MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW
THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI, COLUMBIA THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State-Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1969, chapter 183, as revised 1978. OFFICERS, 1998-2001 LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN, Rolla, President JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City, First Vice President SHERIDAN A. LOGAN, St. Joseph, Second Vice President VIRGINIA G. YOUNG, Columbia, Third Vice President NOBLE E. CUNNINGHAM, JR., Columbia, Fourth Vice President R. KENNETH ELLIOTT, Liberty, Fifth Vice President ROBERT G. J. HOESTER, Kirkwood, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer JAMES W. GOODRICH, Columbia, Executive Director, Secretary, and Librarian
PERMANENT TRUSTEES FORMER PRESIDENTS OF THE SOCIETY FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid Avis G. TUCKER, Warrensburg LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville
TRUSTEES, 1996-1999 BRUCE H. BECKETT, Columbia JAMES R. MAYO, Bloomfield CHARLES B. BROWN, Kennett W. GRANT MCMURRAY, Independence DONNA HUSTON, Marshall THOMAS L. MILLER SR., Washington
TRUSTEES, 1997-2000 JOHN K. HULSTON, Springfield ARVARH E. STRICKLAND, Columbia JAMES B. NUTTER, Kansas City BLANCHE M. TOUHILL, St. Louis BOB PRIDDY, Jefferson City HENRY J. WATERS III, Columbia DALE REESMAN, Boonville
TRUSTEES, 1998-2001 WALTER ALLEN, Brookfield VIRGINIA LAAS, Joplin CHARLES R. BROWN, St. Louis EMORY MELTON, Cassville VERA F. BURK, Kirksville DOYLE PATTERSON, Kansas City DICK FRANKLIN, Independence JAMES R. REINHARD, Hannibal
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Eight trustees elected by the board of trustees, together with the president of the Society, consti tute the executive committee. The executive director of the Society serves as an ex officio member. ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia, Chairman LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN, Rolla WALTER ALLEN, Brookfield JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood Avis G. TUCKER, Warrensburg H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid VIRGINIA G. YOUNG, Columbia VERA F. BURK, Kirksville MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW
VOLUME XCIII, NUMBER 4 JULY 1999
JAMES W. GOODRICH LYNN WOLF GENTZLER Editor Associate Editor
SUKANYA DUTTA-WHITE AMY L. NORD Information Specialist Information Specialist
The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW (ISSN 0026-6582) is published quarterly by the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201-7298. Receipt of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is a benefit of membership in the State Historical Society of Missouri. Phone (573) 882-7083; fax (573) 884-4950; e-mail
COVER DESCRIPTION: Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon commanded the Union forces at the Battle of Wilson's Creek near Springfield on August 10,1861. He was one of the 1,344 casualties suffered by the Army of the West during the battle. In the article '"Springfield is a Vast Hospital': The Dead and Wounded at the Battle of Wilson's Creek," beginning on page 345, William Garrett Piston examines the haphazard way in which both the North and South prepared for battle casualties and then dealt with the overwhelming number of dead and wounded in the battle's aftermath. The cover image depicting Lyon's death is from an engraving by Louis Kurz and Alexander Allison published in 1893. [Cover illustration in the State Historical Society of Missouri's art collection] EDITORIAL POLICY The editors of the Missouri Historical Review welcome submission of articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Any aspect of Missouri history will be con sidered for publication in the Review. Genealogical studies, however, are not accepted because of limited appeal to general readers. Manuscripts pertaining to all fields of American history will be considered if the subject matter has significant relevance to the history of Missouri or the West.
Authors should submit two double-spaced copies of their manuscripts. The foot notes, prepared according to The Chicago Manual of Style, 14th ed., also should be dou ble-spaced and placed at the end of the text. Authors may submit manuscripts on disk, preferably in WordPerfect or Microsoft Word. Two hard copies still are required. Originality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used, interpretation, and style are criteria for acceptance and publication. Manuscripts should not exceed 7,500 words. Articles that are accepted for publication become the property of the State Historical Society of Missouri and may not be published elsewhere without permission. The Society does not accept responsibility for statements of fact or opinion made by the authors.
Articles published in the Missouri Historical Review are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts, America: History and Life, Recently Published Articles, Writings on American History, The Western Historical Quarterly, and The Journal of American History.
Manuscripts submitted for the Review should be addressed to Dr. James W. Goodrich, Editor, Missouri Historical Review, State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201-7298.
BOARD OF EDITORS
LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN SUSAN M. HARTMANN University of Missouri-Rolla Ohio State University Columbus
WILLIAM E. FOLEY ALAN R. HAVIG Central Missouri State University Stephens College Warrensburg Columbia
VIRGINIA J. LAAS DAVID D. MARCH Missouri Southern State College Kirksville Joplin
ARVARH E. STRICKLAND University of Missouri-Columbia STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI ANNUAL MEETING WORKSHOPS
In conjunction with the 1999 annual meeting on Saturday, October 23, the State Historical Society will offer two workshops to Society members and the public.
Creating and Maintaining Your Family Photo Archive Christine Montgomery, photographic specialist for the State Historical Society, will present this slide lecture. Montgomery will pro vide participants with a brief history of nineteenth- and early twentieth- century photo processes and describe their usefulness in dating family photographs. A portion of the workshop will be devoted to discussing what to include in a family photo archive and how to properly care for photographs.
Genealogy: Going Beyond the Beginning Max and Anne Miller, former co-presidents of the Genealogical Society of Central Missouri, will offer methods to advance beginning family history skills to an intermediate level. Expect to explore court house research (probate records, deeds, marriage records, and court records), cemetery visits, important Internet sites, and Missouri resource facilities and to learn other helpful suggestions for pursuing genealogical investigation.
The workshops will be held from 9:00 to 10:30 A.M. in the Donald W. Reynolds Alumni and Visitor Center on the University of Missouri- Columbia campus. The registration for each workshop is $10.00, and due to space constraints, enrollment will be limited. Membership in the Society is not required. To reserve a place in a workshop send a check made payable to the State Historical Society of Missouri and choice of workshop to:
Workshops '99 The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, MO 65201-7298 Join the State Historical Society to help preserve n Missouri's heritage.
Founded in 1898, the State Historical Society is the preeminent research facility for the study of the Show Me State's heritage. It is the only statewide historical society in Missouri. The Society has assembled the second-largest specialized research library in the state and the largest collection of state news papers in the nation. The Society invites interested individuals to support its mission of col lecting, preserving, and making accessible the state's history by becoming a member. Members receive a one-year subscription to the Society's quarterly publication, the Missouri Historical Review. The State Historical Society is a not-for-profit, tax-exempt organization. Gifts of cash and property to the Society are deductible for federal income, estate, and gift tax purposes.
Individual membership $10.00 Contributing membership $25.00 Supporting membership $50.00 Annual sustaining membership $100.00 to $499.00 Annual patron membership $500.00 or more Life membership $250.00
To join the Society or to inquire about gifts or bequests contact:
James W. Goodrich State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201-7298 Phone (573) 882-7083 CONTENTS
"SPRINGFIELD IS A VAST HOSPITAL": THE DEAD AND WOUNDED AT THE BATTLE OF WILSON'S CREEK. By William Garrett Piston 345
STORIES OF EVERYDAY LIVING: THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF MARGARET BRUIN MACHETTE. By Margaret Baker Graham 367
SOME PRIVATE ADVICE ON PUBLISHERS: CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN LAURA C. REDDEN AND SAMUEL L. CLEMENS. By Judy Yaeger Jones 386
TOILERS OF THE CITIES AND TILLERS OF THE SOIL: THE 1889 ST. LOUIS "CONVENTION OF THE MIDDLE CLASSES." By Michael J. Steiner 397
HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS
Society Adds to Web Site 417
News in Brief 418
Local Historical Societies 421
Gifts Relating to Missouri 432
Missouri History in Newspapers 435
Missouri History in Magazines 440
In Memoriam 448
BOOK REVIEWS 449
Larsen, Lawrence H., and Nancy J. Hulston. Pendergast! Reviewed by Donald B. Oster.
Launius, Roger D. Alexander William Doniphan: Portrait of a Missouri Moderate. Reviewed by James W. Goodrich. Romines, Ann. Constructing the Little House: Gender, Culture, and Laura Ingalls Wilder. Reviewed by Mary K. Dains.
Boernstein, Henry. Trans, and ed. by Steven Rowan. Memoirs of a Nobody: The Missouri Years of an Austrian Radical, 1849-1866. Reviewed by Lawrence O. Christensen.
BOOK NOTES 454
Menke, David, comp. and ed. New Haven: The Early Years: A Pictorial History, 1836-1956.
Hamilton, Jim, ed. Reflexions II: A Pictorial History of The People and Communities of Dallas County, Missouri.
Rogers, James G., Jr. The Ste. Genevieve Artists' Colony and Summer School of Art, 1932-1941.
Postlethwaite, Kenneth E. K. E. P.: Of Goshen and Paradise. Edited by Patrick Brophy.
Van Buskirk, Kathleen, and Lorraine Humphrey. Bringing Books to the Ozarks: A Branson Adventure.
Batterson, Jack A. Blind Boone: Missouri's Ragtime Pioneer.
Rowen, Clyde A., and Phyllis Rippee, eds. History and Families: Wright County, Missouri. Volume II.
Sanders, Dolores L., comp. and ed. Out of the Wilderness: One Hundred and Eighty Years of Methodism in Boone County.
Cedar County, Missouri History & Families.
INDEX TO VOLUME XCIII 457
CONTRIBUTORS TO MISSOURI CULTURE: SOL SMITH RUSSELL Inside back cover State Historical Society of Missouri
Even with the violent battle raging around them, soldiers bore their wounded com rades away from the combat area and took them to the overcrowded and unprepared dressing stations and field hospitals.
"Springfield is a Vast Hospital": The Dead and Wounded at the Battle of Wilson's Creek
BY WILLIAM GARRETT PISTON*
Although Wilson's Creek has been the topic of significant study, exist ing works pay minimal attention to the treatment of the wounded and the bur ial of the dead following the battle fought on August 10, 1861, some nine miles southwest of Springfield, Missouri.1 This subject deserves closer
*William Garrett Piston is an associate professor of history at Southwest Missouri State University in Springfield. He holds the B.A. and M.A. degrees from Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and the Ph.D. degree from the University of South Carolina, Columbia. 1 The only two modern studies of the battle provide only casualty figures. See Edwin C. Bearss, The Battle of Wilson's Creek (Bozeman, Mont.: Artcraft Printers, 1975), 136; William R. Brooksher, Bloody Hill: The Civil War Battle of Wilson's Creek (Washington, D.C.: Brassey's, 1995), 234-236. The standard biographies of the commanders at the battle provide
345 346 Missouri Historical Review examination for several reasons. While the neglect of medical treatment and burial services was quite common early in the Civil War, it exacerbated the suffering of both soldiers and civilians. The battle's consequences for the soldiers are easy to imagine; civilians were affected at several other levels. The fight obviously had a disastrous impact on those living on or adjacent to the battlefield. It also thoroughly disrupted life in Springfield and resulted in significant property damage. In addition, because Civil War regiments were raised at the community level, the battle affected the families in the soldiers' hometowns. Wilson's Creek occurred only twenty days after the Battle of Bull Run in Virginia, making it the second major battle of the war. By early August, Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon had occupied Springfield with the Union Army of the West, a force numbering some 5,400 men, yet he was so short of supplies that he felt compelled to retire to Rolla, the nearest railhead. The Western Army, 10,125 men strong, was camped dangerously close by, where the Wire, or Telegraph, Road crossed Wilson Creek.2 This was a composite Southern force comprising Confederate troops serving under Brigadier General Ben McCulloch, including the Arkansas militia led by Brigadier General Nicholas Bartlett Pearce and the Missouri State Guard led by Major General Sterling Price. By agreement McCulloch exercised overall com mand of the alliance that posed a tremendous threat to Lyon. Rather than risk being cut up during withdrawal, the Federal leader decided to launch a sur prise attack, intending to stun the Southerners and inflict enough damage so as to allow the Union soldiers safe passage to Rolla. Lyon split his army into two columns. The first, under Colonel Franz Sigel, initially struck the rear of the enemy's camp with great effectiveness but was eventually driven from the field in a panic. Lyon led the second column and approached the Southerners from a nameless ridge that would soon be christened Bloody Hill. After five hours of combat, Lyon's column was forced to retire, although it did so in good order. Following Lyon's death during this action, command passed to Major Samuel Sturgis. The Federals regrouped in Springfield and left early on the morning of August 11, making it safely to Rolla.3
even less information. See Thomas W. Cutrer, Ben McCulloch and the Frontier Military Tradition (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), 240, 246; Albert Castel, General Sterling Price and the Civil War in the West (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1968), 46; Christopher Phillips, Damned Yankee: The Life of General Nathaniel Lyon (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1990), 257. 2 Wilson Creek is the correct name of the stream. Northerners usually referred to the bat tle as Wilson's Creek. Southerners used that term as well but also called it the Battle of Springfield or the Battle of Oak Hills. 3 Richard W. Hatcher III and William Garrett Piston, "The Battle of Wilson's Creek," Blue & Gray 14 (fall 1996): 9-18, 48-62. The Dead and Wounded at Wilson's Creek 347
Compared to later Civil War battles, the number of men engaged at Wilson's Creek and the number of casualties suffered there appear modest. But when the casualty figures (the combination of killed, wounded, and miss ing) are placed in the perspective of earlier conflicts in American history and viewed as a percentage of the forces engaged, Wilson's Creek emerges as a major and costly battle. The best estimate for McCulloch's Western Army is 277 dead and 945 wounded (no soldiers were recorded as missing), produc ing a casualty rate of 12 percent. The total number of Southern dead and wounded, 1,222, exceeded the number suffered by Americans in any single battle of the Mexican War. As a percentage of the force engaged, the Southerners suffered a higher casualty rate than in all but three of the nine major battles of the Mexican War. Lyon's Army of the West had an estimat ed 285 killed, 873 wounded, and 186 missing, for a casualty rate of 25 per cent. Both in total numbers and as a percentage of the force engaged, Lyon's losses were greater than those of any battle in the Mexican War. Indeed, over the course of the Civil War, only six Union regiments suffered a larger num ber of dead and mortally wounded in a single engagement than did the First Kansas Infantry, which sacrificed 284 men at Wilson's Creek.4 The primitive state of medical knowledge in the nineteenth century meant that men wounded during the Civil War faced a far greater chance of dying than do modern combatants. Yet a statistical analysis of the casualties at Wilson's Creek does little to convey the suffering of the men who strug gled there. Events during the weeks after the battle demonstrate that the tragedy embraced an area far wider than the slopes of the battlefield and a much larger population than just those in uniform. Like all battles in the war, Wilson's Creek was, in part, a community experience. Its impact on civil ians, both on the battlefield and in Springfield, proved devastating. The response of civilians to news of the battle underscores the continuing close relationship between military units and their home communities. Early in the Civil War, few commanders prepared adequately for their men's medical needs. Shortly after his arrival in Springfield, Lyon ordered Dr. E. C. Franklin to establish a military hospital. Franklin chose the unfin ished courthouse building under construction on the town square. Although sometimes styled "chief surgeon," he was in charge of the Springfield hospi tal only, having previously been attached to the Fifth Missouri Volunteer
4 Comparisons are based on the figures given in Bearss, Battle of Wilson's Creek, 161- 164; David Eggenberger, A Dictionary of Battles (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1967), 63-64,83,88-89,104,280,284,321,359; E. B. Long with Barbara Long, The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861-1865 (New York: Doubleday and Company, 1971), 717. Buena Vista (15.1 percent), Churubusco (14 percent), and Molino del Rey (22.8 percent) were the only Mexican War battles that exceeded the Southern casualty rate at Wilson's Creek. 348 Missouri Historical Review
State Historical Society of Missouri
The Greene County courthouse, unfinished at the time, served as the official military hospital after the battle.
Infantry. Why Lyon selected Franklin, a novice military man, over three reg ular army doctors serving with the Federals remains unknown, but soldiers praised the cleanliness of the hospital and the dedication of the physicians. Most of Lyon's units had both surgeons and assistant surgeons attached to them, but there was no medical director for the Army of the West and no coordination among the fifteen doctors present, at least two of whom were described as incompetent by their peers. Medical supplies considered ade quate by the standards of the day reached Springfield but were not equally distributed. In the volunteer regiments, the doctors relied upon instruments from their civilian practices, as the army had nothing to give them.5 Lyon's concern had been for illnesses, not battle casualties. When the Federal troops marched into the fray on August 10, each unit looked after its own wounded. As the force became heavily engaged on Bloody Hill, sur geons began treating the wounded immediately behind the lines. For exam ple, Dr. W. H. White of the First Iowa Infantry had the patients brought to him laid out in a triangle and moved back and forth among the three divisions
5 B. to Editor, 22 July 1861, in "From Springfield," Kansas City Western Journal of Commerce, 6 August 1861; Joseph K. Barnes, The Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion (1861-1865) (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1875), 2: 16-17; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 258. The Dead and Wounded at Wilson's Creek 349 to treat them. Eventually, Captain John M. Schofield of Lyon's staff estab lished a central field hospital in a ravine. This was probably the ravine that opened toward Gibson's Mill, although a few sources suggest it was another just north of Bloody Hill. No field hospital was established for the men who accompanied Sigel because they frequently changed positions. Since the army's retreat was preplanned and better facilities existed in Springfield, the Union doctors did not attempt major surgery on the field. According to one report, the surgeons performed no amputations. Dr. H. M. Sprague of the regulars confessed candidly, "The attention shown the wounded was good, but not specially praiseworthy."6 The Southern forces were surprised in their camps but kept possession of the ground. While this gave them an advantage in treating their own men, it left them burdened with the enemy's wounded following the Federal retreat. There were at least twenty-four surgeons assigned to the Missouri State Guard units on the field. Records, however, were incomplete, and the actu al number of doctors present was probably higher. All five "divisions"—as the subunits of the guard were called—had chief surgeons, at least three of whom were appointed prior to the battle, but coordination was lacking. A soldier in Clark's Division complained that the state guard had "no organized hospital corps, no stretchers on which to bear off the wounded."
Barnes, Medical and Surgical History, 2: 15-18.
State Historical Society of Missouri
These surgical instruments were used to remove shot that was imbedded in bone. 350 Missouri Historical Review
Unfortunately, little is known about the medical personnel in Pearce's Arkansas state troops or the Confederate units under Ben McCulloch's direct command. Nothing suggests that an effort was made above the regimental level to prepare for the inevitable consequences of battle.7 The plight of the Union wounded was arguably worse than that of their foes. Fearing that the rumble of wheeled vehicles might betray his surprise march, Lyon initially ordered all ambulances to be left in Springfield. After Sturgis pleaded with him, he reluctantly allowed two ambulances to accom pany the main column, but none went with Sigel. The ambulances apparent ly did not attempt to make round trips to Springfield during the battle but remained at the battle site until Sturgis ordered the retreat. Even burdened far beyond capacity, they could not have brought more than two or three dozen of the hundreds of Federal wounded from the field. Once Sturgis gave the order to retire, Union soldiers confiscated wheeled vehicles of every description from nearby farms and pressed them into service; however, their numbers were few. Almost all of the severely wounded Federal soldiers were left on the battlefield while those with lesser injuries, the so-called "walking wounded," scrambled for safety with no help from officialdom. Such condi tions suggest almost criminal neglect to modern analysts, but they were hard ly unusual in the initial phases of the Civil War.8 The commanders' failure to prepare for the medical consequences of bat tle robbed their forces of combat strength. Like other Civil War soldiers, the volunteers who fought at Wilson's Creek were enlisted in companies raised at the community level. Generally, a person of local prominence organized seventy to one hundred men from his hometown or county into a company, which usually elected him captain. These units almost always carried a flag made by local women and pledged in public departure ceremonies to uphold the honor of the community sponsoring them. Ten companies formed a reg iment, which in turn elected its higher-ranking officers.9 Community spirit helped sustain the common soldiers in combat because the men in the ranks stood literally side-by-side with neighbors from home. But when men fell wounded, their comrades often dropped out of the battle
7 John D. Bell, "Price's Missouri Campaign, 1861," Confederate Veteran 22 (June 1914): 416; Richard C. Peterson et al., Sterling Price's Lieutenants: A Guide to the Officers and Organization of the Missouri State Guard (Shawnee Mission, Kans.: Two Trails Publishing, 1995), 35, 108,114,137,138,143,173,175,196, 203, 211, 215, 222, 232, 245, 248, 253, 257, 260,267. 8 Barnes, Medical and Surgical History, 2: 16; Bearss, Battle of Wilson's Creek, 162. 9 For the most recent scholarship stressing the strength of community bonds and other social forces see Reid Mitchell, Civil War Soldiers (New York: Viking, 1988); Reid Mitchell, The Vacant Chair (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993); Gerald F. Linderman, Embattled Courage: The Experience of Combat in the American Civil War (New York: The Free Press, 1987). The Dead and Wounded at Wilson's Creek 351 to care for them because there was no one else to do it. In a letter to his hometown paper in Atchison, Joseph Martin of the First Kansas Infantry related without apology how he left the fight to attend to his friend George Keith. "I found him, took charge of him and carried him to one of the hos pital wagons, dressed his wounds and placed him in a wagon to be carried to town," Martin wrote. "Many of the wagons were heaping full, every man was trying to get friends into them, but I succeeded. ... He depended upon me to take care of him, which I did."10 Martin clearly did not worry about being accused of cowardice, of using his friend's medical needs as an excuse to seek cover. He was reporting to his homefolk that they need not worry; in the First Kansas the men looked after each other. Similarly, when Hugh J. Campbell of the First Iowa captured some abandoned horses, he gave them only to wounded fellow Iowans. Shot in the foot himself, Campbell never theless managed to steal at gunpoint a horse ridden by a Northern officer's servant, giving it to his wounded friend Newton Brown. Campbell gleefully related this larceny at the expense of "a darkey" to readers of the Muscatine (Iowa) Weekly Journal. Conduct unthinkable under ordinary circum stances—horse theft—became not only acceptable in the context of unit sol idarity but also a source of humor to share with the homefolk.11 If the lack of medical services and the strength of community bonds gave men socially acceptable reasons to quit the fight, how many promptly returned? Where was the dividing line between helping a friend and shirk ing one's duty? Some soldiers doubtless found excuses never to return to the fight, but the absence of even those who returned promptly diminished unit strength during the very time they were needed most. This occurred on the Southern side as well. John D. Bell of the Missouri State Guard recalled that when a man was wounded, "it took from two to four of his friends to bear him to some shady nook, where he was left with a canteen of water." While Bell contended that "in almost every case" these Good Samaritans returned speedily to the fight, his postwar recollections are probably too forgiving.12 Over 900 Southern army soldiers were wounded, so it is reasonable to spec ulate that at least another 900 to 1,000 men withdrew from the fight for a sig nificant period of time to care for comrades. This withdrawal effectively reduced McCulloch's combat strength more than 17 percent. Since the Federals lost 873 wounded, and it is likely that just as many more absented themselves temporarily or permanently to assist them, Federal strength was probably reduced by 32 percent. Battles have turned on less. The lack of
10 Joseph W. Martin to Geo. J. Martin, 20 August 1861, in "The Battle of Springfield," Atchison (Kans.) Freedom's Champion, 31 August 1861. 11 Hugh J. Campbell to Editor, 18 August 1861, Muscatine (Iowa) Weekly Journal, 30 August 1861. 12 Bell, "Price's Missouri Campaign," 416. 352 Missouri Historical Review medical preparedness, added to the fact that the soldiers fighting at Wilson's Creek were volunteers raised locally who could not ignore each other's plight, considerably reduced the effectiveness of both the Northern and Southern armies.13 The Southerners established several impromptu field hospitals along the banks of Wilson Creek, perhaps because the wounded crawled there seeking water and shade. Trees and underbrush grew thick beside the stream, and soldiers instinctively carried their wounded friends to cover. Since the battle took place amid their camps, the Southerners used their various wagons to transport the wounded to safety even during combat. This was done sponta neously, for there was no organized effort to collect the wounded until after the battle ended. The positions of the battle lines meant that no place was truly safe. Artillery and small arms fire passed constantly above the Southern hospitals, and they were occasionally targeted by accident. Confederate sur geon William A. Cantrell set up a hospital "near the centre of the battlefield" shortly after firing commenced. Amazingly, he escaped injury, but a physi cian in the Missouri State Guard and several wounded soldiers from both sides were killed at a creek bank dressing station.14
13 Bearss, Battle of Wilson's Creek, 164. 14 Robert A. Austin, "Battle of Wilson's Creek," Missouri Historical Review 27 (October 1932): 48; William A. Cantrell to Editor, 17 August 1861, "Extracts from a Letter Written at Springfield, Mo., by Dr. W. A. Cantrell," Little Rock Arkansas True Democrat, 29 August 1861; William Watson, Life in the Confederate Army (London: Chapman and Hall, 1887), 225; "Reliable Letter from Springfield," Marshall Texas Republican, 24 August 1861.
A Civil War Field Hospital
State Historical Society of Missouri The Dead and Wounded at Wilson's Creek 353
Cooperation in regard to medical care was one of the few humane notes amid the general carnage as surgeons attended men without regard to politi cal affiliations. "I have never before witnessed such a heart-rendering scene," wrote Colonel John Hughes of the state guard. "State, Federal, and Confederate troops in one red ruin, blent on the field—enemies in life, in death friends, relieving each others' sufferings."15 Indeed, before the last fir ing died away, an unidentified Federal doctor risked his life to contact McCulloch and open negotiations concerning the joint treatment of the wounded.16 Even so, the surgeons were overwhelmed by the task facing them. Despite the doctors' best efforts over long hours, the wounded suffered terribly. The Federals started moving their wounded to Springfield during the afternoon and evening of August 10, and the Southerners followed suit the next day. On August 12, however, a Missouri State Guard surgeon wrote in his diary: "Many of the wounded are lying where they fell in the blazing sun, unable to get water and any kind of aid. Blow flies swarm over the liv ing and the dead alike. I saw men not yet dead [with] their eyes, nose & mouth full of maggots."17 Presumably, men still lay without cover because every house, cabin, and barn in the vicinity of the battlefield already overflowed with wounded. The battle was obviously an unmitigated disaster for all civilians living nearby, but detailed information has survived only in relation to the Sharp and Ray families. On a plateau along the southwestern edge of the battlefield, Joseph Sharp's farm was the site of Sigel's rout and some of the fiercest combat of the day. When the fighting erupted, Joseph, his wife, Mary, son, Robert, and daughters, Margaret and Mary, took shelter in the cellar. Artillery projectiles crashed through the house, devastating the interior. The barn and other out buildings sustained extensive damage as well. The crops that had not been eaten by the encamped Southerners were probably trampled during the fight. Fence rails were knocked down, and dead horses from Sigel's luckless bat teries lay scattered about.18 Three stories exist concerning the reaction of the Sharps. Writing long after the war, Joseph Mudd of the Missouri State Guard recalled that from a distance he had seen Mary Sharp vigorously encouraging the Southerners as
15 Punctuation and capitalization have been standardized by the author. Hughes was unforgiving. He continued, "President Lincoln ought to suffer death for this awful ruin, brought upon a once happy country." "Further from the Battle of Oak Hill," Little Rock Arkansas True Democrat, 5 September 1861. 16 Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 221-222. 17 Punctuation added by the author. Orval Henderson, Jr., ed., "A Confederate Diary Maintained by a Surgeon of the Missouri State Guard, 1 August 1861-9 January 1862," 9-10, Missouri State Archives, Jefferson City. 18 Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 222. 354 Missouri Historical Review they drove Sigel from the field. Also writing from memory, William Watson of the Third Louisiana Infantry described how he had broken into the Sharps' locked house and found the family cowering in the cellar behind a barrel of apples. They did not object when his comrades promptly appropriated the apples, but Mary protested in a shrill voice that the morning's cannoneering had rendered Joseph deaf. "I felt like saying that, considering her gift of speech, a worse thing might have happened to the old man," Watson wrote. Mary climbed cautiously from her refuge, "but on seeing the wreck, and looking out and seeing the dead men and horses lying in the front of the house, she broke into a greater fury than ever," he wrote. "Who was going to pay for all this?" she exclaimed. "Who was going to take away them dead folks and dead horses? Was she to have them lying stinking around her house?" Mary continued in this manner until Watson quite happily left to rejoin his regiment. Finally, in a letter written just a few days after the bat tle, Colonel Elkanah Greer wrote to a friend in Texas: "The battle raged hottest around the house of an old gentleman named Sharp, near the centre of the battlefield. After the roar of cannon and the rattle of small arms had ceased for a short time, an old lady came out of the house with a bundle of clothes on her arm, passing over and around the dead Dutch that lay in the yard, and near the fences, to hang out clothes. Placing her spectacles high up on her nose, her right arm akimbo, she exclaimed in a singular and doleful tone, 'Well dese folks have kicked up a monstrous fuss here to-day.'"19 These accounts demonstrate the difficulty historians face in evaluating evidence. Can the accounts of Mudd and Watson be reconciled? Does Greer's letter refer to Mary Sharp or (note the dialect speech) one of the Sharps' slaves? Regardless of their differences, the stories told about the Sharps serve as a reminder that civilians were intimately affected by the bat tle. Approximately one hundred people lived in the neighborhood of Wilson's Creek, and they lost property worth thousands of dollars without receiving a penny in compensation from either the Union or Confederate governments. If their homes were not shattered by artillery or musket fire, they sustained damage when beds and every square inch of floor space were covered with the wounded. In some cases, injured soldiers remained for weeks. Finally, dollar amounts cannot measure the psychological trauma that these families doubtless suffered. The Ray family endured as much misery as did the Sharps. Located northeast of the Sharp homestead, the Ray farm was also the scene of partic ularly heavy fighting. John Ray boldly watched the carnage unfold through-
19 Joseph A. Mudd, With Porter in North Missouri: A Chapter in the History of the War Between the States (Washington, D.C.: National Publishing Company, 1909), 124; Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 222-223; Elkanah Greer to R. W. Loughery, n.d., in Marshall Texas Republican, 28 September 1861. The Dead and Wounded at Wilson's Creek 355
State Historical Society of Missouri
Seriously wounded soldiers stayed at the John and Roxanna Ray house for as long as six weeks after the battle. out the day, seated on his front porch while the rest of the family took cover in the cellar. Although artillery fire hit a chicken coop and slightly damaged some other outbuildings, the family dwelling was not struck. Early that morning Southerners had appropriated the house for their wounded, and a large yellow hospital flag spared the site from all but accidental fire. Even if the buildings were essentially unscathed, the family's ordeal was severe. For some five hours, Roxanna Ray and eight of her children, the Rays' slaves, Rhoda and her five children, and Julius Short, who resided with the Rays, sat in a dark, cramped cellar. When they emerged, wounded men covered the floors and occupied every bed in the house. Unlike Mary Sharp, Roxanna did not waste time venting her feelings about the unfairness of what had hap pened. She, Rhoda, and perhaps some of the older children immediately began to assist in caring for the wounded, primarily by hauling water from the nearby springhouse. Some of the wounded, too badly injured to be moved to Springfield, remained in the Rays' home for six weeks. John Ray may also have participated in caring for the wounded. That evening he acted as a guide for a group of prisoners being escorted to Springfield. Since all of his horses had been stolen, he walked. The family was greatly anxious for his safety, but John may have been more worried about his losses of grain and livestock. Although a Unionist, he was never compensated.20
"Mrs. Ollie Burton Recalls Wilson Creek Battle," Springfield Press, 5 April 1961. 356 Missouri Historical Review
It is not possible to estimate how many women in the neighborhood vol unteered their services as nurses, but many did so. On August 13, a Missouri State Guard surgeon wrote in his diary: "The fair sex, God bless them, are doing all they can in the way of cooking, serving, and nursing for [the] sick and wounded."21 He may have been referring to women from Springfield as well as locals, for the town was completely caught up in the tragic aftermath of the battle. Many of Springfield's citizens fled prior to August 10, heading for Rolla with one of several columns of Federal soldiers who were either sick or near- ing their date of discharge. According to Franc Wilkie, a civilian newspaper correspondent, all who remained awoke before dawn on the fateful day, lis tening for the sounds that would mark the opening of the battle. "About ten minutes past five " he wrote, "the heavy boom of artillery rolled through the town like the muttering of a thunder storm upon the horizon, and sent a thrill through every heart, like a shock of electricity."22 Although Wilkie soon departed to view the battle firsthand, the townfolk endured hours of anxiety before learning anything about the conflict's outcome. Shortly after 3:00 P.M., the first of the wounded began streaming in on foot and horseback, bringing news of Lyon's death. Ambulances, wagons, carriages, and other wheeled conveyances followed, all overflowing with men needing attention. When the hospital in the courthouse was filled, the Union authorities took over the Bailey House Hotel. After the hotel filled up, the wounded were sent to local churches and schools. Once these became crowded beyond capacity, military officials requisitioned private houses. According to one account, the wounded occupied between thirty and forty private homes. This probably represented a large portion of the houses in Springfield; another eyewitness stated that "nearly all the private dwellings" were taken over. The total dollar value of damage to the town as a result of medical treatment was unquestionably large. Property owners received only a small amount of compensation, and that came after the war.23 Most of Springfield's citizens were pro-Union. Once it became clear that the battle had been lost and the Federal forces would retreat, many civil ians began preparing to evacuate. Some merchants, who had been charging exorbitant prices to the Union troops enduring half rations, now gave away
21 Henderson, "A Confederate Diary," 11. 22 "The Battle near Springfield," Burlington (Iowa) Daily Hawk-Eye, 21 August 1861. 23 Barnes, Medical and Surgical History, 2: 15-16; "Army Correspondence," Dubuque (Iowa) Herald, 18 August 1861; Harris Flanagin to M. E. Flanagin, 24 August 1861, Harris Flanagin Papers, Arkansas History Commission, Little Rock. The Dead and Wounded at Wilson's Creek 357 food or dumped it into the streets rather than leave it for the enemy to con fiscate.24 Wilkie wrote: "Springfield was the scene of great confusion—citi zens anticipating an instant attack were packing up their effects and flying in crowds to all parts of the state for safety."25 When the Southern forces arrived in town, they noted that relatively few citizens, particularly women, remained. Their absence made civilian property easy pickings for looters, despite the guards McCulloch posted to maintain order. In some cases, Springfieldians in the Missouri State Guard may have been retaliating for damage inflicted on their own homes by the fleeing Unionists. Harris Flanagin, whose company of the Second Arkansas Mounted Rifles was detailed for guard duty, estimated that not twenty women remained in the whole town. "We treat the union men much better than the Missourians do," he noted.26 As Sterling Price's men celebrated their victory, well-wishers and prospective recruits for the Missouri State Guard flocked to Springfield in large numbers. "The flag of the Confederacy was raised amidst the wildest enthusiasm by all the people," wrote one Southerner. "Everyone seemed wild with joy except a few sad faced Dutch who had been left behind by their army."27 Elation soon gave way to more somber emotions amid the lingering evidence of victory's cost. "Springfield is a vast hospital," wrote Dr. Cantrell, surgeon of the First Arkansas Mounted Rifles, to friends back in Little Rock. "There is not sufficient medical aid here—a hundred doctors could be employed constantly," he lamented, estimating that four months would pass before enough soldiers recovered to alleviate the situation.28 John B. Clark, a wounded Kansan forced to stay behind, made an equally dis couraging evaluation. "Springfield is the most offensive place you was ever in; the stench from the dead and dying is so offensive as to be almost intol erable in some quarters," he informed his relatives.29 Indeed, a Union doctor who remained with his patients recalled that days passed before the surgeons "succeeded in bringing partial order out of utter chaos."30 Ben McCulloch and Bart Pearce took pains to visit not only their own hospitalized men but
24 Eugene Fitch Ware, The Lyon Campaign (Iowa City, Iowa: Press of the Camp Pope Bookshop, 1991), 341. 25 "Army Correspondence," Dubuque (Iowa) Herald, 18 August 1861. 26 Harris Flanagin to M. E. Flanagin, 24 August 1861; "Latest from Missouri," Emporia (Kans.) News, 31 August 1861; "Further Interesting News About the Doings at the Battle of Oak Hills," Shreveport (La.) Weekly News, 2 September 1861. 27 Henderson, "A Confederate Diary," 10; Richard H. Musser, "The War in Missouri: From Springfield to Neosho," Southern Bivouac 4 (April 1886): 684. 28 Cantrell, "Extracts from a Letter." 29 "Latest from Missouri," Emporia (Kans.) News. 30 Barnes, Medical and Surgical History, 2: 16. 358 Missouri Historical Review
Major General Sterling Price
State Historical Society of Missouri the Union wounded as well, a fact reported favorably in Northern newspa pers.31 But they, like Sterling Price, were too busy with strategy to give med ical affairs more than scant attention. Fortunately, the physicians did not have to work alone for long. Thanks to telegraphic communications and newspapers that copied stories from other journals, news of the battle spread quickly, and help began to arrive. The telegraph lines that ran along the Wire Road to link Fayetteville, Arkansas, and Jefferson City, Missouri, apparently had been cut both north and south of Springfield, as the earliest news came out of Rolla, where the Army of the West halted its retreat. From there, word of the battle reached St. Louis. Information first published in that city's newspapers was soon relayed west to Kansas City and throughout Kansas, north to Davenport and across Iowa, and southeast to Memphis, Tennessee. From there, it traveled to Little Rock, Arkansas, to Baton Rouge and New Orleans, Louisiana, and finally to parts of eastern Texas, covering all the states that had sent troops to the battle. Southerners initially heard only Northern accounts of the fight. Their own accounts did not spread until a week or more after the battle, when hard-rid ing messengers reached the telegraph offices in Little Rock. While reports of the battle tended to be highly partisan, those printed in hometown newspapers, North and South, shared important commonalities. In earlier wars civilians had waited months to learn the fates of loved ones,
"From Springfield, Mo." Olathe (Kans.) Mirror, 24 October 1861. The Dead and Wounded at Wilson's Creek 359 but the families of those who fought at Wilson's Creek obtained information quickly, often within a few days. Newspapers printed long lists of the names of the killed and wounded. Many of these lists were annotated, including the locations of wounds and estimates of chances of survival. As more informa tion became available, the newspapers updated, expanded, and corrected the lists. They were remarkably accurate overall, which meant that either relief or grief came immediately. In addition, hometown newspapers often printed letters attesting that individual wounded soldiers had fulfilled the implicit social contract that had been formed between the community and its company when the men volun teered. In Embattled Courage, historian Gerald Linderman noted that Victorian Americans tended to define courage in terms of fearlessness and expected all wounded soldiers, even those mortally hurt, to maintain proper spirit and decorum. The soldiers who clashed in Missouri were clearly con cerned about courage. In the days following the fight at Wilson's Creek, the survivors reassured their homefolk that those who had fallen in battle had suffered manfully, thereby upholding the reputations of their companies and, by extension, the good names of their hometowns. The first two weekly editions of the Little Rock Arkansas True Democrat containing detailed information about the battle illustrate a community's interest in matters of courage and honor. Accounts of the battle contained specific information about the behavior of the wounded. A soldier in the Fourth Arkansas Infantry wrote of his friend: "Poor Joe, as he fell, waved his hat to his men, and cried, 'onward, boys, onward.'" A member of the First Arkansas Mounted Rifles related: "When young Harper fell, they went to him, but he desired them not to stop, but to go on and whip them; and when he learned that we had taken their artillery, he pulled off his hat, gave three cheers, and said he was satisfied. Brown, of the V[an] B[uren] Frontier] Guards, after he had received a mortal wound, cheered his brave boys to advance."32 Dr. Cantrell continued the story: "Harper had become a favorite with the regiment and they thronged around his dying bed to see him and part with him. I could not go near him without feeling almost overcome by the spectacle of his sufferings and his magnanimous disregard for them. Poor fellow! he never murmured or complained once, but died like a soldier and a hero."33 Pulaski Light Battery commander William Woodruff also praised a fallen comrade: "Poor Omer Weaver fell like a hero, with his face to the foe, and died some two hours later, as befits a man. During the fight he refused
32 All quotations from "Latest from Missouri," Little Rock Arkansas True Democrat, 22 August 1861. 33 Cantrell, "Extracts from a Letter." 360 Missouri Historical Review to get under any shelter at all. No man ever died a more glorious death."34 Similar testimony appeared in newspapers throughout Louisiana, Texas, Missouri, Kansas, and Iowa. Newspaper editors reminded readers of the contributions made by the fallen men to their communities in obituaries, formal eulogies, or as parts of larger articles. They frequently mentioned how long a person had lived in the community, his place of employment, civil accomplishments, and surviving relatives. For example, the Mount Pleasant (Iowa) Home Journal reported the death of former law student Frank Mann, who had resided in the com munity only briefly prior to joining the First Iowa Infantry. The editor noted that "in that short time he had made many warm friends.... He was a young man of strict morals, rare attainments and of unusual promise." Likewise, the Atchison (Kans.) Freedom's Champion lauded Camille Angiel, who fell while leading the town's company in the First Kansas Infantry. He was, the editor proclaimed, "known to our citizens as a modest, unassuming young man, faithful in the interests of his employer, courteous and genial in social life, industrious and active in his business and duties, and an intelligent and scholarly gentleman." The Emporia (Kans.) News remarked that Hiram Burt, the only fatality from the town's Union Guards, was the stonemason who had built the local Methodist Episcopal church. In an article entitled "Martyrs of Freedom," the Lawrence (Kans.) Weekly Republican eulogized three men of the city's Oread Guards. "Messers. Pratt and Litchfield were among the very first settlers of the town, and through all the trials and trou bles of Kansas were esteemed among the truest friends of Freedom. . . . Mr. Jones leaves a wife now with her father in Olathe, and Mr. Litchfield leaves a wife and child in this place."35 Many parallel examples exist in other news papers, North and South. Communities recognized the need for continued support of their home town volunteers. As soon as news of the fight at Wilson's Creek reached Lawrence, two private citizens, James C. Horton and Edward Thompson, started for Springfield to assist in caring for the wounded. "Acts of mercy like this, having no motive but the purest philanthropy, show how deeply such men as Pratt, Jones . . . and others are entwined in the affections of our people," commented the Weekly Republican.36 A citizen of Des Arc, Arkansas, whose name is not known, undertook a similar mission of mercy,
34 "Latest from Missouri," Little Rock Arkansas True Democrat. 35 "The Noble Dead," Mount Pleasant (Iowa) Home Journal, 24 August 1861; "Killed," Atchison (Kans.) Freedom's Champion, 24 August 1861; "Latest from our Army in Missouri," Emporia (Kans.) News, 24 August 1861; "The Martyrs of Freedom," Lawrence (Kans.) Weekly Republican, 29 August 1861. 36 "For the Battlefield," Lawrence (Kans.) Weekly Republican, 22 August 1861. The Dead and Wounded at Wilson's Creek 361
as did Mrs. George Reed of Emporia, Kansas, who joined her wounded hus band in Springfield shortly after the battle.37 Most Missouri citizens had shorter distances to travel. One soldier recalled, "Ladies whose husbands, fathers, and brothers were in the service, some of them wounded, began to arrive and gave social life and enjoyment to the society of Springfield."38 Although many of the wounded probably remained in Springfield until December, the less seriously injured men were discharged from the hospitals as early as the first week in September. After receiving their paroles, wound ed Federals traveled to Rolla. Those who had enlisted for ninety days were discharged, and most of the others received furloughs to complete their recovery. For weeks after the battle, Northern newspapers noted the home comings of wounded soldiers, lauding their sacrifices and suffering on behalf of the hometown. While the editors highly praised enlisted men, recuperat ing officers naturally received disproportionate attention. For example, Colonels Robert B. Mitchell and George W. Deitzler, commanders of the First and Second Kansas Infantry, respectively, were cheered wherever they went in the state.39 With fewer railroads to utilize, most homeward-bound, recuperating Southerners faced a difficult journey. To facilitate the evacuation of men down the Wire Road, McCulloch authorized the impressment of civilian
37 "The Late Battle Near Springfield," Des Arc (Ark.) Weekly Citizen, 4 September 1861; "Letter from Lieut. Hills," Emporia (Kans.) News, 31 August 1861. 38 Musser, "The War in Missouri," 684. 39 "From Springfield," Emporia (Kans.) News, 21 September 1861; "The Reception of Colonel Mitchell," Leavenworth (Kans.) Weekly Conservative, 19 September 1861; "Arrival of Colonel Deitzler," ibid., 26 September 1861.
State Historical Society of Missouri
Brigadier General Ben McCulloch made a point of visiting both the Confederate and Union wounded in the hospitals. 362 Missouri Historical Review wagons in the Springfield area. Although paid for their use, citizens were naturally reluctant to surrender their private property to the military. Harris Flanagin recorded the daylong efforts of Mary Phelps, wife of U.S. Congressman John Phelps, to prevent her family's vehicles from being used. According to Flanagin, she "would scold and rage until she got tired and then she would cry," but her protests fell on deaf ears.40 The families of those who lost their lives were concerned with how and where their loved ones were buried. Unfortunately, the military authorities had made even fewer preparations for the interment of the dead than they had for the treatment of the wounded. On the morning of August 11, Western Army officers detailed soldiers for the grim process. Because of the weath er and the number of dead, most were laid to rest in mass graves; a few were even placed in a sink hole atop Bloody Hill. The Southerners buried their own dead (assuming they could be identified) and left Northern corpses for a party of Union soldiers who had stayed behind. "The process of burying the dead was toilsome and got on slowly," William Watson recalled. "By the early part of the forenoon the sun got intensely hot, and some of the bodies began to show signs of decomposition, and the flies became intolerable, and the men could stand it no longer." A fellow Louisianian also described how the workers quickly sickened "and were unable to finish the task."41 By the best estimate, 535 bodies lay on the field. Each corpse had to be located, identified if possible, and then dragged or carried to a grave site. Digging the grave pits was time-consuming, fatiguing labor in the August sun, yet these difficulties and the unpleasantness of the job hardly excuse the poor performance of the burial parties. If one estimates that it took an aver age of three man-hours of labor to put each fallen soldier beneath the sod, one hundred men could have completed the task in sixteen hours—two days of labor. No one knows how many men were assigned to the burial details, but clearly not enough as the process took much longer than two days. Shortages of implements may have contributed to the problem. Interments continued through August 12, but when the Union workers did not show up on August 13 (they had apparently departed for Rolla), the Southerners were angered at the prospect of handling the remainder of the enemy's dead as well as their own. By that time the Western Army was shifting to new camps in and around Springfield; the rest of the Northern corpses simply rotted where they lay. Most of those abandoned were casualties from Sigel's routed column. A Missouri State Guardsman recalled: "I was a member of a detail of fifty men
40 Harris Flanagin to M. E. Flanagin, 6 September 1861, Flanagin Papers. 41 Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, 229; "Full and Authentic Particulars of the Doings at the Camp, Before & After the Battle of Oak Hills," Shreveport (La.) Weekly News, 2 September 1861. The Dead and Wounded at Wilson's Creek 363 that was sent over that part of the field to gather up the arms strewn along their wild flight. The stench was awful then, and what it must have been two days later would baffle imagination." When the Third Louisiana marched past the Sharp farm on August 14, a soldier reported: "The bodies of those that fell in the road near the battery had been thrown to the side of the road and were festering in worms and the advanced state of putrification; it was horrible and loathsome beyond description." Given these conditions, the Sharp family probably evacuated. A full week after the battle, a large num ber of bodies remained unburied. According to one account, a captured Union officer, understandably outraged by these circumstances, finally offered civilians five hundred dollars of his own money to do the job.42 Not all of those who died on August 10 were buried amid the oak-cov ered hills. The bodies of fallen soldiers who had been residents of Greene County and its environs may have been claimed almost immediately. Others were taken home as well, depending upon geographic distance and their ranks. The Pulaski Light Battery provides an illustration. Both Lieutenant Omer Weaver and Private Hugh Byler fell while serving the guns, but they received quite different treatment in death. Captain William Woodruff went to great lengths to obtain a zinc-lined coffin for Weaver's body and then ship it home for a hero's funeral, one of the largest ever witnessed in Little Rock. Byler, however, was interred on the field.43 Because Nathaniel Lyon was the first Union general to fall in combat, it is hardly surprising that his corpse was treated differently from the others. The tragicomic story of its interment demonstrates both the confusion of the military and the degree of animosity between North and South. At the same time, it underscores the necrolatry inherent in Victorian mourning customs. Sturgis had ordered Lyon's body placed in a wagon, but the vehicle was later drafted to remove the wounded. In the haste of the retreat, the body was left behind. Since Lyon did not carry a sword and wore a plain captain's coat without any insignia of rank, there was little reason for his corpse to be noticed amid so many others. When the Southerners accidently discovered it, they brought it to Federal surgeon S. H. Melcher, who had stayed on the field to treat the wounded. Melcher took the body to the Rays' home where,
42 Bearss, The Battle of Wilson's Creek, 161-164; J. H. Rockwell, "A Rambling Reminiscence of Experiences During the Great War Between the States," n.p., Missouri State Archives; "From Springfield, Mo.," Olathe (Kans.) Mirror, "Full and Authentic Particulars," Shreveport (La.) Weekly News; William E. Woodruff to Dear Pa, 15 August 1861, "Extract of a Letter from Capt. William E. Woodruff, jr.," Little Rock Arkansas True Democrat, 5 September 1861; Cantrell, "Extracts from a Letter." 43 W. E. Woodruff, With the Light Guns in '61 -'65: Reminiscences of Eleven Arkansas, Missouri and Texas Light Batteries, in the Civil War (Little Rock, Ark.: Central Printing Company, 1903), 42; Woodruff, "Extract of a Letter." 364 Missouri Historical Review
Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon
State Historical Society of Missouri with proper military decorum, it occupied a bed, while wounded enlisted men from both armies writhed in agony on the hard, blood-soaked floorboards. The privileges of rank went unquestioned, even in death. Nor did Melcher apparently feel any guilt in abandoning his suffering patients when, during the night, he carried the lifeless hero back to Springfield under a military escort supplied by the Missouri State Guard. The body was placed in Lyon's former headquarters, where Dr. Franklin, who had also remained behind, failed in his attempts to embalm it because he did not remove the internal organs. Since no airtight coffins were available, Franklin ordered a black walnut one from a Springfield cabinetmaker. A number of local women sat with the body throughout the night, a typical mourning custom of the times.44 Preoccupied with organizing the Federal retreat to Rolla, Sturgis and Sigel and the column had tramped several miles before they realized their
44 According to two accounts, Southerners cut up Lyon's coat for souvenirs, but the report of Dr. S. H. Melcher, the Federal surgeon who took charge of the body, refutes the story. Likewise, two accounts say that the body was bayoneted. One states that it occurred in the heat of the battle, just moments after Lyon's death; according to the other, it took place long after the fighting ended. Melcher reported no bayonet wounds on the body. Apparently another corpse was mistaken for Lyon's and despoiled. Return I. Holcombe and W. S. Adams, An Account of the Battle of Wilson's Creek, or Oak Hills (Springfield, Mo.: Dow and Adams, 1883), 98-102; Thomas W. Knox, Camp-Eire and Cotton-Field: Southern Adventure in Time of War (New York: Blelock and Company, 1865), 79; "Further Interesting Particulars About the Doings at the Battle of Oak Hills," Shreveport (La.) Weekly News, 2 September 1861; Alf to Dear Mother, 12 August 1861, in "The Battle of Oak Hills, near Springfield, Mo.," Shreveport (La.) South-Western, 4 September 1861; Martin J. Hubble, comp., Personal Reminiscences and Fragments of the Early History of Springfield, Greene County, Missouri (Springfield, Mo.: Museum of the Ozarks, 1979), 93. The Dead and Wounded at Wilson's Creek 365 commander's corpse had again been left behind. Sturgis sent an armed guard back to Springfield to fetch it, but on arrival they found that other arrange ments had been made. By this time, Lyon's body was rapidly decomposing. Dr. Franklin somewhat concealed the smell by sprinkling it with bay rum and alcohol, and then decided to store it in the icehouse at Congressman Phelps's nearby farm. A detachment of the State Guard once again escorted the cof fin, which lay in an ordinary butcher's wagon. During the next two days, however, soldiers camped near the icehouse threatened to desecrate the remains; to keep it safe, Mary Phelps had the coffin buried in a cornfield on August 13.45 When Lyon's kinfolk in Connecticut learned of his death, his cousin, Danford Knowlton, and brother-in-law, John B. Hassler, made haste for Springfield. General John C. Fremont, the Federal commander in Missouri, sent Captain George P. Edgar of his staff to assist them in passing through the Southern lines. Knowlton and Hassler had Lyon's body disinterred from the Phelps farm on August 23, packed it in ice, and placed it in an iron coffin brought from St. Louis. Departing Springfield on August 24, the party reached St. Louis on August 26. At his headquarters, Fremont placed Lyon's coffin under a guard of honor.46 The next day witnessed the first of a series of ceremonies as the North began to mourn one of the first martyrs to its cause. Large crowds came to view the casket, which was transferred with full military honors to a steam boat late in the afternoon. The Adams Express Company had contracted to ship the body. Once across the river, the remains were placed on a train and conveyed to Cincinnati.47 The casket was on display in the city throughout August 29, attracting many mourners. Entrained once more, the party passed through Philadelphia and New York, where flags flew at half-mast. They arrived in New Haven on the last day of the month. The coffin was on pub lic view at City Hall for the next three days. Late in the afternoon of September 3, it went by rail to Hartford, where it rested briefly in the capitol under military guard. Connecticut's fiery general lay in state, the highest honor the community could render his memory. From Hartford the casket traveled by rail to the town of Willimantic, where a four-horse hearse pro vided by the state government carried it to the Congregational Church in
45 Phillips, Damned Yankee, 258-259; Hubble, Personal Reminiscences, 90-96; Holcombe and Adams, An Account of the Battle of Wilson's Creek, 98-104. 46 Phillips, Damned Yankee, 259-260; "Gen. Lyon's Body," Ste. Genevieve Plaindealer, 30 August 1861. 47 J. C. Fremont to John M. Schofield, 27 August 1861, John M. Schofield Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; "Remains of Gen. Lyon," Burlington (Iowa) Daily Hawk-Eye, 29 August 1861; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 260. 366 Missouri Historical Review
Eastford. The September 5 funeral was well attended; the procession to the graveyard was reportedly a mile and a half in length.48 As time passed, heroes arose whose names outshone Lyon's, and in the decades following the war, all of the dead were eventually removed from the battlefield for reinterment in either private, national, or Confederate ceme teries. Ironically, the combat at Wilson's Creek was not the greatest threat to the lives and the property of the civilians living along the stream's winding course. Like many others, the Sharps' home survived the battle only to be burned during the vicious guerrilla warfare that characterized so much of the conflict in Missouri. Of all the civilian dwellings in the area, only the Ray house still stands. The National Park Service appropriately uses the former hospital site to teach visitors to the Wilson's Creek National Battlefield about the experiences of civilians as well as the wounded during one of the Civil War's most significant battles.
48 Receipt from State of Connecticut to Trustees, Hartford, Providence and Fishkill Railroad, 6 September 1861, Nathaniel Lyon Letters, Connecticut State Library, Hartford; Phillips, Damned Yankee, 260-261.
Cleanliness Is Next to Impossible
Edina Sentinel, January 20, 1876. A Springfield man recently took a bath in the dark. He managed well enough, only he got hold of a piece of stove blacking instead of soap, with marked results.
Let Her Read the Paper
Kansas City Times, May 1, 1898. "Ma, may I go out to play?" "No; you must sit still where you are." Pause. "Ma, may I go down into the kitchen?" "No; I want you to sit perfectly quiet." Pause. "Ma, mayn't I sit on the floor and play marbles?" "I have told you twice that I want you to sit just where you are, and be quiet, and I mean exactly what I say." Pause. "Ma, may I grow?" Courtesy of the author
Stories of Everyday Living: The Life and Letters of Margaret Bruin Machette
BY MARGARET BAKER GRAHAM*
By recording both public and personal events, the writers of letters and diaries offer a glimpse into everyday living not afforded by public documents alone. One such collection of private documents is the correspondence of Margaret Bruin Machette, a Fulton landlady who wrote about domestic life in Missouri during the nineteenth century. Machette's letters to her daugh ters suggest that she had little formal schooling. Her penmanship is grace ful; however, grammar and syntax are often faulty, spelling is uncertain, and punctuation and capitalization are infrequent.1 Her father, but not her moth-
*Margaret Baker Graham is a professor of English at Iowa State University, Ames. She received the M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. 1 To improve readability, the author has added punctuation and capitalization and stan dardized spelling, except when preserving dialect, in the letters reproduced in this article.
367 368 Missouri Historical Review er, was literate, and Margaret Machette may have been among the first gen eration of women in her family to read and write. Her letters to her daugh ters are part of a collection of over three thousand letters that members of her family wrote from 1823 to 1936.2 Margaret Bruin was born on February 12, 1817, to Timothy and Margaret Galbraith Bruin, who had moved from Kentucky to the St. Charles area. Nearby in Montgomery County lived Margaret's older sister, Mary Rebecca, who was married to John H. Dutton, a judge of the Montgomery County Court.3 One of Margaret's early memories, as told to her daughter Susan in 1886, was of a day her parents and the Duttons went to St. Charles:
"Sister Dutton came down with her cotton and wool to have it ginned and carded, and Mother and Father and Sister and brother Dutton got in the wagon [the] next morning and went to St. Charles about 12 miles on the Boonslick road and left me and Sister's Ellen and Jimmy at home." "How old were [you] then, Ma?" "Well, I couldn't have been more than seven and Ellen was three years younger and Jim was two. I don't remember that we were afraid. Mother told us when it was 12 o'clock—she showed us on the door where the sun would be—we were to eat our dinner and go over to Mrs. Wolfe's, a neigh bor [who lived] about a half mile off. I remember that was the prettiest road—we went down the hill and crossed a small branch and up the side of the next hill and past a beautiful oak grove and after that it was a level strip of pasture till we reached Mrs. Wolfe's. It seemed to us a long distance and we felt relieved to get there. "Mrs. Wolfe was a good old German woman and the kindest soul. She made us welcome—but when she took a good look at Jimmy she burst out laughing and said, 'Why, Jim! Them gals have put your pants on hind part before. Come here and let me fix you.' So she righted his garment. "I remember during the afternoon she went to the spring house—got us the nicest of sweet milk and gave us bread and butter—and the bread had some red ants on it. The dear old woman could not see them, they were so small. We were too polite to tell her. So we brushed them off. They were great big biscuits, shaped by hand, but sweet and light. "Grandpa [Timothy Bruin] moved to St. Charles City in 1827—he moved from [the] Black Jack neighborhood—from the kind of oak that grew
2 The Machette family documents belong to Susan Machette Scott's grandchildren and great-grandchildren. The surviving grandchildren are Mary Virginia Scott Baker, Harold Hersman Scott, Sue Scott Gould, and Shirley Scott Payne. The great-grandchildren are Lallie Scott, Sue Scott Peek, and Margaret Baker Graham. Unless otherwise indicated, all informa tion about the Machettes comes from these documents, which include letters, diaries, deeds and wills, newspaper clippings, and Bible records. 3 William S. Bryan and Robert Rose, A History of the Pioneer Families of Missouri (1876; reprint, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing, 1977), 255-256. Stories of Everyday Living 369
there. The land was not much prized by the early settlers, but the Dutch developed the soil and have grown rich there."
When Margaret Bruin was barely seventeen, she married Charles Chambers Machette, a thirty-seven-year-old merchant and widower who had come to St. Charles around 1817. Years later in 1912, their daughter, Susan Machette Scott, confided in a letter to her son Clive: "I am glad you went to St. Charles. I wonder if that Ben Emmons [whom Clive had heard about in St. Charles] is the one Ma used to talk about.4 If he is he must be near a hun dred years old. I think he was an admirer of hers. She was so young—17 when married. I have half a notion she liked him the best, but married Pa to please her Father—who thought the old widower the safest." Charles Machette died in 1851, leaving Margaret responsible for their five children: Alexander, Mary Elizabeth, Abigail, Susan, and Cornelia. Susan later wrote a story about her mother's early days as a widow, as told by Lucy, a former slave:
4 Benjamin Emmons (1810-1885) served as a colonel in the Missouri militia during the Civil War and practiced law in St. Louis. He married Julia Chauvin in 1852, the year after Charles Machette died. The Ben Emmons to whom Susan Machette Scott referred in 1912 was probably his son. See Portrait and Biographical Record of St. Charles, Lincoln and Warren Counties, Missouri (Chicago: Chapman Publishing Company, 1895), 176-177.
St. Charles in the 1840s
State Historical Society of Missouri 370 Missouri Historical Review
Miss was heaps younger than him and when he died here flocked the old widdowers and old bachelors—Miss wasn't more than 30 [actually thir ty-four]—purty and plump as a partridge. Tweren't three weeks after her husband died when here came old Judge Tucker—he had eight children. Just one an' another acourting—them was fun times. Heaw! heaw! I tell you, nothing to do but cook pies and sweetcakes and kill chickens and fry ham Sundays! Them was big days—here would ride up the judge in his Sundays to ride to meetin' with her and when meetin' was over here would come three or four more.
Machette, however, did not remarry, and she continued to live in St. Charles for a few years. Charles Chambers Machette, a nephew and name sake of Margaret's husband, later recalled to Susan the St. Charles of their childhood days: "I suppose you remember that buffalo that made his escape in St. Charles on one Sunday afternoon, and the people run him in the alley way on Archway under the house we lived in and killed him with stones and brick bats. I remember it well." Margaret Machette left St. Charles, settling in Fulton, Missouri, by 1856. There she was a devout member of the Presbyterian Church, and in the 1860s, she ran a boardinghouse for young men attending Westminster College. She had a difficult time making a living as a landlady during a peri od when young men were more likely to be soldiers than students. At one point, she wrote to Susan that she had to mortgage her property. Nonetheless, during this time, she sent her daughters away to school and hired Westminster faculty members to tutor them in algebra, grammar, astronomy, and Latin. In her letters, Machette invariably focused on the local and familial and appeared reluctant to make observations or conclusions outside her own experiences. For example, she once wrote about church members' tendency toward infighting and then qualified her statement: "I mean the Presbyterians—other churches I don't know any thing about." Because of this reluctance to generalize and her focus on the domestic life, the Civil War entered her discourse only when it affected those she knew. One comment about the war occurred in an October 29, 1863, letter to Susan, who lived in Arrow Rock while teaching the grandchildren of Dr. John Sappington, the physician who introduced quinine for malaria and published in 1844 the first medical book west of the Mississippi.5 In this letter, Machette mentioned the war because of the possible harm it could bring to her daughter:
5 Penelope Sappington, the daughter of Governor John Breathitt of Kentucky and the widow of Erasmus Darwin Sappington, was the mother of the children whom Susan Machette tutored. See Dictionary of American Biography, s.v. "Sappington, John"; Thomas B. Hall, Jr., and Thomas B. Hall, III, Dr. John Sappington of Saline County, Missouri, 1776-1856, 2d ed. (Arrow Rock, Mo.: Friends of Arrow Rock, 1986), 14. Stories of Everyday Living 371
1 BIBBS' '"' -•IsSk
m As a young woman, Susan Machette S5EJI^-^ ^ 9* served as a tutor for the Sappington fam ily in Arrow Rock. r#j TJlKll^
Courtesy of the author
Dear Susie, you can't imagine how much anxiety I feel about you situ ated where you might sicken and die before I could hear from you. I dis liked to have you leave when you did and every day makes me regret it more. If I could hear from you often I should feel better. I hear of that part of the country being full of soldiers which makes me more uneasy about your safety. I hope you will be very careful of yourself. Live very near to God. He is my only hope for protection and oh that he will protect my dear daughter.
Near the date of this letter, Joseph Shelby, commander of a Confederate cavalry company, was conducting raids in Missouri. Shelby's troops had moved from Boonville to Arrow Rock, where the Missouri State Militia engaged them in a skirmish on October 13.6 The battle report of General Egbert Brown, brigadier general of the militia, was published in the October 22, 1863, issue of the St. Louis Missouri Republican: "I am unable to give you a correct account of the killed and wounded. Ours . . . will not exceed thirty. Of the enemy, I am officially advised that fifty-three dead have been found in the brush, and seventy wounded, who have been left at the hospitals here and at the houses on the road in the vicinity." Machette apparently knew of these troops at Arrow Rock and was understandably concerned about her daughter's safety. Generally, though, the war was not the subject of Machette's letters, and she addressed other problems that affected her family and friends. In the last month of 1863, her major concern was the pregnancy of Abigail, a daughter
6 U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1880-1901), ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 2: 635-637. Hereinafter cited as O. R. 372 Missouri Historical Review
who had recently married Charles Campbell Hersman, a Presbyterian minis ter and professor. On December 10,1863, Machette wrote to Susan about a letter from Abbie, who was living in Wisconsin and suffering from morning sickness:
I received a letter from Abbie last week. She is still poorly. She told me that she would have to come home before the session was out. She expects to be confined in the spring. I have written to her to come before the weather gets too cold. Poor thing, I feel so sorry for her. She has had a hard time since she left home—has been sick every day and don't get half enough to eat. Just imagine to yourself that you had been sick for three weeks and was getting able to eat something and that I was to send you some cold sauce and cold baked beans and cold hard bread and rancid but ter for your breakfast and you have an idea how she fares. She said her bed was not made up but twice while she lay sick except when Mr. Hersman made it. He even had to empty the chamber pot for her. I guess he is pret ty well initiated in the mysteries of married life.
Childbirth was a precarious time in the nineteenth century, with infant and maternal mortality rates both high. Machette's first grandchild, the daughter of her son, Alexander, had died in infancy, and she had written Susan earlier about the death of a mother and baby in Fulton. The cold weather, which delayed the Hersmans' return to Fulton, heightened the moth er's concern for her daughter. On January 13, 1864, Machette documented her own resourcefulness in her account of the bitter weather she, Alexander, and her daughter-in-law, Lizzie, were experiencing:
It is thought to have been the coldest weather we have had for thirty years. At any rate it came near freezing us to death here. Lizzie and your brother had to come down to my room and stay till it moderated. We lost all our plants. I brought everything into my room to keep [them] from freez ing but it froze as hard in there as anywhere else. I had all the work to do that week as the negroes had holiday. We had but two boarders that week. It was fortunate for me—I tell you I made very little cooking do. I froze ice cream in the dining room by simply sitting the freezer on the floor and stir ring the cream occasionally.
Issues of the Fulton newspaper for that date do not survive, but the January 1 issue of the St. Louis Missouri Republican reported that a snow storm on New Year's Eve was "blowing almost a gale from the North, and bringing with its bitter blasts a freezing cold, such as is seldom felt during snow falls in this latitude." On January 3, the Missouri Republican stated that temperatures on New Year's Day had fallen to twenty-two degrees below zero. The report continued: "Such a degree of cold is without a parallel here Stories of Everyday Living 373 for at least the last thirty-one years." The paper predicted that the day would be "spoken of for years as the Cold Friday." Fortunately, the cold did not last long. Abbie was in Fulton by early February, her husband began teaching at Westminster College, and their son, Finley, was born in the spring of 1864. Another concern in 1864 that preoccupied Machette was Alexander's decision to leave the Presbyterian ministry and become a Baptist clergyman. She wrote to Susan on March 19, 1864:
What would you think if some one was to tell you that he [Alexander] had turned Baptist? You would be shocked. Well, that is just what I have to tell you. He has been reading his old sermons to the Fulton people and studying Baptist works for the last six months and the up shot is he had to go to Montgomery and Lincoln [Counties] to tell the good folk that he was converted, yes converted.7 This is his third conversion. He professed to have been converted when he joined the church in St. Charles. Then when at Allegheny Seminary he was convicted of his sins and thought himself converted in earnest but low and behold his mistake [and] he now has been converted. I can't find out whether he has been ducked or not but presume he will soon be. Lizzie is very happy over it. I suppose there never was greater rejoicing among the friends in Montgomery than over this downfall of sprinkling. I suppose the Lord will let him live long enough to repent of having poor little Lizzie [Alex's deceased daughter] sprinkled. I suppose also that he will curse his mother in his heart of hearts for raising him in error. Well, I expect him to die an Infidel. I think it likely he will hold on and preach for the Presbyterians if they will let him on account that they pay their preachers. He likes the money sprinkled pretty thick, if not the water.
Machette's outrage is clear, though the last line indicates she had not lost her sense of humor—or of the practical: she recognized that the Presbyterian Church was more likely than the Baptist Church to pay its ministers. Nonetheless, her comments about Alexander's integrity were unfair. After quitting the Presbyterian clergy, he lived for the rest of his life in near pover ty as a Baptist minister. He created controversy in the 1870s when he lost the support of his Westport congregation after he challenged the Baptist doctrine of closed communion.8 Machette was impatient with her son's conversions,
7 "The good folk" alluded to in the letter include the family of Alexander's wife, Lizzie Shelton (ca. 1841-1891), the daughter of Meacon and Anna Berger Shelton, who were mem bers of the Baptist Church in Lincoln County. Montgomery County relatives included the Nowlins. David William Nowlin (1812-1865), a Baptist minister from Montgomery County, married first Elizabeth Berger, Lizzie Shelton's maternal aunt. He married second Ellen Dutton Adams (1820-1865), who was the little girl mentioned in Machette's early memory of living near St. Charles. See obituary and cemetery records and files on the Graves and Nowlin fam ilies at the Montgomery County Historical Society, Montgomery City, Missouri; R. S. Duncan, A History of the Baptists in Missouri (St. Louis: Scammell and Company, 1882), 579-582. 8 Duncan, History of the Baptists, 722-723. 374 Missouri Historical Review
Alexander Machette attended West minster College and a Presbyterian sem inary in Alleghany City, Pennsylvania, prior to becoming a clergyman.
Courtesy of the author but her love for him proved stronger than quarrels over religious doctrine, and they reconciled. When Alexander died in 1896, she wrapped a note around his last letter: "my precious Alex's last letter to me." Although Machette seldom referred directly to the war, extant records indicate how the conflict affected her. One of her letters concerned a slave named Andrew, who worked for her in October 1863:
We have had quite a deep snow and some hard freezing last week. Andrew commenced making the molasses on the 21st which was Wednesday and on the next day the ground was covered with snow which continued to fall till in the night. They had [a] very cold time working with the cane. It turned out very poor. We have only 30 gallons of molasses.
A receipt signed by Henry T. Wright, a neighbor, indicates that Andrew was a slave hired by Machette: "Andrew has worked since the first of January 28 whole days and 4 half days making 30 days in all. I have charged you 70 cents per day making $2LOO."9 As a border state and a slave state occupied by Federal troops, Missouri was fraught with tensions concerning the Civil War. Machette's own life reveals some of the complexities involved in defining the war experience in the state. Hiring Andrew implicated her in the institution of slavery, and her husband had owned slaves in St. Charles. Nevertheless, according to her
9 Henry T. Wright (1803-1880), a farmer, immigrated to Fulton from Kentucky in 1837. Fulton Callaway Weekly Gazette, 6 August 1880. Stories of Everyday Living 375 daughters' correspondence, she was also willing to help Andrew escape con scription in the Federal army. On April 18, 1864, Abigail wrote to Susan: "Uncle Andrew starts to California next Monday. Are you not sorry to hear it? Poor fellow, he does not want to go at all. But prefers doing so to join ing the army. Ma is busy making him some calico shirts to take with him. Ma feels that she will be almost broken up when Andrew leaves." In January 1865, Cornelia wrote to her sister Susan: "I got a letter from Andrew the other day. He wrote so badly I could not make it out, except something about you being such a pretty lady &c." Andrew's decision to leave for California in April 1864 was undoubted ly a response to General Orders No. 135, issued in St. Louis on November 14, 1863. The order reads in part:
Whereas the exigencies of the war require that colored troops should be recruited in the State of Missouri, the following regulations, having been approved and ordered by the President, will govern the recruiting service for colored troops in Missouri, viz: I. All able-bodied colored men, whether free or slaves, will be received into the service, the loyal owners of slaves enlisted being entitled to receive compensation as hereinafter provided. II. All persons enlisted into the service shall forever thereafter be free.10
On February 26, 1864, the Fulton Missouri Telegraph reported that the town had enlisted 70 of the 3,706 African American men recruited in the state. By August of that year, Joseph Holt of the Bureau of Military Justice had written to Edwin M. Stanton, the secretary of war: "The recruiting of col ored troops in Missouri may be regarded for the present as virtually closed. Between four and a half and five regiments have already been enlisted. When to these is added the large number of able-bodied men who have escaped to Kansas, or have been carried by their masters into the disloyal States, it is not estimated that more than the material for a single regiment capable of military duty remains."11 Andrew was one of those men who left the state rather than serve in the military. The author has not determined if Andrew was a slave when he left Missouri. Nonetheless, Machette's actions suggest the contradictory behavior of many white people of the time: she was willing to use the slavery system to provide labor for her family, yet she was also willing to circumvent the legal system to help one African American man escape forced labor in the army. Another personal repercussion of the war was the military tax owed by Machette. On December 29, 1864, she told Susan: "I paid my taxes. There
O.R., ser. 3, vol. 3: 1034. Ibid., ser. 3, vol. 4: 577. 376 Missouri Historical Review is a military tax of three dollars levied on your head. What do you think of that—every man and woman over eighteen and under forty-five have to pay. I will pay it this week for you." On January 1, 1865, she wrote that she had been mistaken about the tax: "I told you in my other letter that you was taxed three dollars. It is a mistake. Your brother misunderstood Mr. Brooks.12 It is I that is taxed the three dollars military." The following receipt shows that she paid ten dollars, presumably three of which was the military tax:
Received from Margret Machett [sic] Ten dollars in full for her state county & military Tax for the year 1865 on her personal property and the following real estate in Callaway County Mo 50 89/100 Acres part E[ast] 1/2 18.47.9 Wm. King Collector
This tax was paid in response to General Orders No. 232, dated July 19, 1864, which proclaimed:
Now, therefore I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, do issue this my call for five hundred thousand volunteers for the military ser vice. . . . Volunteers will be accepted under this call for one, two, or three years, as they may elect, and will be entitled to the bounty provided by the law for the period of service for which they enlist.13
The deadline for meeting this order was September 5. Missouri's quota was 26,678 men, and the debt of the Ninth District, which included Callaway County, for that amount was 2,876.14 Although Missouri's quota was reduced because of previous credits earned for earlier calls for men, including the call for African American men, the state still owed over 25,000 men.15 The state's role in paying the bounty occurred by default. Circular No. 27, issued by the War Department also on July 19, declared that recruits would be paid $100 for each year of service and that "no premiums whatever for the procuration of recruits will hereafter be paid by the United States."16 In accordance with Missouri law, counties paid the state's monetary obligation, and Machette's liability was one-third of her year's taxes. In the
12 Mr. Brooks was probably E. W. Brooks, who, with his wife, Lavinia, ran a boarding- house in Fulton. See U.S. Census, 8th Report, I860, "Callaway County, Missouri," 109. 13 O.R., ser. 3, vol. 4: 515. 14 Fulton Missouri Telegraph, 29 July 1864. 15 O. fl., ser. 3, vol. 4: 515. 16 Ibid., 518. Stories of Everyday Living 311 meantime, the state proved unable to supply the required men in a timely manner. State officials continued to asked for more time, and federal offi cials requisitioned more troops until the end of the war.17 The only sustained passage about the war in Machette's letters occurred on April 12, 1865, when she described Fulton's celebration of its end. Because the Fulton newspapers for April 1865 have not survived, her narra tive stands as an important account of the local festivities:
The good people of Fulton have had a good time rejoicing over the tak ing of Richmond and the surrender of Lee and his army. This night [a] week ago the town was illuminated and there was several speeches. Old Ansel [sic] made a speech in which he said he wished the confederacy was in Hell or something to that amount. Doctor Montgomery followed in a speech and said that he endorsed all that Ansel said.18 Pretty well for a Presbyterian preacher, don't you think?
Machette supported the Northern side in the letter, but she appeared to be less interested in the national repercussions of war than in the actions of
17 Ibid., 644-645, 725-726, 1173-1174. 18 The Reverend John Montgomery (1810-1899) was acting president of Westminster College in 1864. Fulton Telegraph, 21 February 1899. Thomas R. Ansell (1796-1866) was a Fulton attorney. History of Callaway County, Missouri (St. Louis: National Historical Company, 1884), 273-277.
A View of Fulton in I860
James S. McLoed Papers, Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia 378 Missouri Historical Review her Presbyterian minister, whose denomination had Southern leanings. Again, she focused on the local effects of the war. A year after the end of the Civil War, Machette enjoyed the spring and worried about a new threat, cholera. On April 22,1866, she wrote her daugh ter, now teaching in Kentucky, about springtime chores and concerns:
Susie, I have made part of my garden and expect to finish this week. I have no sweet potatoes. I wish Alex would express me some for seed. I have bought me thirteen fine sheep and eight lambs. I paid fifty dollars for them. I am going to spin the wool for carpeting this year. I will keep the sheep till we make a sufficient quantity of bed clothing and carpets to last me and my family a great while. I hope they will prevent my having to pay such large meat bills. I paid Mclntire one hundred and twenty-nine dollars for meat from last March till December.19 I hope to have bacon enough to last till my chickens are large enough to kill. I have one hundred and twen ty-four young chickens. The turkeys have not commenced setting yet. We have finished cleaning [the] yard. It looks perfectly beautiful. The grass is so green, and the cherry trees and that little plum tree are perfectly white with bloom. The cedar trees have grown so much. The ones that Mr. Hersman has put out are very small. The flowering almond is in bloom and the lilacs are very full of bloom and the snowball is completely covered with buds to bloom. The limb that I bent down last year has taken root and I cut it off and set it out this spring. It is growing and will have two blooms on it. The farmers are very busy putting in their crops. Everything promises well if we have a healthy season, but if the cholera rages we can't count on anything. I wish my family were all together in case the cholera does come. It is not probable we will all live through it.
Because the precise cause of cholera was unknown until the end of the nineteenth century, people in the 1860s did not know how to prevent or cure it. One theory, which the editor of the St. Louis Missouri Republican rejected, declared that cholera appeared every seventeen years: "These apprehensions [of a cholera epidemic] are ascribable in part to some belief in the seventeen years theory, which supposes that cholera goes the rounds within that period, and that, as it had come to the United States in 1832 and 1849, it would return in 1866. . . . Such fears, at any rate, have been disappointed. The cholera is nowhere yet in this country, and, so far, the comparison between 1849 and 1866 encourages the hope that we may be spared from the plague this year."20
19 William R. Mclntire (1813-1903) was a butcher in Fulton. Fulton Weekly Gazette, 8 May 1903. 20 St. Louis Missouri Republican, 20 April 1866. Stories of Everyday Living 379
Treatment for cholera in the mid-century ranged from hot baths to bleed ing. Dr. John Sappington, who offered relatively prudent treatments, eschewed bleeding and recommended heat treatments.21 On a scrap of paper, Machette listed two remedies for cholera:
cholera remedy Red pepper, one teaspoonful in one-half pint of hot water. In this dis solve one tablespoonful of salt. Of this give frequently until relieved. One teaspoonful charcoal and four of sulfur given in teaspoonful doses every three or four hours said to be good.
Machette would have recognized the dangers of cholera because she had lived in St. Charles when the cholera epidemics of 1832-1833 and 1849 dev astated the St. Louis area. Machette family letters from the 1820s and 1830s indicate that Charles Machette's parents and sister joined him in Missouri in 1829 to escape the cholera epidemic in New York City, only to die of the dis ease four years later in St. Charles. James T. Barrett has reported that sixty people died in St. Charles and many more in surrounding areas in the 1833 epidemic, and almost two thousand people died in St. Louis in June 1849. In 1866 and 1867, the death rate reached fifty persons per day in St. Louis.22 This time, however, Margaret Machette and her family did not suffer from cholera. First as a landlady to Westminster students and later as a mother-in-law to Westminster faculty, Machette knew local luminaries associated with the college. In her letters, she mentioned Samuel S. Laws, Westminster College's first president, 1855-1861. Later, as president of the Gold Exchange in New York City, he invented the stock ticker and hired Thomas Edison as one of his employees. From 1876 to 1889, Laws served as presi dent of the University of Missouri.23 Another local dignitary was M. M. Fisher, who began teaching Latin at Westminster during Laws's presidency and served as acting president in 1867. Fisher left Fulton a year later and founded women's schools in Independence, Missouri, and near Louisville, Kentucky.24 By the time Fisher
21 James T. Barrett, "Cholera in Missouri," Missouri Historical Review 55 (July 1961): 345-346. 22 Ibid., 345-349. 23 Fulton Gazette, 13 January 1921; Robert Conot, A Streak of Luck (New York: Seaview Books, 1979), 33. 24 Michael Montgomery Fisher (1834-1891) married first Anna E. Atwood, 1856; married second Bettie Blair Coleman, 1866; and married third Eliza Gamble, 1874. He received a doc tor of divinity degree from Westminster College in 1868. History of Boone County, Missouri (St. Louis: Western Historical Company, 1882), 864-865; Fulton Telegraph, 26 February 1891; National Cyclopedia of American Biography (New York: James T. White and Company, 1891- 1984), 8: 187. 380 Missouri Historical Review
State Historical Society of Missouri
Built in 1853-1854, Westminster Hall, the first brick building on the college's campus, was destroyed by fire in 1909. returned to Fulton in 1874, Machette had sold her boardinghouse and moved into Abigail's home. Susan had recently married John Harvey Scott, a math ematics professor at Westminster.25 Cornelia was married to John Flood, a Westminster alumnus and Fulton attorney.26 At commencement time in 1874, Susan wrote to Cornelia, who was in the West with her husband looking for relief for his tuberculosis, that Fisher was lobbying to become the college's president: "Dr. Fisher is here. He told Major Dfobyns] he would not come here unless he was made president.27 I think from what I hear he will leave no means untried to accomplish this." Successful in his efforts, Fisher became Westminster's president. In August 1874, Margaret mentioned Fisher in a letter to Susan, who was traveling with her husband and Edgar, their first child. She described the
25 John Harvey Scott (1842-1928) was a professor at Westminster College from 1865 to 1928. The college's Scott Hall and Scott Chair of Mathematics are named for him. William E. Parrish, Westminster College: An Informal History, 1851-1969 (Fulton, Mo.: Westminster College, 1971), 147, 163,242. 26 John Flood was elected to the Missouri Senate in 1876 but left the state when his tuber culosis worsened. He died in Denver, Colorado, in 1879. Fulton Telegraph, 18 July 1879. 27 Major Edward Dobyns (1801-1885) was an incorporator of the Boatman's Savings Bank in St. Louis. After his daughter, Mary, was arrested and banished to Canada during the Civil War for expressing Southern sympathies, he left St. Louis for Kentucky and then Fulton. Fulton Callaway Gazette, 8 May 1885; Fulton Gazette, 12 October 1906. Stories of Everyday Living 381 devastation Fisher had witnessed in western Missouri, where grasshoppers infested the region:
M. M. Fisher is in Fulton on his way to St. Louis. He gives a distress ing account of the want of rain—said he had traveled over thousands of acres where he could not see any thing green. Corn had dried up and fallen down before it had tasseled and there was no stock to be seen. Every thing looked most desolate. Some one by the name of Ross went from Fulton to Kansas where he owned land with the intention of improving but the drouth was so distressing that he came back. [He] says there are places you could not buy a bucket of water and what the drouth had not killed the grasshop pers had eaten up.
Although grasshoppers had invaded the western part of Missouri, Montgomery County to the east was enjoying a good year. In December 1874, while visiting the Jacob and Jane Shelton family, Machette wrote Susan that Jacob had killed hogs and Jane was "in grease up to her eyes today drying up her lard and making sausage meat." She continued, "The whole neighborhood is engaged in hog killing and preparing poultry for market."28 In fact, as Machette intimated in a January 1875 letter, Montgomery County was profiting from the distress elsewhere in the state:
28 Lizzie Shelton Machette's brother, Jacob Shelton (1833-1918), married Jane Dutton (1834-1902), a daughter of John H. and Mary Bruin Dutton. See obituary and cemetery records at the Montgomery County Historical Society.
State Historical Society of Missouri
Q§k -vjHI Michael M. Fisher served as acting president of Westminster from 1874 until 1877.
1 f-i ^NfffilBBfc* ffj^^BfifwHB Wm^ 382 Missouri Historical Review
The people seem in good spirits. On every hand they are preparing for a busy year to come. There are a great many persons in the county trying to rent and the farmers are building houses on their farms to rent. It is aston ishing to see the thousands upon thousands of hogs that are brought from the southwest and other parts of this state to sell and to be fed, there being no corn or any thing to feed on at home. This part of the state has been favored with fine corn crops and are realizing good prices for their corn.
In May 1875, Machette traveled to the western part of Missouri to visit her son, Alexander, in Westport. There she witnessed for herself the devas tation M. M. Fisher had reported on earlier:
You have not the most distant idea—you can't have unless you witness it with your own eyes, the destitution, the distress there is in the counties where the hoppers have eaten every green thing, where the drouth last year cut the crops short and all were hoping and depending on what they could raise this spring. Now you may ride out in any direction, and the fields, meadows and pastures are as bare of a blade of anything green as the mid dle of your streets are in midwinter. The trees have now been stripped of their leaves. The people are cutting down trees in the wood to let the stock get the leaves. . . . We drove by the market square and the most we could see was loads of wood and the poorest horses that I ever saw—poor things how they manage to pull a half load I don't know. I have no doubt but usu ally there is more marketing offered in two weeks in Kansas City than has been there this whole spring. The most distressing sight was the poor peo ple trying to get to where they can get something for themselves and stock to eat. They are passing through Westport every day driving horses and cows so poor that they seem to stagger as they walk. Those that have money can buy corn and hay to feed their stock and persons in the City can get veg etables that is brought on the railroads. Next Thursday is the day appointed by the Governor as a day of fasting and prayer. Will the people of Fulton observe the day? The churches unite in observing it in this place. There will be preaching at eleven and three o'clock.
Governor Charles Hardin's "Proclamation of Prayer and Fasting," which Machette referred to, stated:
WHEREAS, Owing to failures and losses of crops, much suffering has been endured by many of our people during the past few months, and sim ilar calamities are impending upon larger communities, and possibly may extend to the whole State, and if not abated will eventuate in sore distress and famine: Stories of Everyday Living 383
THEREFORE, Be it known that the third day of June proximo is hereby appointed and set apart as a day of fasting and prayer, that Almighty God may be invoked to remove from our midst these impending calamities, and to grant instead the blessings of abundance and plenty. . . .29
Perhaps Machette did not take it for granted that the day of prayer would be observed in Fulton because Hardin's proclamation had become a political issue. The editor of the Leavenworth (Kans.) Times could not imagine "the Great Ruler of the world, laying aside his sceptre, to come down among the pawpaw bushes of the Missouri bottom to kill grasshoppers."30 The St. Louis Republican editor claimed, "To suppose the pestiferous insect can be cast out, as were the devils of old, by fasting and prayer, is an exhibition of stu pendous credulity which nothing can excuse."31 He argued, instead, for better stewardship of the land. The Fulton Telegraph, on the other hand, defended the governor: "We, in the rural districts, have not yet gotten far enough along in the road of progress, to dethrone God from governing his own world and
29 Fulton Telegraph, 21 May 1875. 30 Quoted in ibid., 28 May 1875. 31 St. Louis Republican, 26 May 1875.
Rocky Mountain locusts, or grasshoppers, caused extensive damage to crops in western Missouri and other areas of the Midwest during the 1870s.
State Historical Society of Missouri 384 Missouri Historical Review to scoff and sneer at a Governor of the State for believing and acting upon the plain statements of the Bible."32 The grasshopper plague finally ended in 1877, the year that M. M. Fisher left Westminster to become a faculty member at the University of Missouri, where Laws, his friend, was president.33 Machette wrote to Cornelia on July 4, 1877, about Fisher's impending departure:
Mrs. [Eliza] Fisher and Lizzie [M. M. Fisher's daughter by his first wife] called on Abbie yesterday in style, becoming the upper ten. [They] had the babe and nurse but left them out in the carriage with the driver. They go to Columbia the first of September. Mr. Fisher tells different sto ries as to his leaving—told one party it was money and told Mr. Robertson that money had nothing to do with his going.34 He has got some of his best friends down on him.
After Fisher left Fulton, Machette's son-in-law Charles Hersman became Westminster's president, a position he held for ten years. Fisher remained at the university for the rest of his life. After Laws stepped down from the pres idency, Fisher became the acting president in 1891 but died shortly thereafter.
32 Fulton Telegraph, 28 May 1875. 33 Duane G. Meyer, The Heritage of Missouri, 3d ed. (St. Louis: River City Publishers, 1982), 429. 34 William Robertson (1807-1894), who founded the Fulton Female Seminary in 1850, served as president of the board of trustees of Westminster College in the 1870s. History of Callaway County, Missouri, 699-700; college catalogs, Reeves Library archives, Westminster College; Fulton Telegraph, 31 May 1894.
State Historical Society of Missouri
While serving as president of West minster, Charles C. Hersman continued to fulfill his duties as a professor of Greek. Stories of Everyday Living 385
The last decade of the nineteenth century found Margaret Machette in failing health, although she outlived children as well as grandchildren. Her daughter Mary Elizabeth died in 1854 and her son Alexander in 1896.35 Five of Alexander's seven children predeceased her, as did Cornelia's only daugh ter, Maud, and Susan's oldest son, Edgar. Finley, Abigail Hersman's son who was born in 1864, became a medical doctor; in 1894 he married Anne Bates, the granddaughter of Abraham Lincoln's attorney general; and in 1895 he died of Bright's disease.36 Susan later wrote to her son Clive, "How few of Grand Ma's grandchildren are living." According to Susan's diary, her mother became ill on October 25, 1902, and died four days later in Susan's home. She was eighty-five years old. Abigail, whose family had moved South, wrote Susan upon learning of their mother's death:
I have so often thought of her as she looked when I last parted with her. I bade her "good bye" as she lay there, and when I reached the door I took another look at her, and she looked at me with such a longing tender look that I went back to her again and kissed her and then left her, never to look upon her face again in my life. My heart is wrung with anguish when I think of the many things I might have done for her happiness, which I sadly neglected to do. She was a good and noble Mother: unselfish in every thing she ever did; thinking not of herself, but always of others. God grant her a happy reunion with the dear ones who have so long since gone to their Heavenly Home. Susie, while I think of it, please look in the left end of Ma's trunk and there you will find Ma's pocket-book with thirty dollars in it. She told me about it and made me go and get it out and count it. She said Alex had given it to her at different times, and as [she had] the money we sent her (and oth ers), she had always had enough to get things she wanted, and she saved this to help defray expenses when she was buried. I did not ask her if she had told any one else. She seemed to want to tell me all about her things. She made me get out her clothes, too—the ones she wished to be buried in.
Machette was buried in Fulton's Hillcrest Cemetery, near the grave of Susan's son, Edgar. She was neither famous nor influential during her life time. Nonetheless, her letters documenting the people and events around her stand as a notable source about the everyday life of Missourians in the nine teenth century.
35 Of the remaining children of Margaret Machette, Abigail Hersman died in 1921, Cornelia Flood Cole in 1934, and Susan Scott in 1937. 36 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 1 May 1948. Anne Bates Hersman became an attorney and an expert in criminology. Lucile Wiley Ring, "Anne Bates Hersman: Born to the Aristocracy of Talent," in Breaking the Barriers: The St. Louis Legacy of Women in Law, 1869-1969 (Manchester, Mo.: Independent Publishing Corporation, 1996), 82-87. Laura Redden Searing Papers, Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia Some Private Advice on Publishers: Correspondence Between Laura C. Redden and Samuel L. Clemens
BY JUDY YAEGER JONES*
In October 1997, the Missouri School for the Deaf (MSD) dedicated a new dormitory in honor of alumna Laura Catherine Redden, who wrote under the nom de plume of Howard Glyndon, and an exhibit of Redden arti facts is part of the school's museum. Yet today few Missourians outside Fulton, where the school has been located since its 1851 founding by William Dabney Kerr, an Old School Presbyterian and second-generation educator of the deaf, would recognize her by either of her names, unlike her fellow Missourian and 1881 correspondent, Samuel Clemens. The previously unpublished Clemens letters that follow are part of the recently acquired per sonal papers of Redden entrusted by her family to the Western Historical
*Judy Yaeger Jones, an independent scholar and historian in St. Paul, Minnesota, former ly served as an educational consultant and project director for Minnesota Women's History Month. She received a bachelor's degree in elective studies from the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Jones is currently writing a full-length biography of Laura Redden Searing.
386 Some Private Advice on Publishers 387
Manuscript Collection at the University of Missouri-Columbia for use by scholars. The Redden letters reproduced in this article are from the Mark Twain Papers at the Bancroft Library in Berkeley, California. This corre spondence reveals "private" information about publisher/author relations in the late nineteenth century. Who was Laura Redden, how did she become Howard Glyndon, and why did she and Clemens correspond? While a student at MSD from 1855 to 1858, several of Redden's poems appeared under her given name in Harper's Magazine. In letters to family, she wrote about these events and her growing reputation as "the Authoress" in the Fulton community and among her peers at MSD but worried about "becoming too proud."1 During her remarkable literary career, she would represent to many what deaf education could accomplish even while the majority of her readers never realized she was either a woman or deaf, attrib utes she never deliberately concealed until adopting the masculine nom de plume Howard Glyndon, "in a moment of girlish caprice" as her only words of explanation.2 Yet it would be 1884 before Harper's would feature an arti cle on successful poets and writers who were deaf. During that thirty-year period, despite popular belief that the deaf were not capable of such literary achievement as poetry, Redden not only saw several hundred of her poems in print but also earned her living as a newspaper columnist, foreign correspon dent, periodical essayist, and the author of three books. Born on Maryland's Eastern Shore in 1839, Redden was living in St. Louis with her family when, at around the age of thirteen, a bout of spinal meningitis left her permanently deaf.3 In the world of today's deaf education, Redden would be termed postlingually deaf—she had been able to read and speak prior to her hearing loss. Although not mute, she was unable to speak clearly enough for hearing people to easily understand her. Redden's family enrolled her at MSD in 1855. The curriculum at the school did not include speech therapy but specified that students learn American Sign Language and the manual alphabet as the means of commu nication. Redden also communicated with chalk and slate or pencil and paper with people who did not use signs. Her teachers, deaf and hearing alike, encouraged the young woman writer. To many, she represented the best results of the educational movement formally begun in 1817 with the establishment of the American School for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut.
1 Laura C. Redden to Wilhelmina Waller Redden Ashbrook, n.d.; Redden to George Sluter, 17 February 1856; Redden to Family, 20 December 1857. All in Laura Redden Searing Papers, Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri-Columbia (here inafter cited as WHMC-Columbia). 2 Laura C. Redden, Sounds From Secret Chambers (Boston: James R. Osgood and Company, 1873), preface. 3 Most published biographies cite 1840 as the year of Redden's birth. The correct year is 1839, as indicated by family letters in the Searing Papers. 388 Missouri Historical Review
State Historical Society of Missouri
The Missouri School for the Deaf had been in existence only four years when Laura Redden enrolled in 1855.
Politely declining an 1858 offer of a teaching position from MSD, a career choice not generally open to deaf women, Redden sought to become a successful writer despite the period's societal disapproval of women appear ing in public print and bias against the deaf. When she graduated, the MSD commencement program contained a poem by Redden honoring her teach ers' efforts and a companion essay supporting the use of sign language for deaf education. This was among the first of her writings to appear in publi cations for the deaf. Redden's ability to touch both the minds and hearts of readers through her pen was quickly recognized outside the deaf community and led to her being hired in 1859 as an "editress" alongside three male edi tors for the St. Louis Presbyterian. She wrote opinion pieces and columns about art and literary subjects under the byline of "Laura" or "Our Laura." Redden began her career as a mainstream journalist amid the growing political storms of pre-Civil War Missouri. During this time, she started to use the masculine pen name of Howard Glyndon on her essays appealing for peaceful solutions, honorable politics, and support of the Union. Her articles began to be reprinted in other newspapers, including the St. Louis Missouri Republican, which boasted of coeditors on each side of the escalating con flict. By 1860, Redden was publishing solely under her nom de plume, a common practice for nineteenth-century writers, especially women, in the very public world of journalism. When a rival paper, the St. Louis Missouri State Journal, published a front-page expose in May 1861 revealing Union Some Private Advice on Publishers 389 patriot Howard Glyndon to be a young woman and deaf (and therefore per haps not worth reading), the attack made her byline famous. Redden then moved to the nation's capital as the Republican's war correspondent, where she authored both battlefield reports and political articles that included inter views with notables such as Abraham and Mary Todd Lincoln and gained acceptance among fellow journalists.4 Redden's first book, Notable Men in the House, published in 1862, com prised a collection of biographies of men serving in the U.S. Congress. This volume was soon joined by a collection believed to be the first book of poet ry addressing the tumultuous times, Idyls of Battle and Poems of the Rebellion. Each respective title page noted Howard Glyndon as author but also included Laura C. Redden in smaller type and parentheses. Both books earned subsequent editions, and President Abraham Lincoln was cited among her known subscribers for Idyls of Battle.5 Redden's personal papers include many letters from soldiers and their family members and friends detailing how her poems touched a sympathetic chord in them. In 1872 a Civil War veteran working for the Jay Cooke Company, developer of land along the Northern Pacific Railroad, was so impressed with the poems that he named a town in Minnesota's Red River Valley area, Glyndon.6 Near the end of the war and after her mother's death, Redden spent five years in Europe, translating works into English (she was eventually profi cient in five languages in addition to English and American Sign Language)
4 Ishbel Ross, Ladies of the Press: The Story of Women in Journalism by an Insider (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1936), 332. Although Ross repeats the usual but often erroneous biographical information on Howard Glyndon, the fact that she is included indicates the respect in which she was held. See also Charles F. Wingate, ed., Views and Interviews on Journalism (New York: F. B. Patterson, 1875), 362, which identifies a number of journalists, including Howard Glyndon, by their noms de plume. 5 A listing of a letter to Howard Glyndon can be found in Index to the Abraham Lincoln Papers (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1960), 42. The signed original reads: "At the request of the author I have glanced over these poems, and find them all patriotic, and some very pretty. A. Lincoln. August 29, 1864." An attached note from Redden reads: "Written by Abraham Lincoln, then President of the United States of America, upon the proof-sheets of Idyls of Battle, transferred by my hand to this published copy of the same in 1872." Private collection. 6 Credit for the naming of Glyndon, Minnesota, goes to Civil War veteran and Oberlin College graduate Luman Tenney. The area's first newspaper, the Red River (Minn.) Gazette, repeated the orally told tale of the namesake writer but omitted any reference to gender in its June 27, 1872, edition. Glyndon was to have become the hub of intersecting railroad lines at the St. Vincent's extension of the Northern Pacific and the St. Paul and Pacific tracks. Politics moved the hub to Moorhead instead. In 1995, the Minnesota Women's History Month project joined the Clay County Historical Society and the city of Glyndon in installing and dedicating a poet's garden to honor Laura C. Redden, its namesake, in the city park. Glyndon is located twelve miles east of the twin cities of Moorhead, Minnesota, and Fargo, North Dakota, on Highway 10. Preservationists believe Glyndon to be the only town named for a woman writer during her lifetime. The author believes Redden never knew of the honor bestowed upon her. 390 Missouri Historical Review and researching and writing articles for the U.S. Department of Agriculture and numerous American newspapers and periodicals. She also served as a foreign correspondent for several New York papers. By 1869 she had become a nationally known columnist and a highly respected writer within the field of literary journalism. Described as extremely attractive and vivacious, Redden never lacked for suitors, either deaf or hearing. She was formally engaged three times (twice to the same Presbyterian minister) before she met Irish artist Michael G. Brennan, whom she described as the love of her life, in Capri. Redden returned to the United States in 1869 to settle her financial affairs before per manently moving to Europe to wed Brennan. Word came of his sudden death from a lung hemorrhage. Devastated, Laura remained in the United States and worked as a columnist for the New York Evening Mail and as a free lancer. Redden also began to study oral forms of communication in Boston with Alexander Graham Bell, then a youthful, impoverished, and unknown pro moter of the visible speech methodology developed by his father to teach the deaf to lip-read and articulate; with the Clarke Oral School in Northampton, Massachusetts; and at the Whipple Home School in Mystic, Connecticut. She wrote columns from each location. Although never successful at lipread- ing, Redden learned to modulate her speaking voice with Bell, and she sub sequently testified before legislative committees during the then-escalating disputes over methodology that continue within deaf education today. She believed every deaf person should be educated using the best possible meth ods, whether manual, oral, or both, to meet each person's unique needs. Many deaf were not dumb or mute, but speech was not a focus of curriculum in the sign schools. Conversely, the articulation or oral schools reacted puni- tively to any use of sign by deaf pupils, in effect dividing the deaf culture not because of intellect or physical conditions but by method of communication. Most oral schools were founded by hearing people, none more outspoken against sign language methodology than Alexander Graham Bell. Through her public testimony and the example of her success, Redden again became a role model for the overall value of deaf education and the latest methodol ogy. In 1873, Redden's most popular collection of poetry, Sounds From Secret Chambers (whose title many critics found shockingly suggestive), was published. Three years later, she married noted New York-area Quaker attorney, Edward Searing, in Mystic, Connecticut. Although their first child was stillborn in 1877, a healthy daughter, Elsa, arrived in 1880, and Laura and the child moved to Sherwood, New York, to live in the country air with Searing's family. The responsibilities of motherhood demanded much of her Some Private Advice on Publishers 391
Edward Searing
Laura Redden Searing Papers, WHMC-Columbia time, but Laura could not cease writing anymore than she could stop breath ing, and her pen rarely rested. Another motivating factor for her continuing a career as an author was her discovery early in the marriage that her husband would not be a good provider. By 1881 she knew that the marriage had failed, leaving her responsible for the support of her child as well as herself. A series of letters arrived from St. Louis publisher Chancy Barns in 18817 Barns told Redden he was seeking to publish a book on Mormonism that dealt "with the question as an affair of national politics." He noted, "Remembering the vigor with which you handled your pen against the mon sters Slavery and Rebellion, . . . yours was the first name that occurred to me."8 This was at a time when Utah was lobbying for statehood, a prospect feared by many Missourians. Barns offered Redden financial inducements and offers of aid. Redden, however, had no experience with such a complex undertaking, one that would require intensive research in order to excerpt useful information from primary and secondary sources, in addition to writ ing her conclusions. In need of advice, she turned to the most economically successful writer of the time and a fellow Missourian, Mark Twain. She did not know Twain personally, but they had a number of friends in common such as John Greenleaf Whittier, Whitelaw Reid, and Charles Dana, which may have served as a form of introduction. Twain, then living in Hartford, Connecticut, cordially replied, resulting in the following exchange of letters.
7 Chancy R. Barns advertised as a printer and publisher at 215 Pine Street, St. Louis. His letterhead cites Switzler's Illustrated History of Missouri, Footprints of Vanished Races, and Bible Thoughts and Themes among his offerings in print, with job work tastefully done. C. R. Barns to My Dear Mrs. Searing, 13 August 1881, Searing Papers. 8 Barns to Laura C. R. Searing, 7 April 1881, ibid. 392 Missouri Historical Review
Private Sherwood, New York April 13, '81
Dear Mr. Clements [sic]: You know all about publishing books by subscription & / don't—and I wish you to be so very kind as to turn philanthropist for the sake of literary fellowship & "coach" me me [sic] a little. A publisher of several successful subscription books wants me to write one for him of from 500 to 600 [pages]—if I undertake it I must finish it by end of summer—will have to wade through a mass of material, interview by letter numbers of people—in short it will be the hardest kind of work of that sort—Now had I better let him pay me cash down—part with copyright & all—or go shares with him for the profits & what would be a fair share for me in case we divide? I have not a single idea on the subject of money—but I need to make some very much—I have no personal friend who knows anything about such matters— Pray forgive my [presumption?] & try to befriend me & I'll do as much for you if I ever have a chance. The book is to be full of illustrations. It is to be 12 mo, 350 words to a page.
Sincerely Yours, (Mrs.) Laura C. R. Searing Howard Glyndon9
The April 14 postmark is stamped Sherwood, New York, and the enve lope is addressed to Mr. Samuel L. Clements, ("Mark Twain"), Hartford, Conn. In an unknown script, someone has written "Howard Glyndon, Poetess" on the envelope. Clemens responded promptly in writing with a formal salutation and in a generally friendly and helpful manner.
Hartford, Apl. 16/81.
Dear Madam— If you had already published a book by subscription, & could tell me the number of copies sold, I would then know what to say. (I say by sub scription because books published in "the trade" would not be of use as evi dence.) In the absence of such data, I can only advise you to take a royalty— not less than 5 per cent of retail price of the book—& of course as much more as the publisher will pay. When books are sold outright to publishers, somebody always gets hurt. It is not usually the publisher.
9 The original letter is in the Mark Twain Papers, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. Used with permission. Some Private Advice on Publishers 393
Samuel L. Clemens
State Historical Society of Missouri
Truly Yours S.L.Clemens10
Apparently in another letter not yet found, Redden asked additional questions. She had heretofore earned her living by the word, column, or poem. A book on the Mormon question would have been a new challenge, probably one she welcomed. Clemens responded in a detailed letter, this time headed "Private."
Hartford, May 6/81.
Dear Mrs. Searing— Those are very puzzling questions, because I have no data to guide me. I do not know whether your book is to be religious, scientific, humorous, poetical, agricultural, or what—& I do not know whether it is to be issued by subscription, or through the "trade." However, perhaps those facts would not really help me, if I had them—for one can't really tell what it is worth to write a book till the public have bought it or declined to buy it. Now I will just make a blind dash at it & say the publisher should pay all the expenses, of whatever sort, & give you a royalty of 10 per cent, clear
10 This letter by Mark Twain is © 1999 by Richard A. Watson and Chase Manhattan Bank as Trustees of the Mark Twain Foundation, which reserves all reproduction or dramatization rights in every medium. It is published here with the permission of the University of California Press and Robert H. Hirst, General Editor of the Mark Twain Project. The original letter is in the Searing Papers, WHMC-Columbia. 394 Missouri Historical Review
of all offsets & rebates. Make him that proposition; if it doesn't suit him, it will then be his turn to make one. What you will do with it after he has made it, is not a matter to be bothering over now—let each stage of the business take care of itself & in its own proper season. I have this week contracted to make just about such a book as the one you speak of.11 It may be of value to you to know my terms; so I will tell you, in strict confidence—for business matters should be kept private, you know: I shall need several hundred books to make extracts from: I must fur nish my publisher a list of these, & he must get them for me. He must have copying done in cases where the books are not purchasable. I am to put the volume into his hands within a reasonable time, all complete & ready for the compositors. He is to publish it, taking all risks, & pay me 70 per cent of the profits over & above cost of manufacture, he to pay the advertising, clerk hire, agencies, & all other costs of distributing (i.e. selling) the book out of his 30 per cent. I told him I would take 75 per cent & buy all those needful books myself; or I would take 70 per cent & he buy them. Of course he preferred the latter, "by a large majority." One more item for your private information: If your publisher pays you 10 per cent—say 35 cents per copy—he will still clear about 75 cents a copy himself. Ask me further, if you wish to—I will tell you whatever I can.
Truly Yours S L Clemens12
An appreciative Redden (who had realized and corrected her earlier mis take in spelling his surname) responded on June 23, 1881. The envelope indicates the letter was forwarded from Hartford to Branford, Connecticut.
"Private"
Dear Mr. Clemens, Your letters have been of great service to me. From the hints you gave me, I was enabled to drive quite a clever bargain—that is I asked 15 per cent—and in the end got ten and all expenses paid & 50 copies—you see I improved on your advice to ask ten—Your confidence in telling me of your
11 The author wishes to thank Tom Quirk, Department of English, University of Missouri- Columbia, for identifying the Twain work as Life on the Mississippi (Boston: J. R. Osgood, 1883). 12 This letter by Mark Twain is © 1999 by Richard A. Watson and Chase Manhattan Bank as Trustees of the Mark Twain Foundation, which reserves all reproduction or dramatization rights in every medium. It is published here with the permission of the University of California Press and Robert H. Hirst, General Editor of the Mark Twain Project. The original letter is in the Searing Papers, WHMC-Columbia. Some Private Advice on Publishers 395
own business arrangements was not misplaced, while at the same time the illustration was most valuable to me—I thank you for having so trusted me—and shall always think of you gratefully for the kind way in which you met my appeal. It may be that you have helped me to a competence, if my book succeeds—hither to, I have always been taken the advantage of— Though in this case I must do my publisher—a new one—the justice to say that I think he has meant everything fair & honorable from the start—& of course all reputable publishers do—but in business it is "each for himself etc.—and you've done me a real service in steering me from being the "hind most" this time.
Sincerely Yours, Laura C. R. Searing13
Unfortunately, Howard Glyndon's three thousand handwritten pages of manuscript on the Mormon situation did not reach print and have survived only in outline. She continued to search for reliable means of financial sup port as Edward Searing's business collapse brought even their household goods subject to a public auction and sale. To keep his wife with him,
13 The original letter is in the Mark Twain Papers, The Bancroft Library. Used with per mission.
Laura Redden Searing Papers, WHMC-Columbia
Laura and Elsa Searing, Mid-1880s 396 Missouri Historical Review
Searing threatened to take custody of six-year-old Elsa. As a well-known New York lawyer, he undoubtedly would have prevailed despite his financial situation. Determined to retain custody of her child, Redden fled cross-coun try with a Convention of Educators of the Deaf traveling to San Francisco in the summer of 1886. Few Californians knew of Howard Glyndon, although Theodore Froehlich of Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C., requested she write a special memorial poem to be presented at a sculpture dedication in 1889. "Knowing of the merit of your literary productions we concluded to call upon you to perform this duty of love," read the letter.14 Redden pro vided the requested poem, "The Gallaudet Centennial," but declined to appear in Washington to deliver it, giving ill health as the reason. Elsa and Laura soon settled in Santa Cruz, California, where Laura took in boarders and wrote whenever she could. Her physical health was precar ious; a painful neuralgic condition in her right arm, shoulder, and hand often prevented the smallest movements. A chance meeting with James D. Phelan, mayor of San Francisco, would ultimately cement a firm friendship of many years duration and result in requests for poems for city occasions. Under Phelan's patronage, Laura pub lished her final book, Of El Dorado, in 1897 with old friend John Greenleaf Whittier providing testimonial remarks about one poem, "The Hills of Santa Cruz." Prominent members of the California deaf community were an essen tial support system as Elsa grew up and was educated. She became the first woman mayor of San Mateo, California, and a candidate for the state legis lature after suffrage was won. Laura Catherine Redden Searing spent her final years living with her daughter and family, where she died in 1923. Redden had won her last poetry prize in 1904 for a descriptive poem about a sled dog race in Alaska, where Elsa, her attorney-husband, two chil dren, and Laura lived from 1900 to 1910 before settling in San Mateo. The physical condition of deafness never defeated her genius. Her poems have been featured in five collected works, and her biography appears in every list of distinguished deaf persons. Missourians may claim with justifiable pride this daughter prominent in nineteenth-century journalism, literature, and poetry.
Theo. A. Froehlich to Searing, 8 April 1889, Searing Papers.
A Sweet Answer
Memphis Conservative, March 19, 1869. Why are the girls in Missouri always sweet? Because they are Mo. lasses. State Historical Society of Missouri
St. Louis Exposition Building, Site of the 1889 Convention
Toilers of the Cities and Tillers of the Soil: The 1889 St. Louis "Convention of the Middle Classes"
BY MICHAEL J. STEINER*
On December 3, 1889, agrarian and urban labor leaders met in St. Louis to launch a coordinated, bloodless revolution to advance the cause of the common worker. Twenty years of increasing rural protest had so heightened farmers' class awareness that the leaders of the Northern and Southern Farmers' Alliances were poised to align themselves formally with the Knights of Labor. The Southern Farmers' Alliance, whose leaders were the strongest advocates of collective action, became the driving force at the St.
*Michael J. Steiner is an assistant professor of history and the director of social science education at Northwest Missouri State University in Maryville. He received the M.A. degree in history from the University of Missouri-St. Louis and the Ph.D. degree in American Studies from St. Louis University.
397 398 Missouri Historical Review
Louis convention. They spearheaded an unprecedented level of cooperation between rural and urban delegates by convincing them that farmers and industrial workers shared a common identity as members of the "producing class." The rhetoric of class echoed through the convention halls as the dele gates denounced capitalist plutocracy and called for a more democratic order. Most of the St. Louis delegates believed that fiscal policy had brought the nation to the brink of class war. During the post-Civil War era, the govern ment pursued a deflationary, hard-money policy, holding the money supply stable as the population and economy expanded. The constriction of the money supply was a disaster for the nation's laboring producers. It con strained entrepreneurs and speculators as well as farmers, but other govern ment policies, notably the protective tariff and land grant subsidies, cushioned the effect for the former while they added to the burden of the latter. Debt- ridden farmers watched helplessly as operating costs and interest rates rose while the prices of farm commodities fell. So, although the constricted money supply increased returns for banker-creditors, it placed an immense burden on producer-debtors.1 The joint interest of farmers and industrial laborers first emerged in a crusade against this tight-money policy in the greenback movement. The principal paper money, or greenback, theorist had been Edward Kellogg, who had argued in the 1840s that money need not have intrinsic value and was solely the creation of law. Consequently, paper currency could serve the same function as gold or silver but with much more economic util ity. During the 1850s, the dominant Republican fiscal view remained wed ded to hard money, and liberal monetary theories like Kellogg's remained on the fringe. A monetary crisis during the Civil War, however, forced the U.S. government to issue paper currency, or greenbacks, to relieve the pressure on gold reserves. After the war, the treasury suspended greenbacks, and by 1873 the economy moved back to hard money monometalism based on the gold standard. During these postwar years, a greenback-laborite ideology emerged, which attributed an inequitable division between producing and consuming classes to tight-money policies and the high-interest economic system creat ed by usurious finance capitalists. The movement for the return to an elastic paper currency became formal with the creation of the Greenback Party in
1 C. F. Emerick, "An Analysis of Agricultural Discontent," Political Science Quarterly 11 (September 1896): 433-463; Lawrence Goodwyn, Democratic Promise: The Populist Moment in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), 10-15. Toilers of the City and Tillers of the Soil 399
1876, drawing its support from both urban and rural reformers, particularly in midwestern states like Illinois and Missouri.2 From its beginnings in the 1860s to its effective demise by 1884, the greenback cause never gained a broad national constituency. Sectionalism, the persuasive arguments of creditors for money with intrinsic value, and the diversion of popular attention to less radical proposals for the remonetization of silver defeated the Greenback Party at the polls. Though currency reform ers tended to blame the "near-sightedness" of the people, the early failure of joint farmer-laborer action essentially resulted from poor political organiza tion and strategy. Speeches on complicated monetary policy were not enough to mold a reform movement.3 The St. Louis convention in 1889 would attempt to remedy this with a more engaging call for common class identity in broader terms. During the same time that the Greenback Party struggled to find an audi ence for its monetary policy, farmers began to voice their common concern that urban-industrial society was passing them by. The sturdy yeoman farmer of Jeffersonian agrarianism no longer seemed to represent the American ideal. Urban American culture increasingly perceived the farmer as an un educated, backward hick, stifled by the drudgery and monotony of rural life.4 In the wake of the Civil War, farmers felt doubly oppressed by their loss of status and by public policies that threatened their economic security. By the spring of 1868, status-conscious farmers began to fight back. The Patrons of Husbandry of the National Grange developed a structured forum in which farmers could meet one another, discuss mutual concerns, and join in a common cause. The Grange, however, remained a largely social organi zation and denied any party affiliation or organized political activity.5 Nevertheless, the group substantially influenced the greenback political movement and demonstrated the possibilities of collective consciousness and
2 Joseph Dorfman, foreword to Labor and Other Capital: The Rights of Each Secured and the Wrongs of Both Eradicated, by Edward Kellogg (1849; reprint, New York: A. M. Kelley, 1971), 7-14. The rise of greenbackism is discussed in many sources. See, for example, Alexander Campbell, "The True Greenback," in Kellogg, Labor and Other Capital; Gretchen Ritter, Goldbugs and Greenbacks: The Antimonopoly Tradition and the Politics of Finance in America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997); David Montgomery, Beyond Equality: Labor and the Radical Republicans, 1862-1872 (New York: Knopf, 1967); Irwin Unger, The Greenback Era: A Social and Political History of American Finance, 1865-1879 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1964). 3 Goodwyn, Democratic Promise, points out that the "Crime of '73" ironically killed greenback reform by focusing attention on the remonetization of silver (pp. 18-19). 4 See Steven Hahn and Jonathan Prude, eds., The Countryside in the Age of Capitalist Transformation: Essays in the Social History of Rural America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985). 5 William A. Peffer, "The Farmers' Alliance," The Cosmopolitan 10 (April 1891): 694- 696. 400 Missouri Historical Review
State Historical Society of Missouri
A Mass Meeting of Grangers collective action. The Grange served as an impetus toward farmer solidarity even though it had dropped out of sight in deference to more politically effec tive protest organizations by the 1880s.6 As the Greenbackers and Grangers despaired over declining support in the mid-1880s, a new wave of agrarian revolt gained momentum, first in the rural South, then among farmers throughout the Midwest. These Farmers' Alliances provided the potential organizational means for the mass radical- ization of farm laborers and a springboard toward the larger concept of a pro- ducing-laboring class that would be addressed at the St. Louis convention. The Alliance began in Texas as an outgrowth of a combined anti-horse thief vigilante group and rural consumer cooperative. The concept swept first through Texas and, then during the early 1880s, throughout the rest of the South. The Texas Grand State Alliance evolved into the National Farmers' Alliance and Cooperative Union, or simply the Southern Alliance, drawing together state alliance organizations from across the South "to labor for the education of the agricultural class in the science of economical gov ernment."7
6 C. W. Pierson, "The Outcomes of the Granger Movement," Popular Science Monthly 32 (January 1888): 368-373. For a full discussion of Grange organizational developments see D. Sven Nordin, Rich Harvest: A History of the Grange, 1867-1900 (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1974), 13-44. 7 William A. Peffer, "The Farmers' Defensive Movement," Forum 8 (December 1889): 470. Toilers of the City and Tillers of the Soil 401
A similar organization called the Agricultural Wheel established a strong base in the Mississippi Valley, stretching from Missouri to Mississippi. The Wheel owed its 1882 origins largely to widespread dissatisfaction among farmers with the common crop lien system. In exchange for seed and food supplies, small planters would mortgage their possessions and grain crops to the country merchant, often with a lien on their present assets and crops as well as on all that they might acquire the following year. Farmers seeking a solution to this system swelled the organization's ranks. By a process of absorption and expansion, the Wheel had extended into eight states by 1887.8 Despite the growing unity among southern farmers, they remained racially segregated. The Colored Farmers' National Alliance and Co-opera tive Union emerged during the 1880s as a counterpart to the white Alliance. Integral to the existence of the Colored Alliance was R. M. Humphrey, a white Baptist missionary among southern African Americans. From its founding, he was general secretary of the order and became an important intermediary between white and black farmers.9 During the years of Southern Alliance growth, farmers of the upper mid- western prairie states likewise mounted an organized defense of their inter ests through the formation of the National Farmers' Alliance. A product of
8 Frank M. Drew, "The Present Farmers' Movement," Political Science Quarterly 6 (June 1891): 284. For a complete history of the Southern Alliance see Robert C. McMath, Jr., Populist Vanguard: A History of the Southern Farmers' Alliance (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1975). 9 R. M. Humphrey, "History of the Colored Farmers' National Alliance and Co-operative Union," in The Farmers' Alliance History and Agricultural Digest, ed. N. A. Dunning (Washington, D.C.: Alliance Publishing Company, 1891), 288-292.
State Historical Society of Missouri
R. M. Humphrey represented the Colored Farmers' National Alliance at Southern Alliance meetings during the convention since African Americans were barred from attending. 402 Missouri Historical Review the 1880 Farmers' Transportation Convention in Chicago, the order emerged as a nonsecret, racially integrated organization designed "to unite the farm ers of the United States for their protection against class legislation, the encroachments of concentrated capital, and the tyranny of monopoly . . . and to do anything, in a legitimate manner, that may serve to benefit the produc er."10 The National Farmers' Alliance, although more loosely organized than its southern counterparts, helped develop an increasing unity among mid- western farmers.11 As the farmers' alliances fostered a growing class consciousness among farmers, they began to move during the mid-1880s toward a consolidation of forces in order to transform that awareness into a larger, more effective, polit ical coalition. The Southern Alliance emerged as the most aggressive orga nizer of the cooperative movement. In 1888 the Southern Alliance took a significant step in that direction when they merged with the Agricultural Wheel at a joint meeting in Meridian, Mississippi. The Alliancemen named the fused organization the Farmers' and Laborers' Union, reflecting their conviction that farmers, rural laborers, and urban mechanics shared a com mon class identity as producers. The merger represented a grand leap in alliance organization and furthered the drive toward consolidated political strength.12 The next logical step was to merge the Northern and Southern Alliances into a united producers' organization. In January 1889 the Farmers' and Laborers' Union sent delegates to a meeting of the National Farmers' Alliance in Des Moines, Iowa, where they called for the consolidation of the two organizations. The delegates resolved to hold a joint meeting in St. Louis the following December.13 As plans for the St. Louis convention devel oped through the year, Alliance leaders pursued not only the unification of agricultural organizations, but also a formal cooperative agreement with the forces of industrial labor. During these same years of vigorous Alliance development across the rural Midwest, urban laborers actively sought economic security and an expression of common class identity through labor unions. In general, work er response to industrialism in the Gilded Age varied from desperate acqui escence to demonstrative rage. As economic recession and then depression deepened in the 1870s, increasing numbers of industrial workers turned to direct action through the newly formed Knights of Labor. Emerging from the
10 Peffer, "Defensive Movement," 472. 11 Homer Clevenger, "Agrarian Politics in Missouri, 1860-1890" (Ph.D. diss., University of Missouri-Columbia, 1940), 84-85. 12 Drew, "Present Farmers' Movement," 284; Dunning, Farmers'Alliance History, 87-88. 13 Peffer, "Farmers' Alliance," 694-696. Toilers of the City and Tillers of the Soil 403
secret labor societies of Philadelphia in the 1860s, the Knights gained noto riety by the mid-1880s as a result of sensational strikes against Jay Gould's railroad empire. Economic depression in 1884-1885, combined with effec tive eight-hour workday drives, brought a flood of both unskilled and semi skilled laborers in various industries into the Knights' roster. The most sig nificant representation was among railroad workers and longshoremen, but the organization also included farmers and rural laborers, particularly in Texas. The Knights espoused a class-based critique of industrial capitalism. The concept of the "producing" versus the "consuming" classes reflected the social division that they perceived in industrial society. They felt that the producing classes suffered not only economic despair but also the loss of democratic rights as a result of the concentration of wealth brought on by unregulated capitalism. Wage labor, an inequitable financial system, and the power held by the owners of capital threatened the workingman. The Knights sought to gain, through the combined political strength of the pro ducing masses, a "workingmen's democracy" with a well-regulated market place that would distribute wealth justly among its producers, both industrial and agricultural.14 The notion of cooperation between farmers and the Knights of Labor first appeared in Texas in the mid-1880s when William R. Lamb, an influen tial reformer within the Texas Alliance, petitioned farmers, as "laborers," to support the Knights' boycott against the Mallory Steamship Lines and a Dallas dry goods firm. He argued that unless farmers began to make bold economic and political moves, their inaction would seal them forever in debt. His proposed solution was a farmer-laborer coalition. Lamb's program encompassed both class ideology and practical politics: "It is a good time to help the Knights of Labor in order to secure their help in the near future."15 Throughout 1886 loose farmer-laborer coalitions emerged across northern Texas, an area where memberships in the Alliance and the Knights frequent ly overlapped. In the North the Knights of Labor and the Farmers' Alliance made mutually friendly overtures; in 1887 the organizations held concurrent national conventions in Minneapolis. At an important 1889 meeting of the Knights of Labor in Atlanta, Georgia, officers of the Georgia State Alliance urged the Knights' leaders to attend the upcoming Farmers' and Laborers' Union convention in St. Louis.
14 Leon Fink, Workingmen's Democracy: The Knights of Labor and American Politics (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983), xii-xiii, 3-5, 219-230; W. S. Tisdale, The Knights' Book (New York: n.p., 1886), 8-35. The Knights outlined their organizational ideology in their Constitution of the General Assembly; and for State, national trade, district, and local assem blies of the order of the Knights of Labor. Adopted at Reading, Pa., Jan. 1-4,1874; revised . . . at Denver, Col., Nov. 11-20,1890 (Philadelphia: privately printed, 1891). 15 Quoted in McMath, Populist Vanguard, 30; see also Goodwyn, Democratic Promise, 40-44. 404 Missouri Historical Review
The Knights responded by naming Terence V. Powderly, Ralph Beaumont, and Alexander W. Wright as delegates.16 Powderly had a long history of Knights activity and a broad-ranging social and economic agenda. Driven by a producer ideology that envisioned a single union of all skilled and unskilled workers as a vast middle class, he had moved by the mid-1880s into the top position in the Knights' organization. Powderly, however, was a cautious crusader whose actions spoke more softly than his words. Abhorring strikes and boycotts, his conservative temperament so hobbled his radical idealism that it weakened the Knights in the late 1880s. Bold actions had confirmed his fears by way of a failed strike against the Gould railroad empire in 1886 that left the Knights in disarray.17 Languishing between the ineffectiveness of conservative union policies and defeat in any radical action, the Knights were faltering in the late 1880s. Badly needing an ally, the Knights wel comed the invitation from the Alliancemen to mount a united front. The farmers gathered in St. Louis with considerable enthusiasm and optimism. The Farmers' and Laborers' Union convened in Entertainment Hall in the St. Louis Exposition Building on Tuesday morning, December 3, 1889, with two hundred delegates representing twenty-three southern and southwestern states. The Texas delegation was by far the most influential. Its members were outspoken champions of farmer-laborer fusion; leadership included C. W. Macune, the most influential force in Alliance activities, and Evan Jones, who had been elected president of the Farmers' and Laborers' Union at the 1888 meeting. Throughout the 1880s, Macune had been the most potent organizer of farmers across the South. As president of the Southern Alliance, he had stressed technical improvements in farming to help increase profits, the for mation of farmer cooperatives to improve economic power, and political action. He believed that the Alliance had to "demand of government an equi table regulation of the relations between the different classes of citizens."18 Macune regularly used the language of class identity to mobilize farmers. He noted that farmers needed to "discuss political economy as a class" and to "watch the motions of Congress . . . and to sound the alarm when offensive class legislation seemed probable."19 Macune founded the National
16 Drew, "Present Farmers' Movement," 282-310; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 5 November 1889. 17 Vincent Falzone, Terence V. Powderly: Middle Class Reformer (Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1978), 2-19. 18 C. W. Macune, "The purposes of the Farmers' Alliance," in Dunning, Farmers 'Alliance History, 257-261; Fred A. Shannon, "C. W. Macune and the Farmers' Alliance," Current History 28 (June 1955): 332-337. 19 Quoted in Dunning, Farmers'Alliance History, 81, 84. Toilers of the City and Tillers of the Soil 405
Wisconsin native C. W. Macune farmed to support his mother and sisters before settling in frontier Texas in 1871. There he edited a local newspaper that became his forum for advocating agrarian reform.
State Historical Society of Missouri
Economist, a journal that trumpeted the common interests of farmers and industrial laborers, early in 1889, and he came to St. Louis with carefully laid plans for the consolidation of the "producing class." Evan Jones, who had been instrumental in the consolidation movement and had urged the formation of a third party, likewise came to St. Louis sounding the mutual class interest of farmers and laborers, claiming it was "an evident fact that to free our industrial classes from the oppressions that now prevail so universally, will require a perfect concert of action of all sec tions."20 At the same time that the Southern Alliancemen convened, about seven ty representatives of the National Farmers' Alliance met nearby at the Planters' House, a leading St. Louis hotel. After an initial meeting on Tuesday morning, the National Farmers' Alliance members joined the pro ceedings in Entertainment Hall. Mayor Edward Noonan of St. Louis and David R. Francis, governor of Missouri, officially opened the convention with welcoming speeches. Mayor Noonan fulfilled his civic responsibilities by "opening the doors" of the city to the delegates with a speech studded with perfunctory claims to St. Louis's preeminence as one of the world's great cities. Propriety and smart politics rather than personal enthusiasm demanded that Governor Francis grace the proceedings. His speech was a litany of traditional Jeffersonian, backbone- of-America platitudes that non-Alliance, conservative politicians often used to garner farmer support.
20 Ibid., 100; W. Scott Morgan, History of the Wheel and Alliance and the Impending Revolution (New York: privately printed, 1891), 303-305. 406 Missouri Historical Review
Formalities over, keynote speaker Alson J. Streeter, a prominent activist in the Northern Alliance, announced the theme of the convention: "Let all the various orders confederate together." Streeter's role as keynoter revealed the concerted effort undertaken by important Alliance figures to shepherd the convention toward consolidation and to orchestrate behind the scenes the appearances made by prominent figures from both Alliances and the Knights of Labor. Convention organizers originally had slated Jay Burrows, presi dent of the National Farmers' Alliance, to give the keynote address. Burrows, however, was likely to act as a conservative influence on the criti cal issue of first consolidating the regional farmers' alliances. As a Union army veteran he had already expressed an unwillingness to set aside the sec tional issues of race or to resolve differences in organizational style.21 Streeter's prominence as the 1888 Union Labor Party presidential candidate and his vigorous pursuit of farmer-laborer cooperation through third-party political action made him a more appropriate keynoter for the convention.22 The St. Louis convention had two agendas. The first was to forge inter- Alliance solidarity; the second, to forge farmer-laborer solidarity. A farmers' united front was a necessary first step toward the larger issue of farmer-labor er accord. To achieve that first step, the farmers would have to overcome a number of divisive issues, including divergent regional interests, specific political concerns, and serious differences in organizational ideology. On Tuesday evening consolidation committees met to draft specific pro posals. There were many similarities between northern and southern policy platforms. Both demanded abolition of national banks and issuance of legal tender notes in lieu of national bank notes, prohibition of alien ownership of land, a highly graduated income tax, and government ownership and opera tion of the railroads. A complicated task tempered high expectations, however, when the del egates discovered that they could not as easily effect consolidation as the similar policy platforms suggested. The delegates were divided over several organizational matters. Southern farmers had founded their alliance as a tight ly organized secret society. Indeed, Southern Alliance members required a secret password and handshake to pass through the doors of Entertainment Hall when no joint session was in progress. Northern Alliancemen found the southerners' lodge hall ritual superfluous, if not absurd, and proposed a more open, functional, and sociable style of alliance organization.
21 John D. Hicks, The Populist Revolt: A History of the Farmers' Alliance and the People's Party (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1931), 118; St. Louis Republic, 4- 7 December 1889. 22 St. Louis Republic, 4 December 1889; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 4 December 1889. Toilers of the City and Tillers of the Soil 407
The Southern Alliance continued to refuse to admit African Americans into membership. Although the Colored Farmers' Alliance also met in St. Louis during the convention week, Southern Alliance members barred their participation in the events in Entertainment Hall. R. M. Humphrey repre sented the Colored Farmers' Alliance in Southern Alliance sessions. The Northern Alliance conversely refused to prohibit African Americans from membership in their organization. Many of the delegates were Union veter ans; some were onetime abolitionists. As a result of these differences in organizational policy, mixed with lingering sectional suspicions, closed-door efforts at compromise failed. As so often before in American history, race consciousness and sectionalism obscured class interest. Even discussions of the name of a potential new organization created a defensive tone in the early meetings. The Southern Alliancemen, as prime movers of the convention, apparently assumed the consolidation would mean that the northerners would merge with them under the organizational title "Farmers' and Laborers' Union." The northerners balked because the title omitted the word "Alliance" and, more importantly, because they did not want to appear to be simply subsuming themselves into the southern organi zation. The initial day's attempt to forge an amalgamated union of farmers ended in failure.23 Barely disheartened, both Alliances regrouped the following day and resumed debate. The separate interests of the two groups grew even more pronounced as the consolidation meetings progressed. The southerners wanted to focus farmer-laborer fusion on soft-money currency reform while the northerners stressed the issues of railroad monopoly and abuse of public land grants.24 The subtreasury plan, an important element in the Southern Alliance platform, became another point of conflict. This plan, developed largely by Macune, called for the creation of government warehouses to serve as depos itories for durable agricultural products. Farmers would gain leverage by not being forced to trade in a glutted market as they did under the crop lien sys tem. Allowing farmers to borrow against the value of their crops would also give them the ability to expand the money supply to their benefit. U.S. trea sury notes would be issued at 80 percent of the current value of the products for a period of one year at an interest rate of 1 percent. The Northern Alliance rejected this plan since it would likely raise considerable opposition outside Alliance ranks without meeting the needs of northern dairymen and
23 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 4 December 1889; Herman Clarence Nixon, "The Cleavage Within the Farmers' Alliance Movement," Mississippi Valley Historical Review 15 (June 1928): 22-23. 24 Drew, "Present Farmers' Movement," 285-293. 408 Missouri Historical Review
State Historical Society of Missouri
By 1890 farmers worked 69 percent of Missouri's land.
livestock raisers. The alliances also divided over the unexpected issue of newly developed synthetic food products. The Northern Alliance sought restrictions on oleomargarine and vegetable lard production that cut severely into the dairy and hog markets. Southerners, however, supported these syn thetic products because they required large amounts of cottonseed oil.25 By Friday wearied southern delegates had conceded on two major issues. They accepted a new name: the Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union. They also agreed to remove the racial exclusion clause from membership qualifications. The victory for racial equality was hollow, however, since individual state organizations reserved the right to decide the eligibility of African Americans. The Southern Alliance had given a little, but not enough to win northern allegiance to a consolidated union. Jay Burrows, the Northern Alliance pres ident, consistently refused to compromise his policy positions, and section alism remained too divisive. The time was not yet right for a single national farmers' alliance.26 The still-divided farmer delegates now faced the task of fusing with the industrial Knights of Labor. The struggle over a farmer-laborer united front
Nixon, "Cleavage Within the Alliance Movement," 23-25. Drew, "Present Farmers' Movement," 293. Toilers of the City and Tillers of the Soil 409 received considerably more attention and revealed the real structure of the convention. Powerful Southern Alliancemen and Knights took control of the convention; the timing and content of their public speeches and private meet ings determined the fate of farmer-laborer fusion. C. W. Macune and Terence V. Powderly emerged as the most powerful delegates. Macune was the suitor in the farmer-laborer coalition movement, and Powderly played hard-to-get. In St. Louis, Macune spoke from the podi um less often than other agricultural leaders, but he dictated Southern Alliance policy and convention strategy behind the scenes. His dominant influence stemmed from the highly centralized structure of the Southern Alliance's organization. Macune claimed that skillful management formed a governing body "closely analogous to a limited monarchy. All power and authority must emanate from the recognized head."27 His members were not put off by this centralized control, however, and the St. Louis Republic reported that everyone interviewed conceded that Macune was "the shrewdest and most far-seeing man in the order." All the influential leaders of the convention, including those representing the Knights of Labor, gath ered in Macune's parlor in Hurst's Hotel.28 Of the three men officially representing the Knights of Labor (Terence V. Powderly, Alexander W. Wright, and Ralph Beaumont), General Master Workman Powderly held the top spot in the Knights' pecking order and con trolled the organization's position in St. Louis. He had been a part of the Knights' order from its beginnings and had risen quickly to national promi nence as a reformer with a broad range of social and economic concerns. Like those he led, Powderly embraced the producer ideology. All productive labor, in his perception, shared a like identity within a vast middle social stra tum, between the very rich and the unproductive poor.29 Powderly's conservative temperament often inhibited him from actively implementing his own radical ideals. In St. Louis, he continued to demon strate this characteristic idealism tempered by cautious action. The Alliance delegates placed on hold much of the real work of the convention pending Powderly's arrival two days late.30 The reason for his late arrival was unclear, perhaps a simple scheduling problem. Once he arrived, however, his conduct suggested a desire to demonstrate that he was not as anxious as Alliance lead ers to plunge into a consolidation.
27 Quoted in ibid., 287. 28 St. Louis Republic, 4 December 1889. 29 Fink, Workingmen's Democracy, 3-15. See also Terence V. Powderly, The Path I Trod: The Autobiography of Terence V. Powderly, ed. Harry J. Carman, Henry David, and Paul N. Guthrie (New York: Columbia University Press, 1940). 30 St. Louis Republic, 5 December 1889. 410 Missouri Historical Review
From the opening day of the convention, the farmers' rhetoric reflected their strong perception of class commonality among farmers and industrial workers. The drift of opinion among the farmers was strongly in favor of a farm and labor consolidation. A. J. Streeter's keynote speech was a power ful plea for consolidation of farm and labor forces. He contended that the solution to rural economic distress centered on "the necessity for close coop eration of the middle class." Streeter's carefully chosen terminology reflected his conviction that the farmers and industrial workers shared joint, class- based interests in seeking reform. His identification of farmers and urban workers as "the middle class" was an effort to distinguish their common class identity as "producers" from that of the parasitic, upper-class wealthy and the parasitic, lower-class paupers.31 On Tuesday afternoon Evan Jones pursued Streeter's theme. The Alliance, he declared, was "destined in no distant day to embrace the entire agriculture [sic] and laborers of the world." Like Streeter, he too saw class commonality between farmers and urban workers: "The weal or woe of our nation depends upon the intelligent action of the industrial classes through organization, education and cooperation." Jones consistently used the word "industry" to describe both agricultural and urban-industrial labor. He used the old greenback-laborite rhetoric of the late 1860s to draw a clear class dis tinction between the rural and urban workers who made up the "producing and laboring classes" and the industrialists, speculators, bankers, and other social parasites who constituted the "consuming classes."32 It was clear that Jones perceived class-based interest between the Alliances and the Knights of Labor. Ralph Beaumont, national lecturer for the Knights of Labor and chair man of their national legislative committee, was the first representative of the organization to arrive in St. Louis. On Tuesday of convention week, Beaumont told the press, "We had an invitation to come here and are glad to avail ourselves of the opportunity, because of the fact that we represent the wage earning element who work for the large corporations in our cities." Beaumont asserted that the capitalistic press had attempted to alienate the farmers from urban labor by depicting the latter as radical and dangerous men "with dynamite in their pocket." He hinted that wealthy capitalists feared the possibility of cooperation between urban and rural labor and insist ed that "there is very little actual difference between what we are striving for and what the farmer is endeavoring to secure." Quickly putting a wet blan ket on the high hopes of many Alliancemen, Beaumont suggested that organ ic amalgamation would not result from the St. Louis meeting, but that "a
31 Ibid. 32 Morgan, History of the Wheel, 149. Morgan reprints the full text of Jones's speech. Toilers of the City and Tillers of the Soil 411 study of the questions agitating the people who labor must bring us together eventually."33 Though Beaumont believed that the inherent conflict between "the people who labor" and their capitalist exploiters would eventually force the farmers and urban laborers to recognize their mutual class interest, the vagueness of his tone made it clear that the Knights were not yet willing to turn class rhetoric into organized action. Still, the rhetoric of class identity continued in the days that followed to move the farmers toward a more coherent political identity. Beaumont spoke on Wednesday afternoon to a general session of the Farmers' and Laborers' Union in Entertainment Hall. His speech outlined the principles of the Knights' policy and organization; in function it was little more than a prelude to the arrival of T. V. Powderly. Yet Beaumont's remarks were significant in their own right and even more so as representative of the Knights' ideology. On the issue of cooperation, he said that the labor group "welcomed the desire of the farmers for cooperation with the Knights as evi dence that they have at last learned that the interests of the two are identical and that both are striving to achieve the same ends."34 Beaumont's remarks illustrated his perception that farmers and urban workers had an identical interest in overcoming the inequities that plagued them in order to receive a just return on their labor. On Wednesday, chants of "federated labor" frequently interrupted speak ers at the podium, and the rhetoric of class echoed throughout Entertainment Hall. Continual references to the "producing and laboring classes," the "con suming classes," and the specter of class conflict indicated the penetrating
33 St. Louis Republic, 4 December 1889. 34 Ibid., 5 December 1889.
State Historical Society of Missouri
Ralph Beaumont recognized the similarities in the plights of both farmers and laborers; however, he did not favor merging with the Alliances. 412 Missouri Historical Review social divisions that the delegates perceived in the world around them. By Wednesday afternoon many of the delegates were referring to the meeting as the "convention of the middle classes." The delegates suspended much of the committee work during the morn ing and afternoon sessions on Wednesday pending the arrival of Wright and Powderly. The Farmers' and Laborers' Union canceled its evening session so that the delegates could attend a meeting of the Knights of Labor at Turner Hall, where they could hear the group's national leaders explain their princi ples and reform agenda in person. Despite Beaumont's early moderation, the enthusiastic supporters of consolidation expected that the arrival of Powderly at the Wednesday evening meeting would clinch the unification movement.35 In their zeal, however, they misjudged the grand master workman. Upon his arrival, Powderly told the St. Louis Republic without hesita tion, "While Mr. Wright, Mr. Beaumont, and myself are here as a committee to form a better acquaintance with the farmers, and to co-operate with them, we do not favor the amalgamation of the two organizations." Powderly's remarks reflected his conservatism in organizational action. Despite his per ception of a producing class encompassing both farmers and laborers and a continued rhetoric of common class interests, he was reluctant to compro mise the separate identity of the Knights and his own personal leadership position by merging with the Alliancemen. The Knights had a number of
35 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 5 December 18
State Historical Society of Missouri
After his retirement from the Knights of Labor, Terence V. Powderly went on to serve as U.S. commissioner-general of immigration, special representative of the Department of Commerce and Labor, and chief of the Division of Information of the Bureau of Immigration. Toilers of the City and Tillers of the Soil 413 specific interests, particularly the eight-hour day, that did not pertain to farm ers. By fusing the weakening Knights with a growing Alliance organization, the farmers might cast those interests aside, along with the Knights' leadership. Powderly's comments to the press indicated that he was at least lukewarm to the prospects of fusion; at best he did not want to enter the convention with expectations running too high. In any case, his words did not reach the del egates already assembling in Turner Hall.36 The meeting was a lively event. Continual handshaking and cheering during the speeches of Beaumont and Wright reflected the general optimism and enthusiasm behind the consolidation movement. The language of class and producer identity filled the air with a sense of impending success. In his address, however, Powderly artfully evaded the specific issues of farmer- laborer consolidation. He reiterated the familiar constitutional principles of the Knights of Labor and discussed at length how the Knights' enemies had forced the issues of religion, race, and prejudice into the organization— emphasizing in thinly veiled immodesty that careful leadership had neutral ized those issues. Despite the reserved tone of the speech and his limited ref erence to farm labor, Powderly's skillful oratory drew enthusiastic applause from the farmers present.37 The following afternoon, Powderly spoke before the Farmers' and Laborers' Union in Entertainment Hall. He outlined many of the ills of industrial capitalism that affected both farmers and urban laborers but made no direct reference to consolidation of the two. He recounted the develop ment of the railroads and concluded that "the roads control the government. Even the money of the country, the money of the people, is controlled by the railroads. They control it so absolutely as to say how much grain you shall produce, what price you shall accept for it, . . . and even . . . what kind of clothes you shall wear." In doing so, he played effectively to his farmer audi ence and continued to discuss a wide variety of reform topics. By cleverly addressing the farmers' fears within industrial America and providing them with scapegoats, Powderly fueled their class consciousness while distracting them from the issues of farmer-laborer consolidation.38 Powderly then discussed ballot corruption, particularly what he had wit nessed in American cities. He described how employers threatened workers to influence their votes: "Does not this sort of an election in our cities affect the interest of the farmer and does it not perpetuate the vicious system of class legislation you are here to devise means to resist?" The farmers
Ibid.; St. Louis Republic, 5 December 1889. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 5 December 1889. St. Louis Republic, 6 December 1889. 414 Missouri Historical Review responded with resounding applause. Through his allusion to the ballot and "class legislation," Powderly reminded the farmers that their struggle involved politics as well as economics. Near the end of his speech, Powderly again carefully skirted the issue of joint action between the farmers and laborers. "After reading your declara tions of principles I can say amen. We ask some things that can be of no interest to you except when it comes to a proper use of the means within our declarations as to make a club combined so strong [that] when wielded by the toilers of the cities and the tillers of the soil we can strike the oppressor to the earth, never to rise again. Now they say that is politics. That is just what I mean."39 Powderly believed that the tillers and toilers needed to consolidate at the voting booth. In his interpretation, the Knights of Labor and the Alliance shared enough common interests that organic union of the two orga nizations was unnecessary as long as they acted in concert politically. Powderly's carefully window-dressed speech indicated that, class conscious ness notwithstanding, he did not want to alter the structure of the Knights and thereby, in all likelihood, dilute his personal power. Despite Powderly's unwillingness to endorse formal fusion from the podium, discussions about an agreement did develop in private meetings between Powderly, Beaumont, Wright, Macune, and Jones. On Wednesday evening after the meeting in Turner Hall, Powderly and Jones held a long, private conference, after which Jones prematurely claimed that they had established a confederation. Other labor leaders and Alliancemen, mean while, held numerous informal meetings in hotel rooms and the side rooms of the meeting halls. Decisions made in these gatherings often carried over into official committee meetings; the distinction between formal and infor mal negotiation was neither clear nor significant. What was clear was that the meeting, organizationally, left decisions in the hands of the few dominant leaders who planned the strategy and called the shots.40 On Friday, December 6, the closing day of the convention, Powderly, Beaumont, and Wright met with the Southern Alliance Committee on Legislative Demands. They quickly produced an official agreement in prin ciple while the committees on consolidation between the Northern and Southern Alliances continued to wrangle over demands. The agreement fol lowed Powderly's public position and avoided structural consolidation. It offered assurances only to coordinate the efforts of congressional lobbyists and to back political candidates sympathetic to the Knights' and Alliances' respective programs.41 The demands appended to the agreement were a restatement of previous Southern Alliance calls for progressive taxation and
Ibid. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 6 December 1889. St. Louis Republic, 7 December 1889. Toilers of the City and Tillers of the Soil 415
Courtesy Bank of America The Planters' House and other St. Louis hotels became settings for pri vate gatherings in which decisions were made that often carried over into official meetings. the nationalization of public utilities. Land reform proposals included prohi bition of alien ownership and an end to land speculation. These demands reflected traditional rural economic concerns, and the Knights simply agreed to support the Southern Alliance program.42 With the close of the convention, the Southern Alliancemen left St. Louis disappointed by their failure to fuse with their northern counterpart but forti fied by their agreement of cooperation with the Knights of Labor. The attempt at farmer unification had, in fact, produced more hard feelings than brotherhood. Regarding Alliance consolidation, N. A. Dunning, assistant editor of the National Economist, remarked: "All efforts in that direction proved futile, through the persistent opposition of a few men [Northern Alliance delegates] who have since been relegated to obscurity. Much dis appointment was manifested, and considerable ill-feeling was engendered over the failure of consolidation." Leonidas Polk, the newly elected presi dent of the southern order, responded to the failure by sending southern orga nizers into every northern state.43 Optimism ran high, however, over the agreement with the Knights. Dunning later claimed: "The agreement with the Knights of Labor added much strength to the movement . . . and is the rallying cry of labor in pro duction at the present time." Powderly remarked, less enthusiastically: "The
42 Morgan, History of the Wheel, 171-172. 43 Dunning, Farmers' Alliance History, 133-134. 416 Missouri Historical Review first step [toward a closer affiliation] was a successful one, and . . . while we have not accomplished a great deal as yet, we have paved the way for it."44 The rhetoric of farmer-laborer class solidarity remained the evidence of things hoped for and not yet fully seen. The Southern Alliance had staged a significant attempt in St. Louis to draw widely diverse people and interests together in a united front drawn on class lines. That movement sought to involve people variously described as the "middle classes," "laboring classes," "working classes," "industrial workers," "urban labor," "rural labor," "labor," and "farmers" in a unified protest movement based on the notion of shared class interest. These people were all members of the "producing classes," a category conceptualized by greenback-laborites in the late 1860s. Many of the delegates at the conven tion, both Alliancemen and Knights, shared this class consciousness and saw it as the unifying principle that would override the divisive tendencies of region, race, and occupation. The Southern Alliance failed, however, to achieve the organic union of any of the organizations involved in the con vention. The agreement signed between the Knights of Labor and the Southern Alliance had little structural, or even political, consequence. Farmer-laborer fusion along class lines failed at St. Louis in 1889, just as it would elude the Populists in the 1890s. The producing classes recog nized their common plights, but their economic class consciousness proved less compelling than their divergent political self-interests. Still, farmers and laborers would soon meet again to raise complaints and champion ideas, ush ering in an era of reform. The convention also marked a starting point for what would become an influential third-party movement in the decade that followed. The St. Louis convention of 1889 did not leave a single unified farmer-laborer organization in its wake. What it did leave was revealing evi dence of social distress and an expression of a common class identity between the tillers and toilers of Gilded Age American society.
44 Ibid.; Terence V. Powderly, "Report of the General Master Workman," 1890, Terence Vincent Powderly Papers (Glen Rock, N.J.: Microfilming Corporation of America, 1974), reel 53,p.15.
A Pretty Sure Sign
St. Louis Melting Pot, July 1917. A saloonkeeper was once called into court to testify, as an expert, on how to tell when a man is drunk. "It's kind o' hard to tell," he said, "but we think he's pretty well on when he wants to kiss the bartender goodnight." 417
HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS Society Adds to Web Site
The State Historical Society launched its web site, < www.system.mis- souri.edu/shs>, in 1997. During the past two years, thousands of persons have visited the site, seeking information about the Society, its holdings and programs. The site contains general descriptions of the Society's reference and newspaper libraries and the photograph and art collections plus sugges tions and information of interest to genealogists and family historians. A link to the Western Historical Manuscript Collection home page provides infor mation about the holdings at the branches of the joint collection of State Historical Society and University of Missouri manuscripts at Columbia, Kansas City, Rolla, and St. Louis. Beginning with the January 1999 issue, abstracts of articles appearing in the Missouri Historical Review are avail able. Visitors to the site also find information about current art gallery exhibits, upcoming events, and publications available from the Society. Staff members have recently added the Society's Directory of Local Historical, Museum, and Genealogical Agencies in Missouri to the site. This directory contains data about numerous organizations in the state, including addresses, phone numbers, and e-mail and web site addresses. A map enables viewers to find historical organizations by county. Information about regional, statewide, and national historical organizations and resource agen cies also appear in the Directory. Telephone numbers and e-mail addresses for Society staff members are included on the site as is information about Society memberships. The web site is an evolving research tool, one that the Society will continue to augment.
The State Historical Society is offering for sale its newest publica tion: Historic Preservation Research: A Selected Bibliography of Resources Available at the State Historical Society of Missouri, com piled by Deborah Allison and Society staff members Dianne Buffon and Linda Brown-Kubisch. This bibliography provides a list of books, peri odicals, county plat books, atlases, and Sanborn Fire Insurance maps pertinent to historic preservation research. Copies of the publication can be purchased for $5.00, postpaid, from the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201-7298. Credit card orders can be placed by calling (573) 882-7083. 418 NEWS IN BRIEF
Lawrence O. Christensen, president of the member Linda Brown-Kubisch gave a talk, State Historical Society, has received the "The Chautauqua is Coming," to members of prestigious Thomas Jefferson Award from the the Ann Hawkins Gentry Tent #21 of the University of Missouri. The award is given Daughters of Union Veterans in Columbia. to a University faculty member who "through On April 7 she presented a program titled personal influence and performance of duty "Historic Preservation: What's It All About?" in teaching, writing and scholarship, charac at the Construction Specs Institute in ter and influence, devotion and loyalty to the Ashland. The presentation included informa university best exemplifies the principles and tion about resources in the state, as well as a ideals of Thomas Jefferson." Christensen has slide show illustrating different aspects of been a member of the history faculty at the historic preservation. University of Missouri-Rolla since 1969, a member of the Society's board of trustees In March several tour groups visited the since 1989, and on the executive committee Reference Library, the Newspaper Library, since 1994. A frequent contributor to the and the Art Gallery of the State Historical Missouri Historical Review, he has received Society. These included high school students two of the journal's annual best article from Pilot Grove, Sturgeon, and Marceline; awards. Christensen has authored or coau- the Missouri State Historic Site thored three books and numerous articles for Administrators; and the University of professional journals. He is a coeditor and Missouri-Columbia elementary education art contributor to the forthcoming Missouri teachers class. Biographical Dictionary. On March 20, Reference Library staff James W. Goodrich, executive director, member Marie Concannon represented the and Sidney Larson, art curator, received State Historical Society at the Mid-Missouri University of Missouri-Columbia College of Genealogical Society's Family History Day Arts and Science 1999 Distinguished Alumni Fair in Jefferson City. Awards on February 19. Goodrich and Larson were among the six alumni honored On March 27, Christine Montgomery, with the award this year during the college's Society photographic specialist, presented a annual banquet at the Holiday Inn Select in slide lecture, "Creating Your Family Photo Columbia. Established in 1984, the Dis Archive," at the Family History Center at the tinguished Alumni Awards recognize college Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints in alumni whose professional contributions Columbia. The talk included a brief history have enhanced their respective disciplines of nineteenth-century photographic processes and the quality of life for humankind. and archival methods for storing photographs. Goodrich has been on the Society's staff Montgomery presented the same program to since 1967, serving as executive director the Northeast Missouri Genealogical Society since 1985. He is also director of the Western in Hannibal on April 24. Historical Manuscript Collection and an adjunct professor of history at MU. In addi In April, the Newtonia Battlefields tion to serving as the Society's art curator Protection Association received a $22,500 since 1961, Larson is a professor of art at grant from the National Park Service to Columbia College, a position he has held for devise a major preservation plan for its two almost fifty years; a painter; and a painting battlefields. They also received the assign conservator. ment of Laura Hazelwood, a summer intern funded by Partners in the Parks and a gradu On February 25, Reference Library staff ate student at Southwest Missouri State Historical Notes and Comments 419
University, who will work toward placing the State Park," appeared in the spring 1998 Newtonia battlefields on the National issue of Gateway Heritage. Register of Historic Places. Officers for the 1999-2000 term include Louis S. Gerteis of the University of Kay Johnson, a teacher in the Monett R-I Missouri-St. Louis, president, and Lance Intermediate School, received the 1999 Williams of the University of Missouri-Rolla, Teacher of Merit Award at History Day in vice president. Newly elected steering com Missouri, held on April 10 in Columbia. A mittee members include J. Christopher veteran teacher, Johnson has encouraged her Schnell, Southeast Missouri State University, students to participate in the History Day Cape Girardeau, and Lynn Wolf Gentzler. competition since 1988. During the past five years, fifty of her students have competed at The Missouri Alliance for Historic the district level, sixteen at the state level, Preservation held its annual Statewide and three at the national level. She has also Preservation Conference in Joplin on April been active as a mentor for other History Day 16-17. The reception, held in conjunction teachers and as a participant in history-relat with the Missouri Conference on History, ed workshops. In addition to receiving the took place at the Dorothea B. Hoover state nomination for National History Day Museum and Evert J. Ritchie Tri-State Teacher of Merit, Johnson received the State Mineral Museum; conference sessions were Historical Society's Joseph Webber Teaching held at Webster Hall on the Missouri Award. Southern State College campus. The keynote speaker was Nore Winter, an urban design Missouri Southern State College in Joplin and historic preservation consultant. hosted the forty-first annual meeting of the Linda Brown-Kubisch, a Reference Missouri Conference on History, April 15-17. Library staff member, attended the confer Sidney Larson, professor of art at Columbia ence and gave a presentation about the College and art curator at the State Historical resources available at the State Historical Society, presented the initial plenary session, Society for historic preservation research. "Personal Reminiscences of Thomas Hart Benton," on April 15. James Axtell, Kenan On April 29, James Goodrich, executive Professor of Humanities at the College of director, participated in the Fifth Annual William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, Dinner Theater Induction and Awards presented a plenary session on "Colonial Ceremony of the Writers Hall of Fame, held North America: A Personal View" on the fol at the Highland Springs Country Club, lowing day. Society executive director James Springfield. He spoke for the posthumous W. Goodrich chaired a session titled induction of John G. Neihardt (1881-1973), "Modernization in Missouri," and Lynn Wolf the internationally acclaimed author of some Gentzler, associate director, served as com thirty books of poetry, philosophy, and fic mentator. tion, including Black Elk Speaks, All Is But a Virginia J. Laas, professor of history at Beginning, The Splendid Wayfaring, and the Missouri Southern, president of the 1999 five-part A Cycle of the West. Neihardt's per conference, and a member of the Society's sonal papers are located in the Columbia board of trustees, received the 1999 book branch of the Western Historical Manuscript prize for Love and Power in the Nineteenth Collection. Other inductees included Linda Century: The Marriage of Violet Blair. The Bloodsworth-Thomason, Michael Wallis, and winner of the article prize was Jennifer A. Dr. Billie Davis. Crets of the Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis. Her winning article, "Conservation or The James J. Hill Reference Library will Tourism: The Development of Roaring River award a number of grants to support research 420 Missouri Historical Review in the James J. Hill and Louis W. Hill papers. conference at the Capitol Plaza Hotel in The Hill papers offer information on the rail Jefferson City. Lloyd D. Bockstruck, super road industry; tourism and Glacier National visor of the Genealogy Section at the Dallas Park; political developments in the nation; Public Library, Dallas, Texas, will be the national and regional economic develop keynote speaker. For more information con ment; agronomy; and other topics involving tact David Sapp, Conference Chairman, 1025 the Upper Midwest, Pacific Northwest, and Hickory Hill Drive, Columbia, MO 65203; Western Canada. The deadline for applica phone: (573) 443-8964; e-mail:
Underestimated His Illness
St. Louis Mirror, July 12, 1906. "Did you ever make a mistake in diagnosis?" "Only once. I was called to attend a sick man whom I said had indigestion, and less than a week later I discovered that he was rich enough for appendicitis."—Translated from Le Rire for The Literary Digest.
Think of the Time Saved
Unionville Putnam Journal, August 15, 1902. "Some of the most successful Americans," said the sententious summer boarder, "were obliged in youth to study by the light of pine knots." "Yes," answered Farmer Corntossel, "that's where they had a big advantage. They didn't have to spend a large share of their lives dodgin' live wires an' learnin' not to blow out the gas."
Student Manners in the Middle Ages
Kansas City Times, May 8, 1898. Students were not always in residence for the rewards of learning alone. We find such notices as this at Prag: "Students are requested to keep quiet in lectures; not to groan, howl, nor hiss; not to cry out at strangers or new comers; to carry no weapons, and write no lampoons." Elsewhere we find, "Students are forbidden to break into houses in order to steal meat during Lent." 421
LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES
Adair County Historical Society continue to work on a database to aid The Society received a $1,750 Museum genealogical and historical research. Assessment Program grant to evaluate and improve operations from the Institute of Ballwin Historical Society Museum and Library Services. The Society's Monthly meetings were held January 12, museum and library in Kirksville is open February 9, March 9, and April 13. Wednesday-Friday, 1:00-4:00, and by appointment. Barton County Historical Society Kurt Foreman, Darrel Smith, and Robert Affton Historical Society Russell of Joplin presented "Indian Art and The "Bunny Hutch," an Easter event held Music," a program on Cherokee Indian cul at historic Oakland House, drew over six ture, at the April 18 quarterly meeting at the hundred visitors March 25-28. At the quar United Methodist Law Chapel in Lamar. terly meeting at Oakland House on April 25, Cherokee headdresses, musical instruments, Society members heard a talk by Annette and other Native American artifacts were Riney about Eugene Field, his boyhood available for viewing. home, and the St. Louis Toy Museum.
Belton, Grandview Andrew County Museum & Kansas City Railroad Co. and Historical Society The Belton, Grandview & Kansas City The 1999 membership dinner was held at Railroad Co. has changed its name from the the Andrew County Senior Center in Smoky Hill Railway & Museum Association Savannah on May 2. The program, to the Belton, Grandview & Kansas City "Remembering the Twentieth Century," con Railroad Co. The annual membership meet sisted of eight presentations highlighting the ing was held on February 27 at Old City Hall decades and events of the century. The in Belton. A showing of Riding the Rails, a Andrew County Museum is open Monday- PBS movie, was featured. Saturday, 10:00-4:00, and Sunday, 1:00-4:00. The genealogical department is open Friday- Saturday, 10:00-4:00, and by appointment. Belton Historical Society The Society meets at 2:30 on the fourth Audrain County Historical Society Sunday of January, April, July, and October Officers for 1999 are Molly Maxwell, at the Old City Hall building. Judy Beckner president; Dan Erdel and Ned Azdell, vice delivered a program about women's fashions presidents; Violet Lierheimer, secretary; and during the Civil War era at the April 25 meet Andy Baker, treasurer. The Society spon ing. The museum, located at 512 Main sored a trail ride from Mexico to Jefferson Street, is open on Monday, Wednesday, City for the dedication of the Tom Bass bust Friday, and Saturday from 1:00 to 4:00. in the State Capitol on April 12. Benton County Historical Society Aurora, Mo. Historical Society At the April 8 meeting at the Boonslick The Society meets the third Tuesday of Regional Library in Warsaw, Elizabeth Drake each month at 7:00 P.M. at the museum in the presented "Missouri Place Names." Mem Missouri-Pacific Depot. Leslie Dingman, a bers also met at the library on May 13. The historic preservation major at Southeast museum in Warsaw is open Tuesday-Sunday, Missouri State University, spoke about muse 1:00-5:00, from Memorial Day through ums and the care and display of artifacts at Labor Day. For more information call (660) the January 19 meeting. Society members 438-6707. 422 Missouri Historical Review
Blackburn Historical Society Carondelet Historical Society Members met for the annual meeting At the February 28 meeting, Helen March 1 at the home of Esther Wolpers and Rieckus presented a slide show. At the March shared antiques, old photographs, and news 7 and 14 travelogue events, Lois Waninger articles. Officers for 1999 are Joe Auer, pres discussed "Eastern Bloc —9 Years of ident; Donna Rehkop, vice president; and Freedom" and "Seattle and Victoria—Jewels Oma~Auer, secretary-treasurer. of the Northwest." The Society held its spring luncheon on April 25, where board members Boone County Historical Society spoke about Madison Miller, the history of the The Walters-Boone County Historical Carondelet-Markham Memorial Presbyterian Museum in Columbia opened an exhibit on Church, the Society's doll collection, and the March 31 titled Bringing the Sabbath to history of the Great Lakes Carbon/Carondelet Boone County: Early Churches 1817-1860. Coke Plant. All meetings convened at the Melvin Bradley presented a program about Carondelet Historic Center. Missouri mules at the April 18 meeting at the museum. Ashland native Ryan Peterson's art Cass County Historical Society show, Reflections of Nature, was installed in Officers for 1999 are Thomas Clatworthy, the Montminy Gallery at the museum president; Mary Doris Davis and Connie through July 9. Price, vice presidents; Mary Margaret Ingels and Katrine Cummins, secretaries; and Irene Webster Pippitt, treasurer. Vickie Hamilton Boone-Duden Historical Society spoke about getting teenagers interested in The February 22 meeting at St. John's historical research at the February 28 gather United Church of Christ in Cappeln featured ing. On April 25 members heard Lucy Hott's a slide show and talk by Bryan Uhlmansiek program on the history of Cleveland, about his genealogical research. Members Missouri. Quarterly meetings are held on the gathered April 26 at Friedens United Church fourth Sunday of February, April, June, and of Christ in New Melle, where Norman September at 2:30 at Pearson Hall in Brown of the Department of Natural Harrisonville. Resources, Geology and Surveying Division, explained the original surveying and platting Cedar County Historical Society of Missouri. Members met February 22 at the library in El Dorado Springs and heard Luella Brush and Palette Club Phipps speak about historic cemetery preser The Club donated $500 to the Gasconade vation. The publication of the Cedar County County Courthouse Centennial Mural Family History Book was the focus of discus Project. The murals, which depict the histo sion at the March 29 meeting at the Cedar ry and development of Gasconade County, County Museum in Stockton. The museum is will be hung in the courthouse rotunda in open to the public on Saturdays. Hermann. Club member Jane Kley is one of the mural artists. Centralia Historical Society The Society's annual meeting took place Camden County Historical Society on April 27 at the Centralia Museum. The April 15-16 Dogwood Festival fea tured a heritage play and the Eatin' Ozark Chariton County Historical Society Style bean dinner. Members held a dinner At the April 18 quarterly meeting at the with a musical program by the Lake Jazz museum in Salisbury, Mike Meoli talked Band on May 8. Monthly meetings are held about the new addition to the museum, and on the third Monday at 6:30 at the museum in Janet and Sarah Weaver discussed the history, Linn Creek. heritage, and culture of Keytesville, Dalton, Historical Notes and Comments 423 and Brunswick. The program included a slide dering the Mississippi River. Bertha Frank show on early businesses and famous people spoke about the town of Ashton at the March as well as a showing of some museum items. 27 gathering, and Alberta Hagerman shared a slide program about stained glass windows in Christian County Museum Clark County churches on April 24. Officers and Historical Society elected at the March meeting included Kristy The spring meeting on March 21 at the Fishback, president; Doris Walker, vice pres Clever City Hall featured a program by ident; Mary Jo March, secretary; and Renee Mabel Phillips titled "Early History of Anderson, treasurer. Christian County." Quarterly meetings are held on the third Sunday of March, June, Clay County Archives September, and December at 1:30, with loca and Historical Library tions to be announced. The museum in Ozark The Archives is computerizing the 1870 is open Friday-Sunday, 1:00-4:00. and 1900 Clay County censuses. Upon com pletion, the materials will be available for ref Civil War Round Table of Kansas City erence and purchase. Hours of operation are Members held dinner meetings at the Monday-Wednesday, 10:00-4:00, and the first Leawood Country Club, Leawood, Kansas, Wednesday of each month, 6:30-9:00 P.M. on February 23, March 23, and April 27. At the February meeting, they heard Christopher Cole County Historical Society Gabel, an associate professor of military his Central Bank of Jefferson City hosted a tory at the U.S. Army Command and General reception on April 21 for the Society's muse Staff College, Leavenworth, speak on um docents, board members, and volunteers. "Railroad Generalship in the Civil War." Edwin C. Bearss, chief historian emeritus of Commerce Historical the National Park Service, presented the and Genealogical Society March program, "The Vicksburg Campaign," Society members participated in and Jimmy S. Johnson spoke on the "First Anderson/Commerce Cemetery cleanup pro Kansas Colored Volunteer Infantry" at the jects in February, March, and April. The April gathering. The times of the social hour group hosted a Civil War encampment on and dinner have changed to 6:00 and 7:00 April 24-25, which featured the rededication P.M., respectively. of the Louis Blumenburg headstone, a cere mony for General Richard Oglesby, a fashion Civil War Round Table of St. Louis show, and a bank robbery. At the February 24 meeting, members heard Thomas P. Sweeney's program titled Concordia Historical Institute "General Fightin' Tom Sweeney." David F. The Institute's museum is hosting My Bastian presented "Grant's Canal: The Lord Katie, an exhibit commemorating the Union's Attempt to Bypass Vicksburg" at the wife of Martin Luther, through December 20. March 24 gathering, and Thomas Y. Museum hours are Monday-Friday, 8:30- Cartwright talked about "The Army of 4:30. For more information contact Rev. Tennessee at Franklin" at the April 28 meet Mark Loest at (314) 505-7900. ing. Members meet at the Two Hearts Banquet Center. Cooper County Historical Society On May 8, James W. Goodrich, executive Clark County Historical Society director of the State Historical Society, pre The Society meets monthly on the fourth sented the keynote address for the dedication Saturday at the museum in Kahoka. On ceremonies of the Cooper County Historical February 27, Mr. Lee gave a presentation Society Research Center, located at 111 Roe about slavery in the Missouri counties bor Street, Pilot Grove. The center will be open 424 Missouri Historical Review for historical and genealogical research Masonic lodge. The program included a tour Wednesday, Saturday, and Sunday, 1:00- of the building. 5:00, through October 15. For information call (660) 834-4523, or (660) 834-4140. Friends of Arrow Rock The Friends held their annual meeting on Creve Coeur-Chesterfield May 2 at the Arrow Rock Old Tavern. The Historical Society speaker was Doug Eiken, director of the New officers include Margie Reismer, Missouri Division of State Parks. president; Donald Wennemann, vice presi dent; Sue Broyles and Kenneth Kieffer, sec Friends of Historic Augusta retaries; and Gladys Hezel, treasurer. The May 1-2 marked the community's History May 11 meeting at the historic Lake School Weekend, during which the Friends held a in Creve Coeur featured Michael Fuller's yard sale to benefit the museum and opened presentation titled "Ragtime!" The program the museum to visitors. The museum's regu focused on Scott Joplin's life in and influence lar hours of operation are Sunday, 1:00-4:00. on St. Louis. Members met at the museum on May 13. A History of Augusta, MO and its Area, Volume Dallas County Historical Society III, is now available at the Augusta On March 18, the Society met in the Emporium or at Washington and St. Charles Crescent School located in Buffalo Head bookstores for $19.95. Prairie Historic Park. Rev. John Thiesen spoke about his missionary experiences in Friends of Historic Boonville Africa. At the April 15 meeting, also held at The Friends sponsored the Big Muddy the school, Maxine Nimmo discussed the his Folk Festival, a gathering of folk musicians, tory of Dallas County mills along the dancers, and artists, on April 9-10. Niangua River from 1849 to 1942. The Dallas County Museum in Buffalo is open Friends of Rocheport monthly on the second Saturday, June- Jim Denny spoke on Native American September, 10:00-4:00. rock paintings along the Missouri River at the February 21 meeting at Rocheport DeKalb County Historical Society Community Hall. The Society hosted its annual dinner meeting for area historical societies on April Gasconade County Historical Society 8 at the Conley Building in Maysville. On April 25 members gathered for a quar Missouri local records archivist Becky terly meeting at the Zion United Church of Carlson discussed her agency's ongoing Christ in Bland. The evening included a din activities in the northwest region and on the ner and guest speaker Kris Runberg Smith. A state level. The Society also paid tribute to Missouri Humanities Council speaker, Smith founder Martha Spiers. presented "How to Read a Missouri Town." During the Hermann Maifest on May 15-16, Douglas County Historical the Society gave tours of the county court & Genealogical Society house and held a quilt raffle. Monthly meetings are held on the third Monday at 6:30 at the museum in Ava. German-Austrian-Swiss Historical- Museum hours are Saturday, 10:00-3:00, and Heritage Society of the Ozarks by appointment. For more information call Over 120 members gathered in (417) 683-5799. Springfield's St. John Mid-America Cancer Auditorium for the March 20 meeting. The Ferguson Historical Society theme of the meeting was "March is Special Members met on April 18 at the Ferguson to Germans As Well As to Celts" and includ- Historical Notes and Comments 425 ed a remembrance of Johann Sebastian Bach's Greene County Historical Society birthday. Steve Schweitzer gave a talk titled Ahmed Ibrahim, a professor at Southwest "Some Vignettes About a Pioneer Ozarks Missouri State University, presented "History Swiss Family," and Kristin Crouch presented in the Making: Springfield's Growing Islamic "Current Political and Historical Events in Community" at the February 25 meeting at Modern-Day Switzerland, Austria, and Mrs. O'Mealey's Sunshine Cafeteria in Germany." For information about the Society Springfield. Society members viewed the contact J. C. Holsinger at (417) 883-8396. county's 1999 History Day winning entries at the March 24 meeting at the Springfield Glendale Historical Society Brentwood Branch Library. The April 22 New officers are Roger Zimmermann, meeting at Mrs. O'Mealey's featured Wayne president; Roseann Kemper, vice president; Taylor's talk on the "History and Restoration Donna Lykens, secretary; and Marion of the Calaboose," Springfield's oldest public Dowell, treasurer. The March 11 meeting building. was held at the city hall and featured Mike McKeon's program on the history of the Grundy County Historical Society parks in Putnam County. The Society meets monthly on the second Monday at the museum in Trenton. Museum hours are Saturday-Sunday, 1:00-4:00, Golden Eagle River Museum through the last weekend in October. The On March 27 museum members traveled museum is also open on holidays. to St. John's Evangelical Lutheran Church in Ellisville to hear the church's steamboat bell Henry County Historical Society ring. The April 25 meeting at the museum in The January 19 semiannual meeting at the Bee Tree Park featured a dedication of the annex in Clinton included the installation of new pilothouse at the museum. Martin new officers. They are J. C. Smith, president; Bauer, the guest speaker, lectured about the Joan Kemper, vice president; Ruth Ann Sea Scouts. Hours of operation for the muse Simison and Cleta Kennedy, secretaries; and um are Wednesday-Sunday, 1:00-5:00; after Mary Green Smarr, treasurer. The Society Labor Day it will be open only on weekends. hosted a welcome coffee for those interested in the Henry County Museum on March 19. Grain Valley Historical Society The museum's opening exhibit, Hobbies of Members met at the Society's building for Henry County, ran through the end of April. the March 25 meeting, where they heard Museum hours are Tuesday-Saturday, 12:00- Gary Kremer present "Local History as Self- 4:00, and by appointment. Discovery." A public grand opening of the Society's building at 506 Main Street was Historic Madison County held April 24-25. The Society hosted a Members gathered at the Historic Jail garage sale on May 15. facility in Fredericktown for the February 16 meeting. The March 16 meeting, also held at Grand River Historical Society the Jail, featured a talk by Bob Meagher The April 13 carry-in supper meeting at about the town of Silvermines. Lou Pellican the American Legion Home in Chillicothe provided the program at the April 20 meet was followed by a program by Greg Hawley, ing. The regular meeting time has changed to codirector of the Arabia Steamboat Museum 7:00 P.M. in Kansas City. A member of the Missouri Humanities Council American Mirror Huntsville Historical Society Speakers Bureau, Hawley presented Gary Kremer presented "Race, Class, and "Treasure in a Cornfield: The Discovery and Gender" at the February 16 meeting at the Excavation of the Steamboat Arabia." Second Baptist Church. The Westran fourth- 426 Missouri Historical Review grade class provided a program about pioneer meeting featured Thomas Hook's talk, "A life in Huntsville for the March 16 meeting at Musical Excursion Through the Life of the museum, and the fifth-grade class pre 'Buck' Mitchell, Steamboat Pilot." All meet sented a skit about the life of Laura Ingalls ings were held at the Wyndham Gardens Wilder at the April 20 gathering at Westran Hotel in Kansas City. Elementary School. On May 18, J. W. Ballinger gave a talk titled "Railroads" at the Kimmswick Historical Society museum. At the March 1 meeting, Jim Baker, supervisor of the Felix Valle State Historic Site in Ste. Genevieve, gave a slide presenta Iron County Historical Society tion and talk on the Benjamin Shaw house. The Society held its annual meeting April Shirley Shideler's program for the April 5 19 at the Baptist Church in Ironton. Officers meeting was a slide show about her travels to elected at the gathering included Scott Killen, Petra, Jordan. Both meetings occurred at president; Brenda Turner, vice president; Kimmswick Hall. Elizabeth Holloman, secretary; and Carolyn Sheehy, treasurer. Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society March 24 marked the first birthday and Jasper County Historical Society open house for the museum and library at 513 The March 14 meeting was held at the Court in Fulton. Museum and library hours Jasper County archives building in Carthage. are 10:00-4:00, Tuesday-Friday. The Society Diane Sharits from Main Street Carthage met on April 12 at the museum for a program spoke about the Heartland Chautauqua. by Mary Francis Craighead about her memo ries of Lamar School. Jefferson County Historical Society The Society meets monthly on the third Kirkwood Historical Society Sunday at the DeSoto library at 2:00. Members participated in the February 26- 28 centennial celebration of historic Olive Chapel. At the Society's quarterly meeting Johnson County Historical Society on March 9, Francis M. Barnes spoke about Members gathered for the spring meeting "James P. Kirkwood: The Greatest Civil on May 2 at the old courthouse in Engineer of the Nineteenth Century." The Warrensburg. Mary L. Rainey discussed annual book review and English tea was held "The Capital Highway." Following the pre on April 15 at Grace Church. Ruth Van Goor sentation, local musicians Brian and Rob conducted a workshop on American antique Nold gave a concert. The Society's Heritage pattern glass for the Society on April 17. Library is open Monday-Saturday, 1:00-4:00. Posters of Kirkwood landmarks by John Pils Tours of the old courthouse, museum, and old are available at Mudd's Grove, the Society's schoolhouse are available Monday-Friday, historical house. For information call (314) 1:00-4:00, and Saturdays by appointment. 965-1533. For more information call (660) 747-6480. Lawrence County Historical Society Kansas City Westerners The January 17 meeting was held at the Greg Harmon presented "Wild Bill Jones Memorial Chapel in Mount Vernon. Hickock: Farmer at Monticello" at the March Melba Rector, past president of the Ozarks 9 meeting. The Westerners met on April 13 Genealogical Society and editor of Ozar 'kin, for a social hour, dinner, and presentation by presented a genealogy program. Members Charles Goslin, who shared his research and gathered again on March 21 at the chapel for paintings in a program titled "Immigrant a talk by Mike O'Brien, a journalism instruc Indians of Greater Kansas City." The May 11 tor at Drury College and columnist for the Historical Notes and Comments 421
Springfield News-Leader. O'Brien discussed Mid-Missouri Civil War Round Table John T. Woodruff's influence on Springfield Jim McGhee presented "M. M. Parsons and the history of the Springfield Wagon and the Other Missouri Brigade" at the Company. The Society meets the third February 16 meeting at 212 High Street in Sunday of January, March, May, July, Jefferson City. George Lyons gave a talk September, and November. titled "Voices of the Civil War, An Interactive Overview" at the March 16 gathering at the Lee's Summit Historical Society Walters-Boone County Historical Museum in On February 5 members met for a chili Columbia. The April 20 meeting at 212 High supper and heard Chester Bailey speak about Street featured Roger Baker discussing Bailey family history and Rita Mortenson "Women and the Civil War." discuss calendar art. After a potluck dinner on April 2, the group heard presentations by Miller County Historical Society Anthony Shangler and Chris Owens. The Society held a quarterly meeting and Shangler talked about the art of sculpting, potluck on April 11 at the museum in and Owens spoke about photo-to-video trans Tuscumbia. Wilma Link was honored for her ference and computer-enhanced restoration. twenty years of service to the Society. Both meetings were held at the Lee Haven Officers elected during the meeting included Community Building. Carl McDonald, president; Helen Wall, vice president; Peggy Hake, secretary; and Helen Lexington Library Gibson, treasurer. The group sponsored an and Historical Association open house and bake sale at the museum on The Dinner at the Dibbins event, held May 15. Summer hours for the museum are March 28, drew over 150 people. The pro Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, 10:00-4:00. ceeds of the dinner will be used for the restoration of the steeple in the historical Missouri Society for Military History museum. The Society held its annual dinner Society members attended the dedication meeting on April 13 at the Battle of of the Museum of Missouri Military History Lexington State Historic Site. The theme of on March 27 in Jefferson City; the group's the evening was "Gold Rush Wagon Train!" president, Richard Forry, was the guest and featured a reenactment of a gold rush speaker. The Society held its annual meeting journey to California. A Victorian tea and on May 1 at the Holiday Inn Select in garden party was held on May 1 at the Columbia. William R. Hobbs spoke about Anderson House in Lexington. The historical his experiences in North Africa; Pat and log house museums opened on May 2. Shackelford talked about researching War of 1812 records; and Richard Forry discussed Lincoln County Historical George Sibley's relationship with the U.S. and Archaeological Society Army at Fort Osage during the War of 1812. Carol Ricks presented "Frank Lloyd Wright, Renowned & Controversial Moniteau County Historical Society American Architect" at the Society's meeting At the March meeting, Chuck Roades on February 18 at Troy City Hall. talked about the history of the bagpipe. The Society gathered on April 12 for a business Meramec Valley Genealogy meeting. Ray Behrens shared his collection and Historical Society of political memorabilia at the May 10 meet Members visited the St. Louis County ing. All meetings were held at the Cultural Library headquarters on February 10. The Heritage Center in California. The genealogy Society held a meeting on March 17 at the library opened on April 1; hours are Scenic Regional Library in Pacific. Thursday-Saturday, 1:00-5:00. 428 Missouri Historical Review
Monroe County Historical Society Society's annual Valentine's Day Victorian The Society meets at 7:30 on the fourth tea on February 13. The group's Hickory Monday of each month except July, August, Grove schoolhouse in Maryville has been and December at the Monroe County hosting tours for elementary schoolchildren. Farmers Mutual Insurance Company build To contact the museum call (660) 582-8176. ing in Paris. The group sponsors the museum at the courthouse in Paris. O'Fallon Historical Society Society members gathered for a covered Montgomery County Historical Society dish dinner and meeting at the log cabin on Members attended the annual dinner on March 1. April 25 at the senior center in Montgomery City. William Auchly presented "The Wal- Old Mines Area Historical Society Marts of Yesterday," concerning old stores in On February 27, the Society hosted a the county. The Society meets monthly on bouillon at the St. Michael's House on the fourth Thursday at 1:30 at the Society's Highway CC in Washington County. building at 112 West Second Street in Members gathered for a general meeting on Montgomery City. April 11 at the archive building at the junc tion of Highways 21 and CC. Morgan County Historical Society The Society held its annual pancake day Old Trails Historical Society at the Pioneer Restaurant in Versailles on The March 17 meeting at the Manchester March 29. Members are restoring the Methodist Church featured David Grant's 1877/1884 Martin Hotel buildings in slide program about the First National Bank Versailles. of Manchester. Members participated in a cabin clean-up day on April 17 and a trading John G. Neihardt Corral of the Westerners post on May 16. The annual dinner was held The group met on March 11, April 8, and on April 18 at Hendel's Market and Cafe in May 13 at Jack's Restaurant in Columbia. historic Florissant. The March program included a presentation by John Croll about polar explorer Richard Osage County Historical Society Byrd. Richard Guyette, of the University of The Society met on February 22 at the Missouri-Columbia School of Natural Knights of Columbus Hall near Westphalia. Resources, spoke about "The Fire History of Following dinner, Jim McCarty, editor of the the Ozarks" at the April meeting. On May Rural Missourian, talked about black- 13, Dan Adams discussed "Missions of the smithing, and Society member Walter Ryan Southwest." spoke about and displayed frontier and Civil War firearms. New Santa Fe Historical Society The Society hosted an evening with Overland Historical Society Byron Shutz, author of Terror at the Door, on A general membership meeting was held April 13 at the Whitfield Center at Avila on March 1 at the community center. Francie College in Kansas City. In addition, Wolff, a Missouri Humanities Council speak Annabelle Cartwright spoke about the er, gave a talk titled "The Spirit of Pioneer Compadres Program and its impact on local Women." Society members sold bake sale historians. On April 18, the Society provided items during the community center's craft lunch for the California Gold Rush Wagon show on March 27. Train reenactors in Leawood, Kansas. Pemiscot County Historical Society Nodaway County Historical Society The Society met on February 26 and Over two hundred people attended the March 26 at the Presbyterian Church in Historical Notes and Comments 429
Caruthersville. Ralph Clayton of the Boot- Platte County Historical heel Antique Car Klub was the February and Genealogical Society speaker; Joe Bryant of the Pemiscot County The spring membership dinner meeting sheriff's department presented a program in on April 25 at Fannie's Restaurant in Platte March. City included a tour of the Victorian-style home of Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Jenkins. Perry County Historical Society Society members continue to work on plac The March 14 meeting was held at the ing a historical marker at the former site of office behind the Faherty house in Perryville. Noah's Ark Covered Bridge. The Society's library is open on the first and third Saturdays of each month, 10:00-2:00, Pleasant Hill Historical Society through October 30. The museum opened Marjorie Buckner, Nelson Gipson, and May 8 for Mayfest and will have regular Bonetha James spoke about their early years hours from 1:00 to 3:00 on Wednesdays, in the Pleasant Hill area at the April 18 meet Saturdays, and Sundays, or by appointment. ing at the museum. The library and museum are located in Perryville. Two new books, Immaculate William Clarke Quantrill Society Conception Catholic Church Records—St. The Society held a Confederate Memorial Mary (Ste. Gen. Co) MO and Cemetery Day program on May 1 at Confederate Headstone Records from Catholic & Memorial State Historic Site in Higginsville. Protestant Areas, are now available. To order Following a business meeting, Scott Price send $20.00 for Immaculate Conception presented "Order No. 11 and Its Ramifi and/or $10.00 for Cemetery Headstone cations." The group then participated in a Records, plus $1.85 postage and handling for memorial service and held a picnic. The the first book and $1.00 for each additional afternoon also included a film about the his book, to Perry County Historical Society, toric site and a walking tour of Confederate Box 97, Perryville, MO 63775. Cemetery.
Pettis County Historical Society Randolph County Historical Society The Society met on March 29 at the Meetings are held monthly at 7:00 at the Yeater Building at State Fair Community Historical Center in Moberly. At the March 25 College in Sedalia. Gary Kremer, a professor gathering, Kevin Hall spoke about his trip to at William Woods University in Fulton, pre Ireland. John Stufflebean gave a presentation sented a slide show and lecture on the post- about local schools at the April 25 meeting. Civil War settlement of African Americans in rural Missouri. Raymore Historical Society Susan Milford of Designs by Milford, the Pike County Historical Society largest manufacturer of nutcracker dolls in Derek R. Mallett spoke about German the U.S., presented the program on March 9. and Italian prisoners of war in Missouri at the The Society meets on the second Tuesday of April 13 meeting at the Christian Church in the month at 7:00 at the Cullen Funeral Bowling Green. The Louisiana Historical Home. The museum is open the second Museum is open for the summer. Hours are Saturday of each month, 1:00-4:00. The Monday-Saturday, 1:00-4:00. Honeyshuck Society maintains a web site at
Bogart Carter's program titled "The Basics of Wentzville Community Historical Society Genealogy Research." The Society's library, At the November 16 meeting, Nancy located at 300 South Grand in Houston, host Herndon modeled Victorian and Civil War- ed an open house on April 10-11. The library era fashions. Members also shared family is open on Thursdays. photos from the Victorian era. The Boonslick Strings played Appalachian Mountain music Vernon County Historical Society dating from revolutionary times at the March Nearly one hundred people attended the 15 gathering. Both meetings were held at the quarterly meeting at the Bushwhacker Green Lantern. Museum in Nevada on April 18. Kay Kuhlman spoke to the group about her career White River Valley Historical Society as a playwright and actress. She also per The Society met on March 14 at the formed an excerpt from her play Just Wild College of the Ozarks in Point Lookout. About Harry, portraying the young Bess Following a lunch, Fred Pfister, a Missouri (Wallace) Truman. Humanities Council speaker, presented "Walt Whitman (1819-1892): Memories of Wayne County Historical Society President Lincoln." On May 15, the Society At the Society's meeting on March 1, celebrated their acquisition of the historic Howard Noble gave a slide presentation titled Taney County Jail with a "jailwarming" "The American Cowboy." The group's library themed "Law Day: Early Ozarks Justice." will be open throughout the summer on the Storytellers, musicians, and jail tours high second Saturday of each month, 1:00-5:00. lighted the event.
Webster County Historical Society The Society meets monthly on the fourth Windsor Historical Society Tuesday at the Webster County Historical The Society sponsored its second annual Museum or the Garst Memorial Library in spring craft festival in May. The newly Marshfield. The museum is open May- formed organization is acquiring the Mineral October, 1:00-4:30, and by appointment. The Springs Grand Hotel at 104 South Franklin as Society has been honoring individuals for a museum and research center. For more their work in historic preservation and has information about the group write to Windsor recently published the 1999 Webster County Historical Society, P.O. Box 111, Windsor, History Book. MO 65360.
The Briny Was Shallow
California Moniteau Monitor, March 31, 1880. The poet who sang ["]I'm sailing o'er the brine knee deep," was evidently a timid man and afraid to venture far from shore.
Multilingual Mules
Oregon Holt County Sentinel, January 3, 1873. Mules seem to possess a superiority over horses in learning a language. Nothing is more common on the levee in New Orleans, than to see stalwart mules harnessed in drays, that under stand both French and English. If the driver speaks Spanish or German or French, and the ani mal has been long enough with him, it is quite evident he understands when told to do this or that in either [sic] tongue, by instant obedience. 432
GIFTS RELATING TO MISSOURI
Katherine J. Barron, Rockville, donor: Two January 1902 court orders from the court of Cooper County. (M)* Robert Baumann, St. Louis, donor: Tale Feathers, August 1998, St. Louis Audubon Society; Making a Difference, Changing Attitudes and Lives: 1998-1999 Report to the Community, Voluntary Interdistrict Coordinating Council; Celebrating 70: Mark McGwire's Historic Season, foreword by James Buck. (R) Mr. and Mrs. Stuart Bevis, Jr., Tallahassee, Florida, donors: Advertising sign from Wertheimer-Swarts Shoe Company, St. Louis. (E) Boone County Historical Society, Columbia, donor, via James Flink: The Boone County, Missouri, Land Entry Atlas of 1853, by James S. Rollins. (R) Frederick Francis Bourdon, Boca Raton, Florida, donor: 7999 Supplement to Jacques Bourdon: 7000 Descendants and Ancestors in Canada, U.SA., and France, by the donor. (R) Trenton Boyd, Columbia, donor: Various Columbia and St. Louis area telephone directories. (R) Rosemary Beauchamp Brown, Elsberry, donor: A History of the Beauchamp Family and Some Allied Lines, by the donor. (R) Cass County Historical Society, Harrisonville, donor, via Anne Clark: Book 5 Deed Index June 1869 to March 1871, Cass County, Missouri, by the donor. (R) Mike Crawford, Alton, donor: Father Hogans 1859 Irish Wilderness Settlement, by the donor. (R) Daniel Boone Regional Library, Columbia, donor, via Marilyn McLeod: Various editions of the University of Missouri Savitar; University of Missouri School of Medicine Mutation, 1978. (R) Zelda Zeuge Dubel, Fresno, California, donor: Brehe and Toedt Families From Lippe, Detmold, Germany, 1675-1997: A Genealogy and Weoschedel and Related Families from Feuerbach, Wurttemburg, Germany, 1550-1997: A Genealogy, both by the donor. (R) Richard Edging, Fort Leonard Wood, donor: Archaeological Assessment and Geotechnical Stabilization of Three Cave Sites at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri and National Register Eligibility Assessments of Seven Prehistoric Archaeological Sites at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, both by Steven R. Ahler et al.; Phase I Survey of 3511 Acres at Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri, by Paul P. Kreisa and Brian Adams. (R) Bob Estes, Stockton, donor: Cap linger Mills Historic District, by the donor. (R) Len Evans, Ventura, California, donor: [The Ivie Family in America, 1800-1900: The Missouri Interlude], by the donor. (R) First Christian Church, Jefferson City, donor, via Jewel Quinn: The Church Bell, 1998. (R) Skip Gatermann, St. Louis, donor: Various publications from Freedom of Road Riders, Gateway Postcard Club, Greater St. Louis/Festus, Missouri Harley Owner's Group, Missouri Division of Tourism, St. Louis Railway Enthusiasts. (R)
*These letters indicate the location of the materials at the Society. (M) refers to Manuscripts; (R), Reference Library; (N), Newspaper Library; (E), Editorial Office; and (A), Art Collection. Historical Notes and Comments 433
James Goodrich, Columbia, donor: You're Missin' a Great Game: From Casey to Ozzie, the Magic of Baseball and How to Get It Back, by Whitey Herzog and Jonathan Pitts; Cultural Cornerstone, 1846-1998 and Treasures of the Mercantile Library, both by John Neal Hoover. (R) Hurley and Roberta Hagood, Hannibal, donors: Black-and-white photo of the children of Errett and Laura Hendrix Roland, by Missouri photographer Belle Johnson. (E) William K. Hall, St. Louis, donor: Items of Genealogical Interest (Deaths, Marriages, Births, Anniversaries, etc.) in the Springfield Daily News and the Springfield Leader for 1927, Parts 1 and 2; Items of Genealogical Interest in the Springfield, Greene County, Missouri Newspapers, the Springfield Leader and the Springfield Daily News with Index for 1928, Parts 1 and 2, all by the donor; Nathaniel Maddux and Descendants: A Genealogy, by Maude Maddux Jones. (N) & (R) William Marion Harlan, Columbia, donor: Randolph County, Missouri, Marriage and Death Notices, 1925-1929, by the donor. (R) Kent Kooi, Kearney, donor: Three black-and-white photographs of Clelland Miller's grave at Muddy Fork Cemetery. (E) Mrs. Jac LaFon, Columbia, donor: Unto the Least of These: My seventeen years at the Audrain County Cerebral Palsy School, by Evelyn LaFon. (R) Claire C. Louden, Scottsdale, Arizona, donor: Sprigs and Twigs of the Read Family Tree, 1598-1996, by the donor. (R) Edna Hazel McCullogh, Alton, donor: Newspaper clippings about events and trends in Missouri. (R) Gilda Manning, Independence, donor: Directories and other publications relating to art, civics, business, politics, and law. (R) & (N) Missouri East Annual Conference, United Methodist Church, St. Louis, donor, via David H. Bell: The History of Christy Memorial United Methodist Church: A Celebration of 100 Years, 1894-1994; Missouri East Annual Conference, UMC Directory 1981 and 1983; records from various United Methodist churches in Missouri. (R) & (M) Newton County Historical Society, Neosho, donor, via Larry A. James: The Monark Towns and Surrounding Villages, by Larry A. James; A History of Newton County, Missouri, As Portrayed in the Courthouse Mural, by Sybil Shipley Jobe. (R) Walter and Beverely Pfeffer, Columbia, donors: Construction Break, Prost Builders; In Touch, regional AIDS Interfaith Network. (R) Peggy Ann Platner, Columbia, donor: Mark McGwire: Home Run Hero, by Rob Rains; photograph of John Platner and Mary Zinkowitz Platner. (R) & (E) William and Elizabeth Preston, Ocala, Florida, donors: Scrapbook of Harry S. Truman ephemera. (R) & (E) St. Clair County Historical Society, Osceola, donor: St. Clair County Cemeteries, by Peggy Snodgrass; St. Clair County map. (R) Robert R. Sanks, Columbus, Wisconsin, donor: Sanks in America, by the donor. (R) Rebecca B. Schroeder, Columbia, donor: Blind Boone: Missouri's Ragtime Pioneer, by Jack A. Batterson. (R) V. Darcy Slaughter, Columbia, donor: The Smith Gentes: Colonials-Continentals-Americans, by Rosalie Coudray Smith. (R) 434 Missouri Historical Review
Unity School of Christianity, Unity Village, donor, via Eric Eugene Page: Publications on the Unity faith and vision. (R) Kenneth E. Weant, Arlington, Texas, donor: Boone County, Missouri 4811 Deaths Reported in and Chronological Index to Selected Articles from the Columbia, Missouri Herald, 2 January 1902 to 29 August 1913; Boone County, Missouri 5977 Deaths Reported in and Chronological Index to Selected Articles from the Columbia, Missouri Herald, 7 January 1892 to 30 December 1901; 1769 Deaths Reported by Missouri Confederate Regiments and Companies Reported in the St. Louis Republic, 20 January 1892 to 30 December 1901, all by the donor. (N) Quentin G. Whybark, Bremerton, Washington, donor: Why barks in America: Informational Notes, Sources and Writings, by the donor. (R) Jeanne M. Williams, Fort Worth, Texas, donor: Cabinet card identified as "Grand Ma Cleary," taken in Noland Studio, Norborne, Missouri. (E) E. A. Wolf, Bonne Terre, donor: History of the First Congregational Church of Bonne Terre, by Emilie E. Miller; [The Bonne Terre Garden Club], by Caroline D. Wolf. (R) Robert G. Woods and Margie McDaniel Woods, Palmyra, donors: Publications and brochures relating to various civic, political, religious, and academic organizations and institutions. (R)
A Well-Rested Burglar
Maysville Weekly Western Register, March 25, 1869. A man in St. Joe broke through the window of a store, and made a bed on the counter out of the dry goods on the shelves. He left in [the] morning after a comfortable night's rest, tak ing nothing with him. He is the mildest mannered man that ever committed burglary.
One Heroic Venture
St. Joseph Journal of Commerce, September 12, 1903. Like all heroic ventures, matrimony demands enthusiasm.
An Opportune Reward
Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, May 3, 1862. The salt famine in the Southern Confederacy is dreadful. Lot's wife would bring 75 cents a pound there. Her little finger or little toe would be deemed a seasonable prize.
Icing the Truth?
Unionville Putnam County Leader, January 7, 1898. You must never judge a woman's cooking by the cake she takes to a church social. 435
MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS
Alma Santa Fe Times April 23,1999: "Trinity Lutheran celebrates 50th anniversary," by Pat Larkin.
Blue Springs Examiner April 26, 1999: "[Grain Valley] Historical Society gets things done," by Debbie Ingram Long.
Branson West Stone County Gazette February 12, March 20, 1999: The "History of Here" series, by James Barrett, featured "More about ghost towns revisited," the extinct towns of Garber, Marmaros, and Radical, and "Bald Knobbers, for better or worse, became legends in the Ozarks."
Butler News-Xpress April 16,1999: "Bates County and the first year of the Civil War," by Chris Tabor.
Camdenton Lake Sun Leader January 30,1999: "Future uncertain for Arrowhead Lodge," by Ceil Abbott.
Cameron Citizen Observer February 25, 1999: "If This House Could Talk: The [Robert] Tindall House," by Clela Fuller.
Cape Girardeau Southeast Missourian February 28, 1999: "Southeast Missourian 1999 Progress Edition: Time Travels," five sections exploring the decades of the twentieth century in Cape Girardeau. Includes 78 stories and 110 photographs. March 9: "Poor farm records reveal history," Cape Girardeau County's County Home for the Friendless, by Peggy Scott.
Carrollton Democrat April 30, 1999: "Shoestring Baseball Team of 1955-56 got its name from Shoestring Oil Rig."
Carthage Press March 24,1999: "Tapjac business celebrates its 100th year anniversary," by Jo Ellis.
Chillicothe Constitution-Tribune February 26, March 12, April 2, 1999: "Picture This" featured, respectively, the Strand Hotel, the Kanan Abstract Company, Inc., and the Chillicothe City Hall as it burned in 1925.
Columbia Daily Tribune February 21,1999: "Landmark At Risk," Gordon Manor at Stephens College, by George Mazurak. March 25: "Leading Lady: Stephens College pays tribute to legendary actress and former faculty member Maude Adams," by Ashley Fantz.
Columbia Missourian February 11, 1999: "Happy Birthday to you ..." University of Missouri-Columbia Founders' Day, compiled by Kristin Stefek. 436 Missouri Historical Review
Concordia Concordian March 10, 1999: "CHS girls were Lafayette County [basketball] champions in 1928-29," by Renata Young and Faye Franke.
Excelsior Springs Standard March 19, 1999: "Former student remembers Lincoln School," by Herb Ellett, as told to Ken Fousek.
Fredericktown Democrat News February 10, 1999: "Saluting Our Veterans," Arthur L. Hovis and William Eusebius Hovis. April 28: "Rural Life in Madison County: Over 200 years of local agriculture," by John Paul Skaggs.
Fulton Sun Gazette April 4, 1999: "Dr. William Woods, namesake of Fulton university," by Gary Kremer. April 18: "Notes from KOCHS," The First Chance grocery store, by the Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society.
Glasgow Missourian April 29, 1999: "Steamer 'George G. Keith.'"
Grant City Times-Tribune March 31, 1999: "Square Full in 1890," Worth County Courthouse and businesses in Grant City.
Hale Horizons March 10, 1999: "Bedford: Town of Lost Promise," by Sherry March.
Hannibal Courier-Post April 30, 1999: "Old newspaper reveals interesting facts about daily life in Hannibal," by Susan Stark.
Hermitage Index March 24, 1999: "Cross Timbers was first called Garden City," by Virgil Mullaney.
Independence Examiner February 28, 1999: "The local [Sue] Gentry" and "Vignettes from the busy life of Miss Sue Gentry," both by Coral Beach.
Ironton Mountain Echo February 24, 1999: Special section, "If These Walls Could Talk: Iron County ... A Look at Who We Are."
Jefferson City Post-Tribune April 3, 1999: "Evolving Missouri: a contrast of urban sprawl and rural decline," by Natalie Gott.
Jefferson City Sunday News Tribune January 31, April 11, 1999: The "History Matters" series, by Gary Kremer, featured, Historical Notes and Comments 437 respectively, "Southside's Capitol Brewery was major commercial entity" and "Strict discipline characterized life at La Salette Seminary." February 7: "So you think you know Jefferson City history?"
Joplin Globe March 10,24,31,1999: "The way we were" series featured, respectively, Central School, 1919; the Joplin Police Department, 1914; and White Oak School.
Kansas City Star April 25,1999: The "Sports Century" series focused on sports and players prominent dur ing the 1920s.
Kirksville Daily Express April 15,16,18,19,1999: Four-part series on orphan trains titled, respectively: "Brashear Man Rode Orphan Train"; "[Ornes] Brothers Rode The Orphan Train"; "Some Riders Sustained Emotional Scars"; and "Of Kindness From Strangers."
Lebanon Daily Record February 1, 8, 15, 1999: Special anniversary sections, "Lebanon, Missouri, 150 Years, Part II: Shaping a new century, 1901-1925"; "Lebanon, Missouri, 150 Years, Part III: Depression, War & Prosperity, 1926-50"; "Lebanon, Missouri, 150 Years, Part IV: A small town in changing times, 1951-1975." February 2, March 8: The series "A Closer Look At . . ." featured, respectively, Lynchburg, Missouri, May 1939, and Lynchburg Milling Company, 1936.
Marshall Daily Democrat-News April 30, 1999: "First Baptist Church of Miami to celebrate 150th [anniversary]."
Mexico Ledger March 13, 1999: "Breaking through the barriers: Tom Bass to be immortalized in State Capitol," by Daniel Wittig. April 3: "Yesterday in Mexico" featured the Amanda Hospital.
Monett Times January 28,1999: "Public Gatherings, Entertainment Varied In Monett's Early Years," by Roxie Scott.
*Monroe City Lake Gazette April 20, 1999: "Sharpsburg Church Closing Leaves Rich History."
Neosho Daily News February 21, 1999: "Rocketdyne made Neosho Space Town U.S.A." March 7: "From Sweetwater to Ergo," Larry James's book on small towns of eastern Newton County. April 23: "[St. John's Episcopal] Church in the Park." All articles by Kay Hively.
Nevada N.E.W. Vernon County Record April 12, 1999: "[Bernice] Teel's Story of Teaching," by Bernice Teel; "This Strange
* Indicates newspapers not received by the State Historical Society. 438 Missouri Historical Review
Town—Liberal, Missouri," by Ann Raymond Sheehan; "[George] Lyons Legacy Lives On In Park," by Ed Clark.
New Haven Leader April 21, 1999: "Franklin County ... the early days," by LeRoy Danz.
New Madrid Weekly Record February 12, 1999: "Former Teacher [Agatha Weaks Parks] Rekindles Memories At Higgerson School Historic Site."
Norborne Democrat-Leader March 25, 1999: The series "From the Files of Yesteryear" featured Rev. E. Lehmann and the Trinity Lutheran Church.
Oregon Times Observer April 29, 1999: Special "Country Roads" section profiled the Cecil L. and Ethel L. Richardson family, mail carriers of the past, the Jolly Neighbors Club, and the John France family of Forest City.
Palmyra Spectator March 10, 1999: "Views From the Past" featured a barbershop in downtown Palmyra, 1928.
Perryville Perry County Republic Monitor March 9, 1999: "Perry County Album: Old Appleton Mill-Circa 1949."
Plattsburg Clinton County Leader March 11, 1999: "History takes note of David Rice Atchison's 150th Anniversary," by Steve Tinnen.
Poplar Bluff Daily American Republic April 9, 11, 12, 13, 1999: Four-part series on farming with mules in Butler County titled, respectively, "Mules: A Part Of History That's Vanished"; "Misadventures With Farm Mules"; "Area Farmers Recall Favorite Tales About Mule Teams"; and "Remember When That Mule . . . . ?" All articles by Lonnie Thiele.
Rich Hill Mining Review February 18, March 18, April 29, 1999: The series "Rich Hill from 1900 to 2000" fea tured, respectively: "Rich Hill men answer the call in WWI"; "1920s brings economic changes"; "1930s-decade of the Great Depression." All articles compiled by Randy Bell.
St. Joseph News-Press March 18, 1999: "Wade's [Hamburgers] offered unusual decor, good service," by Alonzo Weston.
*St. Louis O'Fallon Journal April 11, 1999: "Cemetery found near North Outer Road [of Lake St. Louis]," by Allison Woodworm. Historical Notes and Comments 439
St. Louis Post-Dispatch January 31, February 7, 14, 21, 28, March 7, 13, 21, 28, April 4, 11, 18, 25, 1999: The weekly "20th Century [and St. Louis]" series featured the following topics, respectively: World War I, World War I and the homefront, women's suffrage, prohibition, motion pictures, the automobile, Charles Lindbergh, jazz, the Great Depression, the New Deal, radio, baseball, and labor unions. February 11: "Spanish flu was deadlier than war that spread it," World War I and the Spanish flu in Missouri, by Mary Delach Leonard. April 22: "Two architects [Lauren Strutman and Dick Busch] join minds, forces to resur rect 1914 bank building [in Chesterfield]," by Marianna Riley.
*St. Louis Senior Circuit March, 1999: "From Albania to St. Louis," Dora Sotira Jorgovan and the St. Louis Albanian community, by NiNi Harris.
*St. Louis Times April 1, 1999: "Centenarian of the Times: Mae Haeckel."
Salisbury Press-Spectator February 4, 25, 1999: The series "A Glance at the Past" featured, respectively, "Chariton County Courthouse, 1867-1973" and the 1928 National Future Farmers of America convention.
Southwest City Republic March 3, 1999: "Early History of McDonald County, Mo.," by Pauline Carnell.
Sweet Springs Herald March 10, 1999: "That was then, This is now: The Colonnade Hotel."
Tipton Times March 18, 1999: Special section, "Looking back 100 years: Serving the Community: National Ag Week." April 1: Special section, "Celebrating the century's end: Growing in our churches."
Troy Free Press March 10, 1999: "Lincoln County Recollections: The old town spring," in Troy, by Charles R. Williams.
Unionville Republican February 17, 1999: "A remarkable 'Valentine' story," the Paul and Ethel Valentine family. March 24: "Guy Minear: Once a farmer, always a farmer." Both articles by Duane Crawford.
Warrensburg Central Missouri State University Muleskinner March 4, 1999: "Women's roles in the history of making Central," by Trina Goethals.
Webb City Sentinel February 5, March 5, April 2, 16, 1999: The series "Ancestors, Legends & Time" featured, respectively, "West End memories," the Frisco depot area; "Mining folk relied on laundries," laundries in Webb City and Joplin; "Souvenir lured many to Webb City"; and "Webb City showed off its lead in 1893 at the Chicago World's Fair." All articles by Jeanne Newby. 440
MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES
The Blue and Grey Chronicle February, 1999: "Let's Keep This War CIVIL" Colonel Benjamin Franklin Parker's let ters to General Samuel R. Curtis, by Wayne Schnetzer. April, 1999: "[William Clarke] Quantrill's Last Ride," reprinted; "Pioneer Andrew Jackson Ball," reprinted; "Historical Vignette of a Guerrilla: Matthias Houx," by Joseph K. Houts, Jr.; "What Really Happened to the Johnson County, Mo. [Official] Records?" reprinted; "What Happened on the Steamboat EmmaV Captain Nicholas Wall's encounter with Joseph Shelby, reprinted.
Boone's Lick Heritage, Boonslick Historical Society March, 1999: '"Living on Hominy and Sweet Milk': The Cole, Allison, and McClure Families on the Virginia and Missouri Frontiers—Part 2," by William H. Lyon and Eleanor Leiter Vallieres.
The Bulletin, Johnson County Historical Society April, 1999: "Laura Runyon: Normal Prof, Suffragette and Colleague of John Dewey," by Susan Lee Pentlin; "Local Man [William E. Stout] in the Civilian] Conservation] C[orps]," by William E. Stout.
Bushwhacker Musings, Vernon County Historical Society April, 1999: "Council/Manager Government for Nevada," by Reni Geiger and Franklin Norman, reprinted; "Remembering Greene Springs," in Badger Township in Vernon County, by M. J. Williams; "Fighting the [Civil] War with Hot Air," a letter from John S. Gray; "McKinley Wooden Remembers His Vernon County Roots"; "The M.K.T. Railroad Hospital," by Mae Hawks Hughs.
Chariton County Historical Society Newsletter April, 1999: "Positive Proof of the Location of Fort Orleans and the Ancient Missouri Indian Village," by Tom Kenny.
Christian County Historian February, 1999: "Ozark's Inventor & Civil War Hero," William James Kerr, by Shirley Stewart; "The Death of Arthur C. Crain," by Tom Crain, reprinted.
Columbia Senior Times April, 1999: "'Blind' Boone's Home Enters Its Third Century" and "Providence [Road] Was Columbia's 'Corduroy Road,'" both by Michelle Long Windmoeller; "Columbia College: First Women's College in the West," by Polly Batterson. May, 1999: "Boone Hospital [Center] Celebrates 80 Years," by Michelle Long Windmoeller.
Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly Winter, 1998: "Recalling Our Heritage, Part II: The Word of the Lord Grows in Missouri," by Daniel Preus; "Keeping the Home Fires Burning: Bertha Jungkuntz Roschke—1858-1942," of Freistatt, by Anita Reith Stohs, based on documents by Esther Kaiser Zeigler.
DeKalb County Heritage April, 1999: "Memories of Old Stewartsville," continued, by Bennett M. Stigall; "A Historic Family," the Sarah J. Roberts family, reprinted. Historical Notes and Comments 441
The Despatch, Recreated First U.S. Infantry and Boone's Rangers March-April, 1999: "Soldiers of the War of 1812 Series: Corporal Robert Marchbank," by Dave Bennett.
The Diggings, Old Mines Area Historical Society Winter, 1999: "Jean Olivier: An Early Kaskaskia Habitant," by Patricia Weeks; "What I Remember" about Racolla, Missouri, by Mary Jeanne Bourisaw Galaske.
Edelweiss, German-Austrian-Swiss Historical-Heritage Society of the Ozarks Volume II, Number 1: "History of a German Moravian Congregation in the Ozarks," near Lebanon in Laclede County.
Fence Painter, Mark Twain Boyhood Home Associates Winter, 1998-1999: "The Gilded Age at 125," Mark Twain's critique of American society is 125 years old.
Florissant Valley Quarterly April, 1999: "The Old Coldwater School, 15875 New Halls Ferry Road," in St. Louis County.
Footsteps Through Time, Montgomery County Genealogical Society First Quarter, 1999: "Some [Civil] War Reminiscences," by Emil Rosenberger, reprinted.
Gasconade County Historical Society Newsletter Spring, 1999: "From Rags to Riches: The Life and Legacy of Charles D. Eitzen," by Randolph E. Puchta, reprinted.
Gateway Heritage, Missouri Historical Society Winter, 1998-1999: "The Odyssey of the Early Greek Community in St. Louis," by Michael G. Tsichlis; "Backwoodspeople: An Oral and Environmental History of the Big Piney River," by Alex Primm; '"Hoping for a Splendid Summer': African American St. Louis, Ragtime, and the Louisiana Purchase Exposition," by Michael Lerner; "In the Collections: Paintings and Painters, Part Two," by Thomas E. Morrissey; "Just Our Type: The St. Louis Typefounding Industry," by Robert Mullen; "Reading the Past," the Homer G. Phillips Hospital, by Kirsten Hammerstrom.
Glendale Historical Society Bulletin March, 1999: "Glendale Ponds: The Large and Small Ponds of Glendale," by Joyce T. Puricelli.
Greene County Historical Society Bulletin January-April, 1999: "The Military Careers of Pleasant and Roswell Hart," of Christian County, by Eddie Davis.
GSCM Reporter, Genealogical Society of Central Missouri January-February, 1999: "Missouri Thirty-Five Years Ago (1835): A Sketch of St. Louis- St. Charles-Warrenton-New Florence-Danville," reprinted, submitted by Patricia Hardin. March-April, 1999: "Remembering Our Ancestors: The Civil War in Centralia, MO," by Betty Bakich, reprinted. 442 Missouri Historical Review
The Herald, Grand River Historical Society and Museum April, 1999: "Tom Jennings is Dead," reprinted.
Heritage News, Jefferson Heritage and Landmark Society February, 1999: "Matilda Wideman," by Eloise Mayle and Lisa K. Thompson.
Historical Society of University City News February, 1999: "University City's Fight for Equal Rights," by Rebecca Santoro.
Jefferson Barracks Gazette, Friends of Jefferson Barracks April-June, 1999: "Franklin D. Callender: A Forgotten Man of Jefferson Barracks, Part One," by Esley Hamilton.
Journal of Confederate History Book Series Volume XX, "Missouri" in the Civil War, by Phillip Thomas Tucker.
Kansas City Genealogist Winter, 1999: "Gone But Not Forgotten," Hudson B. Topping, by Joanne Chiles Eakin.
Kirkwood Historical Review Winter, 1998: "The Life of Daniel Sidney Brown: The Story of the 'Orchid Man' Who Owned Brownhurst: 1854-1919," by Jack Glaser; "631 North Geyer Road," the Otto M. and Anna Roth house. Spring, 1999: "Downtown Kirkwood," by Frances Scheidegger; "The Life of Daniel Sidney Brown, Part II," by Jack Glaser.
Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin April, 1999: "Gibson Family Stories," from the notes of Sallie Lambeth Cox Barieau, reprinted; "Man [Each Beaufort] Who Worked Windlass at Well Where Ore Was Discovered in Aurora Tells Story," reprinted; "First [Lawrence] County Court Met Here," the Robert Beeson Taylor cabin; "Henry Jones," from the notes of Daphne Harding; "Saint Martha," an area of Missouri that almost became a town.
Lincoln County, Missouri Genealogical Society Messenger January-February-March, 1999: "The Life of Plooma Elizabeth Armstrong Palmer," by Georgie Palmer.
Mid-America Messenger, The Christian Church of Mid-America, Disciples of Christ Volume LIV, 1999, Number 2: "Red Top Christian Church [in Hallsville] Still Thriving After 177 Years of Continuous Service," by Theresa Hamilton.
Missouri Archaeological Society Quarterly January-March, 1999: "William Clark's 1814 Map of Central Missouri," by Laura M. Soikkeli.
Missouri Conservationist May, 1999: "Sand County Anniversary," conservationist Aldo Leopold's impact on Missouri conservation, by Susan Flader. Historical Notes and Comments 443
Missouri Historical Society Magazine Spring, 1999: "St. Louis Aviation Pioneers: James S. McDonnell, Jr."; "A Game Born in St. Louis" called corkball.
Missouri Humanities Council News Spring, 1999: "The Life of Kate Chopin," by Dale Edwyna Smith.
Missouri Resources Spring, 1999: "Mark Twain State Park and State Historic Site," by John Huffman and Charles Hesse.
Nauvoo Journal Fall, 1998: "Introduction to Missouri Mormonism: Past and Present" and "A Community Abandoned: W. W. Phelps' 1839 Letter to Sally Waterman Phelps from Far West, Missouri," both by Alexander L. Baugh; "A Question of Honor? A. W. Doniphan and the Mormon Expulsion from Jackson County," by Roger D. Launius; "The Sacrifice of a Mother," the mas sacre of Mormons at Haun's Mill in Far West, by Maurine Carr Ward; "St. Louis and the Nauvoo Exodus: The Experience of the John Ellison Family," by William G. Hartley; '"Meet Me in St. Louie' An Index of Early Latter-Day Saints Associated with St. Louis, Missouri," by Sheri Eardley Slaughter; "Before the Arabia Sank: Mormon Passengers up the Missouri in 1856," by Gregory L. Hawley and William G. Hartley.
Newsletter, Boone-Duden Historical Society January-February, 1999: "Landmark Tour of New Melle," reprinted. March-April, 1999: "The Country Merchant & Postmaster," John Henry Schiermeier, by Bill Schiermeier.
Newsletter, Carondelet Historical Society Spring, 1999: "Before Holly Hills—There Was Poupeney's Pond"; "Cleveland High School Fights the War to End War [World War I]" in its yearbook, the Beacon.
Newsletter, Cedar County Historical Society April, 1999: "Historical Notes: Spooky Springs of Cedar County," summary by Marie Heinemann.
Newsletter, Howard County Genealogical Society March, 1999: "Schedule of the 11th Census, 1890."
Newsletter, Iron County Historical Society April, 1999: "Ice Houses: Pioneer Industries," by George E. Mattingly; "Lopez Store/Arcadia Valley Propane Gas Company/Ringo Corporation," reprinted.
Newsletter, Jefferson County Genealogical Society March, 1999: "Louis and C. Josephine (Glatt) Bonacker Murders," by Shirley (Glatt) Derickson.
Newsletter, Lincoln County Historical and Archaeological Society January, 1999: "Burr Oak Community & School." April, 1999: "[George] Bals—Mary Knoll [Subdivision]"; "Brevator Community, 1880." 444 Missouri Historical Review
Newsletter, Mid-Missouri Civil War Round Table March, 1999: "Battle of Silver Creek (Roan's Tanyard) Wednesday, January 8, 1862."
Newsletter, Normandy Area Historical Association March, 1999: "The History of Bellerive Country Club and the University of Missouri-St. Louis."
Newsletter, Osage County Historical Society February, 1999: "Bexten/Folk School—No. 48." March, 1999: "Cadet Creek School-No. 17."
Newsletter, St. Francois County Historical Society January, 1999: "1860 St. Francois County, Missouri Census (Slave Schedule)," by Bob Schmidt; "St. Francois County Notable: General James Robinson McCormick, Part II," by Gene Murdock.
Newsletter, Sappington-Concord Historical Society Spring, 1999: "Another 'View' of the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair."
Newsletter, Scott County Historical & Genealogy Society February, 1999: "Senator George W. Carleton." March, 1999: "State Rep. J. R. Coffman." April, 1999: Front page article about the Commercial and Marshall Hotels in Sikeston; "John M. Leftwich"; "Towns the Southeast Missouri Telephone Co. Serves; Oran," reprinted.
Newsletter, South Central Missouri Genealogical Society January-February-March, 1999: "Howell Valley Union Church," near West Plains.
Newsletter of the Phelps County Historical Society April, 1999: "The Civil War Letters of Moses Jasper Bradford, Phelps County Confederate and One of the 'Immortal 600,'" compiled and edited by John F. Bradbury, Jr.
The No Quarterly, William Clarke Quantrill Society January, 1999: "William Quantrill in Howard County in 1864," by William Lay and Robert Dyer. April, 1999: "Pro-Quantrill and Proud of It," by James Chris Edwards; "When Quantrill Came to Texas," by Cecil R. Coale, Jr.
North & South Volume 2, Number 5, 1999: '"Don't Yield an Inch!' The Missouri State Guard" in the Civil War, by William Garrett Piston and Thomas P. Sweeney.
Northwest Missouri Genealogical Society Journal April, 1999: "Buchanan County: Nielsen Letter," letter from Peder Nielsen Kalvehagen to his brother in Norway; "There Were Norwegians in Missouri, Too," by Frank G. Nelson; "An [1852] Overland Trip to Oregon," from St. Joseph, by L. B. White, reprinted.
Novinger Renewal News April, 1999: "Memories of Good Times" in Novinger, by Donald Daniels; "History of Novinger," part three, by Walter J. Novinger. Historical Notes and Comments 445
Old Mill Run, Ozark County Genealogical and Historical Society April, 1999: "Dora School; Before and After," by Marty Uhlmann; "Allen Ledbetter," by Dean Wallace.
Old 'N Newsletter, Randolph County Historical Society January-February-March, 1999: "Dr. Tom S. Fleming Letter to WWII Randolph Co., MO Soldiers," continued; "Rev. William Sears: A Sketch of His Life and Early Times in Macon County," reprinted.
Our Clay Heritage Spring, 1999: "RFD [Mail] Carrier Has Fond Memories," continued.
Ozark Happenings Newsletter, Texas County Missouri Genealogical and Historical Society January-February-March, 1999: "Another Interesting Texas County Citizen," James Robert Lee Womack.
Ozar'kin, Ozarks Genealogical Society Spring, 1999: "The Springfield Wagon Company," compiled by John D. Gifford; "The Winnipeg Christian Church [in Laclede County] Long Predates the 1927 Church Building," by James E. Smith.
Ozarks Mountaineer February-March, 1999: "Mr. [George] Walser's Utopian Dream," the founding of Liberal, by LeAnn Campbell; "Life at the 'Produce House,'" in Lamar, by James N. Taylor; "The Ministry of Harold Bell Wright," by Nola Deffenbaugh; "The Tale of Rebel's Bluff," in Lawrence County, by Larry Wood.
The Paddlewheel, Golden Eagle River Museum May-June, 1999: "The Work of the Riverboat Crew," nineteenth-century steamboat crews, by Bob Mullen.
Pemiscot County Missouri Quarterly Winter, 1999: "Wilburn Clark," continued. Spring, 1999: "Wilburn Clark," continued. This and the above article by Wilburn Clark.
Perry County Heritage Volume 16, Number 4,1998: "Childhood Memories As I Remember," by Betty Fairchild Romig; "Memories Continued," by Nancy Moore; "As I Remember," by Elsie M. Tucker; "The Depression: from the Biography of Renalda R. Mattingly," as told to Yvonne Mattingly. All articles about life in Perry County.
The Pikers, Pike County Genealogical Society Spring, 1999: "First Pastor of the Ramsey Creek Baptist Church," Steven Ruddell.
Platte County Missouri Historical & Genealogical Society Bulletin December, 1998-March, 1999: "Johnson Underwood, Sr., M.D.," by Mary B. Aker; "Methodist Parsonage, Platte City," by Rev. Frank J. Mapel.
Resume, Historical Society of Polk County March, 1999: "Mr. [Thomas Hart Benton] Dunnegan Remembers," Polk County and the Civil War, reprinted. 446 Missouri Historical Review
Ridgerunner Spring, 1999: "History of the Irish Wilderness," by Louis Mongillo; "Blue Mound Cemetery," near Pottersville, by Monica Wright; "The Red Apple Grill," in West Plains, by Amber Speraneo; "History of State Line Cemetery and Schools," by Melissa Bassham; "West Plains Public Libraries," by Kitty McFarland; "Gigging," by Josh Heselton.
Ripley County Heritage Spring, 1999: "From the Doniphan Daisy to the El Paso Evening News: The Story of John Franklin Mitchim" and "The Star [of Doniphan] is Found," newspaper issue adds to Mitchim story, both by Ray Burson; "Remembering the [John P. and Nannie] Foard Home," by Gene Braschler, reprinted.
Rural Missouri March, 1999: "It's in the water: Excelsior Springs returns to its glory days and offers vis itors the lost art of relaxation," by Heather Berry. April, 1999: '"Protect the innocent, bring the guilty to justice': Anti-Horse Thief Association brought order to a lawless land," by Bob McEowen.
St. Charles County Heritage April, 1999: "The Battle of Wentzville," by Emmett Taylor; "The Old Stone Church," Immanuel Lutheran, by Patrick Umphenour and Amy Jensen; "Once Upon a Time at Cave Spring," by Ralph Insinger.
St. Louis Bar Journal Spring, 1999: "Murder on the Great Republic [Riverboat] —Part I," by Marshall D. Hier.
Seeking W Searching Ancestors April, 1999: "Miller County in the Civil War," by Peggy Smith Hake.
Springfield! Magazine March, 1999: "A City of Churches: Christ Episcopal Church Still Using Oldest Nave Standing in Springfield" and "Condensed History of The Queen City Of the Ozarks, Part XXIII: Springfield Rotary Club Organizes in 1919," by Robert C. Glazier; "Springfield's Sequiota Park Was the Genesis of Missouri Rainbow Trout Fishing Sport," by Francis Skalicky. April, 1999: "Memoirs of a Survivor of Springfield's 1920s Junior High Revolution," by Fern Joyner Angus; "Condensed History of The Queen City Of the Ozarks, Part XXIV," Springfield after World War I, by Robert C. Glazier. May, 1999: "Queen City History: Pro Baseball's 1920 Debut," the Springfield Midgets, by Robert C. Glazier; "Springfield Ladies' Saturday Club Celebrates Founding 120 Years Ago," by Sally Napier Bueno.
Tree Shakers, Meramec Valley Genealogical and Historical Society March-April, 1999: "St. Patrick's . . . Rock Church of 'Little Ireland,'" in Franklin County, by Sue Reed.
The Twainian, Mark Twain Research Foundation March, 1999: "The Seditious Mark Twain?" part two, by John Huffman. Historical Notes and Comments 447
Wagon Tracks, Santa Fe Trail Association February, 1999: "Whatever Happened to Westport?" by Ellis J. Smith.
Washington, Washington University Spring, 1999: "Maria's [Bain White] World: Treasured photographs capture a lively WU world of 80 years ago," by James W. Russell.
Waterways Journal March 8, 1999: "An Unusual 'Drydocking' in the Missouri River," the steamer Osage. April 12,1999: "Early View of St. Louis Showed a Snagboat," the A. H. Savier. This and the above article by James V. Swift.
White River Valley Historical Quarterly Winter, 1999: "The Greene County Archives Slave and Freedmen Public Records," by Robert Neumann; "Hootentown and Jamesville Bridges [in Stone County]," by Kerry McGrath.
A Sure Cure
Palmyra Weekly Southern Sentinel, January 14, 1857. Solomon Grundy says, the women ought to make a pledge not to kiss a man who uses tobacco, and it would soon break up the practice. A friend of ours says they ought to kiss every man that don't use it—and we go for that, too.
Wetter Than Before
St. Louis Melting Pot, June, 1917. "Is this cellar perfectly dry?" inquired the prospective purchaser. "Well," responded the talented agent, with a knowing wink, "it always had been until pro hibition law went into effect."
Lethal Humor
Columbia Missouri Herald, November 11, 1898. A story comes from New Orleans to the effect that a man went to the theater there and actually died laughing. In other words, the piece was so funny that he ruptured a blood vessel. Of course, it may have been a comedy played by professionals, but it is more likely that it was a tragedy played by amateurs. 448
IN MEMORIAM
LAWRENCE E. GIFFEN E. Giffen, Jr., of Mission Viejo, California; a Noted physician Lawrence E. Giffen died daughter, Jerena Ann Dik of B oxford, March 1, 1999, in Jefferson City. Giffen, Massachusetts; and five grandchildren. born January 30, 1923, in Jefferson City, was a resident of central Missouri most of his life. FLETCHER DANIELS He was a 1945 graduate of the Kirksville Missouri Representative Fletcher Daniels, College of Osteopathy and received a bache a Democrat from Kansas City, died on March lor's degree in history from the University of 26, 1999. He is survived by his wife, Sybil. Maryland; a bachelor's degree in biology and Born on September 8, 1919, in a master's degree in history from Lincoln Muskogee, Oklahoma, Daniels attended the University, Jefferson City; and a master's University of Kansas. From 1946 to 1976 he degree in criminal justice from Central worked for the U.S. Postal Service, where he Missouri State University, Warrensburg. was elected president of Local 906 of the Giffen married Jerena East in 1955; she sur National Alliance of Postal and Federal vives at the home. Employees and the Ninth Region. In 1959- Giffen's career in medicine spanned more 1960, Daniels served as vice president of the than fifty years. He served in the Navy Kansas City chapter of the National Medical Corps and practiced in Chamois, Association for the Advancement of Colored Missouri; at the Charles E. Still Hospital, People and in 1965 on the advisory board of Jefferson City; and with the Indian Health the Kansas City chapter of the National Service in Montana. His civic duties includ Urban League. From 1974 to 1986 he served ed serving as Cole County coroner for two on the Kansas City school board. First elect terms and as the Cole County medical exam ed to the Missouri House of Representatives iner for several years. in a special election in 1984, Daniels spent A lifelong scholar, Giffen had completed fifteen years in the General Assembly. In part of his doctorate at the University of 1996 he served a single session as House Missouri-Columbia and was writing his dis Speaker pro tern, the first African American sertation at the time of his death. He was a legislator to do so. member of the First Presbyterian Church, several national medical and historical soci eties, the United States Naval Institute, the BERG, WESLEY G., Marthasville: Jefferson City Library Board, Jefferson City July 17, 1922-November 11, 1998 Lodge 43, A. F. & A. M., and the State CAREY, DOROTHY LAMONT, Hannibal: Historical Society of Missouri. Giffen was January 3, 1910-December 8, 1998 also a diplomate of the American Osteopathic MANNING, GEORGE W., Albany: Board of Anesthesiology, a fellow and former March 9, 1914-January 20, 1999 president of the American Osteopathic SHERLOCH, JOHN H., Davenport, Florida: College of Anesthesiologists, and an hon November 30, 1911-March 17, 1999 orary member of the American Osteopathic STEWART, VIRGINIA MAY MURDICK, Monroe, College of Surgeons. Louisiana: November 30, 1916-February 13, Other survivors include a son, Lawrence 1999 449
BOOK REVIEWS Pendergast! By Lawrence H. Larsen and Nancy J. Hulston (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1997). xii + 237 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $29.95.
The exclamation point in the title of this book is warranted. Authors Lawrence H. Larsen and Nancy J. Hulston come directly to the reader with some strong statements. On the one hand, they see Kansas City's Thomas J. Pendergast thus: He "numbered among the most influential big-city political bosses in the United States" (p. 2). He "exercised power in a manner com parable to a benevolent and sometimes cruel despot of a medieval European city-state" (p. 5). He "adopted regal ways and began to indulge himself like some petty Latin American dictator" (p. 96). "Seldom if ever had a person so completely dominated life in a large city in the United States" (p. 99). And, "Between the two world wars, Tom's Town arguably ranked as the most wide open city in the United States" (p. 100). On the other hand, the authors say that Pendergast was "a tremendously effective political operator, possi bly a political genius" (p. 180). And he was "one of the most significant forces in the building and shaping of modern Kansas City" (p. 181). In this study, part of the Missouri Biography Series, the authors back up their claims regarding Pendergast. They prove that for over two decades, into 1939, T. J. Pendergast dominated Kansas City as no other individual ever has. Indeed, from that base, he came to dominate the politics of the state of Missouri in the 1930s. With a policy of "you help me, and I will help you," Pendergast assembled a bloc of Democratic votes that could be counted on. Just who was Thomas J. Pendergast? Larsen and Hulston answer that question better than anyone else ever has. They say that one will search in vain for complex philosophical and ideological statements coming from Pendergast. Rather, they believe that his brilliance lay in his ability to orga nize human beings into a political entity and force. He controlled from the top. As a political boss, he eventually could determine the outcomes of elec tions before they occurred; election day was an anticlimax. Pendergast found great satisfaction in that. But along the way, he also enjoyed helping the poor, and he had some genuine compassion. In operation, the two character traits were not necessarily contradictory, for the poor were willing to vote and then vote some more. The authors also point out that Pendergast had some character traits that defeated him in the end. For one, his belief in himself allowed him to main tain that the end justified the means. Too often, the means included voter fraud. He also had an uncontrollable urge to gamble on horse races. His insa tiable need for gambling money drove him into illegal activities in order to shore up gains obtained from his legal businesses. In the process, he encour aged an atmosphere of tolerance toward the criminal activity of others. 450 Missouri Historical Review
Larsen and Hulston build on scholarly work already in existence. It has been over thirty years since Lyle W. Dorsett wrote The Pendergast Machine (1968), and a new study was needed. Over one-third of the sources used in Pendergast! either had not been written or were not available when Dorsett wrote his book. One should not stop reading Dorsett, but neither should one stop there. Read on and be amazed and educated.
University of Missouri-Rolla Donald B. Oster
Alexander William Doniphan: Portrait of a Missouri Moderate. By Roger D. Launius (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1997). xiv + 316 pp. Illustrations. Maps. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $37.50.
Of nineteenth-century Missourians deserving of a scholarly biography, Alexander W. Doniphan has been among those in the forefront. A key play er in the state's political, legal, military, and economic histories, his leader ship of Missouri volunteers during the Mexican War placed him for a time in the nation's limelight. Roger D. Launius's study of the man, therefore, is a welcome book. Kentucky born, Doniphan studied law there before moving to Missouri, which he viewed as possessing unlimited potential for a man of his intellect, energy, and talent. In Missouri by 1830, the success he envisioned came quickly, especially in the field of law, where he gained an enviable reputation as a skillful and successful jurist and orator. Doniphan is probably most noted for his exploits during the Mormon and Mexican Wars. Readers of Missouri history will recall his storied role as the evenhanded militia leader who refused to follow orders to execute Joseph Smith. Even more familiar may be the story of Doniphan's Expedition dur ing the Mexican War. His leadership of the ragtag, at times unruly, Missouri volunteers who enjoyed successes on the fields of battle has been made the stuff of legends. Launius covers both of those episodes well. While the previously mentioned episodes in Doniphan's life are more common knowledge, less well known are his family, legal, business, and political experiences. Launius more than adequately explains these subjects. A devoted family man, the effects on Doniphan of the untimely and tragic deaths of his two sons and his wife's frailty and eventual demise make for sad reading. Like many Missourians, Doniphan earnestly delved in land speculation. He did well in this economic activity until the Civil War caused havoc with land prices. For a time Doniphan also became involved in banking. The effects of economic dislocation upon his business ventures during and after the war placed him in dire financial straits. Launius describes these problems and how Doniphan overcame them. The narrative concerning Doniphan's political beliefs, his participation Book Reviews 451 in political events, and his views of state and national politics are enlighten ing. In principle, Doniphan remained a Henry Clay Whig most of his life, and he usually took moderate political positions. While not often holding elective office, he still exercised great influence in the political arena. Launius describes these occurrences in enviable fashion. His comments on Doniphan's views on slavery and his devotion to the Union are particularly welcome. Overall, this is a superior biography, although Launius occasionally dis plays some murky thinking. Early on he classifies Doniphan as a "doer" rather than a "thinker" (p. 28). In reality, Doniphan was both. His appear ances before the bench or on the stump when he often spoke for over an hour on the subject at hand certainly indicate this. Launius also suggests that the Whigs, of which Doniphan was a leader, might have defeated the Benton Democrats in the 1844 election if there had been solidarity in their ranks. But he then recalls that the Whigs faced an "overwhelmingly strong Democratic party that . . . proved almost impossible to defeat" (p. 74). Does this mean that, solidarity or not, the Whigs would have met defeat in 1844? Probably. On occasion a textual statement exists that needs a citation, such as the unjust criticism of the Missouri volunteers during the Seminole Indian War (p. 121). While Doniphan may be perceived as a sympathetic figure, Launius is quick to acknowledge his subject's faults, and he possessed a few. Alexander W. Doniphan has deserved a solid biography. Launius has provided it.
State Historical Society of Missouri James W. Goodrich
Constructing the Little House: Gender, Culture, and Laura Ingalls Wilder. By Ann Romines (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1997). xi + 287 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Works Cited. Index. $55.00, cloth; $16.95, paper.
Author Ann Romines has long been a fan of the Laura Ingalls Wilder Little House series, published in the 1930s and 1940s. When Wilder was in her sixties and seventies, she wrote this series of seven novels about her girl hood on the nineteenth-century American frontier. In the 1890s, Wilder had moved to rural Missouri, where Romines grew up in the 1950s. On her tenth birthday, Romines's grandmother took her to Springfield, Missouri, to meet the author. Now professor of English and director of the graduate studies program at George Washington University, Romines found little critical commentary on Wilder's work. She seeks to remedy this situation with the publication of this book. Using a large variety of feminist scholarship and gender and cul tural studies, she examines Wilder's life and writings. Each of the five chapters of the book is organized around one issue and discusses the Little House books in the order in which they were written. 452 Missouri Historical Review
Chapter one features Little House in the Big Woods and Farmer Boy, a story about Pa Ingalls and a fictionalized account of Almanzo Wilder's tenth year. Chapter two examines acculturation as Laura experiences Indians on the frontier in Little House on the Prairie and immigrant neighbors in On the Banks of Plum Creek. In By the Shores of Silver Lake, Laura, in her adoles cence, is attracted to a French and Indian "half-breed" named Big Jerry. A minstrel show adds a racist episode in Little Town on the Prairie. Materialism in the Little House series is the subject of chapter three. Here the children make choices and buy things. For example, On the Banks of Plum Creek tells about Laura and her sister Mary having to purchase school supplies. Chapter four examines the novels of adolescence: By the Shores of Silver Lake and The Long Winter. In these, Laura becomes primarily an ally of her mother. She helps to prepare meals and beds for male boarders in Silver Lake; while Ma keeps the family alive, fed, and sane through a long con finement in Long Winter. Chapter five closes the Little House series with Little Town on the Prairie and Happy Golden Years. In Little Town, Laura begins her first teaching job, followed by her courtship and subsequent marriage in Happy Golden Years. Various scenarios run through the book: Romines's interest in and love for the Little House series; the fictionalized Ingalls family; the real Ingalls- Wilder families; and scholarly feminist-historical-literary research on the topics discussed in the book. Through correspondence between Rose Wilder Lane and her mother, Laura Ingalls Wilder, Romines explores the question concerning Laura's contribution to the series. Romines argues that Wilder's initial layout was sometimes enhanced by Lane's additions and suggestions, but Lane never considered herself a writer for children. Romines points out that unlike the protagonists in most well-known chil dren's series, such as Nancy Drew, the Rover Boys, and the Bobbsey Twins, who remained approximately the same age over decades, Laura grew up. Her marriage thus terminated the children's series. The many fans of the Little House stories will find Constructing the Little House to be interesting reading as they recall the charming episodes of the fictional Ingalls family. The scholarly research on gender and culture will give them new and challenging ways of looking at the popular children's classics.
Mary K. Dains
Memoirs of a Nobody: The Missouri Years of an Austrian Radical, 1849- 1866. By Henry Boernstein. Translated, edited, and with an introduction by Steven Rowan. (St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society Press, 1997). xix + 412 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Index. $27.95, cloth; $19.95, paper. Book Reviews 453
This is a fine contribution to the understanding of St. Louis and Missouri during the period 1849-1866. It sheds important light on the role of German immigrants, on the early days of the Civil War in Missouri, and on the "Forty-Eighters." The organization and translation of the memoirs is well done by Steven Rowan. He wisely focuses on the Missouri years of Boernstein's life, summarizing the period that the author spent in Paris and the years after his association with the United States. Henry Boernstein arrived in St. Louis in 1849. A cholera epidemic drove the recent immigrant out of the city, and he spent a year in Highland, Illinois. An opportunity to edit the Anzeiger des Westens newspaper brought him back to St. Louis, where he remained until 1862, when Abraham Lincoln appoint ed him consul to Bremen, Germany. By then, Boernstein had become owner of the newspaper and, according to his own evaluation, the leader of Germans in the Upper Mississippi Valley. When Civil War broke out, he served a three-month term in the Union army as an officer and for a time was in command of Jefferson City. Boernstein made a number of interesting observations. He described St. Louis water during the period as being "like chocolate" (p. 87). He noted that the cholera epidemic of 1849 claimed 6,000 out of the 65,000 residents. He also argued that "in those days St. Louis set the tone for Germans in the West ..." (p. 158), and the "Forty-Eighters" dramatically changed the nature of the German American community. "In the course of this migration, educated men were almost the most numerous category. Authors, journalists, painters, musicians, engineers, professors, teachers, men of science, artists of all the branches, and a more or less educated mass came by the thousands" (p. 223). Besides owning the newspaper, Boernstein engaged in various business es. He owned a brewery, beer halls, and rental property and "became lease holder and director of the beautiful St. Louis Opera House" (p. 253). His efforts to provide St. Louisans with theatrical presentations started in 1859 and lasted only nineteen months, because of the Civil War. He launched the effort in the theater because he thought it served as "the best school for adults" (p. 239). Both he and his wife acted in productions that he and oth ers wrote. Boernstein's Civil War experiences compose about 20 percent of the book. He describes the opening stages of the conflict in St. Louis in some detail. Perhaps his most interesting comment concerns General Nathaniel Lyon. "As much as General Lyon owed his success and fame ... to German volunteers alone, he could still never quite overcome his hatred for foreigners in general and Germans in particular" (p. 343). These and other comments make Boernstein's memoirs well worth a careful reading by specialists and general readers alike.
University of Missouri-Rolla Lawrence O. Christensen 454
BOOK NOTES New Haven: The Early Years: A Pictorial History, 1836-1956. Compiled and edited by David Menke (New Haven, Mo.: Leader Publishing Company, 1997). 162 pp. Illustrations. Maps. $20.00, plus $4.00 shipping and han dling.
Vivid photographs, paintings, and maps are the storytellers for this town history. Each right-hand page contains an illustration while the facing left- hand page expounds upon the image with a short essay. Informative and visually pleasing, this book covers New Haven's start as a woodyard called Miller's Landing, its days as a railroad town, and businesses, events, and cit izens up through the mid-1950s. Those who study or reminisce about the past will enjoy it. Orders can be placed with the New Haven Preservation Society, P.O. Box 338, New Haven, MO 63068.
Reflexions II: A Pictorial History of The People and Communities of Dallas County, Missouri. Edited by Jim Hamilton (Marceline, Mo.: D- Books Publishing, 1998). 96 pp. Illustrations. Index. $31.96, plus $5.00 shipping and handling.
A companion to Reflexions I, this volume offers an "over-the-shoulder look" at the early communities of Dallas County and consists of photograph submissions by Dallas Countians themselves. The book is divided into the four main sections of the county: Buffalo, North, East, and South. Each sec tion contains photographs depicting those who first settled the area, those who later built towns, and the generations that followed. Captions accom pany each photo, providing names and details to form the stories of the past. Orders can be placed with the Buffalo Reflex, 114 East Lincoln Street, P.O. Box 770, Buffalo, MO 65622.
The Ste. Genevieve Artists' Colony and Summer School of Art, 1932-1941. By James G. Rogers, Jr. (Ste. Genevieve, Mo.: Foundation for the Restoration of Ste. Genevieve, 1998). 134 pp. Illustrations. Appendixes. Notes. Index. $12.50, paper, postpaid.
Ste. Genevieve became an important center for Midwestern art in the 1930s. The artists' colony and summer school of art was established by artists who wanted to paint "American subjects in an American way." This understanding of art became known as regionalism during the mid-1930s. This book offers a valuable account of the formation and life of the colony, biographical sketches of the artists who spent time there, and speculation about the impact of the regionalist and social realism movements on the art world at large. To order contact the Foundation for the Restoration of Ste. Book Notes 455
Genevieve, 198 South Second Street, P.O. Box 88, Ste. Genevieve, MO 63670.
K. E. P.: Of Goshen and Paradise. Selected editorial writings by Kenneth E. Postlethwaite, edited by Patrick Brophy (Nevada, Mo.: Vernon County Historical Society, 1998). xviii + 341 pp. Index. $16.95, paper, plus $2.50 shipping and handling for first book, $.50 for each additional book.
Author Kenneth E. Postlethwaite was the editor of the Nevada Daily Mail from 1948 to 1953. During this period, he began writing and publish ing editorials, a passion that long outlived his career as an editor. His edito rials were widely read from 1948 to 1991, and in 1979 and 1980, Postlethwaite won first place in the William Allen White Foundation's edito rial excellence contest. These editorials are gathered together as a collection in this volume, which is divided into two sections: Goshen, representing local subjects, and Paradise, the universal. These expertly written pieces provide an interesting look at over forty years of history. This volume can be ordered from the Vernon County Historical Society, 231 North Main Street, Nevada, MO 64772.
Bringing Books to the Ozarks: A Branson Adventure. By Kathleen Van Buskirk and Lorraine Humphrey (Branson, Mo.: Taney hills Community Library, 1998). x + 343 pp. Illustrations. Maps. Bibliography. Index. $14.95, paper, plus $4.00 shipping and handling.
Since 1933 a group of Branson-area volunteers known as the Library Club have—without tax support—built, opened, maintained, and updated their regional library, the Taneyhills Community Library. This volume relates their story while simultaneously constructing a history of Branson. Concentrating on dedicated efforts made by the mostly female volunteers, the book provides an engaging viewpoint on the development of the library and the tourist town surrounding it. To order contact the Taneyhills Community Library, 200 South Fourth Street, Branson, MO 65616.
Blind Boone: Missouri's Ragtime Pioneer. By Jack A. Batterson (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1998). xii + 117 pp. Illustrations. Appendix. Bibliography. Index. $9.95, paper.
The fifty years of John William "Blind" Boone's ragtime music career, in addition to his life before and after, are recounted in this biography. This native Missourian gained national attention, bridging gaps between blacks and whites and between classical and popular music. In this volume, author Batterson explores the stimuli behind Boone's success as a musician and the life events that shaped his character. The book is available in local bookstores. 456 Missouri Historical Review
History and Families: Wright County, Missouri. Volume II. Edited by Clyde A. Rowen and Phyllis Rippee (Paducah, Ky.: Turner Publishing Company, 1998). 344 pp. Illustrations. Maps. Index. $59.50, plus $6.00 shipping and handling.
Filled with in-depth family genealogies submitted by Wright Countians, this volume also includes sections treating the general history of the county, memorials, and histories of businesses, churches, and schools. The abun dance of photographs enhances the format while the text makes the book a good resource for genealogists. To order send $59.50, plus $6.00 shipping and handling, to the Wright County Historical Society, Courthouse Square, P.O. Box 66, Hartville, MO 65667.
Out of the Wilderness: One Hundred and Eighty Years of Methodism in Boone County. Compiled, arranged, and edited by Dolores L. Sanders (Columbia, Mo.: Midway Locust Grove United Methodist Church, 1998). xvi + 214 pp. Illustrations. Appendixes. $24.00, cloth; $15.00, paper, plus $5.00 shipping and handling.
A continuation of previous histories of the Midway Locust Grove United Methodist Church, this volume marks the church's 180th anniversary year. Reprints of the 1817-1865 and 1865-1954 histories comprise the first two parts of the book; part three focuses on the life of the church from 1954 to 1997. This third section encompasses changes in leadership, improvements to the building, and the general activities of the congregation. To order con tact Dolores L. Sanders, Midway Locust Grove United Methodist Church, 2600 North Locust Church Road, Columbia, MO 65201.
Cedar County, Missouri History & Families. By the Book Committee of the Cedar County Historical Society (Paducah, Ky.: Turner Publishing Company, 1998). 352 pp. Illustrations. Index. $60.00, plus $6.00 shipping and handling.
A product of the hard work of seven members of the Cedar County Historical Society, this book updates the county history books published in 1960 and 1970. The volume contains essays on the general history of Cedar County along with more specific subjects such as the area's schools, mills, stores, towns, and involvement in the Civil War. The bulk of the book, how ever, consists of almost seven hundred Cedar County family histories. Full of pictures and stories, this volume makes an important addition to the annals of the county. To order contact the Cedar County Historical Society at the Cedar County Museum, 203 Jackson Street, P.O. Box 111, Stockton, MO 65785. INDEX TO VOLUME XCIII
Kansas City, 287-290 A. H. Savier (snagboat), 447 Ste. Genevieve, 454-455 Able, Dan, 329 Asbury United Methodist Church, Brussels, 105 Abolitionists, 106, 222 Asper School, Livingston County, 330 Absher, Elizabeth "Lizzie," 332 Associated American Artists, 165-185 Adair County, 98 Atchison County Historical Society, 81 Adair County Historical Society, 81, 198, 309, 421 Atchison, David Rice, 438 Adams, Daniel S., 222 Atherton, Lewis E., 1 Adams, Maude, 103, 435 "James and Robert Aull—A Frontier Missouri Adams School, Worth County, 326 Mercantile Firm," 26-48 Affton Historical Society, 81, 198, 309, 421 "Life, Labor and Society in Boone County, African Americans, 105 Missouri, 1834-1852, As Revealed in the Arrow Rock, 104 Correspondence of an Immigrant Slave Owning Civil War, 375 Family from North Carolina. Part I," 49-73 Howard County, 103 "Missouri's Society and Economy in 1821," 2-25 Livingston County, 330 Audrain County, 117 St. Louis, 149-164, 330, 441 Audrain County Historical Society, 78, 81, 198, 421 slavery, 222, 330, 374, 444 Aull, James, 26-48 Agrarian reform, 397-416 Aull, Robert, 26-48 Agriculture, 1820s, 11-16 Aull, William, III, obit., 109 Albanians, St. Louis, 439 Aurora, Mo., 442 Albers, Henry, family, 223 Aurora, Mo. Historical Society, 421 Albers, Johanna, family, 223 Automobiles, 107, 217, 219, 229 Alexander William Doniphan: Portrait of a Missouri Averell, William W., 216 Moderate, by Roger D. Launius, 450-451 Aviation, 325-326, 443 Allen, Beverly, 126-128 Allen, John Daugherty, 249 B Allen, Ruth M., 330 Babb, Joseph Cooper, 99, 103 Allen, William P., 330 Babbtown, Mo., 218 Alley Spring, Mo., 96 Backler, Walter James, 217 Allison family, 328, 440 Baer, Howard, 168, 173-174, 176; Saturday, the Alma, Mo., 216, 435 County Court House, Ironton, inside January back Amanda Hospital, Mexico, 437 cover Anders, Leslie, 116 Baker, Josephine, 330 Anderson, Laura, 332 Baker, Kate, Ladies Silver Cornet Band, Chillicothe, Anderson, Mo., 96 322 Andres, Perry, 226 Bald Knobbers, 435 Andrew County Museum and Historical Society, 81, Ball, Andrew Jackson, 440 198, 309, 421 Ballwin Historical Society, 81, 198, 421 Anti-Horse Thief Association, 446 Bardot family, 220 Antioch Church, Dunklin County, 228 Barkaloo, Lemma, 333 Apex, Mo., 225 Barrow, Clyde, 106, 325 Appleton City Landmarks Restoration, 198 Barry County, 103, 104, 328 Appleton Mill, Perry County, 438 Barry County Genealogical and Historical Society, 81, Arabia (steamboat), 104, 105 198 Arcadia Valley Propane Gas Company, Iron County, Barry-Wehmiller Companies, St. Louis, 326 443 Barton County Historical Society, 81, 198, 309, 421 Arlington, Mo., 226 Baseball, 98, 99, 106, 435, 446 Armstrong, Roger, 330 Basket Maker in the Ozarks (Reed Springs), by Army of the West (Union), 346-347 Georges Schreiber, inside January back cover Arnold, Marshall, 331 Basketball, 436 Arrow Rock, Mo., 104 Bass, Tom, 437 Arrowhead Lodge, Camdenton, 435 Bates County, 216, 435 Art, 165-185, 336; Kansas City, 277-292 Batt, Charles E, 332 Artists Batterson, Jack A., Blind Boone: Missouri's Ragtime
457 458 Index
Pioneer, 455 Bloomsdale, Mo., 220 Battery D, Independence, 97 Blue Mound Cemetery, Pottersville, 446 The Battle of Carthage: Border War in Southwest Bock, Emil, 95 Missouri July 5, 1861, by David C. Hinze and Karen Bock, H. Riley, 114, 187, 188, 189, 191, 194 Farnham, 115-116 Boeckman, Laurel, 76, 79, 196 Beaufort, Each, 442 Boernstein, Henry, 452-453 Beaumont, Ralph, 404, 410-411 Bohart, W H., house, Cameron, 95 Becker, Henry, house, Babbtown, 218 Bohrod, Aaron, 168, 175 Beckett, Bruce, 188 Bolin, Alf, 101 Bedford, Mo., 436 Bolivar, Mo., 95, 107, 333 Beech Corner School, Dunklin County, 333 Bollinger, Allen, 96 Behind Enemy Lines: The Memoirs and Writings of Boman, Dennis K., ed., "Campaigning Through Brigadier General Sydney Drake Jackman, comp. Missouri: The Civil War Journal of Robert Todd and ed. by Richard L. Norton, 340-341 McMahan," 133-148, 241-256 Belden, Henry Marvin, 222, 224 Bonacker, C. Josephine (Glatt), 443 Bell, Morris Frederick, 324 Bonacker, Louis, 443 Bellerive Country Club, St. Louis, 444 Bone Camp community, Dunklin County, 228 Belmont, Mo., 323 Bonniebrook Historical Society, 199 Belton, Grandview & Kansas City Railroad Co., 421 Bonnots Mill, Mo., 106, 218 Belton Historical Society, 81, 198-199, 309, 421 Book Notes, 117-119, 237-239, 342, 454-456 Bern, Mo., 105 Book Reviews, 111-116, 231-236, 337-341, 449-453 Ben Bolt Theater, Chillicothe, 322 Boone County, 96, 104, 322-323, 456; 1830s, 49-73 Benavides, Carmel, 334 Boone County Historical Society, 80, 81-82, 199, 309, Bender, Fred W. O., 226 422 Bennett Spring Hotel, 324 Boone, Daniel, 224 Bennett's Catfish, Phelps County, 229 Boone-Duden Historical Society, 82, 199, 422 Benton Cemetery, 326 Boone Hospital Center, Columbia, 440 Benton County Historical Society, 81, 199, 309, 421 Boone, John William "Blind," 440, 455 Benton Green School, 224 Boonslick country, 96, 342 Benton, Mo., 326 Boonslick Historical Society, 82, 199 Benton, Thomas Hart, 75, 168, 170-176, 180, 183, Boonslick Trail, 216-217, 228 190, 194 Boonville, Mo., 95 Berg, Wesley G., obit., 448 Bootheel, 332 Berkeley, Mo., 326 Borgman, Kathy, 188 Berryman, Jerome C, 331 Bowers Mill, Mo., 105 Bethany Cumberland Presbyterian Church, Chariton Boyle, William, 98 County, 222 Boyster, Joseph, 220 Bethel Methodist Church, Schuyler County, 227 Bradbury, John E, Jr., 341 Bexten/Folk School, Osage County, 444 Bradford, Moses Jasper, 444 Big Piney River, 441 Brandt, Elvira, 329 Big Springs School, Howell County, 226, 332 Branson, Mo., 322, 455 Bigelow, John, 324 Brant, Marley, Outlaws: The Illustrated History of the Bigelow, Salmon, 324 James-Younger Gang, 237 Biggs, Marion O., 333 Brazeau, Mo., 99 Bingham, George Caleb, 104, 190, 280 Brevator, Mo., 443 Bingham-Waggoner Historical Society, 19 Bridges, 101, 228 Black Hawk, 103 Bridgeton Historical Society, 82, 200, 309 Black, John, house, Maysville, 329 Bringing Books to the Ozarks: A Branson Adventure, Black River Baptist Church, Williamsville, 100 by Kathleen Van Buskirk and Lorraine Humphrey, Blackburn Historical Society, 422 455 Blacksher family, 332 Brining, William, family, 106 Blackwell, Earl R., 330 Brock, Elmer, 229 Blair, Mo., 225 Brooks, George Washington, 226 Blair's Panorama, 279 Brophy, Patrick, 113; ed., K. E. P.: Of Goshen and Blatt, Solomon, 322 Paradise. Selected Editorial Writings by Kenneth E. Blind Boone: Missouri's Ragtime Pioneer, by Jack A. Postlethwaite, 455 Batterson, 455 Brown, Amanda Young, 97 Blisard, Helen Ebrite, 227 Brown, Charles B., 189 Index 459
Brown, Daniel Sidney, 442 Cape Girardeau County, 107, 325, 435 Brown, Egbert, 108 Cape Girardeau, Mo., 216, 223, 329, 435 Brown, Mrs. Lowell, obit., 109 Capitol Brewery, Jefferson City, 437 Brown, Theodore E., 157, 159, 161, 163 Carey, Dorothy Lamont, obit., 448 Brown, William Wells, 104 Carleton, George W, 444 Brown-Kubisch, Linda, 79, 418, 419 Carner, Wiley, obit., 109 Bruin, Margaret Galbraith, 368 Carondelet Historical Society, 82, 200, 310, 422 Bruin, Timothy, 368 Carondelet, Mo., 225, 443 Bruns, Henriette "Jette" Giesberg, 218 Carriere, Joseph Medard, 224 Brunswick, Mo., 216 Carroll County Historical Society, 82, 310 Brush and Palette Club, 82, 200, 310, 422 Carrollton, Mo., 216, 435 Brussells, Mo., 105 Carter, Jim, 328 Bryan, Mo., 222 Carterville, Mo., 102 Buchanan County, 444 Carthage, Mo., 95, 216, 244-245, 322; battle of, Buckingham, G. W, 268-271 115-116,322,435 Buffalo Ridge School, New Haven, 99 Casco, Mo., 220 Buffalo Roller Mills, Buffalo, 95 Cass County, 97 Buntline, Ned, 107 Cass County Historical Society, 422 Burch, Benjamin Franklin, house, El Dorado Springs, Cassville, Mo., 103, 216, 222 323 Cattle drives, 100, 332 Burden, Charles, 101 Cave Spring, 446 Burdick, Clyde R., 219 Caves. See individual cave names Burfordville Covered Bridge, Cape Girardeau County, Cayce, Ethelean, 217 325 Cayce, Milton P., 331 Burlison, Kathryn, 195 Cedar County, 331,443 Burnham, C. N., house, Cameron, 95 Cedar County Historical Society, 82-83, 200, 310, 422 Burr Oak community, Lincoln County, 443 Cedar County, Missouri History & Families, 456 Burr Oak School, Lincoln County, 443 Cemeteries. See individual cemetery names Busch, Dick, 439 A Centennial Salute to George Caleb Bingham (art Businesses. See individual business names exhibit), 190 Butler County, 325, 438 A Centennial Salute to Thomas Hart Benton (art Butler, Mo., 322 exhibit), 75, 190, 194 Byrd's Creek Neighborhood Club, 217 Central Missouri State University, Warrensburg, 439 Central Presbyterian Church, Kansas City, 330 Central School, Joplin, 437 Cable, George Washington, 329 Centralia Historical Society, 200, 310, 422 Cabool, Mo., 216 Centralia, Mo., 322, 441 Cadet Creek School, Osage County, 444 Chaffee, Mo., 226 Cain, Glenn, obit., 109 Chariton County, 105, 222, 439, 440 Cainsville, Mo., 322 Chariton County Historical Society, 83, 200, 310, Calamity Jane, 105 422-423 Caldwell County, 97 Chiles, Henry Clay, 328 Caldwell County Historical Society, 82 Chiles, Mary Jane, 328 Callaway County, 328, 436 Chillicothe, Mo., 322, 435 Callender, Franklin D., 442 Cholera, 1849, St. Louis, 336, 378-379 Camden County, 105 Chopin, Kate, 443 Camden County Historical Society, 82, 200, 422 Chouteau, Auguste, 224 Camden Point, Mo., 100 Chouteau family, 223 Camdenton, Mo., 435 Chouteau Society, 83 Cameron, Mo., 95, 435 Chouteau's Bluff, Carondelet, 225 "Campaigning Through Missouri: The Civil War Christ Episcopal Church, Springfield, 446 Journal of Robert Todd McMahan," ed. by Dennis Christensen, Lawrence O., 187, 188, 191, 235, 418; K. Boman, 133-148, 241-256 co-auth., A History of Missouri, Volume TV, Campbell House Museum, 200 1875-1919, 235-236 Canary, Martha Jane. See Calamity Jane Christian County Museum and Historical Society, A Candle Within Her Soul: Mary Elizabeth Mahnkey 200,310,423 and Her Ozarks, by Ellen Gray Massey, 111-112 Christmas, 324, 329 Canton, Mo., 95, 216, 322 Chubb, Jelain, 186-187 460 Index
Church of God, Portageville, 100 83 Churches. See also individual church names Coalition Against Pornography, Kansas City, 324 German Moravian, 441 Coburn Building, Chillicothe, 322 Tipton, 439 Coffey, Tom, 217 Cikovsky, Nicolai, 177-178 Coffman, J. R., 444 Civil War, 99, 106, 108, 119, 133-148, 222-223, 228, Coldwater School, St. Louis County, 441 241-256, 324-325, 328-329, 333, 340-341, 345-366, Cole Camp Area Historical Society, 201 371,435,440,441,442,444 Cole Camp, Mo., 103 African Americans, 375 Cole County, 218 battle of Cape Girardeau, 223, 329 Cole County Historical Society, 83, 311, 423 battle of Carthage, 115-116, 322 Cole family, 328, 440 battle of Lone Jack, 222 Colonnade Hotel, Sweet Springs, 439 battle of Silver Creek, 444 Colter, John, 238 battle of Vicksburg, 285 Colter-Frick, L. R., Courageous Colter and battle of Wentzville, 446 Companions, 238 battle of Wilson's Creek, 328, 345-366 Columbia College, Columbia, 60, 440 Cassville, 222 Columbia Female Academy, Columbia, 66 Eighth Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), Columbia, Mo., 52, 60, 62, 66, 96, 103, 223, 293, 331 305-306, 324, 329, 331, 435, 440, 456; University Eighth Regiment, Missouri State Militia Cavalry of Missouri, 435-436 (Union), 328 Columbia Missourian, 217 First Missouri Cavalry Volunteers (Confederate), Commerce Historical and Genealogy Society, 83, 201, 328 311,423 guerrillas, 103, 144-148, 222, 245, 249, 251, 254, Commerce, Mo., 225 255, 256, 328 Commercial Hotel, Sikeston, 444 Hartville, 255 Common Fields: An Environmental History of St. Livingston County, 223 Louis, ed. by Andrew Hurley, 114-115 medicine, 347-350, 353, 357 Concannon, Marie, 79, 196, 418 Miller County, 446 Concordia High School, Concordia, 436 Missouri-Kansas Border War, 328, 329, 330 Concordia Historical Institute, 83, 202, 311, 423 Native Americans, 227 Concordia, Mo., 323 Polk County, 445 Connor, Tom, 97 Second Ohio Volunteer Cavalry (Union), 133-148, Constructing the Little House: Gender, Culture, and 241-256 Laura Ingalls Wilder, by Ann Romines, 451-452 Sixth Missouri Infantry (Union), 104 Contributors to Missouri Culture Twenty-fifth Ohio Volunteer Light Artillery Randolph, Vance, inside April back cover (Union), 134, 136, 241-256 Russell, Sol Smith, inside July back cover Washington, 332 Scruggs-Vandervoort-Barney Art Collection, inside women, 328 January back cover The Civil War Letters of Albert Demuth And Roster Conway, Fred, 176-177 Eighth Missouri Volunteer Cavalry, ed. by Leo E. Conway, Mo., 218, 332 Huff, 119 Cook's Store, Lon, 227 Civil War Round Table of Kansas City, 83, 201, 310, Cooper County, 96, 100 423 Cooper County Historical Society, 202, 423-424 Civil War Round Table of St. Louis, 83, 201, 310-311, Corkball, 443 423 County Home for the Friendless, Cape Girardeau Civilian Conservation Corps, 100 County, 435 Clark County Historical Society, 83, 201, 423 Courageous Colter and Companions, by L. R. Clark, Wilburn, 228, 445 Colter-Frick, 238 Clark, William, 442 Couzins, Phoebe, 333 Clay County, 103, 324 Cox, Pearl M., obit., 109 Clay County Archives and Historical Library, 83, 201, Crain, Arthur C, 440 311,423 Crets, Jennifer A., 419 Clay County Museum and Historical Society, 83, 201 Creve Coeur-Chesterfield Historical Society, 202, 311, Clay, Henry, 222 424 Clemens, Samuel L. See Twain, Mark Cricket, 223 Cleveland High School, St. Louis, 443 Crismon, Joseph, family, 108 Clinton County Historical and Genealogical Society, Crites, Cleve, 217 Index 461
Crittenden, Thomas, 97 Diary of Winfield Scott Ebey, 118 Crockett, Joseph B., 128 Drynob, Mo., 98 Cross Timbers, Mo., 436 DuBois School Store, Oregon County, 225 Crowther, Benjamin, 222 Duden, Gottfried, 5, 12 Cummins, Georgia Smith, 332 Duke Paul of Wuerttemberg on the Missouri Frontier: Cundiff, James Hampton Roads, 260-264, 267-268, 1823, 1830, and 1851, by Hans von 271, 274-276 Sachsen-Altenburg and Robert L. Dyer, 237 Cunningham, Lillian, 107 Duncan, Mo., 221 Cunningham, Margery Lee, obit., 109 Dunklin County, 228, 333 Curtis, Samuel R., 440 Dunn family, 104 Dunnegan, Thomas Hart Benton, 445 D Dyer, Robert L., co-auth., Duke Paul of Wuerttemberg Dallas County, 95, 454 on the Missouri Frontier: 1823, 1830, and 1851, 237 Dallas County Historical Society, 84, 202, 311, 424 Dykes, Fred W., co-ed., The 1854 Oregon Trail Diary Daniel, Berthe, 332 of Winfield Scott Ebey, 118 Daniels, Fletcher, obit., 448 Danville, Mo., 441 Darnes, William P., 121-132 Eagle Picher Lead Company, Joplin, 218 Daughters of Old Westport, 84 East St. Louis, 111., 223 Davidson, Larry, obit., 109 Ebey, Winfield Scott, 118 Daviess County, 97 Economy, 1820s, 2-25 Davis, Andrew Jackson, 121-132 Edgerton, Mo., 219 Davis, Benjamin Franklyn, house, Piedmont, 100 Ehrlich, George, "The Visual Arts in Early Kansas Davis, William Armstrong, 99 City," 277-292 Deaf, 386-396 Ehrlich, Walter, Zion in the Valley: The Jewish Dearborn, Mo., 100 Community of St. Louis. Volume I, 1807-1907, Deaton, Joseph, 222 231-232 DeKalb County, 329 The 1854 Oregon Trail Diary of Winfield Scott Ebey, DeKalb County Historical Society, 84, 202, 311, 424 ed. by Susan Badger Doyle and Fred W. Dykes, 118 Demuth, Albert, 119 Eighth Missouri Volunteer Cavalry, 199 Dent, Willada R., obit., 109 Eitzen, Charles D., 441 Derrickson, Howard, 176-177 El Dorado Springs, Mo., 323 Detroit Electric Car Company (Pablo's), St. Louis, 105 Elections Dexter Memorial Hospital, Dexter, 217 1840, 122-124 Diamonds (restaurant), 333 1937, 107 Dickinson, Robert P., obit., 230 Elizabethtown, Mo., 106 Dickinson Theater, Chillicothe, 322 Elliott, R. Kenneth, 190 Dickinson Theatre, Kansas City, 324 Elliott, Richard Smith, 339-340 Dick's Mill, Cooper County, 100 Ellis, Elmer, 181, 183 Dickson, Samuel, house, Carrollton, 216 Ellis, Robert Binns, 227 Diemer, F. W, 108 Ellison, John, family, 443 Digges, Charles, Sr., 194 Ellsinore, Mo., 222 Digges, Kathryn, 194 Elsbree, Catherine Basz Kappes Cornelison Disney, Walt, 224 Lipscomb, 332 Dixon, Mo., 217 Emma (steamboat), 440 Dr. America: The Lives of Thomas A. Dooley, Employment discrimination, 149-164 1927-1961, by James T. Fisher, 233-235 Engle, Peter H., 130-131 Doering house, Carondelet, 225 Ethlyn, Mo., 101 Doniphan, Alexander William, 443, 450-451 Eudora School, Greenfield, 323 Doniphan, Mo., 228, 325, 333 "Eugene Field and the Political Journalism of St. Donivich, Tony, 226 Joseph," by Lewis O. Saum, 257-276 Dooley, Thomas A., 233-235 Ewing, Edwin Winn, 223 Dora School, Ozark County, 445 Ewing, Mettie E. Tracy, 223 Douglas County, 330 Excelsior Springs, Mo., 436, 446 Douglas County Historical Society, 84, 202, 311 Dover Christian Church, Dover, 218 Doyle, Anthony, 104 Fair Employment Practice Committee, 149-164 Doyle, Susan Badger, co-ed., The 1854 Oregon Trail Fair Grove Historical and Preservation Society, 84, 462 Index
202 Fort Belle Fontaine Historical Society, 84 Fair Grove, Mo., 216, 227 Fort Hempstead, Howard County, 96 Family life, 49-73, 367-385 Fort Leonard Wood, 217 Famous Clothing Store, Joplin, 324 Fort Orleans, Chariton County, 440 Far West, Mo., 443 Fort Osage, Jackson County, 9, 95 Farmers, 224 Foundation for the Restoration of Ste. Genevieve, Farmers'Alliances, 397-398, 400-410, 414-416 311-312 Farmers' and Laborers' Union, 402-404, 412 Fox Indians, 103 Farnham, Karen, co-auth., The Battle of Carthage: Fox, Timothy J., co-auth., From the Palaces to the Border War in Southwest Missouri July 5, 1861, Pike: Visions of the 1904 World's Fair, 117 115-116 France, John, family, 438 Faulkner, Marjorie, 98 Frank, Ernie, obit., 109 Featherstun Drug Store, Granby, 217 Frankenstein, Mo., 218 Fedeli, Jerome "Girlamo," 290 Franklin County, 219, 325, 438, 446 Fehlings, Lambert, 223 Franklin, Mo., 21-23 Fences, 105 Fredericktown, Mo., 217, 323, 436 Ferguson Historical Society, 202-203, 424 Freeburg, Mo., 324 Ferguson, Oliver, 323 Frei family, 327 Ferrelview, Mo., 107 Fremont, John, 108 Field, Eugene, 257-276; house, St. Joseph, 269 Fremont Watkins American Legion Post #105, Iberia, Field, Julia Comstock, 268 228 Field, Roswell M., Jr., 272 French settlers, 9 Findlay, William W., 288 Old Mines area, 223 Fine Arts Theatre, Kansas City, 324 Washington County, 104 Fires Friedenberg Lutheran Historical Society, 203, 312 Independence, 1906, 217 Friedenberg Remembrances: A Story of Peace, Faith, Kansas City, 1998, 101 and Life, 237 Sedalia, 1877, 100 Friedheim, Mo., 219 Springfield, 1913, 108 Friedman-Shelby Shoe Company, Kirksville, 98 First Baptist Church, Anderson, 96 Friends for La Plata Preservation, 203 First Baptist Church, Columbia, 324, 329 Friends of Arrow Rock, 84, 188, 203, 312, 424 First Baptist Church, Conway, 332 Friends of Historic Augusta, 203, 424 First Baptist Church, Grandview, 96 Friends of Historic Boonville, 84-85, 312, 424 First Baptist Church, Miami, 437 Friends of Jefferson Barracks, 312 First Chance grocery store, Callaway County, 436 Friends of Keytesville, 85, 203 First National Bank, Joplin, 324 Friends of Old St. Ferdinand, 203, 312 Fisher, James T, Dr. America: The Lives of Thomas A. Friends of Rocheport, 424 Dooley, 1927-1961, 233-235 Frisco depot, Seneca, 221 Fisher, Michael Montgomery, 379-381, 384 Frisco depot, Webb City, 439 Fisher, Theodore Decatur, 106 Fristoe, Richard Marshall, 224 Fishing (gigging), 446 Froebel Elementary School, St. Louis, 105 Fisk Theatre, Butler, 322 Froehliech, Gustave, 99 Fitzgibbon, James F, 288, 290 From the Palaces to the Pike: Visions of the 1904 Fleming, Thomas S., 227, 332, 445 World's Fair, by Timothy J. Fox and Duane R. Floods Sneddeker, 117 Canton, 1951,95 Fulton, Mo., 104, 333, 377, 388, 436 Mississippi River, 1993, 100 Fur trade, 223, 327 Florissant Valley Historical Society, 84, 104, 203, 311 Foard, John P., and Nannie, house, Ripley County, 446 Gainesville, Mo., Ozark County Times, 323 Foley, William E., 192 Galena, Mo., 254 Folk, Joseph W., 338-339 Gamble, Mary, 166-167, 177, 179, 181 Folklore, 224 Gantt, Thomas T, 126, 128, 129 Fontbonne College, St. Louis, 326 Garber, Mo., 435 Forchet, Jeanette, 330 Garden City, Mo., 436 Formanek-Brunell, Miriam, ed., The Story of Rose Gardner house, Palmyra, 227 O'Neill: An Autobiography, 232-233 Gardner, Mark L., 188; co-ed., The Mexican War Fort Barnesville, 217 Correspondence of Richard Smith Elliott, 339-340 Index 463
Gasconade County, 332 Grand River Historical Society, 85, 204, 313, 425 Gasconade County Historical Society, 85, 203, 312, Grandview Historical Society, 204, 313 424 Grandview, Mo., 96 Gaslight Square, St. Louis, 325 Grange (Patrons of Husbandry), 399-400 Gateway Arch, St. Louis, 330 Granny's Notes: "My First 84 Years," by Sue Gerard, A Gathering of Our Days: Selected Writings on the 342 History of Mexico and Audrain County, Missouri, by Grant City, Mo., 436 Leta Hodge, 117 Grant, David, 152, 157, 159, 163 General Cable Company, St. Louis, 163-164 Gray, John S., 440 Gentry, Francis D., obit., 230 Great Depression, 97, 306-307, 438 Gentry, Sue, 436 Great Republic (steamboat), 446 Gentzler, Lynn Wolf, 74, 112, 192, 197, 419 Greek community, St. Louis, 441 George G. Keith (steamboat), 436 Greenback Party, 398-400 Gerard, Sue, Granny's Notes: "My First 84 Years" Greene County, 102, 104, 227, 447; courthouse, 348 342 Greene County Historical Society, 85, 204, 313, 425 German Americans, 330 Greene Springs, Vernon County, 440 churches, 441 Greenfield, Mo., 323 Lawrence County, 224 Greenwood (house), Columbia, 52 Osage County, 224 Gregory, Ralph, 221 German-Austrian-Swiss Historical-Heritage Society Grimes, Absalom, 222 of the Ozarks, 424-425 Grimsley, Thornton, 125-126, 127 Gerteis, Louis S., 419 Grundy County Historical Society, 85, 204, 313, 425 Geyer, Henry S., 128-131, 132 Guns, 104 Gibson family, 442 Gibson, Leslie M., obit., 230 H Giffen, Lawrence E., obit., 448 Ha Ha Tonka State Park, 107 Gifts Relating to Missouri, 93-94, 213-215, 319-321, Haeckel, Mae, 439 432-434 Hair, Mary Scott, 332 Gill, Phillip Henry, 324 Hall, Lemuel E., 328 Gill, Sibyle Lee Kolwyck, 227 Hall, Mary, 328 Gillis Opera House, Kansas City, 290, 291 Hallsville, Mo., 442 Gilpin, William P., 123-124, 127, 132 Hamilton, Esley, 115 Glaize City, Mo., 219 Hamilton, Jean Tyree, 188 Glasgow Community Museum, 188 Hamilton, Jim, ed., Reflexions II: A Pictorial History Glasgow, Mo., 323 of The People and Communities of Dallas County, Glendale Historical Society, 203, 312, 425 Missouri, 454 Glendale, Mo., 104, 330, 441 Hammond, Mo., 227 Glyndon, Howard. See Redden, Laura C. Hancock, Winfield Scott, 224, 330 Glyndon, Minn., 389 Hannibal Courier-Post, 96 Golden Eagle River Museum, 85, 204, 312, 425 Hannibal, Mo., 323, 436 Golden Governor (horse), 98 Hardship and Hope: Missouri Women Writing about Goldman, Manheim, house, Liberty, 98 Their Lives, 1820-1920, ed. by Carla Waal and Goodrich, James W, 74, 78, 189-191, 195, 340, 418, Barbara Oliver Korner, 337-338 419 Hargett, Dean, 79, 196 Goodrich, Martin G., obit., 230 Harney mansion, Sullivan, 221 Goodrick, William K., 188 Harris, Tom, 217 Goodwin, James William, house, Alma, 216 Harrison County Historical Society, 85, 204 Goodwin, Lucy Ann (Corder), house, Alma, 216 Hart, Pleasant, 441 Gordon Manor, Columbia, 435 Hart, Roswell, 441 Gower, Mo., 220 Hartville, Mo., 255 Graduate Theses Relating to Missouri History, 1998, Haun's Mill, Far West, 443 336 Haws, Samson Gamiliel, 330 Graham, Margaret Baker, "Stories of Everyday Hay, John, 224 Living: The Life and Letters of Margaret Bruin Hay, Pat, blacksmith shop, Fair Grove, 216 Machette," 367-385 Hay den, Scott, 105 Grain Valley Historical Society, 85, 204, 312, 425, Hay ward, Edgar M., obit., 109 435 Hearnes, Warren E., 330 Granby, Mo., 217 Heartland Chautauqua, 79-80 464 Index
Heckmann, William F, 113-114 Honey, John W, 224 Heer, F. X., 108 Hootentown Bridge, Stone County, 447 Heibel Brothers Distillery, Columbia, 96 Hopkins Historical Society, 86 Henley house, Hillsboro, 104 Horine, Elias, family, 328 Henley, Raymond M., 104, 224 Horine, Mary A. (Raber), family, 328 Hennessy, William, 97 Horses and horseracing, 98, 106, 227 Henry County Historical Society, 85-86, 204, 313, Horseshoe Bend, 224 425 Hosman, Robert S., 216 Heorath, Louise, 330 Hosmer, Edmund, farm, Webster County, 107 Herr, Charles, 223 Hosmer, Eliza, farm, Webster County, 107 Hersman, Abigail Machette, 371-373, 385 Hotel De Mont, Seneca, 221 Hersman, Charles Campbell, 372, 373, 384 Houses, 52, 101, 105. See also individual house Hetrick, Howard R., 269 names Hickam family, 223 Houstonia, Mo., 100 Hickock, "Wild Bill," 332 Houx, Matthias, 440 Hickory County Historical Society, 204 Hovis, Arthur L., 436 Hicks Cemetery, Laclede County, 331 Hovis, William Eusebius, 436 Higgerson School Historic Site, New Madrid, 78, 99, Howard County, 96, 103, 443 188, 438 Howell County, 226, 332 Highland High School, Canton, 216 Howell Valley Union Church, West Plains, 444 Highland Prairie Church, Ethlyn, 101 Huff, Leo E., ed., The Civil War Letters Of Albert Hill, Henry, murder trial, 328 Demuth And Roster Eighth Missouri Volunteer Hillsboro, Mo., 104 Cavalry, 119 Hinz, Bradley B., Waverly City Limits, Volume I. Hughes, John T, 328 Early Beginnings to 1900, 238 Hulston, Nancy, J., co-auth., Pendergast!, 449-450 Hinze, David C, co-auth., The Battle of Carthage: Humansville, Mo., 97 Border War in Southwest Missouri July 5, 1861, Humphrey, Lorraine co-auth., Bringing Books to the 115-116 Ozarks: A Branson Adventure, 455 Hirsch, Jacob, family, 101 Humphrey, R. M., 401, 407 Hirsch, Lugarda, family, 101 Hunt family, 105 Historic Bethel German Colony, 86, 204-205 Hunter, David, 108 Historic Florissant, 313 Hunter, Max, 100 Historic Kansas City Foundation, 86 Huntsville Historical Society, 86-87, 205, 313, Historic Madison County, 86, 205, 313, 425 425-426 Historical Society of New Santa Fe, 205 Hurley, Andrew, ed., Common Fields: An Historical Society of Oregon County, 205 Environmental History of St. Louis, 114-115 Historical Society of Polk County, 86, 205, 313 Hydesburg, Mo., 323 History and Families: Wright County, Missouri, Volume II, ed. by Clyde A. Rowen and Phyllis I Rippee, 456 "I" Railroad Company, 218 A History of Missouri, Volume TV, 1875-1919, by Iberia, Mo., 228 Lawrence O. Christensen and Gary R. Kremer, Ice houses, 443 235-236 Immanuel Lutheran Church, St. Charles, 446 Hobby Horse Rider, ed. by Warren Taylor Kingsbury, Immigration and emigration, 49-61, 71 342 Imperial, Mo., 216 Hodge, Leta, 78; A Gathering of Our Days: Selected In Memoriam, 109-110, 230, 335, 448 Writings on the History of Mexico and Audrain Independence, Mo., 97, 217, 218, 330 County, Missouri, 117 Industrial reform, 397-416 Hogan, John, farm, 97 Ingles, George, 222 Hogan, Kay, farm, 97 Irish Wilderness, 446 Holley, Marietta, 103 Iron County, 436, 443 Holt County, 99 Iron County Historical Society, 87, 205, 313, 426 Holt County Historical Society, 86 Iron Mountain Historical Society, 205 Holtermann, Carl Johann, 103 Iron Mountain train wreck, 323 Holy Ghost Parish, Berkeley, 326 Holy Joe: Joseph W Folk and the Missouri Idea, by Steven L. Piott, 338-339 Jackman, Sydney Drake, 146-147, 340-341 Homer G. Phillips Hospital, St. Louis, 441 Jackson County, 9, 95, 443 Index 465
Jackson County Historical Society, 87 331,437 Jackson, Mo., 216, 217, 323 Gillis Opera House, 290, 291 Jacksonville, Mo., 225 jazz, 97, 98 James, Frank, 95, 97, 237 Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, 277 James, Frederic, 173, 175-176 West Bottoms fire, 101 James, Jesse, 95, 220, 237, 324, 329 World War II, 97, 98 James River, 254 Kansas City Art Association, 290 "James and Robert Aull—A Frontier Missouri Kansas City Westerners, 87, 205-206, 314, 426 Mercantile Firm," by Lewis E. Atherton, 26-48 Kaye, Ara, 76, 79, 196 James-Younger gang, 237 Kearney, Mo., 324 Jamesville Bridge, Stone County, 447 Keet-McElhany-Martin house, Springfield, 108 Jannus, An American Flier, by Thomas Reilly, 118 Kelley Park burger stand, Steele, 221 Jannus, Tony, 118 Kelso, H. C, 333 Jasper County, 108, 244, 245 Kemper, Edward J., 330 Jasper County Historical Society, 87, 205, 313-314, Kerr, William James, 440 426 Kersten, Andrew E., "Stretching the Social Pattern: Jayhawkers, 103, 328 The President's Fair Employment Practice Jazz, 97, 98, 439 Committee and St. Louis," 149-164 Jefferson City, Mo., 97, 324, 437 Kessler, George, 331 Jefferson County Historical Society, 87, 426 Kifer, Gertrude, 107 Jenkins, Louhana (McMahan), 330 Kifer, Lloyd, 107 Jenkins, William, 330 Killian Construction, Springfield, 229, 334 Jennewein family, 331 Killian, William E, 229, 334 Jennings, Mo., 326 Kimmswick Historical Society, 206, 314, 426 Jennings, Tom, 442 King, Thomas L., 329 Jewell Cemetery, Columbia, 329 Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society, 87, 206, 426 Jewell, William, 329 Kingsbury, Lilburn Adkin, 342 Jewett, Daniel T, 107 Kingsbury, Warren Taylor, ed., Hobby Horse Rider, Jews, St. Louis, 231-232 342 Jim, the Wonder Dog, 107 Kirksville, Mo., 98 Joe Bald Mountain and Road, Branson, 322 Kirkwood Historical Society, 206, 314, 426 Johnson, Arnold M., 98 Kirkwood, Mo., 102, 104, 224, 331, 442 Johnson, Kay, 419 Kitchen, Solomon George, 329 Johnson County, 222, 440 Knights of Labor, 397, 402-404, 408-416 Johnson County Historical Society, 205, 426 Koeltztown, Mo., 324, 331 Jolly Mill, Newton County, 247 Koenig, Helenmarie Tuschhoff, 97 Jolly Neighbors Club, Oregon, 438 Koenig, Theodora, 223 Jones, Floyd, 108 Koerber/Freeburg School, Osage County, 226 Jones, Henry, 442 Kohmueller house, Washington, 226 Jones, Judy Yaeger, "Some Private Advice on Korner, Barbara Oliver, co-ed., Hardship and Hope: Publishers: Correspondence Between Laura C. Missouri Women Writing about Their Lives, Redden and Samuel L. Clemens," 386-396 1820-1920, 337 Jones, Katherine Payne, 105 Krattli, Peter, 225 Jones-Turk family feud, 217 Kreienkamp, Gerhard Heinrich, 228 Jonesburg, Mo., 218 Kremer, Gary R., 191; co-auth., A History of Joplin Historical Society, 87, 314 Missouri, Volume TV, 1875-1919, 235-236 Joplin, Mo., 97, 218, 324, 437, 439 Kristoff, Pat "Kris," 327 Joplin Supply Company, 221
K La Barge, Joseph, 107 K E. P.: Of Goshen and Paradise. Selected Editorial La Salette Seminary, Jefferson City, 437 Writings of Kenneth E. Postlethwaite, ed. by Patrick Laas, Virginia J., 233, 419 Brophy, 455 Laclede County, 331, 445 Kalvehagen, Peder Nielsen, 444 Laclede County Historical Society, 206, 314 Kanan Abstract Company, Chillicothe, 435 Ladies' Saturday Club, Springfield, 446 Kane, Elisha Kent, 281, 282 Lafayette County, 436 Kane panorama, 281-283 Lafayette County Historical Society, 206 Kansas City, Mo., 97-98, 218, 277-292, 324, 330, LaGrange College, Canton, 216 466 Index
Lake St. Louis, Mo., cemetery, 438 Linnemann, Kathryn, 107 Lamar, Mo., 97, 445 Lippe Valley, 329 Lambert Cemetery, Benton, 326 Little Bonne Femme Baptist Church, Columbia, 103 Lampton, Benjamin, 229 Little, Judy, University City Landmarks and Historic Landers, Doug, 108 Places, 118 Landmarks Association of St. Louis, 87 Livingston County, 223, 322, 330 Lantern slides, 286 Local Historical Societies, 81-92, 198-212, 309-318, Larsen, Lawrence H., 188, 189; co-auth., Pendergast!, 421-431 449-450 Locusts, 1870s, 381-384 Larson, George Ann, 194 Loeb, Isidor, inside October back cover Larson, Sidney, 194, 418, 419 Logan, George B., 160 Lass, William E., 188 Lohrman, Robert P., obit., 109 Launius, Roger D., Alexander William Doniphan: Lon, Mo., 227 Portrait of a Missouri Moderate, 450-451 Lone Jack, Mo., 222 Laurie, Mo., 218 Loose Creek School, Osage County, 226, 331 Lawrence County, 105, 224, 331, 442, 445 Lopez Store, Iron County, 443 Lawrence County Historical Society, 87, 206, 426-427 Lord, Thomas H., 106 Lawrence Sawmill, Vernon County, 222 Loretto Academy, Randolph County, 227 Lea, Pleasant, 328 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904, 101, 117, 223, Lebanon, Mo., 324, 437, 441 325, 441, 444 Ledbetter, Allen, 445 Loyd, Earl L., obit., 230 Lee, Bob, family, 220 Luebbert, Patsy, 186, 187 Leeper Hotel, Chillicothe, 322 Luella Theater, Chillicothe, 322 Lee's Summit Historical Society, 88, 206, 314, 427 Lutheran Church, 329, 440 Leftwich, John M., 444 Lykins, Mattie, 328 Lehmann, E., 438 Lyle, James Madison, 330 Lenoir Retirement Community, Columbia, 331 Lynchburg Milling Company, Lynchburg, 437 Lenoir, Sarah Evalina, 56-61, 68-70 Lynchburg, Mo., 437 Lenoir, Walter R., 50-73 Lyon, Nathaniel, 108, 225, 346-350, 363-366 Lenoir, William A., 53-55, 62-63 Lyons, George, 438 Leonard, Abiel, 336 Leopold, Aldo, 442 M Levy, Edward D., 293-294, 295, 296, 297, 299, 301 M. K. T Railroad Hospital, Vernon County, 440 Lewenthal, Reeves, 166, 167, 168, 172, 173 McAfee, Charles B., 225 Lewis, Meriwether, 108 McAtee Mercantile, Jackson, 323 Lewis, Walter, family, 220 McClanahan, Mary (Aud) Kean, 328 Lewistown, Mo., 216 McClatchey, John, 328 Lexington (steamboat), 332 McClure family, 328, 440 Lexington Library and Historical Association, 207, McCool, Pete, 103 427 McCord, May Kennedy, 222, 332 Lexington, Mo., 27, 225 McCormack, Susan, 79 Libel and slander, 121-132 McCormick, James Robinson, 331, 444 Liberal, Mo., 438, 445 McCoy, Christina Brown, 97 Liberty, Mo., 98 McCoy, John Calvin, 224 Liberty Southern Baptist Church, Greene County, 227 McCoy, Spencer Cone, 328 Libraries, 107, 322, 329, 446, 455 McCoy, William, 328 "Life, Labor and Society in Boone County, Missouri, McCulloch, Ben, 346, 361 1834-1852, As Revealed in the Correspondence of McCullough, John, 223 an Immigrant Slave Owning Family from North McDermott family, 220 Carolina. Part I," by Lewis E. Atherton, 49-73 McDonald County, 439 Lincoln, Abraham, 228 McDonald, William Wallace, 107 Lincoln County, 326 McDonnell, James S., Jr., 443 Lincoln County Historical and Archaeological McFadden, Myrtle Marie, 323 Society, 88, 207, 314,427 McGannon Hardware, Granby, 217 Lincoln School, Excelsior Springs, 436 McGannon Mercantile, Granby, 217 Lindbergh, Charles, 100, 439 McGirk, Mo., 220 Lindenlure (resort), Springfield, 229, 334 Machette, Alexander, 372-374, 385 Lindenwood Female College, St. Charles, 333 Machette, Charles Chambers, 369 Index 467
Machette, Margaret Bruin, 367-385 The Mexican War Correspondence of Richard Smith Machette, Susan, 369, 371 Elliott, ed. by Mark L. Gardner and Marc Simmons, Mclntyre, Stephen L., 232 339-340 MacLean, Malcolm, 155 Mexico, Mo., 117,437 McMahan, Robert Todd, 133-148, 241-256 Miami, Mo., 437 McManus estate, 223 Mid-Missouri Civil War Round Table, 88, 207, 315, McMichael, John M., 270-271 427 McMullin/Grant City Cemetery, Scott County, 326 Middleton, Michael, 192 McMullin, Thomas Smith, 226 Midway Locust Grove United Methodist Church, McNeal, Theodore D., 152, 157, 158 Columbia, 456 McQuay-Norris, St. Louis, 153, 155, 159, 160, 161, Mill Creek Valley, 330 162-163 Miller County, 108, 333, 446 McSween, Alexander A., 107 Miller County Historical Society, 88, 207, 315, 427 Macune, C. W, 404-405, 407, 409 Miller, Thomas, 60, 62, 63 Madison County, 436 Mills. See individual mill names Magnolia Mill, Johnson County, 222 Mine Au Breton Historical Society, 88, 207 Mahan, Mary Friend, 106 Minear, Guy, 439 Mahnkey, Mary Elizabeth, 111-112 Mineral Park, Joplin, 218 Mail carriers, 438, 445 Mining, Miller County, 333 Malloy family, 105 Missouri Manitou Bluffs, Missouri River, 224 nickname, 332 Manning, George W, obit., 448 place names, 224 Mansfield, Mo., 325 southeast, 222 Marceline, Mo., 224 Supreme Court, 228 March on Washington Movement (St. Louis Missouri Alliance for Historic Preservation, 419 MOWM), 152, 155, 156, 157, 163 Missouri Colony, Texas, 107 Marchbank, Robert, 441 Missouri Conference on History, 419 Mark Twain State Park and Historic Site, 443 Missouri Heart of the Nation Art Collection, Marking Missouri History, 74-75 Columbia, 336. See also Scruggs-Vandervoort- Marmaros, Mo., 435 Barney Art Collection Marshall, Arthur, 105 Missouri Historical Society, 207, 315, 330 Marshall Hotel, Sikeston, 444 Missouri History in Magazines, 103-108, 222-229, Martha Jane Farm Auto Court Deluxe, 333 328-334, 440-447 Martin, Lynnewood E, obit., 230 Missouri History in Newspapers, 95-102, 216-221, Marvel Cave, 225 322-327, 435-439 Massey, Ellen Gray, A Candle Within Her Soul: Mary Missouri in 1898, State Historical Society of Elizabeth Mahnkey and Her Ozarks, 111-112 Missouri, inside October back cover Mastodon State Historic Site, Imperial, 216 Missouri-Kansas Border War, 328, 329, 330 Mattingly, Renalda R., 445 Missouri School for the Deaf, Fulton, 388 Maxwell family, 219 Missouri Society for Military History, 207, 427 Mayfield, Frank M., 165-166, 167, 168, 169, 172, Missouri State Guard, 105, 444 178, 179, 182-183, 184, 185 Missouri: The WPA Guide to the "Show Me " State, Maysville, Mo., 103, 329 238-239 Medwick, Joe, 106 "Missouri Waltz" (song), 332 Melton, Emeline, family, 222 "Missouri's Society and Economy in 1821," by Lewis Memoirs of a Nobody: The Missouri Years of an E. Atherton, 2-25 Austrian Radical, 1849-1866, by Henry Boernstein, Mitchim, John Franklin, 446 tr. and ed. by Steven Rowan, 452-453 Modrel, Mart, 103 Menard Prison, 99 Monett, Mo., 98, 325, 437 Menke, David, comp. and ed., New Haven: The Early Moniteau Advent United Church of Christ, 220 Years: A Pictorial History, 1836-1956, 454 Moniteau County Historical Society, 88, 208, 315, Meramec Station Historical Society, 88 427 Meramec Valley Genealogical and Historical Society, Monroe City, Mo., 99, 437 88,207,314-315,427 Monroe County Historical Society, 208, 428 Mercer County Pioneer Traces, Volumes I-III, 119 Montgomery, Christine, 418 Methodist Episcopal Church, Monett, 98 Montgomery City, Mo., 325 Methodist parsonage, Platte City, 445 Montgomery County Historical Society, 208, 428 Mexican War, 328 Montgomery, Mary Anne Phelps, 332 468 Index
Moody Ford Bridge, 97 New York Store, Chillicothe, 322 Moore, J. Herbert, house, Poplar Bluff, 325 Newcomer, Burl, 96 Moore, James K., 99 News in Brief, 78-80, 196-197, 308, 418-420 Moore, John H., family, 222 Newspapers. See individual newspaper names Moore School, Platte County, 228 Newton County, 226, 247, 437 Morgan County Historical Society, 428 Newton County Historical Society, 88 Mormons, 443 Newtonia Battlefields Protection Association, 418-419 Caldwell County, 97 Newtonia, Mo., 220 Daviess County, 97 Nickell, Frank, 235 Morrison, Mo., 98 Nodaway County Historical Society, 88-89, 315, 428 Morrow, Lynn, 186, 187 Noel, Mo., 221 Morse, D. L., racetrack, Neosho, 196 Norborne, Mo., 325, 438 Moscow Mills, Mo., 101 Normandy Area Historical Association, 315 Moulder, David W, obit., 109 Northern Cherokee Nation, 222 Mount Carmel Church, Springfield, 229 Norton, Richard L., comp. and ed., Behind Enemy Mount Olive Church, Mountain View, 99 Lines: The Memoirs and Writings of Brigadier Mount Vernon, Mo., 325 General Sydney Drake Jackman, 340-341 Mountain View, Mo., 99 Norwegian Americans, 444 Muchow, Michael, 186-187 Noser Mill Dam, Franklin County, 219 Mueller Meat Market, Jackson, 323 Novinger, Mo., 106, 227, 332, 444 Mules, 438 Murdock, Matt, Meat Market, Seneca, 326 O Murphy, Mrs. Deryl, obit., 230 O'Fallon Historical Society, 315, 428 Murphy family, 332 Ohman, Marian M., "The Scruggs-Vandervoort- Murphy, Sam, 331 Barney Art Collection," 165-185 Old Mines Area Historical Society, 208, 428 N Old Trails Historical Society, 89, 208, 315, 428 National Hotel, St. Louis, 125 Olivier, Jean, 441 Native Americans, 96, 227 Olson, James C, 190, 191 Chariton County, 440 Olympics, 1904, 325 Fox, 103 O'Neill, Rose, inside April back cover, 232-233 Northern Cherokee Nation, 222 Oran, Mo., 444 Osage, 8, 9 Oregon County, 225 Sauk, 103 Oregon, Mo., 105, 438 War of 1812, 228 Oregon Trail, 118 Nativity Parish, Noel, 221 O'Reilly Automotive, Springfield, 326 Naugle, John, family, 106 O'Reilly, Charles, 326 Naugle, Nancy, family, 106 Orleans, Mo., 228 Neely, Don, 194, 195 Ornes family, 437 Neihardt, John G., 419 Orphan trains, 96, 117, 437 Neihardt, John G., Corral of the Westerners, 88, 208, Orphan Trains to Missouri, by Michael D. Patrick and 315,428 Evelyn Goodrich Trickel, 117 Nelson, William Rockhill, 292 Osage (steamboat), 447 Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, 277-278, Osage County, 98, 106, 224, 226, 324, 331, 444 292 Osage County Historical Society, 208, 315-316, 428 Neosho, Mo., 106, 437 Osage Indians, 8, 9 Nesbitt, Jackson Lee, 173 Oschenbein's Grocery, Joplin, 97 Nevada, Mo., 103, 219, 440 Osgood Christian Church, Osgood, 98 New Florence, Mo., 441 Otto (steamboat), 33, 42 New Franklin, Mo., 225 '"Our Company Feels that the Ozarks are a Good New Hamburg, Mo., 96 Investment. . . ': The Pierce Pennant Tavern New Haven, Mo., 99 System," by Keith A. Sculle, 293-307 New Haven: The Early Years: A Pictorial History, Out of the Wilderness: One Hundred and Eighty Years 1836-1956, comp. and ed. by David Menke, 454 of Methodism in Boone County, comp., arr., and ed. New Madrid, Mo., 78, 99, 188, 325 by Dolores L. Sanders, 456 New Market, Mo., 228; Christian Church, 96 Outlaws: The Illustrated History of the New Melle, Mo., 225, 443 James-Younger Gang, by Marley Brant, 237 New Santa Fe Historical Society, 428 Overland Historical Society, 208-209, 316, 428 Index 469
Owens, Samuel, 27, 28 Pierce Pennant Taverns, 293-307 Owensville, Mo., 219, 225 Pierce Petroleum, 293-307 Ozark County, 330, 445 Pike County, 445; folklore, 224 Ozark, Mo., 99, 101, 222 Pike County Historical Society, 89, 209, 429 Ozark Short Line, 97 Pioneers and pioneer life, 10-11 Ozarks, 111-112, 219, 227, 293-307, 332, 435 Piott, Steven L., Holy Joe: Joseph W. Folk and the Big Eddy site, 227 Missouri Idea, 338-339 folklore, 95 Piston, William Garrett, '"Springfield is a Vast women, 332 Hospital': The Dead and Wounded at the Battle of World War II, 227 Wilson's Creek," 345-366 Ozora, Mo., 220 Planters' House (hotel), St. Louis, 415 Platner, Peggy, 79 Platte City, Mo., 142, 445 Pablo's (Detroit Electric Car Company), St. Louis, Platte County, 228 105 Platte County Historical and Genealogical Society, Pacific, Mo., 105 209,316,429 Palm House, St. Louis, 105 Pleasant Hill Historical Society, 89, 209, 316, 429 Palmer, Plooma Elizabeth Armstrong, 442 Pleasant Valley School, Vernon County, 328 Palmyra, Mo., 227, 438 Poertner, Frederick William, family, 106, 334 Panoramas, 279-285 Polk, Anna Eliza, 328 Parker, Benjamin Franklin, 440 Polk County, 445 Parker, Bonnie, 106, 325 Pollard, Edna, 223 Parker, Charlie, 98 Pond Fort, 329 Parker, Isaac, 229 Poplar Bluff, Mo., 325 Parker's Motel, Phelps County, 229 Popplewell farm, 221 Parks, Agatha Weaks, 438 Portageville, Mo., Church of God, 100 Parks, C. Fletcher, obit., 109 Postlethwaite, Kenneth E., 455 Patrick, Michael D., co-auth., Orphan Trains to Pottersville, Mo., 446 Missouri, 111 Powderly, Terence V, 404, 409, 412-414 Patterson, Jim, 333 Prairie Valley community, Cedar County, 331 Paul, Sefroid S., 226 Precious Blood Sisters, 99 Peck, Russell E., obit., 109 President (steamboat), 100 Peed, Henry A., 222 Price, Sterling, 108, 332, 358 Pemiscot County Historical Society, 89, 209, 316, Price's Hotel, Glasgow, 323 428-429 Prohibition, 439 Pendergast!, by Lawrence H. Larsen and Nancy J. Pulaski County Museum and Historical Society, 89, Hulston, 449-450 316 Pendergast, Thomas J., 97, 449-450 Pyott, Lloyd, 329 Perkins, Amos B., 226 Perkins, Mo., 226 Perry County, 107, 438, 445 Quantrill, William Clarke, 112-113, 145, 209, 226, Perry County Historical Society, 89, 209, 316, 429 227, 328, 440, 444 Perry County Lutheran Historical Society, 89, 209, Quantrill, William Clarke, Historical Society, 89, 209, 316 429 Perry, Edward W, 330 Quantrill's War: The Life and Times of William Clarke Perryville, Mo., 99, 107, 219, 333 Quantrill, by Duane Schultz, 112-113 Pershing, Mo., 218 Quick City, Mo., 101 Persinger, Joseph, 222 Quincy, Mo., 217 Pettis County Historical Society, 316, 429 Quinette Cemetery, Kirkwood, 102 Phelps County, 229 Phelps County Historical Society, 209 Phelps, Mary Whitney, 332 Racolla, Mo., 441 Phelps, Sally Waterman, 443 Radical, Mo., 435 Phelps, W. W., 443 Raeder, Frederick W, house, St. Louis, 105 Phillipsburg, Mo., Cumberland Presbyterian Church, Ragtime, 441 324 Railroads, 102, 218, 220, 325, 334. See also individ Piedmont, Mo., 100 ual railroad names Pierce, Henry Clay, 294-295, 296, 297, 298-307 Raines, Napolean Bonaparte, 106 470 Index
Ralls County, 219 Culture, and Laura Ingalls Wilder, 451-452 Ramsey Creek Baptist Church, Pike County, 445 Roney, W L., 328 Randolph County, 227, 332 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 150, 161 Randolph County Historical Society, 429 Roper, Gertrude Hunter, 329 Randolph, Vance, inside April back cover Ropewalk, 41
;Ray County Historical Society, 89-90, 209, 316 Roschke, Bertha Jungkuntz, 440 Ray, John, family, 354-355 Ross, Malcolm, 161, 164 Ray, John and Roxanna, house, Greene County, 355 Rotary Club, Springfield, 446 Ray, Roxanna, family, 354-355 Roth, Anna, house, Kirkwood, 442 Raymore Historical Society, 90, 209-210, 316, 429 Roth, Otto M., house, Kirkwood, 442 Raytown Historical Society, 90, 210, 317, 429-430 Rountree, William J., 229 Ream, Vinnie, 217 Route 66, 108, 223, 333 Rebel's Bluff, Lawrence County, 445 Route 66 Motors, Phelps County, 229 Red Apple Grill, West Plains, 446 Rowan, Steven, tr. and ed., Memoirs of a Nobody: The Red Top Christian Church, Hallsville, 442 Missouri Years of an Austrian Radical, 1849-1866, Redden, Laura C, 386-396 by Henry Boernstein, 452-453 Reding, John Shelton, 106 Rowen, Clyde A., co-ed., History and Families: Reedy, William Marion, 223 Wright County, Missouri, Volume 11, 456 Reesman, Dale, 188, 189 Ruddell, Steven, 445 Reeves, Spinner, 96 Runyon, Laura, 440 Reflexions II: A Pictorial History of The People and Russell, "Bunkhouse" Bill, 220 Communities of Dallas County, Missouri, ed. by Jim Russell, Sol Smith, inside July back cover Hamilton, 454 Russell, Vicki, 194 Reid, John W, 330 Ruyle, William A., 222 Reilly, Thomas, Jannus, An American Flier, 118 Reinhard, James R., 190 Reynolds County Genealogy and Historical Society, Sacred Heart Parish, Ozora, 220 90 St. Agnes Church, Bloomsdale, 220 Rich Hill, Mo., 438 St. Anthony of the Desert Church, 220 Richardson, Cecil L., family, 438 St. Anthony of Padua Catholic Church, Tuscumbia, Richardson, Ethel L., family, 438 221 Richmond, Robert, 190 St. Boniface School, Brunswick, 216 Ridgeway, Linda, 195 St. Bridget of Erin Catholic Church, St. Louis, 228 Ringo Corporation, Iron County, 443 St. Charles County, 446 Ripley County, 107, 446 St. Charles County Historical Society, 90, 317 Ripley County Historical Society, 430 St. Charles, Mo., 107, 140, 333, 369, 441, 446 Rippee, Phyllis, co-ed., History and Families: Wright St. Clair County Historical Society, 90, 210, 317 County, Missouri, Volume II, 456 St. Denis Cemetery, Benton, 326 Rivers. See individual river names St. Francois County, 96, 226, 331, 444 Riverside Inn, Ozark, 101 St. Francois County Historical Society, 90, 317, 331, Roaring River School District No. 85, Barry County, 430 103 St. John's Episcopal Church, Neosho, 437 Roaring River State Park, 104 St. John's Lutheran Church, Owensville, 219 Robbs, Ernest Calvin, 323 St. John's United Church of Christ, Casco, 220 Roberts families, 104 St. Joseph Gazette, 257-265, 266-268, 270-273 Roberts, Sarah J., 440 St. Joseph Historical Society, 90, 317, 430 Robertson, James I., Jr., 186, 191, 192 St. Joseph, Mo., 100, 220, 257-276, 438, 444 Robertson, John M., 98 Field, Eugene, house, 269 Rock Bridge State Park, Boone County, 96 Lover's Lane, 257 Rocketdyne, Neosho, 437 Tootle's Opera House, 259 Roddy, Woodson, 223 St. Joseph Morning Herald, 257-261, 262-265, Rodgers, William H., 220 267-270 Rogers, James G., Jr., The Ste. Genevieve Artists' St. Lawrence Catholic Church, New Hamburg, 96 Colony and Summer School of Art, 1932-1941, St. Louis Cathedral, 59 454-455 St. Louis County, 441; cemeteries, 220 Rogers, Mary Jane, 195 St. Louis Exposition Building, 397 Rolla, Mo., 293, 298, 299, 305-306 St. Louis Game Park, Taney County, 104 Romines, Ann, Constructing the Little House: Gender, St. Louis, Mo., 18-21, 58-59, 100, 105, 106, 114-115, Index All
121-132, 223, 228, 229, 325, 326, 330, 331, 333, School of Fine Arts, Kansas City, 290 334, 441, 443, 447 Schools. See also individual school names African Americans, 441 Bryan, 222 Albanians, 439 Greene County, 102 archaeology, 220 Osage County, 106, 226 art, 441 Ozarks, 227 aviation, 325-326 St. Francois County, 226 bridges, 100 Sedalia, 100 cholera epidemic, 1849, 336, 378-379 Sullivan, 326 employment discrimination, 149-164 Taney County, 95 Greek community, 441 Troy, 101 Jews, 231-232 Schreiber, Georges, 168, 178; Basket Maker in the landmarks, 105 Ozarks (Reed Springs), inside January back cover Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904, 101, 117, Schultz, Duane, Quantrill's War: The Life and Times 223, 325, 441, 444 of William Clarke Quantrill, 112-113 Missouri Argus, 123, 125 Schumer Springs, Jackson, 217 Missouri Gazette, 98 Schuyler County, 227 Mormons, 443 Schuyler County Historical Society, 91 National Hotel, 125 Scotland County Historical Society, 317 Planters' House (hotel), 415 Scott County, 96, 226, 326, 331 railroads, 334 Scott County Historical and Genealogy Society, 91, Scruggs-Vandervoort-Barney, 165-185 210,317,430 segregation, 149-164 Scott, Dred, legal case, 225 typefounding, 441 Scott, Susan Machette. See Machette, Susan St. Louis Urban League, 151, 156 Scruggs-Vandervoort-Barney Art Collection, inside St. Lucy Parish, Jennings, 326 January back cover, 336 St. Luke's Hospital, Kansas City, 98 "The Scruggs-Vandervoort-Barney Art Collection," by Saint Martha, Mo., 442 Marian M. Ohman, 165-185 St. Mary's Church, Independence, 218 Sculle, Keith A., '"Our Company Feels that the St. Mary's Hospital, Chillicothe, 322 Ozarks are a Good Investment. . .': The Pierce St. Patrick Cemetery Church, Laurie, 218 Pennant Tavern System," 293-307 St. Patrick's Rock Church, Franklin County, 446 Searing, Edward, 390, 391, 395-396 St. Patrick's School, Jonesburg, 218 Searing, Elsa, 390, 395, 396 St. Paul Church, Perryville, 219 Searing, Laura Redden. See Redden, Laura C. St. Raymond of Antioch Church, 220 Sears, William, 445 St. Vincent's Seminary, Cape Girardeau, 216 Second Ohio Volunteer Cavalry, 133-148 The Ste. Genevieve Artists' Colony and Summer Sedalia, Mo., 100, 101, 326 School of Art, 1932-1941, by James G. Rogers, Jr., Segregation, 149-164 454-455 Seminole War, 222 Ste. Genevieve, Mo., 107, 323, 454-455 Seneca, Mo., 221, 326 Salem United Church of Christ, McGirk, 220 Sentner, William, 156, 162 Saline County Historical Society, 210 Sequiota Park, Springfield, 446 Sanders, Dolores L., comp., arr., and ed., Out of the Sewell Building, Carthage, 95 Wilderness: One Hundred and Eighty Years of Shane, Fred, 168, 172-173, 178-179, 181 Methodism in Boone County, 456 Shannon County, 101 Santa Fe Trail, 103 Shannon County Historical and Genealogical Society, Sappington-Concord Historical Society, 90-91, 210, 317 430 Sharp, Joseph, family, 353-354 Sarvis Point, Mo., 101 Sharp, Mary, family, 353-354 Saturday, the County Court House, Ironton, by Sharp, Samuel, 105 Howard Baer, inside January back cover Sharpsburg Church, Monroe City, 437 Sauk Indians, 103 Shelby County Historical Society, 91, 210-211, 317 Saum, Lewis O., "Eugene Field and the Political Shelby, Joseph, 97, 440 Journalism of St. Joseph," 257-276 Sherloch, John H., obit., 448 Savannah, Mo., 220 Sherman, William T, 223 Schaffner, Henry, 333 Shoestring baseball team, Carrollton, 435 Schiermeier, John Henry, 443 Shook, Mo., 99 Schnell, J. Christopher, 236, 419 Short, Lydia, 227 472 Index
Short, Paula, 194 annual meeting, 76, 186-193 Shrader, Dorothy Heckmann, Steamboat Treasures, Benton, Thomas Hart, art exhibition, 194-195 The Inadvertent Autobiography of a Steamboatman, State Line Cemetery, 446 113-114 State Line schools, 446 Sibley, George, 8-9 Steakley, J. C, 325, 333 Sibley, Mary Easton, 97 Steamboat Treasures: The Inadvertent Autobiography Sibley, Mo., 222 of a Steamboatman, by Dorothy Heckmann Shrader, Sigel, Franz, 108 113-114 Sikeston, Mo., 326, 444 Steamboats, 31-35, 42, 107, 445. See also individual Silex, Mo., 221 steamboat names Simmons, Marc, co-ed., The Mexican War Steele, Mo., 221 Correspondence of Richard Smith Elliott, 339 Steelville, Mo., 221 Simpson, Ramona L., obit., 110 Steiner, Michael J., "Toilers of the Cities and Tillers Sinclair Consolidated Oil Corporation, 305-306 of the Soil: The 1889 St. Louis 'Convention of the Sinclair Pennant Taverns, 305-306 Middle Classes,'" 397-416 Sixth Missouri Infantry (Union), 104 Steines, Frederick W, 333 Skaggs, Solomon, 104 Stepenoff, Bonnie, 338 Skidmore, Mo., 218 Stephens, Edwin W, inside October back cover Skinner, Robert D., obit., 110 Stephens, Jackie B., family, 225 Slabtown, Mo., 101 Stephens, Margaret Nelson, 104 Slavery, 222, 330, 374 Stewart, Virginia May Murdick, obit., 448 Greene County, 447 Stewartsville, Mo., 103, 223, 329, 440 St. Francois County, 444 Stone County, 95, 106, 322, 447 Smallet Cave, Douglas County, 330 Stone County Historical/Genealogical Society, 91, Smith, Cheryl, 194 211,317,430 Smith, Dudley R., obit., 110 "Stories of Everyday Living: The Life and Letters of Smith, Lawrence Beall, 168, 175, 183, 184 Margaret Bruin Machette," by Margaret Baker Smith, Robert C, 190 Graham, 367-385 Smith, Wallace Herndon, 173, 176, 179 The Story of Rose O'Neill: An Autobiography, ed. by Smoky Hill Railway & Museum Association. See Miriam Formanek-Brunell, 232-233 Belton, Grandview & Kansas City Railroad Co. Story's Creek School, Shannon County, 101 Sneddeker, Duane R., co-auth., From the Palaces to Stout, William E., 440 the Pike: Visions of the 1904 World's Fair, 117 Strand Hotel, Chillicothe, 435 "Some Private Advice on Publishers: Correspondence Strasburg, Mo., 331 Between Laura C. Redden and Samuel L. Clemens," "Stretching the Social Pattern: The President's Fair by Judy Yaeger Jones, 386-396 Employment Practice Committee and St. Louis," by Somerville, George W, Jr., obit., 110 Andrew E. Kersten, 149-164 Sons and Daughters of the Blue and Gray Civil War Strickland, Arvarh E., 188, 192 Round Table, 211, 317,430 Strippgen family, 225 South Howard County Historical Society, 211, 430 Strutman, Lauren, 439 Southwest City, Mo., 326 Sullivan, Mo., 221, 326 Southwest Missouri Railway System, 102 Sunday schools, 331 Spanish-American War, 97, 223, 226, 325 Sutter, John, 330 Spanish flu, 439 Suzen, Joseph, 289 Spooky Springs, Cedar County, 443 Swain, E. E., Sr., 103 Sports, 437 Sweet Springs, Mo., 439 Springfield, Mo., 101, 108, 227, 229, 293-294, Switzler, William E, 108 296-297, 326, 334, 446; battle of Wilson's Creek, 345-366 '"Springfield is a Vast Hospital': The Dead and Tainter Drug Store, St. Charles, 333 Wounded at the Battle of Wilson's Creek," by Talma (steamboat), 32 William Garrett Piston, 345-366 Taney County, 95, 104, 322 Springfield Midgets (baseball team), 446 Tapjac, Carthage, 435 Springfield Wagon Company, 445 Taylor, Robert Beeson, cabin, Lawrence County, 442 Sprint Corporation, Kansas City, 324 Teagues School, Webster County, 221 Starr, Belle, 220 Teel, Bernice, 438 Stars and Stripes, 225 Tennessee-Missouri Bridge Commission, 228 State Historical Society of Missouri, 74-77, 331, 417 Terminal Railroad Association, St. Louis, 334 Index 473
Texas County, 107 Twidwell, Alson G., family, 99 Texas County Missouri Genealogical and Historical Typefounding industry, St. Louis, 441 Society, 91, 211, 317-318, 430-431 Thatcher, William M., 248 U Theaters, 102, 217, 322 U. S. Cartridge Company, St. Louis, 151, 152, 153, Think & Do Club, Dixon, 217 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 164 Thoman, George, 330 Underwood, Johnson, Sr., 445 Thomas, Donald E., obit., 230 Union Cemetery Historical Society, 91, 211 Thompson, Meriwether Jeff, 222 Union Electric, 107 Thompson Motors, Canton, 95 Union Hill Church, Van Buren, 101 Tiger Hotel, Columbia, 96, 223 United Electrical Workers, 156, 157, 161, 162 Tina, Mo., 96 University City Landmarks and Historic Places, by Tindall, Robert, house, Cameron, 435 Judy Little, 118 Tipton, Mo., 439 University City, Mo., 442 Tirmenstein, Leona, 106 University of Missouri-Columbia, 182, 184, 336, Titanic (ship), 326 435-436 "Toilers of the Cities and Tillers of the Soil: The 1889 University of Missouri-St. Louis, 444 St. Louis 'Convention of the Middle Classes,'" by Michael J. Steiner, 397-416 Tolliver, John, 249 Valentine, Ethel, family, 439 Tootle's Opera House, St. Joseph, 259 Valentine, Paul, family, 439 Topping, Hudson B., 442 Van Buren, Mo., 101 Tornadoes Van Burkleo, William, 228 Camden County, 105 Van Buskirk, Kathleen, co-auth., Bringing Books to Elizabethtown, 106 the Ozarks: A Branson Adventure, 455 Houstonia, 100 Van Houten family, 221 Ste. Genevieve, 107 Van Ravenswaay, Charles, 167, 174, 179, 222 The Totem Pole, Phelps County, 229 Vanduser, Mo., 226 Totty, Cora, 330 Vernon County, 103, 222, 328, 440 Tower Grove Park, St. Louis, 105, 106 Vernon County Historical Society, 91, 211, 318, 431 Tracy and Wahrendorff, St. Louis, 28, 31 Veterans, 96, 323, 324 Trail of Tears, 105,227 Visscher, William L., 262-275 Trail of Tears State Park, Cape Girardeau County, 107 "The Visual Arts in Early Kansas City," by George Trails, 107 Ehrlich, 277-292 Boonslick, 216-217, 228 Volker, William, 98 Santa Fe, 103 Von Buhlow, E. A., 289 Trail of Tears, 105,227 Von Sachsen-Altenburg, Hans, co-auth., Duke Paul of Treadway, John, 228 Wuerttemberg on the Missouri Frontier: 1823, 1830, Trenton (steamboat), 34 and 1851, 237 Trickel, Evelyn Goodrich, co-auth., Orphan Trains to Missouri, 117 W Trinity Lutheran Church, Alma, 435 Waal, Carla, co-ed., Hardship and Hope: Missouri Trinity Lutheran Church, Friedheim, 219 Women Writing about Their Lives, 1820-1920, Trinity Lutheran Church, Norborne, 438 337-338 Troy Marble and Granite Works, 326 Wade's Hamburgers, St. Joseph, 438 Troy, Mo., 101,221,326,439 Wagoner, H. H., 107 Truesdale, Mo., 106 Waldo, Mo., 221 Truman, Harry S., 95, 97, 98, 108, 323, 330 Wales, Lucy Ann, 66, 67 Truman, "Snapper," 223 Walkinshaw, Maria A., 256 Turk-Jones family feud, 217 Wall, Nicholas, 440 Turner, Big Joe, 218 Wallace, Jeanne, 228 Turner Cemetery, Laclede County, 331 Wallace, Richard, 194 Tuscumbia, Mo., 221 Walnut Springs Farm, Webster County, 107 Twain, Mark, 103, 229, 329, 334, 391, 392, 393, 394, Walser, George, 445 441, 446 War of 1812,228, 329,441 Twenty-fifth Ohio Volunteer Light Artillery (Union), Warren County Historical Society, 91, 212 134, 136, 241-256 Warrenton, Mo., 441 474 Index
Washington (steamboat), 322 Wilkinson, Charles Brownwell, 260-276 Washington County, 104, 219 Williams, Fae D., obit., 110 Washington, George (judge), 222 Williams, Lance, 419 Washington Historical Society, 212, 318 Williamsville, Mo., 100 Washington, Mo., 102, 226, 327, 332 Wilson, "Doc," 222 Washington University, St. Louis, 229, 447 Wilson, Philip K., 186, 187 Waters, Henry J., Ill, 190 Windsor Historical Society, 431 Watie, Stand, 227 Winnipeg Christian Church, Laclede County, 445 Waugh, Alfred W, 278 Winston Historical Society, 92, 212, 318 Waverly City Limits, Volume I: Early Beginnings to Wittenbach School, Osage County, 106 1900, by Bradley B. Hinz, 238 Womack, Robert Lee, 445 WAVES, 228 Women, 66, 73, 217, 322, 327, 337-338, 342, Wayland, Mo., 97 367-385, 386-396, 439 Wayne County, 219 Civil War, 328 Wayne County Historical Society, 91-92, 431 suffrage, 439 Webb City, Mo., 102, 221, 327, 439 World War II, 228 Webster County, 107, 221 Wommack Mill, Fair Grove, 227 Webster County Historical Society, 318, 431 Wood River Massacre, 329 Webster Groves, Mo., 105, 225, 327 Wooden, McKinley, 440 Weer, William, 248, 251, 253-254 Woods, William, 436 Weiss, Frank, 104 World War I, 438, 439; Sixth Missouri, Company E, Welch, Warren W, 330 228 Welles, Feme Malcolm, 98 World War II, 97, 98, 149-164, 227, 228, 332 Wells, Oliver, house, 219 Worth County 326; courthouse, 436 Wells, Pearl, house, 219 Wright, Bob, 100 Wells, Samuel, 333 Wright County, 456 Wells, Sandi, 196 Wright County Historical Society, 318 Weltmer Institute, Nevada, 219 Wright, Harold Bell, 445 Wentzville Community Historical Society, 431 Wright, William Rankin, family, 108 Wentzville, Mo., 228 Writers Hall of Fame, 419 West, Adolph Lafayette, 323 Wyatt, Marge, 332 West, Edward F, 333 Wyrick, Christopher Columbus, 221 West Plains, Mo., 444, 446 West, William, family, 108 Western Army (Confederate), 346-347 Yates, Robert S., obit., 110 Western Gallery of Art, Kansas City, 291 Yauk brothers, 98 Westminster College, Fulton, 380 Yocum Pond, Stone County, 106 Westport Historical Society, 92, 212, 318 York, Howard E, 100 Westport, Mo., 330, 447 Young, Virginia G., 190 Wheatland, Mo., 96 Younger-James gang, 237 Whiskey Ring, 274-275 White House Hotel, Owensville, 225 White, Maria Bain, 447 White Oak School, Joplin, 437 Zeigler, Esther Kaiser, 440 White River Valley Historical Society, 92, 212, 318, Zion in the Valley: The Jewish Community of St. 431 Louis, Volume I, 1807-1907, by Walter Ehrlich, White Rock School, Southwest City, 326 231-232 Wideman, Matilda, 442 Zulpo family, 229 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW
VOLUME XCIII OCTOBER 1998-JULY 1999
JAMES W. GOODRICH LYNN WOLF GENTZLER Editor Associate Editor
SUKANYA DUTTA-WHITE AMY L. NORD Information Specialist Information Specialist
The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW (ISSN 0026-6582) is published quarterly by the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201-7298. Copyright © 1999 by The State Historical Society of Missouri CONTRIBUTORS
VOLUME XCIII, Nos. 1, 2, 3, AND 4
ATHERTON, LEWIS E., professor, University of Missouri-Columbia and director of the Western Historical Manuscript Collection.
BOMAN, DENNIS K., adjunct professor, Oklahoma State University and Rose State College, both in Oklahoma City.
EHRLICH, GEORGE, professor emeritus, University of Missouri-Kansas City.
GRAHAM, MARGARET BAKER, professor, Iowa State University, Ames.
JONES, JUDY YAEGER, independent scholar and historian, St. Paul, Minnesota.
KERSTEN, ANDREW E., professor, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay.
MCCANDLESS, PERRY, professor emeritus, Central Missouri State University, Warrensburg.
OHMAN, MARIAN M., researcher and writer, Columbia, Missouri.
PISTON, WILLIAM GARRETT, associate professor, Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield.
SAUM, LEWIS O., professor emeritus, University of Washington, Seattle.
SCULLE, KEITH A., head of research and education, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield.
STEINER, MICHAEL J., assistant professor and director of social science education, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville. CONTENTS VOLUME XCIII, Nos. 1, 2, 3, AND 4
CAMPAIGNING THROUGH MISSOURI: THE CIVIL WAR JOURNAL OF ROBERT TODD MCMAHAN. PARTS 1 and 2. Edited by Dennis K. Boman 133, 241
EUGENE FIELD AND THE POLITICAL JOURNALISM OF ST. JOSEPH. By Lewis O. Saum 257
JAMES AND ROBERT AULL—A FRONTIER MISSOURI MERCANTILE FIRM. By Lewis E. Atherton 26
LIFE, LABOR AND SOCIETY IN BOONE COUNTY, MISSOURI, 1834-1852, As REVEALED IN THE CORRESPONDENCE OF AN IMMIGRANT SLAVE OWNING FAMILY FROM NORTH CAROLINA. PART I. By Lewis E. Atherton 49
MISSOURI'S SOCIETY AND ECONOMY IN 1821. By Lewis E. Atherton 2
"OUR COMPANY FEELS THAT THE OZARKS ARE A GOOD INVESTMENT . . . ": THE PIERCE PENNANT TAVERN SYSTEM. By Keith A. Sculle 293
PUNISHMENT UNDER THE LAW OR BY THE CUDGEL: THE CASE OF WILLIAM P. DARNES, 1840. By Perry McCandless 121
THE SCRUGGS-VANDERVOORT-BARNEY ART COLLECTION. By Marian M. Ohman 165
SOME PRIVATE ADVICE ON PUBLISHERS: CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN LAURA C. REDDEN AND SAMUEL L. CLEMENS. By Judy Yaeger Jones 386
"SPRINGFIELD IS A VAST HOSPITAL": THE DEAD AND WOUNDED AT THE BATTLE OF WILSON'S CREEK. By William Garrett Piston 345
STORIES OF EVERYDAY LIVING: THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF MARGARET BRUIN MACHETTE. By Margaret Baker Graham 367 STRETCHING THE SOCIAL PATTERN: THE PRESIDENT'S FAIR EMPLOYMENT PRACTICE COMMITTEE AND ST. LOUIS. By Andrew E. Kersten 149
TOILERS OF THE CITIES AND TILLERS OF THE SOIL: THE 1889 ST. LOUIS "CONVENTION OF THE MIDDLE CLASSES." By Michael J. Steiner 397
THE VISUAL ARTS IN EARLY KANSAS CITY. By George Ehrlich 277 CONTRIBUTORS TO MISSOURI CULTURE Sol Smith Russell
Enamored with the theater from an early age, Sol Smith Russell became, by his death in 1902, "one of America's best known, most widely followed comedians." Russell was born in Brunswick, Missouri, on June 15,1848, to Charles Elmer and Louisa Mathews Russell. In 1849 the family moved to St. Louis, where young Sol often visited the theater managed by his actor uncle and name sake, Sol Smith. Eleven years later, Charles moved the family to Jacksonville, Illinois. Despite parental disapproval, Sol organized theatricals among his friends, attended any perfor mances that visited his town, and by the age of twelve, had begun following troupes that would give him temporary jobs. In 1861 he left home against his parents' wishes to serve as a drummer boy with an Illinois regiment bound for service in the Civil War. After another brief time at home, Russell ran away to Cincinnati, where he played his first professional engagement as a singer and dancer. Other theatrical jobs followed, and the young performer toured with various companies around the Midwest throughout the remainder of the war. His versatile talents included playing the drums, singing comic songs, and playing female roles—all the while observing and learning from the other performers. Between 1868 and 1880, Russell developed into a starring comedian noted for his comic songs and character sketches. He was described as "above the medium height, [with a] dark complexion and expressive black eyes, and [a] face . . . capable of being molded into any number of expres sions." Russell based his comic characters, which included "Miss Dorcas Pennyroyal, a Spinster," and "Doggory Doleful, a Hypochondriac," on stereotypes familiar to his spectators but did not com ment on political or moral issues. His audiences, particularly in the rural areas, included many peo ple who did not usually attend theatrical performances. Russell further honed his talents in the 1880s and 1890s. In 1880 he began to tour with Edgewood Folks, a play written especially for him. The production traveled for four years, through out the United States and in some Canadian provinces. Self-educated in literature and the classics, Russell also exhibited astute business sense. His tours were financially successful, and he served as president of Russell, Bonyton, and Company, a milling supply firm in Minneapolis, where he also owned considerable real estate. Sol Smith Russell as Noah Vale Edward E. Kidder wrote two of Russell's major in A Poor Relation plays—A Poor Relation and Peaceful Valley. With these vehicles, Russell evolved from a platform per State Historical Society of Missouri former into an actor. Although not acclaimed by New York City critics, the comedian proved popular in the rest of the country. His company often played to standing-room-only crowds. During the latter 1890s, Russell expanded his repertoire to include English and European material. His portrayal of Petruchio in The Taming of the Shrew received poor reviews. Russell was caught between his desire to grow as an actor and his audiences' demand that he play characters familiar to them. In 1896 he debuted one of his most successful plays, A Bachelor's Romance. Exhausted and in ill health, Russell performed for the last time in Chicago in January 1900. He died in Washington, DC, on April 28, 1902. Although largely unknown today, this native Missourian played an influential role in American theater during the last third of the nineteenth century.