511 Mississippi (steamboat), 371 -map of, 387-402 Mississippi County, 405, 408, 411, 496 Missouri School for the Deaf, 367 Mississippi Lime Co, Ste. Genevieve, 236 Missouri State Fair, 234 Mississippi River, 58, 109, 113, 163, 164, 174, Missouri State Lunatic Asylum, Fulton, 65 232,311,506 Missouri State Museum, 75, 468 -map of, 387-402 Missouri State Penitentiary, Jefferson City, —steamboats, 503 222, 223, 371 Mississippi Valley, 387, 395 Missouri Supreme Court, 156, 368 Missouri, 114, 222, 235, 370, 501, 507 Missouri Supreme Court Historical Society, —automobile, 233 333 -blacks, 101 Missouri Town-1855, 499 -books, 248-249 Missouri Valley College, 511 -Capitols, 379, 498 "Missouri Waltz" (song), 132,133, 225 —Catholic Motor Missions, 511 Missouri Western College, 366 —caves, 506 Mitchell, H.L, 405, 406 —churches, 231 Mitts, Ray, 372 -crafts, 383 Moberly, Mo, 225 —family letters, 369 Moberly Area Junior College, 233, 507 —farming, 108 Moniteau Co, historic sites & homes, 125 —Fire Insurance Trusts, 113 Moniteau County Historical Society, 90, 207, —grapes and wines, 115 346,484 —Icarian community, 173-183 Monroe City, Mo, St. Jude's Cemetery, 499 —immigrants, 106 Monroe City News, 506 —industrialization of, 118-120 Monroe County, Union Covered Bridge, 105 —land claims, 229 Monsanto Company, 115 -lead, 103 Montgomery County, 19, 225 —place names, 102 Montgomery County Historical Society, 346 —popcorn, 506 Moore, Dick, 371 —schools, 496 Morgan County Historical Society, 90, 207, —settlement patterns, 514-516 484 -soldiers, War of 1812, 233 Mormons, 12,174, 234, 238 -springs, 231, 506 Morris, Auldridge, 511 -State Hospital No. 3,121 Morris, Leona S, 468; "A Pictorial Glimpse of —state park, architecture, 232 Life Aboard the Brownville, 1960s," 309-327 -thesis, 238 Morton, Mo, blacksmith shop, 509 -towns, 241-243 Mound Builders, Platte County, 112 Missouri Archaeological Society, 506 Mt. Gilead School, Smithville, 363 Missouri Athletic Club, 365, 503 Mt. Lebanon Church, 372 532 Index

Mt. Olivet Baptist Church, Henry Co, 508 -flood, 105 Mt. Pisgah United Methodist Church, Spring­ New Madrid County, 43, 408, 411, 414 field, 363 New Melle, Mo, post offices, 502 Mt. Vernon, Mo, 231, 360, 362 New Salem Church, Couch, Mo, 101 Mt. Zion Baptist Church, Edgerton, 227 Newark, Mo, 104 Mountain Creek, Mo, 235, 367 Newark Hotel, 222 Mountain View, Mo, 507 Newspapers Movies, 226, 235 —Anzeiger des Westens, 35, 232 Muehl, Eduard, 18-36 —Belton-Raymore Star-Herald, 232 Muehl, Siegmar, "Eduard Muhl: 1800-1854 —Bolivar Weekly Courier, 369 Missouri Editor, Religious Free-Thinker and -Campbell, 508 Fighter For Human Rights," 18-36 -Hermann Licht-Freund, 18, 25-28, 30 Mueller, Paul A, Jr., obit, 117 —Hermanner Wochenblatt, 31-34 Murphy, Dudley, 510 -Kansas City Star, 135, 136, 138, 264, 265, Murray, John D, 508 439 Museum of Ozarks' History 333 —Louisiana Press-Journal, 232 Museums —Monroe City News, 506 —Andrew County, inside back cover, July -St. Louis, 232 issue —St. Louis Daily Missouri Republican, 9, -Clinton, 496 13,14,17 —Dent County, Salem, inside back cover, -St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 135, 463, 509 April issue —St. Louis Old School Democrat, 9, 11, 13, —Excelsior Springs Historical, inside back 14 cover, Oct. issue -St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 135, 281, 284, -Foster, Ralph, 370 406, 407, 448 -Hickory County, 363 —St. Louis Republic, 448 -Joslyn Art, Omaha, Neb, 231 —St. Louis Star Times, 153,156 -Kansas City, 104,507 —Springfield Daily News, 435, 510 —Lawrence County Historical, 360 —Springfield Leader and Press, 435, 438 —Oakland, Affton, inside back cover, Jan. —Springfield Sunday News and Leader, issue 424, 426 -old jail, Maries County, 228, 232, 367, 502 —Versailles Leader-Statesman, 506 —River Heritage, Cape Girardeau, 495 —Vienna Home Adviser, 224 -St. Charles, 113 Newton County, 105, 233, 368 —St. Louis History, 366 Newton County Historical Society, 91, 207 —Scotland County Historical Society, 224 "Nicholas de Finiels: Mapping The Missis­ —Transport, 511 sippi & Missouri Rivers, 1797-1798," by W. Musick, Mildred, 371 Raymond Wood, 387-402 Mustion, Alfred J. and Elizabeth, 372 Nixon-Jones Printing Co, St. Louis, 459 Muzak, Kansas City, 223 Nodaway County, 105 Myers, John B, house, Florissant, 109 Nodaway County Historical Society, 207, 347, 484 N Nolte, R.H., 237 NAACP, 369 Norman Grade School, Kansas City, 265 Nance, J.A, diary, 104 Norman, John, 114 Napton, William B, 506 Normandy Area Historical Association, 91, National Advisory Committee for Community 208, 484 Service Projects, 292 North Gifford, Mo, 361 National Benevolent Association, 509 Northcott, Ray, 115 National Guard, 359 Northeast Missouri State University, 233, 507 National Historic Communal Societies Associa­ tion, 334 O National Register of Historic Places, 75, 447, O'Bannon, Mrs. LA, obit, 117 466 O'Fallon Historical Society, 208, 484 Neelys Landing, Mo, 223 O'Key, Clifford W, 503 Neidermeyer Apartments, 359 O'Neil, Walton "Sleepy," 326 Nelson, Lawrence J, "The Demise of O'Reilly O'Reilly Hospital, Springfield, 417-446 Hospital and the Beginning of Evangel Col­ Oak Grove, Mo, 225, 362, 499 lege, 1946-1955," 417-446 Oak Grove School, 110,222 Neosho, Mo, 64; Scarritt College, 362 Oak Hill Church, Johnson County, 508 Nevada, Mo, 105, 225, 247, 362 Oakland, Affton, inside back cover, Jan. issue Nevada State Hospital, 121 Oehler, Jeanette C, obit, 239 Nevatt, Fern, 236 Oglesby, Col. Richard, 165,170 New Franklin, Mo, First Baptist Church, 497 Ohio River, 164,311,329,396 New Madrid, Mo, 414-416 Old Appleton Mill, 234 -earthquake, 362, 369 Old Jail Museum, 502 Index 533

Old Picker Cemetery, St. Louis, 175 Parks Old Plank road, 496 —Big Oak Tree State, Mississippi Co, 334 Old Rock House, St. Louis, 232 —Electric, Kansas City, 104 Old Stagecoach Stop Foundation, 208 -Forest, St. Louis, 363,375-376,501,504 Old timer's day, Southwest City, 104 —Greene, Nathanael, Springfield, 109 Old Trails Historical Society, 91, 208, 347, 484 -Ha Ha Tonka State, 109 Olympics, 1936, 234 -Hulston Mill, Dade County, 102 Opp School, 226 -Jolly Mill, 510 Oran, Mo, 221 -Krug, 226 Order No. 11,103 —Mastodon State, 110 Order No. 11 (painting), 223 —Schuman, Rolla, 507 Oregon-California Trails Association, Trails -Smith, Springfield, 418, 428, 441 Head Chapter, 485 -state, 232 Oriole, Mo, 223 Parkview High School, 371 Orphan Trains, 500, 507 Parnell, Mo, 361 Orr, C.V., 500 Parr, William, 365 Osage County, 224, 361 Parsons, Rex, obit, 239 Osage County Historical Society, 91, 208, 347, Paschang, Adolph, 224 485 Patterson, Doyle, 184 Osage Indians, 238, 246 Paynesville, Mo, 104 Osage River, 109 Peace Valley, Mo, 501 Outlaws Peak, Emily Jane (Ford), 232 -Anderson, William "Bloody Bill," 66-68, Peavine School, 366 108, 362, 369 Pedersen, Sharon, "Married Women and the -Barrow, Clyde, 237 Right to Teach in St. Louis, 1941-1948," —James, Frank, 108 141-158 -James, Jesse, 104,108, 225, 226, 233, 366, Pelster Housebarn, Franklin County, 232 500 Pemiscot County, 368 -Parker, Bonnie, 237 Pemiscot County Historical Society, 209, 347, -Quantrill, William C, 66,108 485 -Todd, George, 66,108 Pemiscot Soil and Water Conservation Dis­ -Younger, Cole, 108 trict, 368 Owen, Mickey, Baseball School, Miller, 507 Pendergast, James, 134, 262 Owensville, Mo, 225 Pendergast, Tom, 109,138, 262 Owsley, William L, Jr., obit, 117 Perkins, Marlin, 235 Ozark Baptist Church, 499 Perry County, 110,499,500 Ozark County, Howard Ridge Cemetery, 237 -Civil War, 234 Ozark County Genealogical and Historical -court, 234, 508 Society, 485 Perryville, Mo, 110 Ozark Empire Fairs, 114 Pershing, John J, 240-241 Ozark Highland, 501 Persons, Walter, C, 501 Ozark States Folklore Society, 193 Pertle Springs, Mo, 107 Ozark Water Mills, 499 Pevely Dairy Co, St. Louis, 509 Ozarks, 110, 112, 114, 222, 230, 233, 235, 236, Phelan, William G, 112,234 366, 368, 370, 507, 510 Phelps County, 507 Phelps County Historical Society, 209 Phillips, Christopher W, "The Court Martial Paddle and Saddle Club, Valley Park, 222 of Lieutenant Nathaniel Lyon," 296-308 Palace Hotel, Fulton, 103 "A Pictorial Glimpse of Life Abroad the Palmer, Retha Chandler, 114 Brownville, 1960s" by Leona S. Morris, Palmer, William W, family, 112 309-327 Palmyra Heritage Seekers, 91, 208, 347, 485 Pike County, 53,63,64,101, 221, 359, 495 Pankey, Cary, 44-46 Pike County Historical Society, 92, 209, 348, Pankey, Clyde, 46 486 Pankey, David Ballard, 44, 45 Pillow, Gen. Gideon, 160, 162, 163, 165-167, Pankey, David Y, 39, 44 169,171 Pankey, Hugh Ballard, 45, 46 Pilot Grove School, 495 Pankey, Mrs. Hugh Ballard, 39 Pitman School, 110 Pankey, Russell, 45 Planter's House, 113 Pankey, Sallie Jones, 39, 41 Plato High School, 223 Papin family, 369 Platte County, 102,112,234 Paradise, Mo, 227 Platte County Historical Society, 348, 486 Paradise School, 501 Plattsburg, Mo, 106,224 Park College, 368, 369, 509 Pleasant Hill Historical Society, 92, 210, 348, Park, James W, obit, 117 486 Parker, Bonnie, 237 Pleitner, Bill, 227 534 Index

"The Plight of the People in the Sharecrop­ Ramsey, Andrew, cabin, 101 pers' Demonstration in Southeast Missouri," Randolph County, elections, 231 by Arvarh E. Strickland, 403-416 Randolph County Historical Society, 93, 210, Poe, Stanley, 229 348,486 Poelker, Adrian, 108 Randolph, Vance, 376-378 Point Pleasant, Mo, 362 Ravenwood, 361 Pol-Mac Hotel, 508 Ray County, 233, 234, 369, 500 Polk County, 113,122,234 Ray County Historical Society, 210, 487 Polk, Gen. Leonidas, 161-172 Ray, Jennie Meadows, 501 Pony Express Historical Association, 92, 210, Ray, William H. "Major Willie," 501 348,486 Rayfield, Swiney, 230 Poosch, Elizabeth, 497 Raytown Historical Society, 93, 210, 349, 487 Poplar Bluff, Mo, First Christian Church, Record (magazine), 509 225 367 Red Brick School, Hardin, 508 Population, 328-332 Red School, Iron County, 506 Port of St. Louis, 109 Reedy, William Marion, 281, 282, 283 Porter, Joseph F, Jr., obit, 239 Reedy's Mirror (magazine), 281, 282, 286 Porter, Naomi R, obit, 513 Reliance (tug boat), 226 Post Offices, 495 Rensselaer, Mo, 108 —Altamount, 370 Reps, Louis W, 428, 430 —Anderson, 370 Republic, Mo., Hood United Methodist Church, -Camden, 370 363 —Douglas County, 366 Revolutionary War, 263, 365, 503 -Eagle Rock, 114 Rex McDonald (horse), 231 -Fairdealing, 222 Reynolds House, Cape Girardeau, 365 -Kinder, 235 Reynolds, William A, Sr, obit, 117 -New Melle, 502 Rich Fountain, Mo, Christmas, 361 —Osage County, 361 Richardson, Erma N, obit, 513 —Purvis, 101 Richardson, Noah P, obit, 239 -Roach, 114 Richmond, Mo, 106, 225, 360, 500 -Rock Port, 106 Rich wood family, 368 Postmasters, 235 Ridings, Marion Overton, obit, 512-513 Powers House Hotel, Columbia, 496 Riggs, Rev. Ralph Meredith, 425, 428, 429, Predoehl, Rev. Theo. C, obit, 513 435,436 Preisler, Paul W, 144,153,154,157 Ritz Cafe, 108 Presidency, 369 Riutcel family, home, Martinsburg, 224 President (boat), 113 River Des Peres, 124-125 Price, Albert M, 184 River Heritage Museum, Cape Girardeau, 495 Price, Martha, 115 Rivers Price, Gen. Sterling, 64, 67,115, 164, 170 -Big Piney, 109 Price's Hill, Glasgow, 318 —Femme Osage, 266 Protzel family, 509 -Finley, 499 Providence, Mo, 496 -Fishing, 506 Purdy, Mo, 227 -Gasconade, 109, 236 Purdy's Meat Market, 505 -Mississippi, 58,109,113,124-125,163, 164, Purvis, Mo, post office, 101 174,232,311,329,506 Putnam, Bert, 363 -Missouri, 60, 64, 65, 129, 133, 226 236, Putnam County, rural schools, 247-248 266, 310-312, 318, 320, 323-324, 387-402, 509,511 -Osage, 109 Quantrill, William C, 66,108 -Sac, 227 -White, 388, 392, 402 R Roach, Mo, post office, 114 Radnor (steamship), 272 Roark, James L, 38, 47 Ragen-Thieme Firm, 510 Roberts, Elmer Lee, obit, 117 Ragtime, 495 Roberts, Frank L, obit, 239 Railroads, 71,266,267,309 Roberts, Roy, 135,136 —Frisco Engine, 501, 507 Robertson, Kent, obit, 373 -Houston, 498 Rocheport, Mo, 67, 68, 320 —Metropolitan Railway, Kansas City, 259 Rock, Mo, Fire Department, 360 -Missouri Pacific, 60,109, 504, 505 Rock Port, Mo, post office, 106 —St. Louis, 226 Rockwell, Capt. & Mrs. Bertrand, house, —St. Louis and Hannibal, Train 1, 502 Kansas City, 505 —St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern, Roedl, Leo J, 232 113,360 Roelofson family, see Ruloffson family Ralls County Historical Society, 92, 210 Rogers family, log cabins, 103 Index 535

Rogers, Melvin, 110 -Eden United Church of Christ, 504 Roleson family, see Ruloffson family -education, 141-158, 363, 370 Rolla, Mo, 109 -Forest Park, 363, 375-376,501, 504 Roloson family, see Ruloffson family —history museum, 366 Roosevelt Steamship Line, 272 —houses, 505 Roosevelt, Theodore, 272, 504 —Jesus United Church of Christ, 363, 370 Roper, Robert, 184 -Jews, 109, 230, 366 Rose family, 508 —landmarks, 106 Rose Hill School, 222 —Manufacturers Railway Co, 509 Roudebush, Mrs. Dorothy, 144-146,148,149 —merchants exchange, 236 Rowden, Chesley, 235 -neighborhoods, 121, 226, 234, 235 Rowden, Oliver, 235 —newspapers, 232 Rozier, Jean Ferdinand, 106 -Old Rock House, 232 Rucker, Booker, 232 -Peyely Dairy Co, 509 Ruloffson family, 504 —police, 363 Rumer, Mrs. Richard O, obit, 513 —railroads, 226 Rushings Telephone Exchange, Bertrand, 227 -Sacred Heart Church, 235 -Smile Factory, 366 St. -Social Evil Ordinance, 1870, 226 St. Agnes High School, Springfield, 441 —Stockton, Robert H, house, 231 St. Charles, Mo, 113, 226, 367, 506 -tornado, 1927,115,504 St. Charles County, 506 -Trinity Lutheran Church, 363, 370 St. Charles County Historical Society, 93, 349 -tunnels, 109,113 St. Francois County, 106 -Union Market, 370 St. Francois County Historical Society, 93, -Veiled Prophet, 379-380 211,349,487 —Washington Ave, 229 Ste. Genevieve, Mo, 110, 236, 500 -Washington University, 278, 281, 283 St. James, Mo, 66, 67, 236, 500 —Waterways Journal Inc., 509 St. James The Greater Catholic Church, 227 -Watts, Bob, Pharmacy, 503 St. James United Methodist Church, Fulton, —women athletes, 234 511 St. Louis and Hannibal Railroad, Train #1, St. John's Lutheran Church, Westboro, 106 502 St. Joseph, Mo, 106, 362 St. Louis Baseball Hall of Famers, 230 -Campbell Bakery, 226 St. Louis Board of Education, 141-158 -Catholic Parish, 226 St. Louis Central High School, baseball team, -Police Dept, 500 1922, 226 St. Joseph Air Guard, 229 St. Louis Chamber of Commerce, 234 St. Joseph Historical Society, 93, 211, 349, 487 St. Louis County, 151, 506 St. Jude's Cemetery, Monroe City, 499 —Carondelet Bus, 114 St. Louis (ferryboat), 226 -White Haven home, 103, 506 St. Louis, Mo, 58, 63, 71, 72, 109, 114, 175, St. Louis Dairy Co, 235 180, 181, 226, 230, 234, 235, 284-286, 295, St. Louis Genealogical Society, 193 309-312, 331, 366, 370, 379-380, 387-389, 392- St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 135, 463, 509 395, 399, 400, 407, 447, 448, 450, 451, 454, St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Rail­ 460, 461, 464, 466 road, 360 —actors & musicians, 226 St. Louis Jewish Light (magazine), 509 —advertising, 230 St. Louis Labor Council, 509 -Architects, 231 St. Louis Main Library, 108 —architecture, 370 St. Louis Mercantile Library, 235, 333, 334, —archives & manuscripts, 381 448, 450 -Arena, 231, 370 St. Louis Metro Baptist Association, 509 —ballooning, 109 St. Louis Metropolitan Medical Society, 113 —Bellefontaine Cemetery, 106, 235 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 135, 281, 284, 448 -Bevo Mill, 230 St. Louis Railroad Company, 509 —black repertory theatre, 227 St. Louis Regional Commerce and Growth -blacks, 230 Association, 509 —brick making, 235 St. Louis Review (magazine), 499, 509 —Carondelet Bus, 114 St. Louis Screw & Bolt Co, 509 —caves, 113 St. Louis Westerners, 211, 349, 487 -Central High School, 279, 281, 294 St. Louis World's Fair, 110, 232, 456, 464, 465 —Cnerokee/Lemp Historic District, 235 St. Luke United Methodist Church, Mexico, —Commerce Club, 509 371 —Convent School of Sacred Heart, 452 Ste. Marie Du Lac Catholic Church, Ironton, -cyclone, 1896,115 103, 227 —downtown, 113 St. Marys, Mo, 110; Immaculate Conception -Eads Bridge, 109,113, 278 Church, 499 536 Index

St. Patrick's Church, Catawissa, 226 —Forest Grove, 507 St. Paul Evangelical Lutheran Church, Bay, -Franklin, 361 223 —Hanover Lutheran Day, 365 Saint Paul's College, class of 1986,113 -Harperly Hall, St. Louis, 279 St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Ironton, 103 -Harris Teachers College, 142-144 Saint Vincent's College, Cape Girardeau, 511 —Junior College of Kansas City, 265 -Keysor, 110 -Killian, 500 Sac River, 227 —Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medi­ Sacred Heart Church, St. Louis, 235 cine, 231,367,505 Salem, Mo, 234; Dent County Museum, inside -Kirksville Senior High, 108 back cover, April issue -Knob School, district #43, 505 Salem Congregation United Church of Christ, —Livingston County, 380 Lafayette County, 112 —Loretto Academy, 504 Salem Lutheran Church, Farrar, 225 —Missouri School for the Deaf, 367 Saline, Mo, Miller family, 509 —Missouri Valley College, 511 Saline County Historical Society, 211 —Missouri Western College, 366 Salisbury, Mo, 365 —Moberly Area Junior College, 233, 507 Salt trade, 102 -Mt. Gilead, Smithville, 363 Saluda, 509 —Norman Grade, Kansas City, 265 Samuel, Zerelda James, 231 —Northeast Missouri State University, Kirks­ Sanders, Herbert A, obit, 373 ville, 233, 507 Sandy Creek Covered Bridge, Jefferson Coun­ -Oak Grove, 110,222 ty, 334 -Opp, 226 Sandy's Oak Ridge Manor, Clay County, 224 —Owen, Mickey, Baseball, Miller, 507 Santa Fe Trade, 1,9 —Paradise, 501 Santa Fe Trail, 2,16,17, 233, 267,368 -Park College, 368,369, 509 Saunders, Dr. Everett L, 103 —Parkview High, Springfield, 371 Save Grant's White Haven, Inc., 469 —Peavine, 366 Sawyer, Mrs. Carl W, obit, 239 -Pilot Grove, 496 Scarritt College, Neosho, football team, 362 -Pitman, 110 Schade, Ruben R, obit, 117 -Plato High, 223 Schieber, John and Henrietta (Meyer), family, -Putnam County, 247-248 361 -Red Brick, Hardin, 508 Schlichter, Jake, 503 —Red, Iron County, 506 Schmoyer family, see Smoyer family -Rose Hill, 222 Schools, 247-248, 380, 496, 505 -rural, 104, 508 —Academy of Science of St. Louis, 504 -St. Agnes High School, 441 -Allega, 221 -St. Louis Central High, 226 —Amazonia, 230 -Saint Paul's College, 113 —Ash Grove Normal School #4, 511 —Saint Vincent's College, Cape Girardeau, -Ava High, 221 511 -Bailey, 236 -Scarritt College, Neosho, 362 -Blow Middle, St. Louis, 142,148 -Scott County, 107 " -Boyd, 236 -Shiloh, 496 -Brookfield High, 221 —Simmons, 221 —Brownington, 102 -Skylight, 366 —Busch Temporary, St. Louis, 142 -Smithville High, 227 -Cabool, 495 —Southwest Baptist University, 235, 507 —Catholic Dancing, Springfield, 236 —Southwest Missouri State College, Spring­ -Center, 103 field, 427, 428, 430, 434, 435, 439, 510 -Central High, Kansas City, 498 -Steele Grade, 227 -Central High, St. Louis, 279, 281, 294 —Switzer, Kansas City, 498 —Central Missouri State University, War­ -Takein, 367 rensburg, 503 —Union, Laclede County, 233 —Cline, Minnie, Elementary, 230 -University of Missouri, 46, 136, 232, 265, -Columbia College, 365, 496, 503 268-270, 271, 505 —Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, 108 -Warwick, 362 —Convent School of Sacred Heart, St. —Washington University, 115, 144, 278, Louis, 452 281, 283, 509 -Dalton High, 224 —Weaver, Springfield, 510 -Des Peres, Carondelet, 227 -Wellington High, 311 -Drury College, 109,114, 236, 428 —Westminster College, Fulton, 130, 511 —Evangel College, Springfield, 417-446 —Westport High, Kansas City, 253, 264, —Fairview, 370 265 -Fillmore C-l, 230 -Wilcox, 361 Index 537

-Wilson, 229 Smith, Humphrey, gravestone, 227 -Wolf, 231 Smith, Joseph, 369 Schowengerdt, Erwin E, obit, 117 Smith, Joseph, III, 509 Schramm, Leonard G, obit, 239 Smith Park, Springfield, 418,428,441 Schroeder, Walter A, "Missouri, Center of Smith, Robert C, 184 Population of the United States," 328-332 Smithville, Mo, 227,363,501 Schuck, Mike, 222 Smoky Hill Railway and Historical Society, Schulte's Shop, 497 94,212,350,488 Schuman Park, Rolla, 507 Smoyer family, Kirksville, 108 Schuyler County Historical Society, 93,211 Snow, Edgar, 253-274 Schweich, George W, house, 500 Somerville, Ronald L, 184,185 SCNO Barge Lines, Inc., 311; see also Sioux Sons and Daughters of the Blue and Gray City and New Orleans Barge Lines, Inc. Civil War Round Table, 94, 212,350, 488 Scorah, Ralph E, obit, 117 Soper, Mrs. A. B, Sr, obit, 117 Scotland County Historical Society, 349, 487; Sorghum, 233 museum, 224 Soulard family, 509 Scott City, Mo, Hopper Street Cemetery, 106 Soulard, Julie, 235 Scott County, 107 South East Missouri Civil War Round Table, Scott County Historical Society, 94, 212, 349, 94,212,488 488 South Street Christian (Disciples of Christ) Scott, Mrs. George, obit, 513 Church, Springfield, 114, 236 Scott, James, 495 Southern Hotel, 113 Scovil Brothers & Company, New York, 270, Southern Platte Fire District, 368 272 Southern Tenant Farmers Union (STFU), 405 Second Tennessee Regiment, 165-167 Southwest Baptist University, 235,507 Seehan, Jim, 503 Southwest City, Old Timer's Day, 104 Sellers, Capt. Isaiah, 506 Southwest Missouri School Administrators Seminole War, 299 Club,436, 437 Settle, Lt. Col. Herbert B, obit, 239 Southwest Missouri State College, Springfield, Settlement patterns, 514-516 427, 428, 430, 434,435,439 Seven Gables Hotel, 229 Sparkman, John E, III, family of, 108 Shannon County, Klepzig Mill, 368 Special Libraries Association, Mid-Missouri Sharecroppers, demonstration, 403-416 Chapter, 468 Shelby County Historical Society, 94,350,488 Spread Eagle, 113 Shelby, Gen. Joseph, 115,221,365 Springfield, Mo, 70-72,114,235, 236, Sheley, James Kelly, 103 331,370,371,501,510 Shiloh School, 496 —baseball team, 510 Shipman family, house, Greene County, 363 —blacks, culture, 501 Shoemaker, Pearle M, obit, 117 -Catholic Dancing School, 236 Shores, Mrs. Frank, inside back cover, July —Christian churches, 114 issue —church windows, 510 Short, Dewey, 134,417, 426, 429, 438, 443-445 —Eleven-Eleven Building, 370 Shrader, J. Wesley, 369 —entertainment, 510 Shrum, Benjamin, 234 -Evangel College, 417-446 Sidney (excursion boat), 511 —Fairview School, 370 Sigel, Franz, 503 —Greene, Nathanael, Park, 109 Sikes,Al,511 -Mt. Pisgah United Methodist Church, 363 Sikeston, Mo, 107, 405, 406 -O'Reilly Hospital, 417-446 Silver Star Drive-In Theatre, Kirksville, 108 -Parkview High School, 371 Silvoso, Joseph A, 108 -Pythian Home, 418,426 Siman, Si, 114 —schools, 510 Simmons School, 221 -Smith Park, 418,428,441 Sims, Dr. F. Joe, 102 —Southwest Missouri State College, 427, Sioux City (towboat), 115 428,430,434,435,439 Sioux City and New Orleans (SCNO) Barge —Visiting Nurse Association, 114 Lines, Inc., 309-327 Springfield Area Council of Churches Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet, 366, 437 [SACC], 114 Six Mile Baptist Church, Jackson County, Springfield-Carthage Road, 505 112 Springfield Daily News, 435, 510 Skidmore, Mo, United Methodist Church, 105 Springfield Symphony, 114 Skylight School, 366 Stagecoaches, 359 Slaughter, Jean B, obit, 373 Stanley, Lois, obit, 239 Slavery, 37-52,107,360,380-381 Stanton family, 112 Slover, Mary Howe, 103 Stark, Mrs. Clay Hamilton, obit, 513 Smith, Daniel R, 506 Stark, Lloyd, 408,414,416 Smith, George R, 509 Starkloff,Dr.MaxC,113 538 Index

Starr, Belle, 102,115,507 —Mainstreet, Kansas City, 498 Starr, Pearl, 507 —Opera House, Lamar, 498 Starr, Raymond, home, Kansas City, 231 —Opera House, Ozark, 499 State Historical Society of Missouri, 75, 184- -Wood, Willis, Kansas City, 104 190,191, 312, 333, 467 Thompson, M. Jeff, 503 Steamboats, 368, 371, 503 Three Creeks area, blacks, 496 -Alton, 226 3M, Springfield, 370 —Arkansas City, 115 Tilsit, Mo, 223 —Dubuque, 115 Tindall Beverage Company, Kirksville, 108 —Mississippi, 371 Tipton, Mo, Maclay home, 232 — Washington, replica of, 320 Titcomb, Timothy Batchelder, 504 Steele, Mo, 107 Tobacco, 222, 229, 496 Steele, Francis R, obit, 373 Todd, George, 66,108 Steele Grade School, 227 Tornadoes, 107,115,226,504 Steinman, Frank, obit, 513 Towns, histories, architecture, 241-243 Stepenoff, Bonnie, "Freedom and Regret: The Townsend house, Arrow Rock, 109 Dilemma of Kate Chopin," 447-466 Transport Museum, 511 Stephens, Mrs. E. Sydney, 186 Traubel, Helen, 106 Stephens, J.L, home, Columbia, 496 Travelers Hotel, Kirksville, 108 Sterling Avenue RLDS Church, 498 Tri-State Mining District, 516-517 Sterling, Nellie Hart, 229 Tribble family, 234 Stickle family, 112 Trinity Lutheran Church, Jefferson City, 234 Stidham, Rev. Jacob Haller, family, 504 Trinity Lutheran Church, St. Louis, 362, 370 Still, Charles, III, 367, 369 Tripoli, 111,233 Still-Hildreth Sanatorium, Macon, 505 Trotter, W. Yates, 114 Stockton, Mo, 107, 363 Troy, Mo, 502 Stockton, Robert H, house, St. Louis, 231 "Truman and Missouri," by Richard S. Kirk- Stone County, 116 endall, 127-140 Stone County Historical Society, 94 Truman Dam and Reservoir, 109 Stoner, Frank, obit, 239 Truman, Pres. Harry S, 109, 114, 127-140, Strickland, Arvarh, 184; "The Plight of the 245-246, 293, 421, 511 People in the Sharecroppers' Demonstration —home, Independence, 139 in Southeast Missouri," 403-416 -Library Institute, 103,140, 236, 469 Strode, John, 235 Tunnels, St. Louis, 109 Stuber,Abe,511 Turnback Creek, 367, 505 Sturgeon, Mo, 67, 68 Turner family, 234 Sullivan County Historical Society, 95, 212, Turner, Sarah Lucille, 498 350, 488 Twain, Mark, 102, 105, 109, 110, 229, 235, Sullivan, Leonor K, 113 266, 274, 365, 504 Summers, Florence, 372 Twain, Mark, Cave, Hannibal, 230 Swearingen, Joe A, obit, 513 Twain, Mark, Lake, 225 Sweeney, Karen, 236 Twain, Mark, Memorial Bridge, Hannibal, Sweet Springs Resort, 502 365 Switzer School, Kansas City, 498 Sylvester, Frederick Oakes, 238 U Symington, Stuart, Jr., 184 U.S. Highway 160, 501 Symington, Stuart, Sr, 429, 436-437 Ullrich, Emil E, obit, 373 Underhill, Callie, 495 Union Cemetery Historical Society, 95, 213, Taft, William, 511 350,489 Takein School, 367 Union Cemetery, Kansas City, 236, 371 Taney County, 368, 372, 496 Union Covered Bridge, Monroe County, 105 Taverns, 496 Union depot, Lilbourn, 104 Taylor, Andrew, 367 Union School, Laclede County, 233 Taylor, Reuben, 115 United Cannery, Agricultural, Packing and Teachers Academic Freedom Committee, 155 Allied Workers of America (UCAPAWA), Teachers Cooperative Council, 156 405,416 Tecumseh, Mo, U.S. Highway 160, 501 United Methodist Church, Skidmore, 105 Temperance, 222 United States Government Texas County, 331 —Army, Adjutant General's Office, 306, Texas County Genealogical and Historical 307 Society, 213, 350 —Army Corps of Engineers, 310 Thanksgiving, 372 —Army, 104th Infantry Division, 311 Theaters —Army, 129th Field Artillery Regiment, —black repertory, St. Louis, 227 Battery D, 511 —Empire, Kansas City, 366 —Army Reserves, 425, 426 Index 539

—Army, Second Infantry Regiment, Com­ Warrensburg, Mo, 229, 364; Central Missouri pany I, 299-302 State University, 503 -Bureau of the Census, 329, 331 Wars -Congress, 4,10, 34, 257 -1812, 233, 497 —Dept. of Agriculture, 409 —Korean, 424 —Dept. of Commerce, National Geodetic -Revolutionary, 233, 503 Survey, 328 -World War I, 227, 367, 369 -Dept. of Defense, 424-426, 432 -World War II, 310,311, 331, 504 —Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare Warsaw, Mo, 228 (HEW), 427-430, 432-444 -Bishop, E.C., and Sons, Inc., 230 —Farm Security Administration, 409 -Fajen, Reinhart, Inc., 230 —Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Warwick School, 362 405, 408 Washington, Mo, 360, 502 —Federal Civilian Defense Administration, Washington Historical Society, 95, 213, 428,434,441 351, 489 —General Services Administration (GSA), Washington Preservation, Inc., 333 427, 432-435, 438, 440-444 Washington University, 115,144, 248, 278, —Naval Reserve, 420 281,283,509 -Pentagon, 426, 427 Wasson, William J, 114 -Senate, 135, 408 Waterways Journal Inc., St. Louis, 509 —Veterans Administration, 419-425, 434 Watkins family, 505 —War Assets Administration, 420 Watkins Mill, 232, 361 -War Dept, 409-411 Watson, Robert Goah, 105 United States Military Academy, West Point, Watson, Dr. T.J, mansion, 103 299, 300, 308 Watts, Bob, Pharmacy, St. Louis, 503 United States Postal Archives, 366 Watts family, 372 University Heights Baptist Church, 370 Wayne County, 106, 225, 362, 500 University of Missouri, 46, 75, 136, 192, 232, Wayne County Historical Society, 95, 213, 265, 268-270, 496, 505 489 USS Missouri (battleship), 102,130,131 Weaver School, Springfield, 510 Webb, A.H, 369 V Webb family, log cabins, 103 Valley Center United Church of Christ, Deep- Webb House, Jackson County, 498 water, 504 Webber, Joseph, 184,185 Valley Park, Mo, Paddle and Saddle Club, Webster Groves, Mo, 115 222 —black community, 371, 501 Van Assche, Rev. Judocus, 366 -Monday Club, 511 Van Horn's Tavern, 359 Webster Groves Historical Society, 95, Vatterott family, 369 214, 351, 489 Vaughn, Dr. Isaac P, house, Glasgow, 497 Wegman, Leo, 361 Vaughn, J. Terrell, 367 Weis, Anita, 141-158 Vaughn, W.J, obit, 373 Wengert, James J, obit, 513 Vernon County Historical Society, 95, 213, Wentzville Community Historical Society, 95, 351,489 214, 489 Versailles Leader-Statesman (newspaper), 506 West Plains, Mo, 372 Vienna, Mo, jail, 232 West Port, Mo, 116 Vienna Home Adviser, 224 Westboro, Mo, St. John's Lutheran Church, Villa family, 369 106 Violette, Merritt Alexander, home, 225 Westminster College, Fulton, 130, 511 Virgin, Edeenah, 507 Weston, Mo, 228, 232 Volney, 103 Weston Historical Museum, 214, 351, 489 Von Phul, Henry, 371 Westphalia, Mo, 224 Westport High School, Kansas City, 253, 264, W 265 Waggoner, Larry, 231, 510 Westport Historical Society, 96, 352, 490 Walker, Mr. and Mrs. L. W, 366 Westport United Methodist Church, Kansas Wallace, Jean, 231 City, 224 Walnut, Black, 368 Wetzel, Herman F.C., 365 Walter, Georgia, 231 Whitaker, Don J, 504 Walter, Marion Francis ("Bucky"), 231 White, Charles, 253,254, 264, 266, 267, 274 Walther, C.F.W, 231 White Church, Mo, St. Joseph Church, 383 War Eagle (boat), 114 White Haven home, St. Louis County, 103, War of 1812, 233, 497 506 Warner, Kirkland Whitney, 114 White, John Barber, house, Kansas City 109 Warren County Historical Society, 213, 351, White, Mildred, 504 489 White River, 388, 392,402 540 Index

White River Valley Center, 114 Wommack Mill, Fair Grove, 363 White River Valley Historical Society, 96, 352, Wood, W. Raymond, "Nicholas de Finiels: 490 Mapping The Mississippi & Missouri Rivers, Whitfield, Rev. Owen, 405-407, 414 1797-1798," 387-402 Wihoit, George, 500 Wood, Willis, Theater, Kansas City, 104 Wilcox, Jim, home, 495 Wood-Smith, George F, home, 236 Wilcox School, 361 Woodall Farm, 232 Wilder, Laura Ingalls, 370 Woods, Louise Julia, obit, 513 Wilkinson, Elizabeth A, "A Till-Grimage': Woodson, Elizabeth, 186 The Life and Times of John Richie Fergu­ Woodson, Robert, 500 son, 1842-1929," 53-72 Woodson, Warren, home, 359 Williams, Mo, Stone County, 116 Woolworth, 114 Williams, E.C, and Ruby, 496 Workmen's Sick Benevolent Society, 226 Williams, John Siddle, home, Hermitage, 363 World War I, 227, 367,369 Williams, Walter, 268-270, 272 World War II, 310, 311, 331, 504 Willis Mansion, Columbia, 496 World's Parliament of Religions, 509 Wilson, Carrie Frances Murray, 508 Worth County, 103 Wilson, George, 507 Worth County Historical Society, 214, 352 Wilson, J.I, estate, Dallas County, 508 Wright, Dalton C, 184 Wilson School, 229 Wright, Harold Bell, 227, 365, 382-383 Wilson, William B, 227 Wyrick, Christopher C, 370 Wilson's Creek, Battle of, 64, 296, 297, 366 Wilson's Creek National Battlefield, 235 Windsor, Mo, 102, 228 Yaggy, Laura Reed, 500 Wines, 115,367 Yamnitz family, 234 Winston, Mo, 497, 500 Yancy, John G, obit, 513 Winter, J. Frederick Ferdinand, 508 Yandell, Kirkpatrick, 110 Wise, John, 109 Younger, Cole, 108 Wise, Maria Content, 109 Wittenberg, Mo, 110,223 Wolf School, 231 Zalma, Mo, 360 Wollard, Bill, family, 234 Zeilmann, John and Dorothy Redel, family, Wolpers, Robert, 184 371 Women Zero House, 359 —athletes, Washington University, 115 Ziebold, H.O., obit, 239 -Santa Fe Trail, 233 Zimmerman, Rev. Thomas R, 425, 428-432, —teachers, 141-158 434-436, 438, 440, 442-444 —voting right, 362 Zuccarini's Grocery, 361 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

Copyright © 1987 by the State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201

JAMES W. GOODRICH EDITOR MARY K. DAINS ASSOCIATE EDITOR R. DOUGLAS HURT VOLUME LXXXI ASSOCIATE EDITOR OCTOBER, 1986- LEONA S. MORRIS RESEARCH ASSISTANT JULY, 1987 CONTRIBUTORS

VOLUME LXXXI, NOS. 1, 2, 3 AND 4 BALL, LARRY D., professor of history at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro. BRANDIMARTE, CYNTHIA ANN, curator at the Harris County Heritage Society, Houston, Texas. CHRISTENSEN, LAWRENCE O., professor of history and chairman of the Department of History and Political Science, University of Missouri-Rolla. HAMILTON, JOHN MAXWELL, journalist and visiting professor at North­ western University, Evanston, Illinois. JOHNSON, TIMOTHY D., instructor of American history at the Univer­ sity of Alabama, Montgomery. KIRKENDALL, RICHARD S., the Henry A. Wallace Professor of History, Iowa State University, Ames. LAUER, JEANETTE C, associate professor of history at U.S. Inter­ national University, San Diego, California. LAUER, ROBERT H., dean of the School of Human Behavior at U.S. International University, San Diego, California. MORRIS, LEONA S., research assistant for the Missouri Historical Review. MUEHL, SIEGMAR, professor emeritus, College of Education, Univer­ sity of Iowa, Iowa City. NELSON, LAWRENCE J., associate professor of history at the University of North Alabama, Florence. PEDERSEN, SHARON, former secondary teacher in Oregon and Utah, currently working toward secondary certification in Missouri. PHILLIPS, CHRISTOPHER W., doctoral candidate and teaching assistant in the Department of History, University of Georgia, Athens. SCHROEDER, WALTER A., chairman of the Department of Geography at the University of Missouri-Columbia. STEPENOFF, BONNIE, cultural resource preservationist with the Mis­ souri Division of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Jefferson City. STRICKLAND, ARVARH E., professor of history at the University of Missouri-Columbia. WILKINSON, ELIZABETH A., retired teacher and librarian now living in Kansas City. WOOD, W. RAYMOND, professor of anthropology and research professor at the University of Missouri-Columbia. CONTENTS

VOLUME LXXXI, NOS. 1, 2, 3 AND 4

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN CHEATHAM AT BELMONT. By Timothy D. Johnson 159

CHELTENHAM: THE SEARCH FOR BLISS IN MISSOURI. By Jeanette C. Lauer and Robert H. Lauer 173

THE COURT MARTIAL OF LIEUTENANT NATHANIEL LYON. By Christopher W. Phillips 296

THE DEMISE OF O'REILLY HOSPITAL AND THE BEGINNING OF EVANGEL COLLEGE, 1946-1955. By Lawrence J. Nelson 417

EDGAR SNOW: CHINA HAND FROM MISSOURI. By John Maxwell Hamilton 253

EDUARD MUHL: 1800-1854, MISSOURI EDITOR, RELIGIOUS FREE-THINKER AND FIGHTER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS. By Siegmar Muehl 18

FANNIE HURST: A MISSOURI GIRL MAKES GOOD. By Cynthia Ann Brandimarte 275

FEDERAL JUSTICE ON THE SANTA FE TRAIL: THE MURDER OF ANTONIO JOSE CHAVEZ. By Larry D. Ball 1

FREEDOM AND REGRET: THE DILEMMA OF KATE CHOPIN. By Bonnie Stepenoff 447

MARRIED WOMEN AND THE RIGHT TO TEACH IN ST. LOUIS, 1941-1948. By Sharon Pedersen 141

MISSOURI, CENTER OF POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. By Walter A. Schroeder 328

NICHOLAS DE FINIELS: MAPPING THE MISSISSIPPI & MISSOURI RIVERS, 1797-1798. By W. Raymond Wood 387

A PICTORIAL GLIMPSE OF LIFE ABOARD THE BROWNVILLE, 1960S. Compiled by Leona S. Morris 309

A "PILL-GRIMAGE": THE LIFE AND TIMES OF JOHN RICHIE FERGUSON, 1842-1929. Edited by Elizabeth A. Wilkinson 53

THE PLIGHT OF THE PEOPLE IN THE SHARECROPPERS' DEMONSTRATION IN SOUTHEAST MISSOURI. By Arvarh E. Strickland 403

THE POPULAR IMAGE OF BLACKS VS. THE BIRTHRIGHTS. By Lawrence O. Chirstensen 37

TRUMAN AND MISSOURI. By Richard S. Kirkendall 127

<***£*&&;;

Ammw goiffitett rmrxKm ANDREW COUNTY MUSEUM

Savannah Reporter Standing at the entrance of the museum, left to right, are museum director Roy Coy, Society mem­ ber Mrs. Frank Shores and Society president Mary Helen Hower.

Andrew County is one of six counties of Northwest Missouri obtained in the Platte Purchase. In 1836, the U.S. government acquired from the Sac and Fox Indians two million acres of land located between the state's western boundary and the Missouri River. The county, named in honor of Andrew Jackson, was incorporated in January 1841. That same year, developers platted the county seat and named it Savannah for their former Georgia home. Fertile soil, abundant game and timber attracted settlers to the area even before it became a part of Missouri. Grain, hemp, tobacco, livestock, vineyards and orchards grew in abundance. The coming of the railroads in the 1860s and 1880s promoted area prosperity. Today, Savannah continues to thrive as a bedroom suburb of St. Joseph, its larger southern neighbor. Residents of Andrew County, wishing to preserve their heritage, organized a historical society in March 1972, and started a campaign for a museum. When the city developed a new park in the northeast part of Savannah, it constructed a community building and assigned space to the Society for a museum and meeting place. The city named the park in honor of Harry Frederick Duncan. A native of Savannah, Duncan opened hamburger shops in Kentucky and Washington, D.C. Their popularity, plus wise investment, made Duncan a millionaire. He put his money to good use for worthy causes. The community center, built with funds given by the Thomas W. Clasbey family, is named for the donors. It occupies land once owned by Silas Redman Selecman, brother of Virginia Clasbey. Duncan attended the opening of the Clasbey Building on June 13, 1976, and officially cut the ribbon. The museum, at that time, consisted of one room in the corner of the building. Many items had been offered to the museum, and Duncan realized the need for more space. He sent money for an addition to match the original room in size and facilities. Work began in late summer of 1976, and when the tourist season opened in 1977, the museum featured the Clasbey Gallery and the Harry F. Duncan Gallery. In 1977, the Missouri Highway Department gave the Andrew County Historical Society a pioneer log cabin. The former home of German immigrant Mathias Marx, it stood in the way of highway construction and had to be relocated. Society members moved it to Savannah, near the Clasbey Community Center, restored and opened it to the public. The Society acquired the service of Roy Coy as director of the museum. A trained museologist, Coy had directed the St. Joseph Museum for many years. With the assistance of volunteers, Coy continually designs and arranges the museum exhibits for easy viewing and understanding. Both the log cabin and the Andrew County Museum are open free of charge, Friday through Sunday, 1-4 P.M., May through October. Exhibits feature area wildlife, Indian artifacts, war memorabilia, inventions, quilts, a school-day scene, sheriffs office, Victorian parlor and general store. All help recall the county's interesting history.