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Natural Area Newsletter 2014 2014 NaMItuSSOURIral AreVolume 14,as Number 1 N E W S L E T T E R “…identifying, designating, managing and restoring the best remaining examples of natural communities and geological sites encompassing the full spectrum of Missouri’s natural heritage” sin. But when the news story aired on local televi- Prescribed Fire in sion that evening, the fire event was described as a success with benefits to wildlife and ecosystem Missouri health. Due in part to the native integrity of Ha Ha Tonka SP, the demonstration unit soon there- Editor’s Note after served as the nucleus of the Ha Ha Tonka n 1983, on a crisp day in late March, Paul Savanna Natural Area, enticing researchers na- Nelson, then Director of the Natural His- tionwide to visit the park and study fire effects tory Program for Missouri State Parks, lit the in a woodland setting. Because the fire program I at the park has continued for 31 years with regu- first match on a 40-acre woodland tract at Ha Ha Tonka State Park, ushering in the woodland larly occurring fires of varying seasons, scale, and prescribed fire program in Missouri. Foresters intensities, Ha Ha Tonka remains one of the best and local firemen in the area were opposed to examples of this fire-mediated Ozark landscape, this management action, having spent many years protected as a 2,995-acre natural area. managing wildfires throughout the Niangua Ba- Research on fire’s impacts to flora, bird popula- Photo by Allison J. Vaughn Prescribed fire in the Ha Ha Tonka Oak Woodland Natural Area, March 2009. tions, small mammals, and insects, much NATURAL AREAS FEATURED IN THIS ISSUE of it conducted at Ha Ha Tonka, supported the concept that fire is vitally important for the sustainability of fire-adapted flora and Cordgrass Bottoms fauna in Missouri. With the publication of The Golden Prairie Terrestrial Natural Communities of Missouri (Nelson, Ha Ha Tonka Oak Woodland 2005, 2010), the Missouri Natural Areas Commit- Hopewell Prairie Fen tee endorsed the implementation of prescribed fire in natural communities throughout the state, Mill Mountain and recognized that fire is a primary manage- Pump Hollow ment tool for the protection of biodiversity. Today, land management agencies and private landown- ers across the state emulate this natural distur- CONTENTS bance process for the health of the ecosystem Smoldering Questions and the Opinion Factory Justin Thomas ......................................................................3 and for the suites of biota that inhabit our fire- Effects of Fire on Macrofungal Communities in Missouri (or dependent landscapes. While direct mortality of What Little We Know) • Christopher Crabtree ..................... 9 individuals undoubtedly occurs during prescribed Smokin’ Prairies fire events, natural community management as Marcello Pennacchio, Lara V. Jefferson and Kayri Havens ...........14 defined in The Terrestrial Natural Communities of The Role of Savanna and Woodland Restoration and Missouri emphasizes the importance of maintain- Prescribed Fire in Bird Conservation in Missouri ing and protecting all facets of the community Frank R. Thompson III, Jennifer Reidy, Melissa Roach, D. Todd Jones-Farrand and Sarah W. Kendrick .....................................17 that depend on this irreplaceable, ancient process. Eastern Wood-Pewee Response to Savanna-Woodland Largely due to anthropogenic forces including Restoration in the Missouri Ozark Highlands fire suppression and resource extraction following Sarah Kendrick ....................................................................21 European settlement, thousands of acres of our Prescribed Fire and Cedar Removal Enhance an Ozark Fen native landscapes are out of context with their Complex • Dan Drees .......................................................24 historical character. The fine, flashy fuels that Prescribed Fire Effects on Herpetofauna in Missouri Jeff Briggler ....................................................................... 27 early explorers described allowed for low intensity Ecologically Appropriate Fire in the Missouri Landscape fires across the gradient of prairies, glades, savan- Doug Ladd .........................................................................31 na and woodlands; today, much of this character Natural Area Related News .............................................. 35 is missing from our natural communities. Restor- Calendar of Events .......................................................... 40 ing a fire regime in fragmented and damaged The Missouri Natural Areas Newsletter is an annual journal systems requires skill and care so as not to inflict published by the Missouri Natural Areas Committee, whose mis- further damage. 31 years after that first woodland sion is identifying, designating, managing and restoring the best fire at Ha Ha Tonka, we have invited leaders in remaining examples of natural communities and geological sites encompassing the full spectrum of Missouri’s natural heritage. their respective fields to offer their thoughts on The Missouri Natural Areas Committee consists of the Missouri prescribed fire in Missouri. From the impacts Department of Natural Resources, the Missouri Department of of direct mortality in fragmented systems to Conservation, the U.S. Forest Service, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the National Park Service and the Nature Conservancy. questions on the heterogeneity of seasonality of prescribed fire, it seems there are still many ques- tions that need to be investigated. The 2015 issue of the Natural Areas Newsletter will look at the impact of fire management upon insects, as part of a larger focus on Missouri’s insect biodiversity. Discussions may arise from the articles in this issue of the Natural Areas Newsletter, and read- ers are encouraged to contact the authors of the articles with comments. — Allison J. Vaughn Smoldering Questions and the Opinion Factory Image courtesy of www.tropicos.org By Justin Thomas goofball of a plant known as Desmodium humifusum showed up after a series of prescribed fires were conducted in the AOzarks in the late 1990s. The plant had not been documented in Missouri for nearly 50 years, yet it occurred in local abundance after the fires. It was soon touted as a pyrogenic resurrection, and, as happens with such botanical discoveries, there was much talk. Botanists and ecologists, myself included, ascertained that fire must have triggered dormant rootstock or seed into action that pre- scribed fire was giving this once exiled species a new lease on the land. It became another piece of “feel good” evidence that fire was restorative and the discovery went a long way toward affirming that belief. Desmodium humifusum is a procumbent trefoil derived from D. It turns out that we were wrong. Not only was paniculatum and D. rotundifoium. it not a resurrected species, D. humifusum was not ed target. Don’t get me wrong, there are numerous a species at all. It was an aberrant sterile hybrid success stories, but there are just enough horror between two common, rather ordinary, species stories mixed in to make us nervous. Multiflora (Raveille, 2002). Such hybrid events are relatively Rose comes to mind, as do Autumn Olive, Bush rare but effects like fire, drought and other forms Honeysuckle and Sericea Lespedeza — introduced of environmental stress or disturbance can induce species that have negatively impacted our native them. This concept is eye-opening for two reasons: landscapes with unintended consequences. Even on one hand, we are faced with our ignorance prescribed fire was taboo until quite recently, about complex breeding systems and how they roughly 25 years ago. We all probably know places interact in a dynamic ecological interface — the where the wrong person with the wrong tool did science of the matter. And on the other hand, too much of the wrong thing. And there are divi- because we so readily adopted this false idol, we sive and controversial management strategies like are faced with our own gullibility and naiveté, our patch burn grazing and growing season burning seeming, uncontrollable need to reify the abstrac- that, depending on whom you ask, are instrument tions of our speculation — the psychology and or insult to our dwindling natural world. By add- pseudoscience of the matter. ing the human factor into just about any equation, No one wants to believe that what we are so you add human error. However, the severity of that sure of today could be wrong tomorrow, but it is a error depends on how many variables are con- recurring theme in conservation. We all know the trolled through knowledge, experience, efficiency stories: the best of intentions ultimately depleting and tact — you know, science. or otherwise damaging some aspect of the protect- Fortunately, very few people would argue that Vol. 14, No. 1, 2014 • Missouri Natural Areas Newsletter 3 Photo by Justin Thomas A species rich and highly diverse Ozark glade/woodland complex with elaborate structure and high floristic quality that has been encouraged and maintained by prescribed fire for nearly two decades. properly applied prescribed fire has a downside. as overly concerned, impractical, or downright Fire, implemented properly, has garnered broad nerdy. I am aware that my opinions are outside scientific support in terms of bolstering the the brazen norm. So, when I was asked to pro- ecological integrity of natural systems. Prescribed vide my thoughts on the state of prescribed fire fire is a well-known and trusted tool for increas- in Missouri
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