Echinacea: the Genus Echinacea
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Echinacea The genus Echinacea © 2004 by CRC Press LLC Medicinal and Aromatic Plants — Industrial Profiles Individual volumes in this series provide both industry and academia with in-depth coverage of one major genus of industrial importance. Series Edited by Dr Roland Hardman Volume 1 Volume 22 Valerian, edited by Peter J. Houghton Eucalyptus, edited by John J.W. Coppen Volume 2 Volume 23 Perilla, edited by He-ci Yu, Kenichi Kosuna Pueraria, edited by Wing Ming Keung and Megumi Haga Volume 24 Volume 3 Thyme, edited by E. Stahl-Biskup and F. Sáez Poppy, edited by Jenö Bernáth Volume 25 Volume 4 Oregano, edited by Spiridon E. Kintzios Cannabis, edited by David T. Brown Volume 26 Volume 5 Citrus, edited by Giovanni Dugo and Neem, edited by H.S. Puri Angelo Di Giacomo Volume 6 Volume 27 Ergot, edited by Vladimír Kˇren and Geranium and Pelargonium, edited by Ladislav Cvak Maria Lis-Balchin Volume 7 Volume 28 Caraway, edited by Éva Németh Magnolia, edited by Satyajit D. Sarker and Volume 8 Yuji Maruyama Saffron, edited by Moshe Negbi Volume 29 Volume 9 Lavender, edited by Maria Lis-Balchin Tea Tree, edited by Ian Southwell and Robert Lowe Volume 30 Volume 10 Cardamom, edited by P.N. Ravindran and Basil, edited by Raimo Hiltunen and Yvonne Holm K.J. Madhusoodanan Volume 11 Volume 31 Fenugreek, edited by Georgios Petropoulos Hypericum, edited by Edzard Ernst Volume 12 Volume 32 Ginkgo biloba, edited by Teris A. Van Beek Taxus, edited by H. Itokawa and K.H. Lee Volume 13 Volume 33 Black Pepper, edited by P.N. Ravindran Capsicum, edited by Amit Krish De Volume 14 Volume 34 Sage, edited by Spiridon E. Kintzios Flax, edited by Alister Muir and Volume 15 Niel Westcott Ginseng, edited by W.E. Court Volume 35 Volume 16 Urtica, edited by Gulsel Kavalali Mistletoe, edited by Arndt Büssing Volume 36 Volume 17 Cinnamon and Cassia, edited by Tea, edited by Yong-su Zhen P.N. Ravindran, K. Nirmal Babu and Volume 18 M. Shylaja Artemisia, edited by Colin W. Wright Volume 37 Volume 19 Kava, edited by Yadhu N. Singh Stevia, edited by A. Douglas Kinghorn Volume 38 Volume 20 Aloes, edited by Tom Reynolds Vetiveria, edited by Massimo Maffei Volume 39 Volume 21 Echinacea, edited by Sandra Carol Miller Narcissus and Daffodil, edited by Gordon R. Hanks Assistant Editor: He-ci Yu © 2004 by CRC Press LLC Echinacea The genus Echinacea Edited by Sandra Carol Miller Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology McGill University Montreal, Canada Assistant Editor — He-ci Yu Hankintatukku Natural Health Products Co. Helsinki, Finland Medicinal and Aromatic Plants — Industrial Profiles CRC PRESS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. © 2004 by CRC Press LLC TF1556_C00.fm Page iv Thursday, March 11, 2004 10:49 AM Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Echinacea : the genus Echinacea / edited by Sandra Carol Miller. p. cm. — (Medicinal and aromatic plants—industrial profiles ; v 39) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-415-28828-2 (alk. paper) 1. Echinacea (Plants) 2. Echinacea (Plants)—Therapeutic use. I. Miller, Sandra Carol. II. Series. QK495.C74E36 2004 615¢.32399—dc22 2003065555 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of specific clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $1.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 0-415-28828-2/04/$0.00+$1.50. The fee is subject to change without notice. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2004 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-415-28828-2 Library of Congress Card Number 2003065555 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper © 2004 by CRC Press LLC TF1556_C00.fm Page v Thursday, March 11, 2004 10:49 AM Contents Series Preface Preface Contributors Section I The Genus Echinacea: Taxonomy and Genetics. Chapter 1 Taxonomic History and Revision of the Genus Echinacea Shannon E. Binns, John T. Arnason, and Bernard R. Baum Chapter 2 A Review of Preliminary Echinacea Genetics and the Future Potential of Genomics Kathleen A. McKeown Section II Cultivation of Genus Echinacea Chapter 3 In Vitro Culture of Echinacea Species Pamela S. Coker and N. Dwight Camper Chapter 4 Cultivation in Europe Bertalan Galambosi Section III The Chemistry of Genus Echinacea Chapter 5 Phytochemistry of the Genus Echinacea Jeffrey B. Harborne and Christine A. Williams Chapter 6 The Chemistry of Antioxidant Constituents of Echinacea Chun Hu, David D. Kitts, and Jerzy Zawistowski Section IV Analytical Evaluation in Genus Echinacea © 2004 by CRC Press LLC TF1556_C00.fm Page vi Thursday, March 11, 2004 10:49 AM Chapter 7 Analytical Profiles of Echinacea Species. Piergiorgio Pietta, Pierluigi Mauri, and Nicola Fuzzati Chapter 8 Factors Affecting Echinacea Quality: Agronomy and Processing. Nigel B. Perry, Ronald B.H. Wills, and Douglas L. Stuart Chapter 9 Popularity, Diversity, and Quality of Echinacea He-ci Yu and Matti Kaarlas Section V In Vivo and in Vitro Experimental Evidence for the Immuno-Enhancing Activity of Echinacea Species Chapter 10 Echinacea in Vivo: A Prophylactic Agent in Normal Mice and a Therapeutic Agent in Leukemic Mice Sandra C. Miller Chapter 11 Effect of Echinacea on Cells Involved in Disease Defense Helena Sestáková and Bohumil Turek Chapter 12 In Vitro Immunopharmacology of Echinacea Joseph A. Rininger, Kerry Ringer, and Mark Savarese Chapter 13 Bioassays of Echinacea Extracts and Commercial Products. Pamela S. Coker and N. Dwight Camper Section VI Clinical Assessment of the Medicinal Use of Echinacea Species Products: Positive Effects and Contraindications. Chapter 14 Echinacea: Quality, Uses, and Immunomodulating Activity from a Phytotherapist’s Perspective Kerry Bone Chapter 15 The Use of Echinacea in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Critical Review Moumita Sarkar and Gideon Koren Chapter 16 Two Immunoenhancers Are Not Better than One © 2004 by CRC Press LLC TF1556_C00.fm Page vii Thursday, March 11, 2004 10:49 AM Sandra C. Miller Chapter 17 Adverse Reactions Associated with Echinacea and Other Asteraceae. Raymond J. Mullins and Robert Heddle Chapter 18 The Efficacy of Echinacea Tea Elise B. Lindenmuth and G. Frank Lindenmuth Section VII The Use of Echinacea Products in Veterinary Practice Chapter 19 Veterinary Applications of Echinacea Species: Research in Horses, Cattle, Poultry, and Swine Wendy Pearson © 2004 by CRC Press LLC TF1556_C00.fm Page ix Thursday, March 11, 2004 10:49 AM Series Preface There is increasing interest in industry, academia, and the health sciences in medicinal and aromatic plants. In passing from plant production to the eventual product used by the public, many sciences are involved. This series brings together information that is currently scattered through an ever increasing number of journals. Each volume gives an in-depth look at one plant genus, about which an area specialist has assembled information ranging from the production of the plant to market trends and quality control. Many industries are involved such as forestry, agriculture, chemical food, flavor, beverage, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and fragrance. The plant raw materials are roots, rhizomes, bulbs, leaves, stems, barks, wood, flowers, fruits, and seeds. These yield gums, resins, essential (volatile) oils, fixed oils, waxes, juices, extracts, and spices for medicinal and aromatic purposes. All these commodities are traded worldwide. A dealer’s market report for an item may say “Drought in the country of origin has forced up prices.” Natural products do not mean safe products and account of this has to be taken by the above industries, which are subject to regulation. For example, a number of plants that are approved for use in medicine must not be used in cosmetic products. The assessment of safe to use starts with the harvested plant material, which has to comply with an official monograph. This may require absence of, or prescribed limits of, radioactive material, heavy metals. aflatoxic, pesticide residue, as well as the required level of active principle. This analytical control is costly and tends to exclude small batches of plant material. Large-scale contracted mechanized cultivation with designated seed or plantlets is now preferable. Today, plant selection is not only for the yield of active principle, but for the plant’s ability to overcome disease, climatic stress, and the hazards caused by mankind.