Wide Spectrum of Active Compounds in Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae Rhamnoides) for Disease Prevention and Food Production
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antioxidants Review Wide Spectrum of Active Compounds in Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) for Disease Prevention and Food Production Agnieszka Ja´sniewska* and Anna Diowksz Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology (TUL), 171/173 Wólcza´nskaStreet, 90-924 Łód´z,Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Growing demand for value-added products and functional foods is encouraging manufac- turers to consider new additives that can enrich their products and help combat lifestyle diseases. The healthy properties of sea buckthorn have been recognized for centuries. This plant has a high content of bioactive compounds, including antioxidants, phytosterols, essential fatty acids, and amino acids, as well as vitamins C, K, and E. It also has a low content of sugar and a wide spectrum of volatiles, which contribute to its unique aroma. Sea buckthorn shows antimicrobial and antiviral properties, and is a potential nutraceutical or cosmeceutical. It was proven to help treat cardiovascular disease, tumors, and diabetes, as well as gastrointestinal and skin problems. The numerous health benefits of sea buckthorn make it a good candidate for incorporation into novel food products. Keywords: sea buckthorn; natural antioxidants; bioactive compounds; functional food; nutraceuticals Citation: Ja´sniewska,A.; Diowksz, A. Wide Spectrum of Active Compounds in Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae 1. Introduction rhamnoides) for Disease Prevention and Food Production. Antioxidants Sea buckthorn is a plant native to China and is found throughout the major temperate 2021, 10, 1279. https://doi.org/ zones of the world, including France, Russia, Mongolia, India, Great Britain, Denmark, 10.3390/antiox10081279 the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Finland, and Norway [1]. It can grow under harsh conditions, such as drought, frost, and air pollution [2]. Its generic name, Hippophae, derives Academic Editors: Joanna Oracz and from the fact that, in ancient Greece, horses were fed with sea buckthorn to give them Dorota Zy˙ zelewicz˙ shiny coats (Greek: hippos—horse; phaos—shiny) [3,4]. This thorny, dioecious, deciduous shrub with yellow or orange berries belongs to the oleaster family (Elaeagnaceae) and can Received: 1 July 2021 reach a height of 7 m [5,6]. Hippophae rhamnoides is divided into nine subspecies based on Accepted: 10 August 2021 genetic variations, among which H. rhamnoides ssp. sinensis Rousi and H. rhamnoides ssp. Published: 12 August 2021 yunnanensis Rousi are found only in China [7]. Sea buckthorn has long lanceolate leaves with characteristic silver hairs on the un- Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral derside. It blooms in late April to early May, producing a large number of small green with regard to jurisdictional claims in and brown flowers that grow together, forming clusters. In time, round berries, usually published maps and institutional affil- yellow or orange in color, are formed. The ripening season is in September. Each fruit iations. contains a small, elongated, grooved stone covering an oily seed [2,6,8,9]. The berries have a characteristic bitter and sour taste with a delicate aroma, resembling a pineapple [2–4]. For this reason, sea buckthorn is also known as Siberian pineapple [2]. The dense arrange- ment of the berries and numerous thorns make harvesting very difficult (Figure1). For this Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. reason, sometimes entire bunches are removed from the shrub, but this method prevents Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. the growth of later crops [5,6]. As a consequence, berries can be harvested only once every This article is an open access article two years [6,10]. In developing countries, especially China, sea buckthorn fruit are still distributed under the terms and being harvested manually. Other methods of harvesting are direct where vacuum suction conditions of the Creative Commons harvester is used, or indirect, which is accomplished by shaking a portion of the plant, Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// either by vibration harvesting or cutting harvesting. Forces applied to the trunk or branch creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ result in detaching fruit form the stem [6]. 4.0/). Antioxidants 2021, 10, 1279. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10081279 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/antioxidants Antioxidants 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 17 still being harvested manually. Other methods of harvesting are direct where vacuum Antioxidants 2021, 10, 1279 suction harvester is used, or indirect, which is accomplished by shaking a portion 2of of the 17 plant, either by vibration harvesting or cutting harvesting. Forces applied to the trunk or branch result in detaching fruit form the stem [6]. FigureFigure 1.1. SeaSea buckthornbuckthorn branchbranch withwith berriesberries [[11].11]. SeaSea buckthornbuckthorn contains contains a a variety variety of of bioactive bioactive substances, substances, which which are are present present not not only only in thein the berries berries but but also also in the in seedsthe seeds and and leaves leaves [12– 16[12–16].]. Different Different parts parts of the of plant the plant vary invary com- in positioncomposition of antioxidants, of antioxidants, which which has shown has shown a positive a positive biological, biological physiological,, physiological, and medici- and nalmedicinal effect of effect sea buckthorn. of sea buckthorn. The most The scientific most scientific interest focusesinterest on focuses ascorbic on acidascorbic found acid in berries,found in juice, berries, and leavesjuice, and [17]; leaves phytosterols, [17]; phytosterols, such as cycloartenol, such as cycloartenol, campesterol [18campesterol]; citrosta- dienol,[18]; citrostadienol, sitosterol [19 sitosterol]; carotenoids, [19]; carotenoids, among which among lycopene, which lutein, lycopene, zeaxanthin, lutein, αzeaxanthin,-carotene, βα-carotene,-carotene, βγ-carotene,-carotene canγ-carotene be found can [ 20be, 21found]; tocopherols— [20,21]; tocopherols—α-tocopherol,α-tocopherol,β-tocopherol, β-to- γcopherol,-tocopherol γ-tocopherol [3]; the most [3]; abundant the most flavonoids,abundant fl isorhamnetin,avonoids, isorhamnetin, and quercetin and [ 22quercetin,23], or polyphenolic[22,23], or polyphenolic compounds, compounds, such as gallic such acid as in gallic leaves acid and inberries, leaves and berries, lower amounts and lower of caffeicamounts acid, of p-coumariccaffeic acid, acid,p-coumaric and ferulic acid, acid and [ 24ferulic]. acid [24]. TheThe plantplant hashas beenbeen usedused inin traditionaltraditional medicinemedicine sincesince ancientancient times,times, inin EuropeEurope andand Asia)Asia) [[25].25]. ItIt isis widelywidely usedused inin foodfood andand feedfeed productionproduction (Figure(Figure2 ).2). Pressing Pressing of of the the whole whole fruitfruit resultsresults inin liquidliquid whichwhich afterafter centrifugationcentrifugation cancan serveserve asas juice.juice. TheThe remainingremaining partpart isis usedused asas oiloil oror oiloil productsproducts [[2266].]. TheThe mostmost popularpopular foodfood preparedprepared fromfrom thethe leavesleaves ofof seasea buckthornbuckthorn isis a a tea. tea. This This hot hot beverage beverage is alsois also brewed brewed from from berries berries [27]. [27]. Antioxidant-rich Antioxidant-rich jam canjambe can obtained be obtained either either from seafrom buckthorn sea buckthor fruitn or fruit mixed or withmixed other with fruit, other such fruit, as papaya,such as grapes,papaya, or grapes, watermelon or watermelon [28,29]. The [28,29]. use of The leaves, use seeds,of leaves, and seeds, fruit residues and fruit of residues sea buckthorn of sea havebuckthorn potential have as potential feed material as feed for material livestock for and livestock poultry and in India poultry [30 ].in India [30]. ItsIts tastetaste andand nutritionalnutritional properties,properties, togethertogether withwith itsits healthhealth benefits,benefits, makemake seasea buck-buck- thornthorn aa valuablevaluable material material for for use use in in a widea wide range range of of products, products, including including cosmetics, cosmetics, pharma- phar- ceuticals, and food. maceuticals, and food. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 1279 3 of 17 Antioxidants 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 17 FigureFigure 2.2. ExamplesExamples ofof seasea buckthornbuckthorn inin thethefood foodindustry; industry; juice juice and and tea tea brewed brewed from from berries berries [ 31,32]. [31,32]. 2. Sea Buckthorn Fruit 2. SeaFemale Buckthorn sea buckthorn Fruit plants produce berries that are yellow, orange, or red when ripe. The sphericalFemale sea fruits buckthorn range in sizeplants from produce 3 to 8 mm berries [33]. that The are skin yellow, is coated orange, with a or thin red layer when of wax.ripe. Inside,The spherical each berry fruits contains range ain single size from sheathed 3 to 8 seed mm surrounded [33]. The skin by is a juice-filledcoated with cellular a thin structurelayer of wax. [34]. TheInside, general each composition berry contains of a a sea single buckthorn sheathed berry seed is 68% surrounded pulp, 23% by seed, a juice- and 7.75%filled cellular skin [35 –structure37]. Sea buckthorn[34]. The general berries composition are unpleasant of toa sea eat buckthorn raw, due to berry their highis 68% acidity pulp, and23% astringency.seed, and 7.75% However, skin [35–37]. several Sea processes buckthorn can berries be used are to unpleasant