DOCSLIB.ORG

Phylogenetic, Morphological, and Chemotaxonomic Incongruence in the North American Endemic Genus Echinacea Lex Flagel Iowa State University

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phylogenetic, Morphological, and Chemotaxonomic Incongruence in the North American Endemic Genus Echinacea Lex Flagel Iowa State University Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology Publications 6-2008 Phylogenetic, Morphological, and Chemotaxonomic Incongruence in the North American Endemic Genus Echinacea Lex Flagel Iowa State University Ryan A. Rapp Iowa State University Corrinne E. Grover Iowa State University, [email protected] Mark P. Widrlechner United States Department of Agriculture, [email protected] Jennifer S. Hawkins UFonilvloerwsit ythi of sGe aondrgi additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/eeob_ag_pubs Part of the Botany Commons, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Molecular Genetics See next page for additional authors Commons, and the Plant Breeding and Genetics Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ eeob_ag_pubs/60. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology at Digital Repository @ Iowa State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology Publications by an authorized administrator of Digital Repository @ Iowa State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Lex Flagel, Ryan A. Rapp, Corrinne E. Grover, Mark P. Widrlechner, Jennifer S. Hawkins, Jessie L. Grafenberg, Inés Álvarez, Gyu Young Chung, and Jonathan F. Wendel This article is available at Digital Repository @ Iowa State University: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/eeob_ag_pubs/60 Botanical Society of America, Inc. Phylogenetic, morphological, and chemotaxonomic incongruence in the North American endemic genus Echinacea Author(s): Lex E. Flagel, Ryan A. Rapp, Corrinne E. Grover, Mark P. Widrlechner, Jennifer Hawkins, Jessie L. Grafenberg, Inés Álvarez, Gyu Young Chung and Jonathan F. Wendel Source: American Journal of Botany, Vol. 95, No. 6 (June 2008), pp. 756-765 Published by: Botanical Society of America, Inc. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27793066 Accessed: 07-10-2015 20:14 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Botanical Society of America, Inc. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to American Journal of Botany. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 129.186.176.217 on Wed, 07 Oct 2015 20:14:54 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions American Journal of Botany 95(6): 756-765. 2008. PHYLOGENETIC, MORPHOLOGICAL, AND CHEMOTAXONOMIC INCONGRUENCE IN THE NORTH AMERICAN ENDEMIC GENUS EcHINACEA 1 LEX E. FLAGEL,2 RYAN A. RAPP,2 CORRINNE E. GROVER,2 MARK P. WIDRLECHNER,3 JENNIFER HAWKINS,4 JESSIE L. GRAFENBERG,2 INES ALVAREZ,5 GYU YOUNG CHUNG,6 AND JONATHAN F. WENDEL2,7 2Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 USA; 3USDA-ARS North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station, Ames, Iowa 5001 I USA; 4Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 USA; 5Departamento de Biodiversidad y Conservaci6n, Real Jardin Botanico, CSIC, Madrid 28014 Spain; and 6School of Bioresource Science, Andong National University, Andong Gyeongbuk, 760-749 South Korea The study of recently formed species is important because it can help us to better understand organismal divergence and the speciation process. However, these species often present difficult challenges in the field of molecular phylogenetics because the processes that drive molecular divergence can Jag behind phenotypic divergence. In the current study we show that species of the recently diverged North American endemic genus of purple coneflower, Echinacea, have low levels of molecular divergence. Data from three nuclear loci and two plastid loci provide neither resolved topologies nor congruent hypotheses about species-level relationships. This lack of phylogenetic resolution is likely due to the combined effects of incomplete lineage sorting, hybridiza­ tion, and backcrossing following secondary contact. The poor resolution provided by molecular markers contrasts previous studies that found well-resolved and taxonomically supported relationships from metabolic and morphological data. These results suggest that phenotypic canalization, resulting in identifiable morphological species, has occurred rapidly within Echinacea. Conversely, molecular signals have been distorted by gene flow and incomplete lineage sorting. Here we explore the impact of natural history on the genetic organization and phylogenetic relationships of Echinacea. Key words: Asteraceae; chloroplast DNA; Echinacea; incomplete lineage sorting; phylogenetics; single-copy nuclear DNA. Species of the genus Echinacea are geographically circum­ tantly, the disruption of natural processes of intraspecific and scribed within a region of North America that has undergone interspecific gene flow and the attendant increase in population repeated rounds of glaciation (Clayton and Moran, 1982), with fragmentation and genetic bottlenecks. the last such round, the Wisconsinan, ending roughly 10000 yr Taxonomically, Echinacea is delimited into nine species before the present. Presently, the genus ranges from southern (Table 1), including two, E. angustifolia DC and E. paradoxa Alberta, Canada to near the coast of the Gulf of Mexico in (Norton) Britton, that each are further divided into two varietals Texas and Louisiana and from the oak savannas of Ohio, the (McGregor, 1968; Flora of North America Editorial Commit­ glades of Tennessee, and open habitats in the Carolinas west to tee, 1993+; McKeown, 1999). These species are all diploid with the foothills of the Rocky Mountains (Urbatsch et al., 2006). the exception of E. pallida, which is putatively a polyploid Much of this range was under ice during the last glacial epoch, (Mechanda et al., 2004). This taxonomic treatment was devised signifying that Echinacea survived in southerly refugia. De­ by McGregor (1968), who spent 15 years studying the genus spite the expansive aggregate range of the genus, much of this while making controlled, common-garden crosses, noting that range has been converted into agricultural production, resulting many hybrids have high levels of stability, fecundity, and via­ in an extremely fragmented modern population structure. This bility in parental backcrosses. In a recent morphological study, distributional history has many potential implications for the four species with eight subspecies were proposed (Binns et al., genetic architecture of a perennial plant species, most impor- 2002, 2004), but McGregor's classification continues to be widely used by botanists and herbalists (see discussion in Blumenthal and Urbatsch [2006]) and serves as the basis for the 1 2008; revision accepted 7 April 2008. Manuscript received II February recent Flora of North America treatment (Urbatsch et al., 2006). paper of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment This journal regarding the ease of formation and fer­ Station, Ames, Iowa, Project No. 1018, was supported by Hatch Act and State McGregor's results ofiowa funds and was made possible by grant number P01ES012020 from the tility of interspecific hybrids suggest that Echinacea may either National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and the Office be a young genus in which rapid speciation has occurred of Dietary Supplements (ODS), NIH. lts contents are solely the responsibility (McKeown, 2004) or one in which, for reasons other than rela­ of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIEHS, tive youth, genetic barriers have incompletely formed. In either NIH. Mention of commercial brand names does not constitute an endorsement case, gene flow between species has been historically common; of any product by the U. S. Department of Agriculture or cooperating agencies. McGregor noted hybrid swarms in natural sympatric settings, 1.-A. McCoy and other members of the Center for Research on Botanical and in more recent molecular work, Mechanda et al. (2004) in providing Dietary Supplements at Iowa State University were helpful found evidence of natural hybrid individuals. L. Urbatsch kindly provided feedback and comments throughout the research. and maintenance of Echinacea genetic diver­ DNA samples for sequence analysis. Assessment human health benefits 7 Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) sity is of interest due to the purported from several Echinacea species (Speroni et al., 2002), as well doi: 10.3732/ajb.0800049 as the cultivation and breeding of the plant as an ornamental 756 This content downloaded from 129.186.176.217 on Wed, 07 Oct 2015 20:14:54 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 757 June 2008] fLAGEL ET AL.-PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE GENUS ECHINACEA P. TABLE l. Echinacea taxa characterized, with U. S. state of origin and In contrast, a recent study (L. Wu, Iowa State University; USDA Germplasm Resources Infom1ation Network Plant Introduction Dixon, B. Nikolau, G. Kraus, M. Widrlechner, and E. Wurtele, (PI) accession."·b unpublished manuscript) of 40
Load more

Recommended publications
  • New Varieties 2020-2021
    New Varieties 2020-2021 Agrostis nebulosa, Cloud Grass Gazania krebsiana, Tanager y 7 Ajuga genevensis, Upright Bugle y 4 Geranium, Night Alyssum saxatile, Gold Rush y 3 Geum chiloense, Sunrise y 4 Amaranthus cruentus, Burgundy Glow Geum coccineum, Orange Queen y 5 Angelica sylvestris, Vicar's Mead y 4 Helianthus annuus, Equinox Antirrhinum Greenhouse Forcing, Costa Summer Helianthus annuus, Firebrand Aquilegia caerulea, Earlybird y 3 Helianthus annuus, Orange Globe Arabis blepharophylla, Barranca y 4 Helianthus annuus, Orangeade Aster, Jowi Mix Helianthus annuus, Star Gold Basil, Purple Ball Helleborus x hybrida, Orientalis Double Ladies Mix y 3 Begonia boliviensis, Groovy Heuchera sanguinea, Coral Petite y 3 Bidens ferulifolia y 8 Iberis sempervirens, Snow Cushion y 3 Bigelowia nuttallii y 4 Lathyrus odoratus, Heirloom Mix Bulbine frutescens, Avera Sunset Orange y 9 Lavandula multifida, Torch Minty Ice y 7 Bupleurum longifolium, Bronze Beauty y 3 Lewisia tweedyi, Lovedream y 4 Calamintha nepeta, Marvelette y Liatris spicata, Floristan White y 3 Calendula, Fruit Burst Lilium formosanum var. pricei y 5 Calendula, Goldcrest Lisianthus , Allemande Light Pink Calendula, Playtime Mix Lisianthus , Can Can Purple Calendula, Sherbet Fizz Lisianthus , Chaconne White Campanula medium, Champion II y Lisianthus , Diamond Peach 3 Imp Celosia, Arrabona Red Lisianthus , Flare Celosia cristata, Act Lisianthus , Gavotte Yellow Celosia cristata, Bar Lisianthus , Jasny Lavender Celosia cristata, Bombay Lisianthus , Minuet
    [Show full text]
  • Colored Illustrations and Popular Descriptions of Plants
    ADDISONIA COLORED ILLUSTRATIONS AND POPULAR DESCRIPTIONS OP PLANTS Volume 3 1918 BOTA' 3CAL PUBLISHED BY THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN (ADDISON BROWN FUND) PRESS OF THE NEW ERA PRINTINQ COMPANY LANCASTER, PA. m CONTENTS Part 1 March 30, 1918 platb pagb 81 Aronia atropurpurea 1 82 Aster Novae-Angliae 3 83A Gymnocalycium multiflorum 5 83B Gymnocalycium Mostii 5 84 Euonymus alata 7 85 Diospyros virginiana 9 86 Lepadena marginata 11 87 Maackia amurensis Buergeri 13 88 Hibiscus oculiroseus 15 89 Comus ofl&cinalis 17 90 Opuntia lasiacantha 19 Part 2 June 29, 1918 91 Cotoneaster Simonsii 21 92 Echeveria nodulosa 23 93 Helianthus orgyalis 25 94 Symphoricarpos albus laevigatus 27 95 Sinningia speciosa 29 96 Stylophorum diphyllum 31 97 Aronia arbutifolia 33 98 Hamamelis japonica 35 99 Hibiscus Moscheutos 37 100 Sobralia sessilis 39 Part 3 September 30, 1918 101 Comus Mas 41 102 Solidago squarrosa 43 103 Callicarpa japonica 45 104 Aster laevis 47 105 Opuntia Opuntia .49 106 Ilex serrata argutidens 51 107 Othonna crassifolia 53 108 Magnolia Kobus 55 109 Crassula portulacea 57 110 Viburnum prunifolium 59 «•• lU iv Addisonia Part 4 December 31, 1918 111 Symphoricarpos Symphoricarpos 61 112 Spiraea Thunbergii 63 j 113 Coreopsis Leavenworthii 65 114 Echinacea purpurea 67 115 Lantana 69 depressa ; 116 Ilex verticillata 71 j 117 Vioma Baldwinii 73 ] 118 Jussiaea peruviana 75 i 119 Salvia farinacea 77 i 120 Dianthera crassifolia 79 i Index 81 i 1 ADDISONIA COLORED ILLUSTRATIONS AND POPULAR DESCRIPTIONS OF PLANTS Volume 3 Number i MARCH, 1918 PUBLISHED BY
    [Show full text]
  • Echinacea Angustifolia
    NATURAL HEALTH PRODUCT ECHINACEA – ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFOLIA This monograph is intended to serve as a guide to industry for the preparation of Product Licence Applications (PLAs) and labels for natural health product market authorization. It is not intended to be a comprehensive review of the medicinal ingredient. Notes Text in parentheses is additional optional information which can be included on the PLA and product label at the applicant’s discretion. The solidus (/) indicates that the terms and/or statements are synonymous. Either term or statement may be selected by the applicant. Date December 18, 2018 Proper name(s), Common name(s), Source material(s) Table 1. Proper name(s), Common name(s), Source material(s) Source material(s) Proper name(s) Common name(s) Proper name(s) Part(s) Preparation(s) Echinacea Black sampson Echinacea Root Dried angustifolia Black- sampson angustifolia Rhizome echinacea Echinacea Kansas snakeroot Narrow-leaf coneflower Narrow-leaf echinacea Narrow-leaf purple- coneflower References: Proper name: USDA 2018; Common names: USDA 2018, McGuffin et al. 2000, McGuffin et al. 1997, Bradley 1992; Source materials: Barnes et al. 2007, Grieve 1971. Route of administration Oral Dosage form(s) This monograph excludes foods or food-like dosage forms as indicated in the Compendium of Monographs Guidance Document. Acceptable dosage forms by age group: Children 2 years: The acceptable dosage forms are limited to emulsion/suspension and solution/ liquid preparations (Giacoia et al. 2008; EMEA/CHMP 2006). Children 3-5 years: The acceptable dosage forms are limited to chewables, emulsion/ suspension, powders and solution/ liquid preparations (Giacoia et al. 2008; EMEA/CHMP 2006).
    [Show full text]
  • Echinacea Purpurea Extracts (Echinacin) and Thymostimulin
    SUMMARY OF DATA FOR CHEMICAL SELECTION Echinacea BASIS OF NOMINATION TO THE CSWG Echinacea is presented to the CSWG as part of a review of botanicals being used as dietary supplements in the United States. Alternative herbal medicines are projected to be a $5 billion market by the turn of the century. Echinacea is an extremely popular herbal supplement; sales are nearly $300 million a year according to the last figures available. Sweeping deregulation of botanicals now permits echinacea to be sold to the public without proof of safety or efficacy if the merchandiser notes on the label that the product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. The literature on echinacea clearly showed that it is being used for the treatment of viral and bacterial infections although virtually no information on safety was found. INPUT FROM GOVERNMENT AGENCIESIINDUSTRY According to the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA does not have information about the safety or purported benefits of echinacea. SELECTION STATUS • ACTION BY CSWG: 4/28/98 Studies requested: - Toxicological evaluation, to include 90-day subchronic study - Carcinogenicity, depending on the results of the toxicologic evaluation - Micronucleus assay Priority: Moderate RationalelRemarks: - Potential for widespread human exposure. - Most popular herbal supplement in the US, used to stimulate immune system - Test material should be standardized to 2.4% P-l,2-d-fructofuranoside - NCI will conduct Ames Salmonella assay Echinacea CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION Chemical Abstract Service Names: CAS Registry Numbers: Echinacea angustifolia, ext. 84696-11-7 Echinacea purpurea, ext. 90028-20-9 Echinacea pallida, ext. 97281-15-7 Echinacea angustifolia, tincture 129677-89-0 Description: Echinacea are herbaceous perennials of the daisy family.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter Vii Table of Contents
    CHAPTER VII TABLE OF CONTENTS VII. APPENDICES AND REFERENCES CITED........................................................................1 Appendix 1: Description of Vegetation Databases......................................................................1 Appendix 2: Suggested Stocking Levels......................................................................................8 Appendix 3: Known Plants of the Desolation Watershed.........................................................15 Literature Cited............................................................................................................................25 CHAPTER VII - APPENDICES & REFERENCES - DESOLATION ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS i VII. APPENDICES AND REFERENCES CITED Appendix 1: Description of Vegetation Databases Vegetation data for the Desolation ecosystem analysis was stored in three different databases. This document serves as a data dictionary for the existing vegetation, historical vegetation, and potential natural vegetation databases, as described below: • Interpretation of aerial photography acquired in 1995, 1996, and 1997 was used to characterize existing (current) conditions. The 1996 and 1997 photography was obtained after cessation of the Bull and Summit wildfires in order to characterize post-fire conditions. The database name is: 97veg. • Interpretation of late-1930s and early-1940s photography was used to characterize historical conditions. The database name is: 39veg. • The potential natural vegetation was determined for each polygon in the analysis
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of the Pollinators of Echinacea Purpurea in Relation to Their Perceived Efficiency and Color Preferences
    University of Tennessee at Chattanooga UTC Scholar Student Research, Creative Works, and Honors Theses Publications 5-2021 An analysis of the pollinators of Echinacea purpurea in relation to their perceived efficiency and color efpr erences Carmen Black University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.utc.edu/honors-theses Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Black, Carmen, "An analysis of the pollinators of Echinacea purpurea in relation to their perceived efficiency and color efpr erences" (2021). Honors Theses. This Theses is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research, Creative Works, and Publications at UTC Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of UTC Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. An Analysis of the Pollinators of Echinacea purpurea in Relation to their Perceived Efficiency and Color Preferences Departmental Honors Thesis The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental Sciences Examination Date: April 6th Dr. Stylianos Chatzimanolis Dr. Joey Shaw Professor of Biology Professor of Biology Thesis Director Department Examiner Dr. Elise Chapman Lecturer of Biology Department Examiner 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Abstract …………..…………………….………………………… 3 II. Introduction…………..………………….……………………....... 5 III. Materials and Methods…………...………………………………. 11 IV. Results…………..…………………….………………………….. 16 A. List of Figures…………...……………………………….. 21 V. Discussion…………..………….…………………………...…… 28 VI. Acknowledgements………….……………….………...………… 38 VII. Works Cited ……………………………………...……….……… 39 VIII. Appendices……………………………………………………….. 43 3 ABSTRACT This study aimed to better understand how insects interacted with species of Echinacea in Tennessee and specifically their preference to floral color. Based on previous studies I expected the main visitors to be composed of various bees, beetles and butterflies.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Species List for Bob Janes Preserve
    Plant Species List for Bob Janes Preserve Scientific and Common names obtained from Wunderlin 2013 Scientific Name Common Name Status EPPC FDA IRC FNAI Family: Azollaceae (mosquito fern) Azolla caroliniana mosquito fern native R Family: Blechnaceae (mid-sorus fern) Blechnum serrulatum swamp fern native Woodwardia virginica Virginia chain fern native R Family: Dennstaedtiaceae (cuplet fern) Pteridium aquilinum braken fern native Family: Nephrolepidaceae (sword fern) Nephrolepis cordifolia tuberous sword fern exotic II Nephrolepis exaltata wild Boston fern native Family: Ophioglossaceae (adder's-tongue) Ophioglossum palmatum hand fern native E I G4/S2 Family: Osmundaceae (royal fern) Osmunda cinnamomea cinnamon fern native CE R Osmunda regalis royal fern native CE R Family: Polypodiaceae (polypody) Campyloneurum phyllitidis long strap fern native Phlebodium aureum golden polypody native Pleopeltis polypodioides resurrection fern native Family: Psilotaceae (whisk-fern) Psilotum nudum whisk-fern native Family: Pteridaceae (brake fern) Acrostichum danaeifolium giant leather fern native Pteris vittata China ladder break exotic II Family: Salviniaceae (floating fern) Salvinia minima water spangles exotic I Family: Schizaeaceae (curly-grass) Lygodium japonicum Japanese climbing fern exotic I Lygodium microphyllum small-leaf climbing fern exotic I Family: Thelypteridaceae (marsh fern) Thelypteris interrupta hottentot fern native Thelypteris kunthii widespread maiden fern native Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens marsh fern native R Family: Vittariaceae
    [Show full text]
  • Designing W Grasses Complete Notes
    DESIGNING W/ GRASSES: SLIDESHOW NAMES TONY SPENCER Google search botanical plant names or visit Missouri Botanical Garden site for more info: 1. Pennisetum alopecuroides + Sanguisorba + Molinia arundinacea ‘Transparent’ 2. Pennisetum alopecuroides + Aster + Molinia arundinacea ‘Transparent’ 3. Calamagrostis x. acutiflora ‘Karl Foerster’ + Panicum ‘Shenandoah’ 4. Helianthus pauciflorus – Photo Credit: Chris Helzer 5. Nassella tenuissima + Echinacea simulata + Monarda bradburiana 6. Hordeum jubatum + Astilbe 7. Deschampsia cespitosa + Helenium autumnale 8. Calamagrostis brachytricha + Miscanthus sinensis + Cimicifuga atropurpurea 9. Sporobolus heterlolepis + Echinacea pallida 10. Panicum virgatum + Echinacea pallida + Monarda + Veronica 11. Molinia arundinacea ‘Transparent + Sanguisorba officinalis 12. Bouteloua gracilis 13. Calamagrostis brachytricha + Helenium autumnale 14. Peucedanum verticillare 15. Anemone ‘Honorine Jobert’ 2016 Perennial Plant of the Year 16. Miscanthus sinsensis 17. Calamagrostis brachytricha 18. Molinia caerulea + Calamagrostis ‘Karl Foerster’ 19. Calamagrostis ‘Karl Foerster’ + Lythrum alatum + Parthenium integrafolium 20. Panicum virgatum ‘Shenandoah’ 21. Bouteloua gracilis + Echinacea ‘Kim’s Knee High’ + Salvia nemorosa 22. Baptisia alba 23. Calamagrostis ‘Karl Foerster’ in Hummelo meadow planting 24. Panicum amarum ‘Dewey Blue’ + Helenium autumnale 25. Deschampsia cespitosa 26. Echinacea purpurea seedheads 27. Calamagrostis brachytricha + Calamagrostis ‘Karl Foerster’ + Echinacea + Veronicastrum + Eupatorium
    [Show full text]
  • New Sesquiterpene Lactones from the Genera Calea and Berlandiera (Asteraceae) and the Fragmentation Reactions of 1,3-Dihydroxyeudesmanolide Derivatives
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1983 New Sesquiterpene Lactones From the Genera Calea and Berlandiera (Asteraceae) and the Fragmentation Reactions of 1,3-Dihydroxyeudesmanolide Derivatives. Ihl Young Lee Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Lee, Ihl Young, "New Sesquiterpene Lactones From the Genera Calea and Berlandiera (Asteraceae) and the Fragmentation Reactions of 1,3-Dihydroxyeudesmanolide Derivatives." (1983). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 3895. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/3895 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy of the Underground Parts of Four Echinacea-Species and of Parthenium Integrifolium
    Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) 69, 237-247 (2001) O Osterreichische Apotheker-Verlagsgesellschaft m.b.H., Wien, Printed in Austria Anatomy of the underground parts of four Echinacea-species and of Parthenium integrifolium R. Langer Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna Center of Pharmacy, Althanstrasse 14, A - 1090 Vienna, Austria Improved descriptions and detailed drawings of the most important anatomical characters of the roots of Echinacea purpurea (L.) MOENCH,E. angustifolia DC., E. pallida (NuTT.) NUTT.,and of Parfhenium integrifolium L. are presented. The anatomy of the rhizome of E. purpurea, which was detected in commercial samples, and of the root of E. atrorubens NUTT., another known adulteration for pharmaceutically used Echinacea-species, is documented for the first time. The possibilities and limitations of the identification by means of microscopy are discussed. The anatomical differences between the roots of E. angustifolia, E. pallida and E. atrorubens are not sufficient for differentiation, however, root and rhizome of E. purpurea and the root of Parthenium integrifolium appear well characterized. Because of the highly similar anatomy the microscopic proof of identity and purity of crude drugs of Echinacea must be done with uncomminuted material and the examination of cross sections. (Keywords: Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea atrorubens, Echinacea pallida, Echinacea purpurea, Parthenium integrifolium, Asteraceae, microscopy, anatomy, identification) 1. Introduction The first, and for a long period only, detailed anatomical descriptions of the underground parts of Echinacea were published at the beginning of the last century', '. Due to later changes in the taxonomy within the genus Echinacea, unfortunately the plant sources for these descriptions remain unclear. The increasing interest in Echinacea and the adulterations that had been observed frequently caused Heubl et aL3 in the late eighties to examine the roots of E.
    [Show full text]
  • A Phytochemical and Antibacterial Analysis of Echinacea Purpurea (L.) Moench Throughout Seasonal Development
    A phytochemical and antibacterial analysis of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench throughout seasonal development Elizabeth Daley A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.Sc. degree in Biology Department of Biology Faculty of Science University of Ottawa © Elizabeth Daley, Ottawa, Canada, 2019 ABSTRACT Echinacea purpurea is consumed as a natural health product around the world. Due to the genus’ ethnobotanical relevance, the phytochemistry of Echinacea has been extensively studied, revealing a variety of bioactive metabolites including caffeic acid derivatives and alkylamides. Whereas seasonal trends in root chemistry have been established, trends in other plant parts are relatively understudied. Similarly, few studies have evaluated the effects of organic plant growth substances in field trials. With increased demand for organic products, industry is looking for alternative ways to optimize yields and medicinal properties. For this thesis, my first objective was to quantify the concentrations of E. purpurea’s secondary metabolites across organic treatments throughout the plant’s first growth year to determine optimal harvesting time and conditions in all parts of the plant. The second objective was to determine how seasonal variations affect its potential bioactivity through inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Plants were grown in field plots treated with four different organic treatments: water (control), high cytokinin, low cytokinin, and fish oils; samples were collected biweekly from May-September. Dried plants were separated into major plant parts and were extracted exhaustively in 70% EtOH. Using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), concentrations of alkylamides and select caffeic acid derivatives were quantified in all samples and compared across plant part, developmental stage, and organic fertilizers.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2010/0303935 A1 Squires (43) Pub
    US 2010O3O3935A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2010/0303935 A1 Squires (43) Pub. Date: Dec. 2, 2010 (54) MEDICINAL COMPOSITION A6IR 36/6 (2006.01) A6IP 29/00 (2006.01) (76) Inventor: Meryl J. Squires, Barrington Hills, (52) U.S. Cl. ......... 424/726; 424/725; 424/737; 424/730; IL (US) 424/744; 424/760; 424/742 Correspondence Address: (57) ABSTRACT Tolpin & Partners, PC A medicinal composition comprising herbal extracts of her 11 S. LaSalle Street, Suite 2900 baceous botanicals that can help provide relief of various Chicago, IL 60603 (US) ailments. The medicinal composition can comprise a topical analgesic with therapeutic benefits for use in humans, equine, (21) Appl. No.: 12/474,694 bovine, canine, feline, porcine, or other animals or birds for treatment, healing or relieving symptoms resulting from (22) Filed: May 29, 2009 injured ligaments, tendons, muscles, bones, hematomas, nerves, or sports injuries or for epidermal ordermal treatment Publication Classification or relief of conditions or symptoms caused by arthritis, neu (51) Int. Cl. ralgia, or pain. The herbaceous botanicals of the preferred A6 IK 36/00 (2006.01) herbal extracts of herbaceous botanicals in this application A6 IK 36/28 (2006.01) can include: Bellis Perennis (Daisy), Ruta Graveolens (Rue), A6 IK 36/75 (2006.01) Comfrey, Elder, Hops, Echinacea, Hypericum Perforatum A6 IK 36/30 (2006.01) (St. John's Wart), Aloe Vera, Mistletoe, Rhus toxicodendron A6 IK 36/38 (2006.01) (Poison Ivy), Eucalyptus, Commiphora myrrha, Goldenseal, A6 IK 36/886 (2006.01) and Cayenne. Furthermore, the medicinal composition can A6 IK 36/22 (2006.01) include Benzalkonium halide, such as Benzalkonium halide A6 IK 36/328 (2006.01) chloride, as well as at least one compound comprising Men A6 IK 36/7 (2006.01) thol or a diluent comprising distilled water and/or Isopropyl A6 IK 36/8 (2006.01) Alcohol.
    [Show full text]