. - - Number 8 • , March-Apri"J 1980 $2.00 Special: ATTACKS AGAINST AGEE ESCALATE
." м INFORМAТION BШ,IET_IN
The-CIA vs. Philip Agee Editorial
lnternational events-most nota~ly Iran and Afghani message he mentioned the "need for а strengthened and stan, but also Nicaragua, Grenada, El Salvadщ. and else clearly defined role for our intelligence coпimunity." "We where-have created а climate ofhysteria arid McCarthy will not shortchange," he wrote, "the intelligence capaЬili ism unmatched in ne~rly three decades. The media have ties needed to assure our national security." We must "de begun, with consideraЫe justification, to refer to Cold War velop new technical means of intelligence co\lection while II. Critics of United States foreign policy must swim also assuring that the more traditional methods of intelli against the current, and the current, not to mention the gence work are also given proper stress." undertow, is strong. Unfortunately, the victims of"more traditional methods of intelligence work;' have had little say in this national tJnleashing the Monster debate. They are the dead, the tortured, the maimed, in Vietnam, in Iran, in Uruguay, in Guatemala, around the The cuttlng edge of such swings to the right is, а~ it gl.obe. · always has been, national defense and national security,. and cгitics ofthe defense and inte1Iigence apparatus will, in such times, Ье drawn to the front of the fray. The Administration's "Charter"
. - . As we Iearn inschool, the United States government has In.recent months there has been а flurry of legislative three branches: the executive, the \egislative, and the judi activity centering around the role of the CIA and other cial; all three branches are fighting to "unleash" the CIA. intelligence agencies. Late last year а spate of"Intelligence The intelligence agencies and their b6osters within the ldentity Protection" ЬiHs were introduced-purportedly Administration have been quick;to take advantage of in .aimed· at this Bulletin; but in fact threatening the entire ternational tension. The preposterous argument that а . journalistic community. Then, under the aegis of Senator stronger CIA with fewer restrictions would have Ied· to Da.niel Р; Moynihan, two new elements were added to the different results in Iran щ Afghanistan is taken off ihe cauldron-a proposed law to exempt the CIA frorn the shelf, dusted and polished. · provisions ofthe Freedorn oflnformation Act and another to lirnit, if not elirninate altogether, Congressional over- In his State ofthe Union Address, President Carter said, .· sight of covert .action. Finally, the Senate version of the as Aфniral Turner appeare'd <щ the TV s~reen smiling long.:awaited Foreignintelligence Charter was introduced. broadly, "we: need to re~ov.e :f!-n:~~цanted restraints оп . America 's aЬility to collect intelligence." In his written · The Ыll was, in sorne respects, worse than anything the ~~:~_·'~- ~•.. р .co:NtENTS
Editorial News Notes 23 Philip Agee: CIA in Zimbabwe/Rhodesia 26 Man Without а Country? 4 CIA Recruiting in Florida 27 PuЫications of lnterest 1 MI-6 in Northem Ireland 29 Congress Considers CIA Legislation 8 Naming Names 30
Testimony on Sources and Methods: H.R. 5615 11 CIA Assassinations 36
CovertAction lnformation Bulletin, Number 8, March-April 1980, puЬlished Ьу C~vert Action PuЫications, lnc., а District of ColumЬia Nonprofit Corporation, Р.О. Вох 50272, Washington, D<; 20004. Telephone: (202) 265-~904. All rights reserved; copyright@ 1980, Ьу Covert Action PuЫications, Inc. Typography Ьу Artfor Реор/е, Washingto!.1,; QC. Washingtori Staff: I:llen Ray, William Schaap, Louis Wolf. Board of Advisors: Philip Agee, K~n Lawrence, Karl Van Meter, Elsie Wilcott, Jim'W.ilbott. The CovertActiol'l lnformation Bulletin is availaЫe at many bookstores around the world. Wr1te or call for the store neare~t you. Inquiries from distributors and subscription services welcomed.
2 CovertAction Number 8 (March-April 1980) Administration had been puЫicly asking for, authorizing, statement, excerpts ofthe questioning which followed, and in some instances, burglaries and mail openings against some selections from the presentations of other speakers. U .S. citizens not suspected of crimes, specifically authoriz- . ing the use of journalists, academics and the clergy as agents, and other clear steps backwards. Senator Walter The Anti-Agee Campaign Huddieston, the chief sponsor of the bill, noted that the committee members had been аЫе to overcome "purist The beginning of the 1980's brought with it а new, so attitudes" about such minor inconveniences. as bugging, phisticated, and well-coordinated campaign against Philip tapping and burglarizing innocent people. In all the discus Agee. А barra.ge of false newspaper stories, passport revo sions, of course, it seems to go without saying that the U .S. cations, attempted book bannings, and injunctions, and can do anything to "foreigners"-other peoples in other other legal maneuvers followed one after the other during lands. the first two months of the year. They are described in ful1 in another article in this issue. We can only reiterate our This legislative potpourri is discussed and analyzed in admiration of, and support for, the battle which Agee has detail in this issue of the Bulletin. waged for more than five years. As his lawyer, Melvin Wulf, said, "Anything that increases puЫic knowledge of the CIA 's clandestine activities contributes to world реасе."
The Snepp Decision
We have never been political admirers of Frank Snepp, but we have supported fully his right to puЫish whatever he wished about his former employer. Sho.rtly before we went to print with this issue, the Supreme Court issued its opinion in his case-a travesty of legal reasoning, further proof., if any were needed, that the Court is just another institution which makes political, not legal, decisions. It bodes ill for all the present and would-be whistleЫowers, who remain, in some ~ases, our only hope for exposing · governmental atrocities. The courts; like · the other branches of governmerit, are wrapping themse~ves in the flag. ТЬеу don't realize that to do so is to Ыindfold oneself,
Also In This lssue
We continue our regular features, Naming Names and Sources and Meth0,ds.'Our reasons for continuing to do so are explained in our testiinoriy before the House Commit tee. The CIA, we are sadly convinced, remains beyond reform.
Several other items of interest to our readers are present ed. We apologize for the Ьit of delay in the puЫication of this issue, but, as we hope is evident, we have been kept busy Ьу the co_nstant attacks.
То our many charter subscribers who have renewed their subscriptions, our thanks for your continuing support. - The Boland ВШ
We have reported previously on the lntelligence Identi Correction ties Protection Act,.introduced in October 1979, which In Bulletin Number 6 we printed the document would make it а crime for anyone-former CIA employee authored, in 1975, Ьу former Director of Central or private journalist-to disclose the identity of any intelli Intelligence, William Е. Colby. Through our over gence employee, agent or source, or even information from sight in layout, а large section of the document was ·which one might ascertain such an identity. After consider inadvertently repeated. The section beginning on aЫe discussion among ourselves, the staff of the Bulletin page 20, column l, with "Part 111" through the first · requested, and were granted, the opportunity to present full paragraph on page 21, ending with " ... proprie our views in testimony before the House Select Committee ty" should Ье eliminated. on Intelligence. In this issue we present the full text of our ~ ,
Number 8 (March-April 1980) CovertAction 3 The Man Without а Country:
ATTACKS AGAINST AGEE ESCALAТE
For а number of years the CIA relished its· description .of for the New York Post~the paper that Australian press Philip Agee as its "only ideological defector." Although the barori Rupert Murdoch has turned into а scaqdal-monger writings and speeches of J ohn Stockwell, Victor Marchetti, ing rag, the current joke in journalistic circles: Rose, des Jesse Leaf, and others belie this, still the Agency reserves cribed in а rece.nt Washington Star arti~le as а djsaffected inordinate hatred and vehemence. for Agee. Romors f oп:ner.membei of-th.e U.S. Lab.or· Patty·of cultist"Lyndon spread, after "lnside the Company" was puЫished, that EaЦ9uphe, wante,d.~:gee's.phope iJ.:u!Dber:in Germany right tl;lere we.re serious offers within .the Аgещ:у to assassinate ·a:·way,; to cal(.hi~ a·nd get his ie&P'on'se :to the news item him. Whenever ajournalist wants а suitaЫy juicy quote, Rose had been "handed" to write up~that the Iranians any CIA source can Ье asked about Agee-most recently, . ~anted Agee'to.sit on.a tHЬ:uщ1J which, there wereтumors, according to UPI: "lf 1 can get him with my bare hands, 1'11 щight Ье estaЫished to.tiyihe pr.ls6ners . .Jt was З a.m., and kill him, I'H kill him." Rose•wa~ to~d·th~t; as faтas CAJ.hknew there w~s rtothing to sЦch а ru·mo.r,.arid in any event CA/Bwould try to reach Agee has lived with this fool.ishness with some equanimi Agee later that day'; However, within a-few hours', the early ty: "lf 1 were constantly lookin.g behind me," he once said; edЩon. of the'Post was on the standsinNew York City. "1 would. just trip ov,er my own feet." Still, he. has been .. . forced to pack up and move wi.th his family froщ his homes :. · · 'rhe«banner hea.dJine, which t.ook up half th~ front page, in England, in Fтance, a·nd in Holland, one after the other, ~,, 1'r~a.d.: "CIA Traitor м~y.·J;.udge ,(lpstages." (fhis was'ap as the local authorit'ies.have bowed to petty pressure from .. -piireritly.t~o p:чicb_everifor.the·Post, because Iater edЩoris the CIA. Now, the campaign has soared to new heights. ·cьanged tht; werd "TraitQr" tQ · "Defector. ") The article · _ con~.a'ined-1his senц:n~e:··.~~:!eading Irariian 9ipiornat in the U.S. told thcЦ'~#:i".Тh~r-e wil1 :Ь.е an a:nti·iпiperialist, anti The Frame-Up Ziohist AmericanЬn the tribunal and Philip. Agee is at the top <:!f ourlist of carrdida't.es.'", · The Agency has never had any compunctions about fabricating mate.rial about Agee whenever it suits their What is .sigirifit.ant ·'is: tbat фе Post never named the purpose. (РrоЬаЫу the most persistent lie is .that it was "diplomat," the i-ra'nian Embassy and tJ .N. Mission denied Agee who named Richard Welch in the pages of Counter the story, Agee Iaterpointed out that no lranian had asked Spy; although it has been documented tbat that naming hirn to sit. o.n any-tti1;)Unal, and, in fact, no such tribunal had nothing to do with Welch's subsequent death, it is also ever took place, with or without Agee. Moreover, the true that Agee had nothing to do with th.at article in article, which Rose admitted he was writing, had no CouriterSpy.) by-line. . The next day, both CAJB and.Agee issued statements The latest move, however, indicates а high level of sophis explaining that Agee had never been asked to serve on such tication. Jt began in early December. Agee conceived а · а tribunal, and, in fact, would not contemplate traveling to possiЫe solution to the proЫem of the people held in the Iran whi1e there were people held in the Embassy. Tehran Eщbassy. On the telephone to some diplomat friends, he suggested that the Iranians should offer to exchange the prisoners for the CIA 's files on Iran. Не urged Vance Makes His Move that someone get that proposal to the lranians, in hopes of securing the release of the prisoners. The practicality of the Five d.ays later, the Administration made its move, · suggestion has been questioned in some circles. А former through the State Department. А consular official, embar са~е officer remarked to СА/В that the Agency would let rassed because it was Christmastime, arrived at Agee's 500 people die, never mind 50, before they would ever apartment in Hamburg and served him with а letter from release any files. But what must Ье kept in mind is that-the the State Department informing him that Secretary Vance conversations with the friends were originaHy priva:te. had decided that "your activities abroad are causing or are likely to cause serious damage to the national security or Then, the night of December 16, the plot unfolded. the foreign policy of the United States." This language is ':'А 1В received а phone call f rom Gregory Rose, а reporter from State Department regulations outliningthe instances
4 CovertAction Number 8 (March-April 1980) when, it is said, the Secretary has the authority to refuse to То The Courtroom issue someone а passport, or to revoke one already issued. The letter informed Agee that his passport was revoked. Finally, Ьу year end, articles appeared indicating that Agee denied that he had any plans to travel to lran. lt was Agee's lawyers went to court to challenge the authority almost two weeks after the original New York Post article of the Secretary of State to revoke someone's passport that this information appeared. In the meaпtime Agee's simply because the Secretary thinks his activities are not in lawyers had commei1ced the action in U.S. District Court keeping with U.S. foreign policy. The government's an iп Washington, Agee v. Vance. The heariпg was put off swering papers filed in Court demonstrate how the fabri until mid-January, primarily because Agee's Jawyers as cated New York Post story grew in stature. The affidavit of serted, without contradiction, that he had no immediate Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, David D. travel plans, whatever the newspapers said. The New York Newsom, said: "lt has been reported in the press (New Тimes, in the interim, printed an editorial suggesting that it York Post, December 17, 1979) that Mr. Agee has been was doubtful that U.S. Jaw permitted lifting Agee's pass invited to travel to Iran in order ot participate in а Tribunal port. They gave appropriate weight to Rose's New York involving the hostages in Tehran." The original article Post article: "The State Department's fear that·the former never said that Agee had been invited Ьу anyone, an asser agent will go to Iran seemed based on а misreading of an tion he denied, and on which he was never contradicted. unconfirmed news report. Не says he hasn't been invited The article simply said that an unnamed diplomat said that and wouldn 't accept such an invitatioп." Agee was on а list of people who might Ье asked to serve on such а tribunal. At the Court heariпg, the Justice Department's perfor mance was pathetic. They now insisted that the passport was not revoked because of any plans for travel to Iran The German Authorities appareпtly because there was simply no confirmation that that had ever been in the works. They indicated that the The degree to which the media are unaЫe to stick with revocation was because Agee spoke out against the CIA all the truth wheп it comes to Agee is demonstrated in the over the world. But, as the Judge pointed out, revoking series of articles which followed the news of the passport someone's passport doesn't stop him from speaking. The revocation, апd dealt with the question of Agee's residency Justice Department replied that at least it made it more in the Federal RepuЫic of Germany. At по poiпt, it should difficult for him to travel around. Several days Jater the Ье пoted, did the Germaп authorities threateп Agee with Court ru\ed that the Department of State had no authority deportatioп. Yet, withiп two days of the revocatioп; ап АР to revoke а passport in the manner they had. The regula- story circulated statiпg that Iocal officials were studying tions, the Court said, were invalid. · the questioп апd decidiпg whether to deport Agee. This, iп fact, was поt true, though the headliпes said, "W. Germaпy Мау Oust Agee." The.New York Тimes compouпded the 'error. lts headliпe read: "West Germaпy Acts to Bar Agee."
All this time, there was по coverage giveп to the argu meпts of Agee's lawyers that the Secretary of State had по authority to do what he had doпe-that а citizeп's passport had been revoked еv.еп though the citizen was not charged with апу crime, was not under апу court order, was not wanted as а material witпess, or апу of the other limited exceptions wherein one's freedom of movement might Ье restricted. The concept that а person's passport could Ье revoked because he disagreed with U .S. foreign policy is ludicrous. As one of Agee's lawyers noted, Непrу Kissiпger interferes in U .S. foreign policy more in а week than Agee could in а lifetime. ·
CIA Reactions
Although it is apparent that the passport revocation was · part ot:a well-coordinated plan designed first of all to limit any influence Agee might have with respect to the situation However, the Justice Department imrriediately went to in Iran and secondly to force him back to the U nited States, the next highest court, the Circuit Court of Appeals, and official CIA comments were naturally not forthcoming. asked for а stay of the District Judge's order directiпg the UPI was reduced· to running а story quoting the unnamed return of Agee's passport. То the surprise of тапу ob intelligence officer who wanted to kill Agee with his bare servers, the Circuit Court granted the stay, leaving Agee hands, and а few of Agee's better-known professional ene without а valid passport, despite the victory in the lower mies, such as former CIA men David Atlee Phillips and court. The case was scheduled for expedited consideration, Jack Blake. and will Ье. argued in mid-March.
Number 8 (March-April 1980) CovertAction 5 Gregory Rose had а partiпg shot. Ori February 6, he their files on him, but others, like the CIA, had given up by-liпedа brief article with the headliпe, "CIA turпcoat virtually nothiпg. The case was, it was thought, а simple markiпg U.S. diplomats for death." This rather pr9voca FOIA personal file suit. tive headliпe accompaпied ап article which had по coпtext. It merely quoted "U.S. officials" for seveп paragraphs, То the woпderrnent of Agee.'s attorпeys, the Justice De without sayiпg who was beiпg quoted, what had occurred, partment finally filed а request оп behalf of rhe United or why they were beiпg quoted. АН this, iroпically, from States governmeпt to iпtervene in the case, and to couпter the same reporter who, wheп the Embassy was first occu claim·against Agee, requestiпg ап iпjuпction agaiпst him pied, called СА/В to fiпd out if we had the пames of апу preventiпg him from writing or speaking without first CIA people iп the Embassy. cleariпg the text with the CIA. This is the same type of injuпction which the goverпment had obtained agaiпst 1 John Marks апd Victor Marchetti several years before. The Freedom of Information Act Case The papers .also asked for ап iпjuпction agaiпst the "immi l пent" puЫicatioп of Dirty Work 2: The С/А in Africa. The full extent of the goverпmeпt's campaign against When·it was fouпd that the book was already puЫished, Agee became abuпdaпtly clear the same day the Circuit this request was withdrawп (see sidebar). Court issued the stay order. Several moпths earlier, after years of frustrating delays апd deпials, Agee had filed а 1 Freedom of Iпformatioп Act suit iп federal court against What was so surprising iп this case was that Agee had the CIA, the FBI, the Justice Department, the NSA and the never set foot iп the Uпited States; his lawyers had merely State Department, because of their refusal to turп over filed iuit for his persoпal files uпder the FOIA. This case, their files on him. Some ageпcies, like the State Depart too, апd the eпtire questioп of jurisdiction is поw peпdiпg ment, had, in fact, turпed over а substantial perceпtage of in the courts.
The Book That Cou1dn't Ве Stop.ped
Either the Justice Department is guilty of even 2, or for фat·matter from Dirty Work /, either. greater disiпgenuousпess than usual, or the CIA doesn't let its оwп lawyers kriow what is goiпg оп. Lyle Stuart issцed а press release charitably des Niпe days after filiпg ап emergeпcy motioп in federal cribing t.heJustice Departrrieпt.officials as "ignoraпt" court to prevent the "immiпent" puЫicatioп of Dirty and "inefficient." Тiте Magaziпe said the lawyers Work 2: The С/А inAfrica, Justice Departmeпt law were "astonished" to learп that the book had already yers were fo.rced to withdraw the request wheп they Ьееп puЬlished. The. Washington Post said the law~ "learned" that the book had already Ьееп puЬlished. yers were "uriaware" tlie book "has already been оп sale in at least one Washiпgtoп Ьookstore."
In August 1979 the puЫisher, Lyle Stuart, апd two ln the court papers withdrawing the request, how co-editors, Elleп Ray апd WiНiam Schaap, attended ever, as the Associated Press accurately pointed out, the Sixth Summit of Heads of State or Governmeпt "th~ department stopped short 6f admitting its ofthe Nonaligned Nations, iп Havana. They brought gaffe." ln fact, it was Worse thaп that. The papers with them copies of а special paperback edition of the book which was presented todoze9s ofheads of state, said: "Before the Court could·act upon the United foreign ministers and other government officials States' motion for intervention or joinder, however, from around the world. the book was puЫished and availaЫe in at 1east one bookstore in the District of ColumЬia." This state ment is at best misleading; and at worst а deliberate Copies were also presented to а number ofjourna1- falsehood. lt implies that the· book was rushed into ists and generally made availaЫe. Тhеп, in January the bookstores after the motion ·was filed and before 1980 the regular hardcover edition was shipped Ьу the Court could do anything about it. Aside from Lyle Stuart, lnc. to bookstores around the country. ignoringthe rather significant fact that Agee does not When the Justice Department filed the emergency own the book, and therefore could hardly Ье ordered motioп, Dirty Work 2 had already been availaЫe in а to stop its puЬlication iп any eveпt, the implication is number of Washingtoп bookstores for weeks. untrue. It straiпs credulity to believe that the CIA did not know the book was distributed at the Sixth . What was even more peculiar was that the Justice Summit in August and that it was in bookstores in Department was asking the court to restrain Philip January. Agee from puЬlishing а book which was not his. The book, which contains two articles Ьу Agee, was re In the vicious; ·hysterical ·campaign against Philip searched апd edited Ьу four' other persons, and is Agee, the U.S. government is unaЫe to stick to the owned Ьу а corporation with which Agee has no truth. They lie about his intentions; they lie about his conпection. Moreover, Agee пever asked for, nor travels; they won't even keep it straight who writes received, а penny from the puЬlication of Dirty Work what books.
6 CovertAction Number 8 (March-April 1980) Conclusion
lt is hard not to draw the conclusion that the government • has set in motion а massive campaign to 'hounq Philip Agee PUВLICAПONS OF back home, and to gag him. lt is only this threat of an injunction which has kept him from returninglong ago to INTEREST the U.S. Agee, who has never been chai:ged with' а crime, who has simply spoken out forcefully a,gainst the abuses of the U.S. intelligence complex, who has become synony mous with criticism of the CIA, has, at the,iпsistence of the CIA, been forced to move from count.ry, to country and Asia Moпitor, $3/issue, from Asia/North America been wrongfully .accused of assor:ted hei,nous acts. 1t is а Communications Center, 2 Man Wan Road, 17-С, Коw measure of the streQg!h ,of his struggle that he cohtinues to \ооп, Hongkoпg. (А quarterly magazine focusiпg оп U.S. speak ,ol1t and to fight back. ecoпomic involvement in Asia. Very detailed, with а wealth of research informatioп апd materials f or persons working in this area. Also puЫished Ьу A/NACC: America iп ·And the Writer That Could Asia: Research Guide оп U.S. Есопотiс Activity iп Patiftc Asia, $\О/ surface; $19 / air; and А Survey of Educatioп/ The Supreme Court's decision in Sперр v. Uпited Actioп Resources оп Multiпatioпal Corporatioпs, $2.50.) States has shocked most observers and many editor ial writers. The Court decided the case without benef Third World, 10 issues, air/$22; five issues/air/$12, it of oral argument from the opposing lawyers, and from Periodistas des Tercer Mundo, Apartado 2():..572, gave the government more than they had asked for- Mexico 20, D.F., Mexico. (Approximately moпthly, ап two extremely unusua1 'actions. · · excellent review of the eпtire Third World, with perceptive articles . from тапу of the best researchers around the The case appe~rs to have been deciqed more as а world. The same group also puЫishes а Spanish editioп, . question of contract la w than of the delicate balances Tercer Мипdо, as well as а Portuguese editioп, Terceiro of freedom of speech and press and national security. Мипdо. Write for rates.) The Court held thatSnepp's secrecy agreement was а biдding contract, and he breached it Ьу puЫishing his ltaly апd US, $6/year, $10 overseas, from Committee b~Ok:;regatdless of the fact that, as the CIA admitted, for а Democratic Policy Towards ltaly, Р. О. Вох 32351, 'tliere was",no classified information in the book. The Washington, DC 20007. (The Ьiriюnthly пewsletter of а 'r~щ,d8;y .:{J1~J;~~gщi approved was to apply. what is · receпtly estaЫished group working against U.S. interveп- called''a1!,\~;фnsi'r,uC.tive trust" to аЦ of his profits, from tion iп the ltalian political process.) · , the boo:k~(fiat i~; torequire him to turn over to th'e government every 'cent he received for the book. IDAF PuЫicatioпs, on request from lnternational . Defense and Aid Fuпd, PuЫicatioпs Department, 104 The worst language in the 9,~,se appears i11 the foot Newgate Street, Loпdon EClA 7АР, United Kingdom; notes, one of which says: ~:-\P~is Court's cases make qverseas req.uesters shatil.d include ап IRC. (This is the clear that-"--even in the а\)~ерЕе of an express agree catalog of the·well.knowп:,pu'Ыicatioпs of Defeпse and Aid, ment-the CIA could !f*-:Vt acted to protect substan tЦе group:wnidh'has,:forrnany·years, done some ofthe best tial governinent int~t,.~,St~ Ьу imposing r~asonaЫe research on 'Southerп Africa. Jn additioп to their own restrictionS,oh empl'oyee activities that in (1ther con research papers, they pilЫish works Ьу Nelsoп Maпdela, texts might Ье profected Ьу the First Amendment .... B~rbara.Rogers, Gillian.and Suzaппe Cronje, and others. The Goverriment has а compelling interest in protect Also availaЫe is Focus, •their Ы-moпthly news bulletiп; ing both the seci-ecy of information important to our subscriptions fЗ, suriface; f5, air.) national security and the appearance of confidential ity so e'ssential to the effective operation of our for- Graymail Legislatioп, Heariпgs of Legislatioп Sub ·. eig11 intelligence service." committee of the House Permanent Select Committee оп Iпtelligeпce, August 7, September 20, 1979. From the The threat to whistleЬ!owing is clear. The Court,is Committee. (This House Comrilittee pamphlet includes the openly limiting the First Amendment rights of gov text of the various pendiпg graymail Ьills апd the testimony ernment employees. The case also includes much un of а пumber of witпesses, including Morton Halperiп апd abashed praise fог intelligence services in general, Michael Tigar.) and emphasizes the irrelevance of the argument that the material in question was not classified. lndeed lmpact of the Freedom of lпformatioп Act апd the some commentators have· suggestep that the vehem Privacy Act оп lпtelligeпce Activities, Hearing of Legisla eпce of the. opinion is related to the breaches of tioп Subcommittee of the House Permaneпt Select Com coпfidence Ьу former апd preseпt clerks of the Court mittee on lпtelligence, April 5, 1979. From the Committee . . w,hich led to much of the scandalo.us gossip iп the (This House Committee pamphlet does not purport to recently .puЫished book about the Supreme ·Court, preseпt а "balaпced view," but instead presents the views of The Brethreп. the FВI and the CIA, their arguments and proposals for limiting the FOIA.)
Number 8 (March-April 1980) CovertAction 7 I~telligence Legislation Makes tbe Rounds Ву William Schaap
As we have noted in our Editorial, international develop As we and several others testified, the ЫП bas а number ments-especially Iran and Afghanistan-have been used of seriou_s:defects. Although the first provision might not unconstitutiorial per se-particularly given the outcome Ьу the CIA and other friends -arid I,oosters of the intelli Ье of the Snepp case (see sidebar this issue )-it severely Iimits gence complex. to support and jщ;tify а wide range of efforts to "unleash" the CIA. The major battlefield is Con whistleЫowing in the entire intelligence field. Also, it is not gress, and in both Houses numeroiis proposals are under limited to infoпnation which is in fact secret and it is not consideration. What is ironic is that these discussions first limited to identities alone. (And, as one witness noted, it even prevents а former CIA officer from saying that-he or began .in а very djfferent context. she used to work for the CIA.) Originally peopie were w.oпied about an unrestrained CIA. Jt was felt that some kind of charter was needed to define th~ Цi::nits beyond which the Agency ~ould' not step. There wasifearфat existinglegislation was too vague and· l~ft.too many loose ends. N'ow, although the existidg law~ ;have .Qot cЦ~ng~.d а ,Ьit, ~lthough there has J'een as little control.ofthe C-IA as ever, the move is on to "unhandcufr• th~m, ·s~m(:how tlie CI!,\'pas created the impressfon that if it had had а freer'hand. things would not haye gone as they did in lran or in Afgbanistan. This incrtdiЫe argument. - prevails even though th,e .CIA рrоЬаЫу had the freest hand i,n .Iran it has ever h~p~even _фough_ it worked tiand:'in-: glove with the Shah and $А V АК for thirty years ..
The Major Legislation Pending
-_ Ther._e are а number, of different ЫНs under di~cussion seve:ral о( whic~ ~ave_already been int'roduced, an'd some of w\li~h have- ~!rea The JnteШgence ldentities Protection Act Thisis the proposalт-ostensiЫy. d~signed to criminalize our Naming [Vames .~PJup,ц} 7abput which w~ testified be fore th~)J.o~s~ P~p~1anen~ .. S~lect C,щp_mitie'e on 1nteЩ- . g,eAcl(, Sшсе ,9,ur t~,st1mony 1s r~prin\ed i.n full i9 фis issu~, ~Iong ~it~ much- of the other testimony ,and_фe q~~stion шg, th1s b11l need only Ье summarized here. lt coniains two p,ro~isions; tb~. first makes it а crime for ару fo.rmer gov ernme~t ещрlоуее witЦ a_uthщized, .access .. to -classified in The second provision, however, is. in our opinion, clear- ,foчnatipQ i4entifyiчg, irit.elii'gence office.rs• :agents or 1y unconstitutional-a view apparently shared Ьу the Jus sources to disclose those j~entities• ..-or. informatiQn from which those _identities cpuld Ье ascerta'ine_d. тh'е· ·second tice Depai:tment. Their remedy for this defect, however, is provisi~n makes it а crime for any,one else tp disclose such . not а very liberal one. They proposed а stibstitute Ыll to tnake it а crime for апуопе to release classified informa -information, "with the intent to impair or iщpede Unit~d tion, identifying an officer, agent or source, "with the States intelligence activities." . · , ".. Number 8 (March-April 1980) 8 CovertAction knowledge that such disclosure is based on classified in stantial or partial assistance of the FOIA, puЫished some f ormation." They do not define what is meant Ьу being of the· mщ;t significant puЫic discussion of intel!igence "based on" classified information. This provision would issues in recent years. J9hn м;arks' book, The Searchfor presumaЫy affect а newspaper editor who received а sup the Manchurian Candidate, William Shawcross's book, posedly classified document in the mail anonymously, а Sideshow;and Dan Morgan's book, Merchants of Grain, frequent occurrence. among others, f all in this category. . . The Justice bepartment bill also makes the first provi The line on the Hughes-Ryan Amendment repeal is sion worse. They propose criminalizing the disclosure of an equally inconsistent. Even as the Ыll was introduced, Sena identity Ьу а former emptoyee with "access to information tor Walter Huddleston, one of its sponsors, admitted that revealing the identities of covert agents," even if the person "he knew of no Ieaks that could definitely Ье Ыamed on identified was not one to whose identity the employee had Hughes-Ryan, but he said that there have been some covert access, and even, for tliat matter, if the information identi operations the CIA has decided not to undertake because fying the person disclosed did not соте from classified of feat of disclosure." ( Washington Post, Januaty 24, sources. It proposes а perpetual, btoad ban on all former 1980.) What makes the repeal movement even more foolish employees. is the poorly guarded secret that the CIA has ignored Hughes-Ryan whenever it wished. Finally it came out into the open on February 21, 1980, when Admiral Turner was The Moynihan Bill testifying before <:ongress in opposition to the Charter introduced а few days earlieЦsee below). Also in January, the Senate took its first steps in this area. Senator Moynihan introduced а three-part bill, S. 2216, which contained the verbatim text of the Boland House bill and two other parts. One was to exempt from . t.he provisions of the Freedom of Information Act all re quests about the CIA except for·requests Ьу citizens and permanent resident atiens for files about themselves. The other was to repealthe Hughes-Ryan Amendment requir ing advance notice of covert actions to the Congressional Foreign Affairs and InteШgence Committees, and substi tuting а provision which required ncitice "as soon as possi Ыe" or notification of а findi~g Ьу the National Security Agency that the action "does not involve substantial re sources or risks." The first provision, the inclusion of the Boland bill, led to an embarrassed admission from Moynihan on the Se nate floor soon after its introduction that he had not stu died the Ыll carefuliy and that he was going to move to strike from his Ыll the second provision of the Boland bill, relating to persons other than former government em ployees. Не conceded the provision "might have а chilling effect" on the press. .- Moynihan and his co-sponsors, however, have staunchly defended the othet parts of his ь·ili. The Freedom of lnfor mation Act specifically exempts records which are "proper ly classified ... in the interest'of national defense or foreign policy," an exemption which in the past Agency spokesper sons always defended as adequate. But the CIA, and the STANSFiELD TURNER Senator, have now taken the position that the appearance of additional protection is as important to present and prospective ageП:ts as an already sufficient law. Under persistent questioning he admitted that he had The argument is bizarre, but not as much so as the not always kept Congress informed in advance of antici justifications given for restricting the FOIA to citizens' pated activities. When it was suggested that this contra requests for personal files. It is "absurd," Senator Moyni dicted his testimony before Congress at his confirmation han said, to allow "an agent of the KGB" to seek intelli hearings that he wouid have "no difficulty" complying with gence under the Act. But, if classified national defense and the advance notice provisions, he waffled. Не noted that he foreign policy matters are already exempt from the Act, had only said he would have no difficulty trying to keep what is the point? Moreover, the new proposal limiting Congress informed, not that he would. А few days later, requests to personal files is а direct attack at the academi Senate Majority Leader Robert Byrd said he would insist cians, historians and researchers who have, with the sub- on prior notice of covert action. Number 8 (March-April 1980) CovertAction 9 Th~ Charter contacts overseas which might lead the Administratioп to believe the persoп has such informaйon-eveп tti.ough law The iciпg оп the cai ·~. " ' . .: .. ~· \'·j~~.~ •, .;:" ' ·" ; ··~· ~- ... •, .- . . :l Q.Jiostw,titing~·\e1л:·Styie: . . •· ..... · - ;+.:i~'~:~~~~im~~~at~;,~· that the 96th Congress clearly an'd com pe. .fl:~ngly;;:declare tha:t the unauth9rized disclosure .Qf the iqe·i\t'i t.i~s· :of .our i-n~~lligence officers and' those allied in ou:r e:ffor:~s w.i'll no · longer Ье. tolerated." Froпi the statetneht of Frank.C. Carlucci to the House Per manent Select Committee on Intell'igence, Januaгy 31, 1980 "It is urgent that th·e 96th Congress clearly and compel lingly demonstrate that the unauthorized revelation of the identi t"ies of our inte.llig.ence 0:ffic;ers an(i those· allied in our efforts will no longer Ье tolerated." · .Prom the statement o:f Representative Charles Е. Bennett to the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, February 1, 1980 10 CovertAction Number 8 (March-April 1980) STATEМENT OF CAШ·BEFORE HOUSE СОММIТТЕЕ, JAN. 31, 1980 Mr. Chairman, members of the Committee, the Covert chooses to support another government and to give it aid, it Action Information Bulletin is pleased to have this oppor should do so openly and puЬ!icly.2 tunity to present its views to you. The three of us comprise the complete staff of the Bulletin. In this connection, we Ьelieve that the CIA, as it is at present, is рrоЬаЫу beyond reform; we believe that it Let us mention one point before we continue with the should Ье completely revamped, or abolished altogether, prepared statement. We were somewhat concerned yester and another new agency created, strictly limited to the day with the references to "so-called journalists" and to gathering of intelligence. In sum we believe that the covert persons "purporting" to Ье journalists. We want to note manipulation for which the CIA has become notorious that Mr. Wolf has been an accredited journalist for four underco.ver officers and agents corrupting and briЫng offi teen years; Ms. Ray has been а documentary film maker for cials, buying elections, secretly controlling \'arious media, twelve years, and а writer for the past several years; and employing economic and political sabotage, all the way to Mr. Schaap has been а full-time professional writer for bomb.ings and assassinations-that this manipulation'does щоrе фаn four years. Philip Agee, incidentally, who Jeft not strengthen democracy here in the United States, Ьut in the CIA ten years ago, has also been а professionaljourna1- fact weakens it. Jndeed, over the past 30 years or so, the ist since then. CIA has generated more hatred of the United States gov ernment around the world than any other single institu On that subject, Jet us also clear up some other obvious tion. The situation today in 1ran, for example, is in large misconceptions before we proceed. Mr. Agee is neither а part because>bl the CI А, not in spite of it. If it is а reasona director, an officer nor an editor of the CovertAction In Ьle goal for а nation: to try to live in. harmorty with the rest formation Bulletin. Не does contribute articies to it, al oHhe world; the CIA is consta'nHy frustrating that goal for though as one could ascertain from reading the!ll, those this country. · articles do not name any names. У ou might аН Ье interested ' .. to know that Mr. Agee has not, to our knowl~dge, named 'Вefore commenting on the specШos of the bill, ·we would any names in at least three years, and that appiies to both I\k'eto ttyto dispel two myths which··affect Iiot so much our "Dirty W.or/< l" a.nd "Qirty Wprk.2," · . attua•[ 'Work as ··o'thёr peopJe'S··perceptions. of it, myths #:Ь:ich:. l'iaVe clёar!Y ·айесtёd the deliberations of this Because so much of the disctission which has Jed \о the' Comhlittee. • · · •. : .· · introduction of Н. R. 5615 suggests that it is aimed express . . ~' ~ Jy at us, 1 we would like to touch briefly on our philosophy, , . FiFst of all, there.is the :myth ,th<\t exposure subjects а and on what, in fact, we do. Although there may Ье а·· ,,GJ,A officer to"a sei:ious ;tpre11t :of physical harm, even profound difference between our view of appropriate intel death. This is opjec~;i.vely,fal&e. Qf the,more .than а thou ligence work ·and that which has led·to the introduction of а· sand CIA people who have Ьее11 named ov~r the past five biH such as this, we suggest that our position has been or six years Ьу many people and. many puЬ!ications in misrepresented. дiany couptries, not опе has been. ph,ysically harmed on account 'of it. lndeed they are rarely transferred ahead of Our puЫication, as you are undoubtedly aware, is de schedule. We won't-belabor the point here, but you should voted to.exposing what we view as the abuses ofthewestern Ье aware, as we know the CIA is, that R.ichard Welch, the intelligence agencies, primarily, though not exclusively, the CIA Station Chief in Athens, was murdered Ьу people who CIA; and to exposing the people responsiЬ!e for those were originally stalking his predecessor, and that his death abuses. We believe that otir nation's intelligence activities had nothing to do with having been named, many times, in should Ье restricted to the gathering of intelligence, in the various countries over the years, as а CIA' officer.з strictest sense. We believe it is wrong, and in the long run 2. Tlie American puЬlic-and their .representatives in Congress-had по extremely detrimental to our democracy, for this country voic~. for example, in the now we\1-documented massive aid to the to interfere covertly in the affairs of other countries. We Christian Deпiocratic Party in ltaly, or to the Front for the National · believe that other countries should choose the governments Liberation of Angola, or to the anti-Allende parties in Chi'ie, to give and systems which the people of those countries want for just а fe\v examples, themselves. We also believe that when our government 3. See "Communique," Ьу The November 17 Revolutionary Organiza tion, reprinted in "Dirty Work: The CIA in Western Europe," for 1. See, for example, ~he remarks of Senator Bentsen in the Congressional confirmation that the group was first watching Welch's predecessor. Record, !\'(ау 15, 1979, at S5959-60, and the letter from Admiral . See, for the manipulation of the murder .Ьу the CIA, "CIA News Turner to Seriator Bentsen, reprinted at S5960. See also the reinarks of : M,ana~ement," Ьу .Morton Halperin, Washington Post, January 23, Representative Boland in the Congressional Record, October 17, 1977, and Mr. Halperirt's Statement to this Committee, January 4, 1979, at Н9324, and the remarks of Representative McClory at Н9325. 1978. Mr. Welch was first puЫicly exposed as а CIA officer in /968. in See also the letter to the Editor of the New York Тimes from "Who's Who in CIA," Ьу Julius Mader. Не was also named in Representative Bolan~, puЫished Jan~ary 15, 1980. newspapers and magazines in both South America and Europe. Number 8 (March-April 1980) CovertAction 11 In the. one instance where physical harm might have been Lastly, th~ idea of specific intent required in the second an issue, the taking ofhostages in Iran, we have consistent part of the bill presents another great difficulty. The bill ly, and against consideraЬle press·ure from the. media, re only criroipalizes journalis.m, it appears, if the writer's in fused to comment on the identi(ication ofanyone involved. tent is "to impair or impede the foteign intelligence activi ties ofthe United States."But what ifthe intent is to expose The second · myth is th:;tt we and others doi'ng simHai" Шegality or to engender greater morality in government? work have some special access to secret classified informa The specific intent requirement does not minimize the un tion; that it comes from some inside source. This is simply constitutionality of the section. What one person sees as not true. N one of us ever worked for the government. The reform another will see as impairment. Indeed, as we said deductions we draw, the journalistic concltisions we come before, we believe that the best thing for the security and to, that certain persons are in fact inte11igence officers, well being ofthe United States would Ье to limit severely, if come froпi dozens of puЫic sources, from research me not to abolish, the CIA. Our intent both in exposing the thods well known and well puЫicized. 4 Similardeductions abuses of ·the intelligence agencies and in exposing the and coqclusions are.ma,de ~very-day Ьу i,n,ve~tigativ~ jour people responsiЫe for tho·se abuses is to increase the moral nalists in this country and a.round the world. The identities force in this nation, not to lessen it. That many peopie · of people we цnd other~ ·ьаvе exposed are usually quite well would disagree with us is clear. That the CIA would assume known to ·the host co.ш;itry govern.ments, and we are sure . our intent is simply to impair or impede their foreign tbe_y are already kПOWJ.l to the_ othel" major intelligence intelligence activities also seems likely. Patriotism is to service.s. Indeed, as this.week's !'{еи:sи·ееk points out, CIA some extent in the еуе of the beholder. But it is very of.fici~ls admit "the names aren't news to hostiie govern distressing that such disagreements could become the sub ments. "S These .undercover pepple are usually noi known, stance of criminal prosecutions u•nder а billsuch as this. h()wever, to the people of.the host counlry, and to the people oftbis country, even .though their conduct is gener- Our society is supposedly dedicated to openness. to ac . ally totally, completely illegal in the host country, and countaЬility, to continuing reform. lnvestigative journal often a:t home. · · ists and their sources represent one of the key elements of that tradition. The danger that the hysteria of the mQment could_ subvert that tradition is great. Th~ current move to . Finally, we would like to outline our specific arguцients "unleash"the CI/\, ofwhich this bill isjust one part. would regarding Н. R. 5615. We believe ~l:iat the entire ,bill repres Ъе, we believe, completely counterproductive. Effotts to ents а serious thr,eat t0 ·the ЬасkЬош; of our democ.racy exempt the CIA from the Freedom oflnformation Act and · particularly freedom of the press. The bill is not, in r.eality, to repeal the Hughes-Ryaл Amendment are 'equally dangerous. , .,. · aimed merely at our puЫication or others like it; it is ai.med at jourrщlists geиerally,. and at their sources-at outside investigatщs and·inside wqisteblower!\ .. For Qne фing, the То conclude. we hope that you.understand our motiva bill is not e·ven,limit~d to e.x~lud~ exposur.es, of p~Jently tions; we hope even more 'that y'ou recognize 'the effect this il/ega/activity. Nor is'it limitщl;to the,exposure:oHg~;r.i~ities bill would have, lrot dii us\· but on freedom of the press in th.is country, and on government morality. learned because of access to classified information1,9reven. .·· . . .. to identities at all. The bill censors "any information that identifies" an undercover officer'or agent. Yet it is~irtually ·. impossiЬle to expose an improper or unlawful or irrtmoral. operation or activit·y in government without disclosing information~from which ·one migh't ascertain the ·identity of Folloи·ing the presentation o.fthe СА1В statement, th~re the persons responsiЫ:e fot .. swch an a:ctivity. WhistleЬ!ow was ап extensive period of questioning Ьу the Committee ·ers have traditionall:Y been::this cou·ntry's greatest· weapon members. Excerpts o.f that interchange fol/oи·: · against official corruption and iпimorality. Th:is bill would wipe out whistleЫowing in the intelligence field, -where it Mr. Mazzoli (D., Ку.): Thank you very much. We ap may Ье most ne_cessary. · · .;:. preciate your being here, and yo.ui: statement is certainly quite thought provoking. 1 have. to confess, to Ье candid Crit.ically. from а constitutional,:point of view. the bill is witli you; that 1 can see where you might Ье i'notivated to not liцiited 'to information w.ttich is in.fact secret and classi disclose the outrages or overreachings of an intelligence fied. This appears to Ье the first time that something really .agency, but 1 just ·really can't quite handle the approach approaching an Official Secrets Act has been so seriously that you take. 1 recognize that it is important to have а proposed in the United States. We believe t·hat if truly dialogue in America; the Ьеадtу of this nation is that we . secret and classified information is. exposeo. and· if jt is can have people who so very diametrically disagree with truly damaging to the national security. then the existing one another and' sЩI Ье in the same room together without espionage laws are sufficient to protect the interests of the polemics going back and forth .. But 1 have to say in candor country. that·your view, while carefully ·reached and zealously held, is, 1 am sure, that of а very, very small minority throughout · the country, and 1 think legitimaie-!y а small part. 1 would 4. Best known, and often reprfnted, is "How to Spot а Spook,." Ьу John ask yoti ~ question. You say that y0u believe the nation's Marks, Washington Month/y, November 1974. Similar articles have intelligence activity should Ье restricted to .tbe gathering of appeared all over the world. intelligence in the strictest sense. Accepting that that should Ье its mission, and that anything beyond that is 5. January 28, 1980, р. 32. .11 CovertAction Number 8 (March-April 1980) wrong, does not your activity exactly lтpede and in таnу Bulletin very well. lt's а slick puЬlication; 1 ~ean the t·or cases interrupt and destroy that intelligence gathering mai is, .and the paper you U!!e is slick, and the information mission? in the Bulletin is slick inforтation too. CAIB: The answer depends upon understanding our CAIB: We appreciate the coтpliтent. We might point philosophy about the CIA. We have no delusions that we out that the CIA, as well as Congress, were among our earliest subscribers. · have соте here to change the тinds ofthe meтbers ofthe Committee. We have соте here to try to explain where we Boland: Well, 1 would think they would Ье. Now just а are coтing from, and to make clear that we do not use secret documents and do not have any inside line to the moment ago you referred to the CIA as an evil instruтen tality. Is that the de'scription you want to apply to it today? CIA, that we work froт puЫic research. But our philo sophy is that the CIA is in fact an evil instruтentality CAIB: То the extent that the тanipulation that we are which is beyond reforт because of а tradition which has talking about stiН takes place, yes. built up over таnу years, doing those activities which have been exposed in the press over the past nuтber of years. lt Boland: Give те one ехатрlе of sоте тanipulation is our belief that those activities continue to this very that is taking · place right now that тakes it an eyil тотеnt. There are meтbers ofthis Coтmittee who would instruтentality. · quite seriously take the position that it is а good thingthat they do; we sincerely take the position th,at it is а very bad thing that they do. We think that one has to start .over CAIB: If we knew soтething that was taking.place right again, either with а coтpletely revamped agency, or with а now it would be·in this issue of the Bulletin~ We can only new agency. tell you аЬоцt what was taking place. There is no past .. experience to.give us reason to believe the Agency when it Mazzoli: 1 appreciate that, but of course that is not to тakesthe соттеnt, in wJ1atever words, that "We don~t do · happen. 1 wonder if your effort at exposing thё wrongdoing .that any тоrе. ~'·We say that because over the years, every doesn't really destroy the mission as you see it, which is to tiтe that has been said, and on several occasions to this gather intelligence? lt certainly doesn't пiake it any easier.. Congress, Ьу officials of the Agency, µnder oath, it has turned out to Ье uqtrue. We don't теаn that everything CAIB: No, we don't think it тakes it any easier. Our that is going on rises to the level of the interventj.on in proЫem is that the manipulation that we see, the dirty Chile, or the overthrow of Mossadegh in Iran, or Guate- tricks as they're cailed, are so intertwined. It is our under- mala, and so on. We siтply feel to а тoral certainty that it . sti:i:~ding that the vast тajority of intelligence gathering, up i~ gp~ng on rigbt now. We,are sure that politiciar1;s,are being to' 95% Of it at least, i.s done through microwave intercep; paid off right now Ьу our gove.rnтent through.th~·CIA; we ''фji:i" Ьу th'e N ational Security Agency, thr<>ugh electronic .• : · .are sure ihere are elё«tio'n~ 1 being bought right riow Ьу the surveltlance; and th~o·ugh the· clipping of newspapers·.. "·,·. <::I~.")Ve:wiH find o~·t'~bout tblm ii'year from now ... There a·re we doh 't ki:iow how many thousands · df errt-· · · · · ' ' ' · · · \ ployees at the CIA headquarters in Virginia, analyzing Mr.м~C.Ji:Y(R.;ЦJ.): У.оµ saythat one ofthe aims of · docuтents, reading books, clipping.newspap.ei;s: We have · the CovertЛction Jnformation· Bu1/etin and those who are no proЬlem with th.at kind 'of inteШgen·ce analysis. . ' ass~ciated ~iН; it is to siop' i'llegal or iтmoral 'activity. ls ~hat а fiiir siatement of what you believe? Mazioli: Ddn't y~u think that.you could accoтplish your mission~ which you have reached verythoughtfully, to CAIB: Yes. reform the intelligence agency, without naтing nanies? McClory: · Is the issuance of fake passports illegal in CAIB: PossiЫy, but our feeling at this point, after your opinion? working in this area for several years, is that we cannot, partly because of the value it has in таnу in.stances in CAIB: We wo'utd ima:giiie in every country in the world explaining operations. Consider yesterday's coттents it is illegal, yes. · about the King Hussein story. An editor wouldn't even have put it in the paper, тuch less on page one, ifyou didn't McClory: W ould you Ье critical of the governтent of say who it was. Also, we feel strongly that you cannot Canada, for issuing fake passports to the Americans who separate the responsiЬility for the actions froт the individ were secreted out of Iran? If the Canadian government did ual responsiЬility of the people who do t.heт. Jf you accept that would you Ье critical of theт for engaging in illegal our preтise that the CIA station in 11 foreign country is activity? manipulating, is paying off politicians, is buying elections, is doing whatever else, even putting aside assassinations CAIB: Not that iНegal activity, no. We are not critical and the like-if you accept that the тanipulation is taking that they assisted in helping these people to escape, nor are place, the individuals involved are responsiЫe. They cer we critical that, according to the newspapers the CIA as~ tainly know what they are doing. sisted in forging sоте visa staтps on the passports in order to assist theт to escape. We are soтewhat critical of the Mr. Boland (D., Mass.): lt's nice to get both sides ofthe mass media for having puЫished the fact. · arguтent, and you presented it very well. As а тatter of fact, you even present your CovertAction lnformation Boland: Now you also say that your intent is to expose Number 8 (March-April 1980) CovertAction 13 abuses and that H.R. 5615 would criminalize whistle-Ыow CAIB: The most obvious example is that they pumped ing. What abuses does your Naming Names section reveal? many millions of dollars into the Christian Democratic What abuses come to the surface as а result ofyour naming Party in ltaly, for example. names and your books? McClory: Do you think western free Europe is · anti CAIB: That information, in particular instances, espe American? cially instances of diplomatic cover officials in ehibassies, would only come to light thereafter, and would Ье recog САIВ: We have а _profound difference of opinion. All ~ized Ьу the citizens of t_he host country. ln most cases we're s11y!qg is that it is wrong for this country secretly to where we are simply reporting Oil а case оШсеr iri. а coun pump rnil}ions of dollars into the coffers of а particular try, we don't know pre.r;/sely what"h~ is d·oi11g. As we have politi~al party .in another. country. We think it is wrong for said, you have to understand our plii'losopJiy·wыch. posits щ1уоnе to do that. that а large. part of what heis doing is wrong, ащl that it is bad for this country .that h.e · is doing li. J.i gdnerally only McClory: 1 can only observe that you are not answering comes out afterwards what the specific tniY1g·might' Ье. the question. · McClory: Му principal observation is that, while your Mazzoli: Let me. ask you this. You seek to disabuse the testimony and the activity of this puЬ!ic~t.loit appear to Ье Committee of any thought that you use clandestine means directed at the abuses of the CIA and other intelligence · ·to get your i.nforщation, that you work with puЬ!ic records agencies, what we are dealing with ourselves are what we and what have you. You say here ihat you don't have some regard'as ab'uses of First Arheiidment rights, which we feel special access .. Now this special· access is importan~. Ье ··· tht~aten the desti:uctiori and ldss бf these: First Amendment . cause t.he staff has handedJne а с-ору of your April-May privileges whi<,:h we -have. 1 ~ve•made mention·seve-ra:J times 1979 issue, in which there is а very long secret docriment, .· ',ofth'e change in directiontheliberalcommunity appears to Department ofState, dealing with something that occurred Ье taking as а result of'the tremendous threatsof the KGB in Europe. This is thefirst time I've seen your puЫication, and oth.er covert opetations ·м adversary.nations. What if sQ,appar,ently you dp,µs.e classified inforrnation als~. Per . anything have you done t~' try to ex·pose any of the covert haps. фё use of. that document can Ье sqчared witb' your operation$ of any persons ·that I woUld regard·as.. oш ene statement, ,but it seems like yo,u're Je~ding фе <;::ommittee mies; thos~ that are trying 'to dest'roy these·.First Amend to believe that classified information doesn't play а ·part. m~ht rights that 'y'ou putport to·be championing? ,. ' •·,' ;-: .. CAIB: Jha~. partiщJar .~~~m P.le .c~n: Ье expl11iµed very easily. This,docqmeц~ j~ppeared,, .p,ripr.. t() (iur .PuJ~!i'cation, · · · . CAIB: We don ;t know very mчcii about the ко в. But in .an ,Ц!-!Наn newspape~ ,q,,..tlit.4r;l:qi.~.epиЬ,M~a, .\~ f?-!~· and you shouJd undeщan 14 CovertAction Number 8 (March-April 1980) ___ J 1__ one has ever threatened us for being named, no one has · puЫish investigative pieces and political analyses and re ever pointed out а mistake. ports which don't name names but discuss politics around the world .• Mazzoli: Well, 1 would hardly thirik that реор!е would ever sue you, for obvious reasons, because if they are an Boland: 1 suppose one ofthe reasons why people center agent or not, the very fact that. suit is brought, demon on naming names is because to а lot of people that is very strates that the cover is Ыown. The matter has been con serious. What do you know about the one thousand indi firmed in that action. I wonder why you would argue with viduals that you have exposed that leads you to believe that what the papers have done. 1 mean why would that concern they are performing individually illegal acts, and what you, give you trouЬ!e? makes you so confident that no harm has come to those whose names 'have been exposed, or disclosed, or harrass CAIB: lt gives us tr.ouЬ!e because we are very sensitive ment to their families? You really don 't have that knowl to this aspect of putting people's lives in danger. Ever since edge, do you? the Welch assassinatioii. there has been an assumption on the part of ma'ny people tha't it was caused Ьу his having CAIB: We feel fairly certain that if any serious harm been named in CounterSpy, when in fact that wasn't true. had occurred to anybody we had named, the Press Office of The real proЫem is that in March of this year Admiral the CIA would have called а press conference and had it on Turner admitted in а speech at J ohns Hopkins that perhaps the wire services instantly. The Welch assassination-they it was true that the naming of Welch in CounterSpy had had а press conference called before he was in his coffin. nothing to do with his being killed, but that that was irr~levant to the issue then being discussed. We have had to Boland: Well, I'm not sure they would do that. The CIA live witH that for а number ofyears. We are n·ot in favor of can respond to that when we inte'rview them. I'm not sure pu.tting anyone's life in danger, and we don 't believe that we they would respond in'the way that you have indicated, do. The situation in Iran is sui generis and th'at· is why we because 1 thinк that inay well lead' to harm to · others. 1 feel so concerned. It is not а principle that relates to naming presume you would agree ·that harm can Ье done to fami names. lies, they have to move, they have to pull up their roots in а parficular country when the name of an agent is discfosed, Mazzoli: Well, let me thank you again. As 1 say, there is and harrassment can easily occur and has. occurred, many, а profound disagreement between the two of us, but 1 think mariy times to Фе homes and the families.of·those who are that you do serve а very useful purpose t{) this Committee cohriecied with the intelligence community in various in exp1aining your position and the perspective which you countties whose natnes have been'disclosed. Now, w.ould use in doing your work. . .. you consider that to Ье harmful?' Boland: Whe~e do you draw the line at exp~sing secrets? . CAIB: We are n:ot sure wh·at you mean. Ьу harrassment, Is it okay to naJПe n,aщes of agents, but n6t t'he details of 'but we·have n'o know(eqge Ofan{that has occurred. We are reconriaissa'nce satellites, for i'ristance'! . · · ~gairi~t'physicalharпi;'~n:·d have no knowledge that any has ·~ : . occiirred. Вщ frankly, within the amЬft of our philosophy, САIВ: Well', we don't know very iriuch about recon which is that· we think 'th·e''Ag~ricJ'is beyond reform and naissance satellites. ought to Ье revimped; our aim is to t'ty to stop it from cPtttinuing to do what jt is doirig. if it were proved to our . Boland: Have you ever puЫished anyt~ing with iespect satisfa:ction. ihat 'it didn't do thdse things: we would feel to reconnaissance satellites? completely differently. · CAIB: То our knowledge we have not puЬ!ished any Boland: Let ·me a.sk you again. What аЬцsе are you thing with respect to reconnaissance satellites. stopping Ьу naming names? You mention the abuses ofthe lntelligence comtnunity, the abuses of the CIA, and naming Boland: lf you had information with respect to highly names to me doesn't stop whatever abuses you are con~ secret reconnaissance satellites, 1 presume that you would cerned about. print it? CAIB: · Well, it stops а large area, we think, or we hope, САIВ: We are not so sure, unless we had а situation which has to do with the undercover officers obtaining the where it related to manipulation of events or dirty tricks. confidence of persons in various positions in other coun As we said, as we have stated puЫicly many times, we are tries Ьу pretending to Ье something other than what they not against intelligence in that sense. are. The only way they сап really get to meet, let's say an opposition politician or а labor union leader in circum Boland: All right. Where do you draw the line at expos stances where they can hope to corrupt that person and ing secrets? You're in the business of exposing secrets, are cause that person to become an operative for them would you not? Ье Ь) having this cover, pretending to Ье something else. CAIB: In part. Let us point out that we puЫish а 32 or Bolandi But how do you obtain intelligence in foreign 36 page magazine, one or two pages of which may Ье countries without cover? devoted to naming names ·and unfortunately we must live with the fact that nobody talks about the rest of it. We do CAIB: Again, you must understand our philosophy Number.8 (March-April 1980) CovertAction 15 about the CIA as an institution and the abuses which it has McCiory: Are t.hese covert agents for the CovertAction committed. If there were а fresh start and it were simply puЫication? intelligence gathering, if there were а different espit de corps. if there was not what we sense, а veneer which has CAIB: No. :Ву and large, t'hose аге people simply con built up over many years of allowing an agency to think it firming that CIA case officer Joe Smith is in fact at the сап do virtua11y anything it wants throughout the world, Paris Embassy. lt is very often done Ьу picking up the including killing, murdering, bombing, and evei:ything telephQne, calling the Embassy, and asking for Joe Sщith. under the sun, if it weren't fot that, we. would feel J ое Smitli .gets on tЦе phone. As many witnesses testified differently. yesterday, it is very 'simple, from а number .of books and magazines, to discover that а certain supposed State De Boland: 1 don 't think а lot of people would disagtee with partmeni employee is in fact а CIA case officer. If the that. The abuses have been extensive in the past, but the diplomatic Iist puЫished Ьу the government of France lists question is whether they are present now, and 1 am con him as being in.Paris as of а certain date, you have а friend vinced they are not. In any event, is your bottom line that in Paris WJ:ю' can plck up. tbe phone, call the Embassy, and the United States shoulct not Ье engaged in any covert ask for him. 1( he answers the "рhоце, then we have ascer activities? Is that а fair assessment of·one of youг.positions? tained, through .our "source in Paris," that he is there. САIВ: No. Any cov.ert manipulation.. McClory: Do you think that if we publlsh your testi mony Ь:еrе, it. would kili the circulation of your magazine? Boland: What's th.e differ1:щce between covert m~nipu lation and covert activity? CAIB: We doubt it. CAIB: If some~ne under~over is quietly atte~dingpolit Mc.ctory: No\V you i:nention the book, Whos Who in ical rallies and making notes ofwhat the political teщper in the CIA, Ьу Julius Mader. That's а oook that did what you the ar.ea is, and so on, that's one thing. Jf.on the other band do now"ьack:\П'19~s: · · the United States, through the GIA; i$ p~ying mоч~У to. certain political parties so that they can have mcire elei:Jion САIВ: Farless accurat~ly, we might add. propaganda and win the election, that. is something eJ~e. Mc9ory,: What you negl.ecteq to mention \Va~_ that the McClory: Reading from one 9f"your advertising,letters book was а product of the. East G.erman government, and you sent with complimentary copies of Y.O.ur Coveri{l.ttion that the fafse id.eptification in the bo'ok Of а man Ьу the lnformation Bulletin, inviting the perso:n.\o sub~crib~, you naпie ofDan Mitrloiie resulted in his пiurder Ьу ierrorists. mention not oniy Naming Nam{!s, but. you say, "W.e. also wь'at' do you k:ni>w· abo'ut Маdщ,~~р.Ц his activities? commence with this issue а column erititled Sources and Methods, dealing ~ith soцie of the. mpre,unщ~al, tech- . CAIB: We don't.know him; we know ofhim. We have а niques, technical accoщplishments of the inteфgt;,nce fom ~Q)?i~~Y,.~ь~.~.09~;:'~?~.~h,~re hr~·~;?~п16~f 6r~ri.~ccuracies in plex." lt seems to. me that it .i~.f~-her~nt' in th~ int~~Ijg~nce it. We would taJё~ i.s.~цe w1ф Фе· des~.npt10n of Mr. community, as we develqp t~cЬnjqµes and, щефо 16 CovertAction Number 8 (March-April 1980) _J_ McClory: I think there will Ье consideraЫe dispute over avowed enemies of U nited States intelligence activity as the whether or not it is 100%,and ifit is not, then those who've puЬlishers of. CovertAction lnformation Bulletin have been named have been falsely accused, haven't they? been accurate. This indicates that they are based on exten sive investigation, using many of the same techniques as САIВ: If we ever found out we had done that, we would any inte\ligence service uses in its counterintelligence ef print а retraction and an apology, but we really dpn~t think forts-in effect, spying on the United States. that we have. There is nothing that has been more damaging to morale McClory: Well l'm glad you say that. I think you have and to the effectiveness of the Agency ... I happened to some duty to those who have been falsely named in the arrive in one country on а trip about seven or eight months Naming Names column. Thank you. ago and was greeted at the airport Ьу а young officer, who had that very morning Leen exposed in one of these so Mazzoli: Thank you, Mr. Schaap, Mr. Wolf, and Ms. caЦed bulletins-CovertAction Bulletin. Не was an аЫе Ray. young officer, who had worked for eight or ten years and had concealed his identity. Не had valuaЫe assets in the country. All of that is now worthless ... Clearly this has been highly damaging to our intelligence capaЫlity overseas. Опер/асе in hisforma/ presentation, the Deputy Direc tor тау well have Ьееп guilty ofhimself ieaking secret, and Excerpts Froщ potentially damaging information. Вlaming the naming of names, the Freedom of lnformation Act, and other риЬ/iс Other Speakers an~ exposures, he told those assemЬ/ed: Comrnittee Questioning Nearly all major foreign intel\igence services with which we have liaison relationships have undertaken reviews of their relations with us. А питЬеr of реор/е testified at the House Comщittee hearings, some in favor, some against, the lntelligence While of course the С/А maintains "liaison" relation Jdentities Protection Act. CAIB reprints here some ex ships with а number of "major foreign intelligence ser cerptsifrom those statements, апd Co.mmittee qziestioning. vices, "this rather specific риЬ/iс declaration made Ьу Car These se/ections are Ьу no··means comprehensiv,e, but are lucci reveals, at least to а certain extent, the status of included here to give а flavor of the proceedings. relations between afairly narrow circle of"major"foreign services and the С/А, principally among them the British М/-6, the French SDECE, the Canadian RCMP, the Aus ·Frank С. Carlucci, Deputy Director of InteЩgepce:: tralian AS/O, and the New Zea/and service. I do.not·believe there is any,justification or exc~se (or the Carlucci continued: deliberate, puЫic,di$c1Qsщe of:the identities.of p.ersonnel Finally, а statute should require proof that unauthor having concealed employment or <.>ther re1atjpцships with ized disclosures Ьу those who have not had an employment intelligence agencies of the United States government. or other relationship of trust with the United States were made with а specific intent to impair or impede the nation's Those who seek to ·d·estroy the intel\igence activities of foreign intelligence activities. This requirement would Ье the Onited States have propagated а numb.er of faHЗ:cies. for the protection of those who might claim they have made Unfortunately some of these have found their way into а puЫic disclosure for а legitimate purpose, although 1 discussioris of H.R. 5615 in the press and elsewhere. believe Congress should determine if there are any such purposes and make provision for them. For example, ifthe One of these fallacies is that accurate identification of Congress finds that current requirements and procedures CIA personnel µnder cover can Ье made merely Ьу consult for reporting allegations of illegal or improper activity Ьу ing puЫiCly availaЫe documents, Iike the State Depart inte\ligence employees may not Ье sufficient to discover ment's Biographic Register, and therHore tЪе Ыll would such activity, it could provide in statute for direct reporting impinge on discussion of information that is in the puЫic to the Congress, or to the Attorney General, or even to the domain. This is untrue .. · .. lt is only because of the President. In this way it could Ье made clear that there is no disclosure of setisitive inforination based on privileged ac justification for the риЬ/iс disclosure of protected intelli cess and made Ьу faithless government employees, such as gence identities. Philip Agee and John Mark.s, with the purpose of damag ing U:S. intelligence efforts that the puЫic has become aware of indicators in these documents that can-and Robert L. Keuch, Associate Deputy Attorney General: sometimes do-distinguish CIA officers. Speaking of the second part of the Ьill: This, however, is not the full extent of the proЫem. А · substantial number of the identifications made Ьу such In proposing а section of such breadth, the House Ыll Number 8 (March-April 1980) CovertAction 17 .. marches overboldly, we thiп~. iпto the difficult area of [They cited the statemeпt of f\ttorney General Keuch so-called "borп-classified" iпformatioп, ап area that has before the House Committee heariпg about "Espionage поt yet Ьееп litigated iп а crimiпal context. The House Laws апd Leaks" оп January 24, 1979, sayiпg he] accurate provision would cover disclosures of puЫicly availaЫe ly апd succinctly summed up the decisions of the courts as information made Ьу ordinary citizens, who claim по spe holdiпg that no one сап Ье convicted of espioпage or the cial expertise iп iпtelligence affairs and have not held spe compromise of information relating to the national defense cial positions of trust поr associated with others who have. 'if the iпformation was made availaЫe to the puЫic, or if Conversational speculatioп about whether foreigп official the government did not attempt to restrict its dissemina Х may have been а CIA source апd whethёr we have covert tioп or if the iпformation was availaЫe to everyoпe from operatives in country У, ordiпary discussioпs Ьу citizens lawfully itccessiЫe sources.' about foreigп affairs апd the extei;it апd nature of our intelligence activities abroad, еvеп jf b~sed ОП ПО siudied In our view, the inhiЬitioп оп puЫic discussioп is поt expertise or scholarly backgr9uпd, could come chillingly cured Ьу the requirement that the goverпment prove from close to criminality uпder the stariaard of §501 (Ь). evideпce other than the disclosure itself that а persoп acted with the ·~iпteпt to impair or impede the foreigп iпtelligeпce The scieпter requiremeпt-that an iпdividual must have activities of the United States." Would criticism of CIA acted with "intent .to impair or impede the foreigп. intelli activities indicate an "iпteпt to impair or impede?" What if geпce activities of the United States"-is поt а f~lly ade the foreign intelligence activity impeded were illegal? quate way of пarrowing the provision. First, еvеп such а Would а go'verпment warпing that to puЫish would sub scienter standard would haye the effect of chiШng legiti ject а person to punishmeпt evidence evil inteпt if the mate critique and debate оп CIA policy. А inainstream warning were ignored? journalist, who ·тау· occasionaliy write stories ь'ased" оп puЬlic information mentioning which foreigп individuals Speaking about ihe second part of the blll: are though.t to have iпtelligeпce relatjonships with the u.s .. might Ье fearful that апу later stories critical of the- CIA Suppose that the student newspaper at а uпiversity dis cquld Ье used as evideпce of ап atteinpt to "impede" for covers that the·head of its European campus has been an eigп iпteIIlgeпce activities. Speciiiatioп c6ncetпiпg iпtelli agent, iriformant or source of operational assistance to the geпce activity апd actors abroad would Ье seemiпgly more CIA, and suppose that the paper puЫishes that fact assert hazardous if опе had ever takeп even а geпeral positioп ing that it does not. be.lieve that university officials should critical of the coпduct of our covert foreigп iпtelJigeпce -cooperate secretly with the CIA. Would the newspaper not activity. Ье in violation of the proposed statute? - - Mr. Chairman, in our view this section of H.R. 5615 is Jerry Berman, Morton Halperin and Sbattuck...;.. J~ Н. Johп vague and overbroad and clearly unconstit.utional. for the American Civil Liberties Union: Speaking of the first part of the Ы//: H.R. 5615 is Iiot coпtairied withi'n.a.comprehensive char ter nor is it narrowly drawп. lt poses а douЫe daпger. lf lt is simply not clear what is intended Ьу the "any infor passed as separate legislation or part of a"package" such as mation" formulation of Section 50l(a) and we urge an the опеs proposed Ьу Senator Moynihaп an'd. others last amendment to make it clear that the provision is limited to week (S. 2216), the measure w<;1uld all bµt епd the effort to those identities learned Ьу an individual in the course of his charter. the епасt ап iпtelligence Опсе iritёlligence ageпcies or her official duties. obtaiп the authorizations they seek_, they will поt Ье very interested in legislated restrictions. If passed iп its preseпt form, the measure seriously iпfriпges ОП the Freedom of ... we believe that the provision should apply only to Speech and Press guaraпteed Ьу the First Ameпdment. lawfui' activity and hence to the disclosure of names of age~ts or .employees performing lawful intelligence fu-nc While there may Ье justifiaЫe reasons f or protecting.all tions. Some proteqtion for "whistlebiowers". is in .order. agerits апd sources in some circumstaпce's, the breadth of the protectioп has grave. implicatioпs for inhiЬiting орец ... we believe that there should Ье an exemption which discussion of foreigп policy апd iпtelligeпce matters ... permits an individual to Ье free from penalty for revealing the fact that he or ~he is or has been an agent, employee, or [The first part of the ЬЩ] could Ье read to prohiЬit а sourei:e pf the CIA or other intelligence agency. former governmeпt official who had access to clas~ified iпformation from 9isclosiпg the ideпtity of ап ageпt Ъased Finally, we are concerned that even а narrowly drawn оп wholly pubHc inforinatioп obtained siпce 'Ieaylпi the statute not become the vehicle for investigating or harass- goverпmeпt ... . ing-the press on the grounds that it is puЫishing informa tion provided to it illegally. We therefore applaµd the We believe that this prohiЬitioп is uпconstitutioпal апd restrictions in [the proposed Ьill] relating to the conspiracy uпwise because it would chill puьlic debate оп matters of laws which bar their use except where there is an intent to great puЫic importaпce. Recogпizing the importaпce of impair or impede а foreign intelligence activity. However, puЫic discussioп of natio.nal security matters, tbe courts we would urge the Committee to go further and make it have found laws punishing dissemination or puЬlicatioп of clear that no journalist can Ье subject to· investigation information in the puЫic domaiп constitutionally defective. because he or she puЫishes а story which includes the name 18 CovertAction Number 8 (March-April 1980) ...... 1.... - ...... of ап ageпt апd that jourrialists may поt Ье called before а · weighed any argumeпts about seпsitive sources and meth graпd jury апd compelled uпder peпalty of contempt to ods beiпg compromised. 1 cite this example because it was а reveal sources of informatioп. hard case and опе that could still spark disagreemeпt today. Reform ofthe espioпage laws should start with the priп ciple that activities of private perso,пs related to puЫicatioп 1 realize that intelligence officers апd many puЫic offi or other puЫic dissemiпatioп of iпformatioп is поt а viola cials feel very uпcomforta·Ыe knowiпg that jourпalists tioп of the law. uпelected and sometimes·uпwashed-sit.'iп judgmeпt on their coпduct. Aside from remiпdiпg you that this is а We believe the puЫic will act respoпsiЫy ifthe ageпcies result of the First Amendment, 1 would like to stress that do the same. An intelligence charter is the centrai vehicle most Americaп journalists try to make respoпsiЫe for estaЬlishing the grouпd rules оп which puЫic trust сап judgmeпts. Ье built. А crimiпai statute passed in the midst ofperceived crisis without а charter could have the very opposite effect The First Amendment wasп't just designed for maiп from what is inteпded. lf the statute is meaпt to sigпal а stream jourпalists. Iп fact, it wasп't designed for iristitu returп to secrecy апd busiпess as usual·тather thaп reform .tioпs at all. The First Ameп.dmeпt was desigпed for .Тоm апd lawfulпess, ageпts may Ье put iп jeopardy Ьу those Раiпе, who printed up pamphlets. Апd so ifthe Co\•ertAc• who perceive that the glare of puЫicity is the опlу ••check" tion 1nformation Bulietin was mimeographed in some оп iпtelligeпceabuses. Moreover, iпstead of reachiпg these ·body's basement, it has the same protectioп. You сап make persoпs, guided or misguided, the statute wiH likely ad · the argumeпt that's what the Coпstitutioп was desigпed to versely affect those who are committed to democratic protect~aп iпdividual or smaH group priпtirig up stuff. iпstitutioпs. And 1 thiпk you're stuck with it. 1 doп't thiпk you сап legislate what they сап апd саппоt priпt. Caпdidate Carter told the Americaп people iп 1976 that we had gопе astray abroad wheп policies were decided апd ... At the Committee's iпvitatioп 1 have examined the implemented iп secret. Nothiпg that has happened since proposed legislatioп to make it а crime to reveal the ideпti would suggest that that judgmerit was поt correct. ty of а claпdestiпe Americaп iпtelligeпce officer or his ageпt. Ford Rowan-until recently NBC Pentag.on Correspond 1 have tried ту best to avoid lettiпg where 1 sit (in the ent, now а visiting professor in journalisni at Northwestern press·gallery) determiпe where 1 staпd оп this issue. But as а University: jourrialist I cannot consider this legislatioп without becom iпg сопсеrпеd about preserviпg First Ameпdment rights. · The aisclosures of receпt years, although widely coп demпed by·some as l.iпdermiпiпg the effectiveпess of the Speaking of the fiш part o.f the Ы//: CIA, may actиally have helped iпtelligeпce officers regaiп an uпderstaпdiпg of their duty within the coпstitutioпal ... Some people will ieak informatioп по matter what framework. PuЫicatioп of the iпvestigative ·findings may the rules, по matter what the peпalties. Ап iпsider who feels have contributed to а healthier iпtelligence c6mmurtity Ьу strongly enough about the wroпgful пature of а claпdestiпe refocusing its attention on its proper rolecand deemphasiz operation to disclose it ~ill make his decisioп оп whether to iпg the undue stress on covett o}>eпиions, some of which also name пames for reasoпs uпrelated to poteпtial crimi were directed against law-aЬiding American citizeпs. пal peпalties. ... reporters believe in mапу of the same values as you. Speaking о/ the second part of the Ы//: The First Ameпdmeпt confers eпormous power upon journalists апd most. of us feel that the respoщ;iЬilities are ... uпlike CIA or military iпtelligeпce officers, reporters enormous. Most ofus are patrio~s, but the day is p~st when have takeп по oath to keep secrets. Secoпd, reporters simply waving the flag will сопviпсе а reporter or editor s·hould поt Ье forced Ьу Coпgress-iп effect-to take а to kill а story without exceptioпally compelliпg reasoпs. secrecy oath. That's what this Ьill would do. Тоо many repotters have sееп the phrase "пatioпal se . .. Reporters who пamed пames to get at the truth about curity" used to try to hide embarrassiпg апd illegal conduct · the (CIA) assassiпatioп plots (agaiпst foreigп leaders) usu Ьу goverпment agencies. ally were opposed to such plots апdwaпted to assure they did поt recur. People who revealed such plots and the Iп covering iпtelligeпce activities а reporter had to exer plotters waпted to impair this form of iпtelligeпce activity, cise judgmeпt wheп decidiпg which way to direct his iпvesti yet they hoped-iп most cases-that this would help the gatory efforts, in decidiпg which facts to stress or omit, Uпited States regaiп some of the respect it had lost iп the wheп decidiпg which activities should Ье disclosed. For . world. example, wheп 1 broadcast the first story about computer ized electroпic surveillance Ьу the Natioпal Security Аgеп Iп sum, it is а mistake to decree that all foreigп iпtelli су iп 1975 1 felt that the domestic spyiпg, directed Ьу ап geпce activities of the Uпited States equally merit secrecy. аgепсу iпvolved in foreigп iпtelligeпce gatheriпg agaiпst Some should Ье exposed, deпouпced, dismembered. Coп Americaп citizeпs, was so пewsworthy that disclosure out- gtess should поt pass legislatioп which iпterferes with the №imber 8 (March-April 1980) CovertActioп 19 First Amendment right to expose illegal, immora·I, and knowledged or revealed tЬе intelligencerelationship to the unethical conduct. Uniteд States'" (Section 501 (а)) of Powers. Tbls' would have been possiЫe, notwithstanding the fact that Powers' Му feeling, however, is that neither injunctiC»ns nor crim name was widely, indeed internationally; known; that the inal penalties ptovide much control over the flow of iпfor Russiaqs. had themselves revealed Powers' capture; and mation. Look ho:w unsuccessful the federal gove.rnment that, ·indeed, Powers was then facing charges in the Soviet was when it' tried to enjoin puЫication of the Progressive · Union. lt is true that under the statute, all who mentioned magazine article Ori how t.O ·~uild an Н bom Ь, lf you ca.nnot Powers' name could have defended on the ground that they stop di11closure of atomic secrets. 1 doubt if the governl11ent did not "intend to impair or impede the foreign intelligence cou1d stop disclosure of фе names of sоще of its spies. activities ofthe U.nited States." But the effect ofthis would Spilliпg Н bomb secrets seems.дiuф rnore tb.reatening to ~imply hfive been to permit diff~rent results as to'different national survival. · · · iqd,ividuals who IJ!\d done precisely the same thing: to disclose what had ~lrea9Y been disclos.ed. The. Н bomb. article was based -in part on unclassified information availaЫe in governrnent libraries open to the .J would gofurther: SubJect to it,s exceptions,.the statute puЫic; That factor in that episode could have relevance to would not only have made it а crime. for the news media to our discussion today, for tbis bill would punish а reporter disclose Powers·' name, but for each and every American . who combed through open sources such as biographic who read it or heard it to repeat the name . registers to identify cover.t officers and. agents. The ·gov ern.ment extracts а ·high price fromjournalists when it seeks One could cite many other examples of material which, I to punish them for r.evealing what tbe government was too believe, .should •have been and shouid Ье pu Ыished, and as inept to keep secret. to which puЫication under Section 501 (Ь) would subject all connected with prospective c.riminal liaЬility. What of, Democracy works best that knows most. Some conflicts for example, ·а situation in which it is learned that an between the press and government. are healt·hy~sympto- intelligence operative is .acting illegally under American . matic of а dynaщio society with coщpeting valщes. ,An law;·by, for ex·ample, spying on Americans who have done independent press with watchd0g functions, \the tradition nothing wrong but oppose those in power? W.hat of .а of open criticism, the disclosure of corruption, the reform student who learns that his professor has been recruited Ьу of institutions-these all contribu~e to а vibrant society. the CIA in violation oflaw·and wishes to tell others ofthat fact?. What. of /!fiY instance.of criщi:r;i;al ·.vrongdoing Ьу the Society-the puЫic--,pays а price when gQvernment· at- .. CIA or any oth~r ~nte,Щg~щ:e op~ration? On its face. Sec tempts to seaI off part of its activities.fro.m puЬlie view~ In tion 501 (Ь) puts at risk аЦ who would disclose such.illegal some cases the courts have sided with due process and acts-whether they refer to the name of the ipdividuals privacy rights in limiting access to information Ьу the . who ~ave commi:tted the acts or si,mply; provic;Je. "any in media. ln other cases the courts have1evaluated then de formation" from which such identificat.i.gn could Ье mflde. cided against claims that puЬlication of certain inforrna tion would harm national security. .These exam,ples illustrate some of the ways Ьу which While First Amendment guarantees rnay not Ье abso Section50;1 (bi) may.ope·rate to-restrict freedom of expres lute, they should Ье tampered with very cautiously. This · sion, М its·core, Section ·501 (Ь) flies in the face of а first proposed legislati-on is unnecessary, unworkaЫe, and principleofthe-first Amendment: While government may unconstitutional. try to ke.ep informatien secret, the disclosure of informa tion which has already become puЫic may not later Ье cri-minally punished. Indeed" as phrased Ьу Chief Justice Floyd Abrams-Constitutional lawyer and First Amend-· Burger, ·~The goverцment cannot 'restrain. pu Ыication of ment expert: whatever information the mec;Jia acquires-and which they elect to reveal." . . . . 1 appear before youfor the primary purp,ose of urging upon you that Section 501 (Ь) ofthe proposed legislation the section relating not to agents or the like, but to the rest Beyond these objections to Section 501(Ь),1 would urge of us, including the press-is flatly and Jacially unconstitu- the Committee to consider this question: law aside, even . tional; that it is, as well, unwise; and tha.t, on reflection, jt cons~itutioцal law aside, is it really necessary for the first should Ье rejected. And 1 appear,to urge that Section 501 time in ощ nation 's history to attempt to make-criminal the (а) is, as now drafted, of extremely duЬious constitu-. pub1ication of material which is essentially within the pub- tionality. · 1.ic domain? 1 would urge upon you that it is not and that whatever you may decide to do with respect to the disclo The effect of such а statute would Ье sta'rtHцg and un sure .Ьу CIA agents orthe like, that you adopt по legislation precedented. U nder the terms of the statute, when Francis which bar~ the rest ofthe American.people f rom disclosing Gary Powers was captured Ьу the Russians for over-flying fцlly the activities of our Government of which they learn. the.ir air space in а U-2. every puЫication in the United То do. otherwise wou.ld not only deprive the puЫic of States that pu-Ыished Mr. Powers' name would have been information: it would deprive us all of crediЬility as we deal subject to criminal pr:osecution under the statute -until the with each oth_er-press with puЫic, citizens with each Executive Branch of ~he United States "had puЫicly ас- other. 20 CovertAction Number 8 (March-April 1980) ' . William Е. Colby-former Dire~tor of Central lntelli Jack Blake-President, Association of gence, now in private law practice: Former Intelligence Officers In speaking in favor of the proposed legislation, Colby In the aftermath of excessive charges and the many asserted that we and others "have deve/oped а cottage ill-founded allegations of the mid-70s, this legislation is а industry of exposing fellow Americans," and suggested concrete step .to enhance the effectiveness of intelligence. that it is /ike "being shot iп the back." Speaking of the last issue of САIВ (Number 7), in par The dangers to intelligence personnel abroad have been . ticular to the Naming Names section, he declared: increased in recent years Ьу the sensational and irresponsi Ыe exaggeration of а comparatively few inc.idents in the 1 will not address myse1fto theaccuracy of the identifica history of CIA, to give а totally false impression of the scale tions because to do so would Ье to give aid and comfort to of its missteps and misdeeds and stimu1ate attention and the enemy. hostility to its activities. death (Penthouse, August 1975). 2 Szulc also pointed out Sources and Methods "the possibility of murders of lesser-known figures" (re ports that the CIA contemplated killing Soviet defector Yuri N osenko after completing its interrogation of him, the "accident" · that befell а y then opened hearings on the subject. But within а few months the entire inquiry had been effectively sabotaged, and little was revealed. According to the Committee's report, the CIA had sought to.assassinate only а fe.w inфviduals, and'. in.every case its.plots had Пopped.Jn alцюst a11:ofrthe cases investi gated, Ьу amazing coincidence, some:one else $Ucceeded where the CIA had failed: Patrice .Lцmurrфa of the Congo in 1960, Rafael Trujillo of .the ,Doцijnican1 ·RepuЫic"in 1961, Ngo Dinh Diem ofVietnam (assassinated;together with his brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu) ·in 1963, and Genera1 Rene .Schneider in Chile in 1970. Also·, in 1960, an atteiцpt Ьу the CIA to "incapacitate'; an unnamed .. leftist Iraqi colonel came to naught, but instead he "suffered а terminal ''W;ELL УЕ~. -rn·E -С.lд. DtD PLOT ! illness before а firing squad in Baghdad." 1 ' ~:.. ' .. ДSGД~51NATION ATTEMl?r.> 0N So despite the CIA 's alleged ineptness, in all those in stances the Committee considered, each of t.he intended VARl00$ RJllf(CдL t·f:AD~~' victims was killed, with the exception o,f Fidel Castro. (The i3UГ "ffiE'RE WAG CERTA\NLY Ю Church Committee also "received evidence" of CIA assas sination plots against Francois Duvalier of Haiti, Sukarno ..._ ___НАRМ ,.... ______INТENDEЬ!~. _ of lndonesia, Raul Castro, and Che Guevara, but these were not described in detail or evaluated.) { COLLEGE MEOIA SEAVICES· Writing at the same time the Church Committee was conducting its investigation, journalist Tad Szulc des cribed several of the CIA assassination plots later con stumЫed onto secret preparations for the Вау of Pigs firmed in the Committee's report plus another one they invasion, and the "suicides" that plague so many agents failed to include-a 1958 plan to poison Chou En-lai dur caught spying f or other countries, would fall into this ing а visit to Burma combined with а "Ыасk" propaganda category), while the Committee concerned itself on1y with campaign that would have Ыamed the Soviet KGB for his "alleged" assassinations of "foreign leaders." Number 8 (March-April 1980) CovertAction 21 Szulc went on to describe the CIA's "complicated and Salisbury noted that two of the CIA 's most prized "suc cumbersome procedure" fщ planning an a_ssassination, be cesses" involved murder-the overthrow of br. ginning with the "political decision" Ьу the Deputy Direc Mohaщmed Mossadegh in Iran, and the assassination of tor for Operations (Clandestine Services) ".that the United Che Guevara in Bolivia. Salvador Allende of Chile should States in·terest would Ье served Ьу the murder of а foreign Ье added to this list. Despite the narrow f ocus of its investi leader." His "Staff D" would' then study the operational gation, the Church Committee report noted а. common aspects of the plan. Once having·cleared the C!andestine thtead: "The assassination plots all involved Third World Services, the Counterintelligeцce staff would chec.k to countries, most of which were relatively small and none of make sure the target wasn 't secretly a'CIA source, and that which possessed great political or military strength." In this the plot couldn 't Ье traced back to the Agency. The Techni respect, assassination as·a method conforms to what is true cal Servi-ces Division would then recommend the mode of of covert action generally. assassination. Final approval was supposedly up.to the 40 Committee, but according to the Church Committee, ар-' But ·there are two specific patterns which are especially proval Ьу the 40 Committee and its predecessors was by worth noting. On the one hand, the CIA tends to resort to passed in the plots against Castro and Gen. Schneider. assassinati.on plotting when а particular U .S. puppet/ client has become а political embarrassment or liaЬility, During the first day of the Church Committee's puЫic as in the cases ofTrujillo, Diem, Duvalier, and Amin. On hearings, September 16-, 1975, William Colby testified that the other hand, killing leftii;t leaders of newly independent the CIA spent $3 million from 1952 to 1970 to develop and or revolutionary countties seems to have been considered store а variety of poisons ·and "delivery systems," а proj_ect especially effective~Mossadegh, Lumumba, Allende, and of the Tec:hnical S.ervices Divisi~щ. One of those "delivery the attempt~ on C~oц',-SuJc·ar~o,гan~.Castrь.3.(l'Q th~ typi systems," the so~called "microЬioinoculator" ( electr'o.nica\ cally chauviitistic jaigon of' the trade, intelligence people ly-activated dart gun) stole the show. А pi-cture of Senators refer to these leaders as "George Washingtons" and consid Frank Chчrch ap:d .J;ohn Tower inspe<_:ting the·strange pis er their political bases especially fragile.) The other cases tol with its telescopic s'ight appeared оп the front p.age of are variants ofthe latter: Che Guevara, who had become the next day's New York Тiтеs and in other papers around and stШ is-a revolutionary symbol for all of Latin Ameri the world. It was straight out of James Bond, but рrоЬаЫу ca, and General Schneider, who was considered an impor the device -least likely to Ье used operationally (although it tant obstacle to the plans for the overthrow ofthe Allende рrоЬаЫу was useful for testing the efficacy of various · regime in Chile. А senior CIA official told Tad Szulc, "We poison darts, as Colby said). Со\Ьу testified that the CIA had to Ье absolutely sure that а// tЬе military commanders • had developed poison darts which coultl strike а human were against Allende-and therё were some unconvinced · . target without the person's knowle~ge frotn а distance Of generals. So we had ·to convince them." 100 meters and kill him or her $Hefit1.y with'out the toxin later appearing in an autop~)\:(;дn· assassinatj9n ·!Iiade t:<> Qbviously, then, there are countries today whose leaders appear to Ье а natural dеаф is c~Hed "dying ot:~t)le·measles" тау soon соте under CIA scrutiny as possiЫe assassina in the CIA.) . :. \ " ". ,:; •.:._~ '·-. · tio.n targets if we apply ·these same criteri·a. Nicaragua, '/•" ·' .~ 't Gtenada,,St;;Lucia, Jamaica, Iran, Western Sahara, Zim Despite the size ·of~''pe iчfis_tщe~t and tM $§phi~*ttt~~n babwe. arid NamiЫa are:ffie ones that most readily соте to of the technology, Coll)§:insis~ed that nQ--n~;:?ПfW'tii>.f{~·lis mind. One ofthe few good things about the proposed CIA had ever beeil: used ()p~:fiation'1Щy-exce~t;_i:1:~~: t~~~~;her Charter curtenrly:under considcration Ьу Congress is the • of those amazing cQintiden_ees for wh1cli~JM : 22 CovertAction Number 8 (March-April 1980) NEWSNOTES DEPLOYING FOR RAPIO DEPLOYМENT On December 27, 1979, Secretary of Defense Harold Brown announced the nomination Ьу President Carter of Major General Paul Х. Kelley, U.S. Marine Corps, for promotion to Lieutenant General, and concurrently his assignment as Commander of the Rapid Deployment J oint Task Force. The Rapid Deployment Force, which became opera tional on March 1, wi11 number some 100,000. The.Penta gon told the New York Times it is "to fight that halfwar,"a plan whicЬ would еnаЫе the U .S. to wage 1 У2 wars at one time-a major war in Europe at the same time as а brief, in-and-put war (like Vietnam?) in the Third World. Keliey, 51, has а lo.ng career in the specialized field of paramilitary' c~trцnando. artd; 9t}\e( ··~pecial operations." As а graduate of the Army Airborne Pathfinder School, the Commando School in Britain, and а former exchange officer in а: British Commando force in Singapore, Ма1ауа and Borneo, he brin·gs consideraЫe expertise to the ex panding apparatris which the White House, the Pentagon, and the CIA a·re creating to maintain and extend U.S. influence around the world. .· The author sets forth the primary thrust of the doctrine General Kelley is а director on the Board of Co~trol of as being the development of what he,calls "middle S.pec the U.S. Naval Institute, and·is chairman of the editorial trum" forces in international sea lanes (see the diagram and board of the Naval lnstitute Press which, among other definitions reprinted from the article ). The concluding par materials, puЫishes а monthly journal, Proceedings. agraph of the article is especially noteworthy: "The Navy is in а period of self-examination and transition. lts leaders The January 1980 issue included а provocative article Ьу are seeking to maintain naval strength for the immediate Commander Robert С. Powers titled "Escalation Con future while developing and analyzing long-term options trol." In today's tense international climate, with casual that may Ье radically different." war threats (conventional and nuclear) Ьу high Admini stration figures, and with the knowledge that has emerged Despite the formal disclaimer at the beginning of the in recent years of the centrality in U.S. global intelligence journal that the opinions in it "are not to Ье construed as and military operations of the U.S. Navy (it is known for official" and "do not necessarily reflect the views" of the example that U .S. naval ships landed on the southern coast Department of the Navy or the Naval Institute, the succes of Chile with clandestine deliveries of small arms and tanks sive presidents and the Board of Control of the Institute to the forces that overthrew the Allende government а few have always been among the highest-ranking naval brass in days later), the article assumes added significance. the land. Examine the reprinted material with this in mind. Number 8 (March-April 1980) CovertAction 23 Figurc 1. Tlw Es~•Lltiм ·Conlrol Spntri.m Ltvtl о/ &иlatitm Dtfinitiмt Prщnce Thr routinr prcsencr of forcn to influrncr allics ancf orhrn The rourine presence of forccs ro deter а porenrial opponenr . from und~itrd actiQR ~ Figure 2. Тlи Ек111.1iо• Conlrol SJl«lr11;,, 11rtJ U. S. lnlnrsls lnrrrvmrion The. movemen• о( forccs •о Shm &t..,f,J . Limiшl Tot•I р," intervr~ in а specific situa· CМ11Jt111i0111JI CtJ.wlllitJ1111/ N!itlмr- №1~/ur- Н.t/111r c,,,,jlia Conflia W'11r- W11r- W11r- rion. unopposed Ь)· anorhrr maior рй\\."еr Homrland, Confronu.tion An oppostd inrcrvrnrion shon Nonh America х х of acrua.1 violtnr conflicr (Cor. Valu•) NЛTO/M.-d. Sca х Firin8 Linr · А division hrr•·rrn rhose U. ·s. Pc-rrolcum levrls .. that involvt acrual con· SLOC flic( at sra. Ьrrwrm rhr sUper· 'NATO powen arld rhcise tha• do nor. P~roleum SLOC lnrervcnrion and cOOfronra~ion· .may involve proxy conflict Jal"'n PrtrOI~~ SlpC asmщ,, Ьur fortcs iar sea. do no< engage. •Midnst Shon Conveprional -А .virilrpr convenrionaJ. ronflicr · .···P,~rokum Conflicr of а d,irariЪn not requiring thr ·. · ,Eaiin Aincric;a moVemenr о( .щЬ:ооs or signif- •icant•li;>gisij.P' foriёs · · "~~~ivcs .. ;;\с;;р. 'a.d Exrended Cщl:VenriC)rui,I ·. .А vioienr co'nv~~tional confljcr ·.,.\J~.jn Occan х Conflicr О( .а du·rarion rtquirini. r~· 1 inq,;~D>Cnr iif r&rvcs arld/ot"· . SOiuh Лs.ia · , 1 si8ni6~nr I08isri~"fcicrs~ •. - "·, Obj~iyes 1 1 Х Limited· Nucfear War А .Yiolent nuc1ear. confl'kr : . -*~ro::._;r;:i•ic•• 1 х 1 :.t::~'ti~~:; d11::: ired· 'l;>y ~! 24 CovertAction Number 8 (March-April 1980) "EXCEPПONAL JNTELLIGENCE ANALYST PROGRAМ"MbvESAНEAD СА/В readers will recall the report in Number 6 (Octo ing to recruit personnel from other agencies in "the Com ber 1979) about Admiral Stansfield Turner's new program munity" to the CIA-a practice which is very much to attract analysts from the various intelligence agencies to frowned оп in government circles. Of the nineteen he the CIA. On February l, the Director of Central Intelli chose, six are from the CIA 's National Foreign Assessment gence announced that nineteen analysts from six other Center, three from the Defense Intelligence Agency, three · agencies had been chosen to participate in the program. from the National Security Agency, two from the FBI, and the other five from the intelligence branches of all three At а ceremony in the CIA Headquarters, Admiral military services. Turner congratulated them for being picked (Ьу him) to take part in the scheme, which offers funded research and If the thousands of other analysts throughout the intelli study grants of as long as two years. The stated objective gence community are wondering what they have to do to calls for "enriching their skills in ways that will benefit U .S. move from the normal up to the exceptional catagory, they intelligence." рrоЬаЬ!у will have to wait two years for another shot. However, few people in Washington anticipate that Admir As we reported previously, Admiral Turner was attempt- al Turner will still Ье the Director in place then. Newspaper Guild Finally Rejects AIFLD, AID Support In СА/В Number 5 (July-August 1979) we reported on th&· ~lication the conflict between the decision of the Executive JЗoard of the Newspaper Guild in favor of accepting grants from AIFLD and AID, and the opposite position taken Ьу а · is available in regional Counci1. At their annual convention, shortly after our report appeared, the 35,000 member union voted not to rriiCroform accept government or corporate funds for international trade union activities, specifically rejecting an AID/ AIFLD grant .. , Note Regarding the I.R.A. In our last issue and in this there are ar.ticles which make reference, in passing, to "the I.R.A." and, in Please send me additional information. particular, its activities in Northern Ireland. А University Microfilms lnternational number ofreaders have protested to CA/Bthat there · 300 North Zeeb Road 18 Bedford Row is а consider~Ыe difference between the Official Dept. P.R. Dept. P.R. I.R.A. and the Provisional I.R.A., and that distinc Ann Arbor, MI 48106 London, WC1R4EJ U.S.A. England tions should Ье drawn. Name ______ The articles in question have been submitted to lnstitution СА/ В Ьу outside journalists, and they have not been Street ______altered. We hope to Ье аЫе to investigate the North City ______ern lreland situations more fully in the near future, State ______Zip ____ and to have more information on this subject. Number 8 (March-April 1980) CovertAction 25 CIA IN ZJМВАВWЕ Ву Anton Ferreita.a~d Jonathan Bloch With the arrest апd deportatioп of the Americaп mer Richard Helms, theп Director of the CIA, was also ceпary Captaiп William Atkiпs from Rhodesia receпtly, happy; "We have useful апd workaЫe relatioпships iп the CIA рrоЬаЫу has опе ageпt less operatiпg iп the Salisbury with our couпterparts there. 1 thiпk it would Ье а couпtry. shame to sacrifice those if we didп't have to ... ifwe got rid of the Coпsulate iп Salisbury, we would have to ruп our Апу or all of the estimated 400 Americaп merceпaries operatioпs out of some other coпtext ... 1 would like to see fightiпg iп Rhodesia: 1 could Ье ageпts said Ьу former CIA us keep а haпd iп there. "5 officer Johп Stockwell to Ье operatiпg there, "possiЫy prepariпg for а paramilitary operatioп like Aпgola. "2 But iп March the same year Presideпt Nixoп yielded to pressure from Britain and the ОА U and closed the Consu The merceпaries iп the рау ofthe Muzorewa regime were late, going back оп his deal with Smith. The CIA used опе ofthe maiп targets ofthe Patriotic Froпt at the Laпcas "other coпtexts" for their operations-mercenaries.6 ter House talks iп Lопdоп. The Rhodesian military is heavi\y.dependent оп mercen Atkiпs' arrest апd deportatioп had the elemeпts of farce ary power-or what it calls "foreign.soldiers"-and active which seem to mark all CIA operatioпs. Аgепсе Fraпce ly recruits them worldwide. The Washington Post has re Presse reported that he pulled а guп wheп police arrived to ported there were 400 U.S. inercenaries in the Rhodesiaп arrest him апd was takeп away bouпd haпd апd foot. Не Army апd the Los Angeles Тimes reported 200 merceпaries had earlier Ьееп court-martialled for assault апd poiпting а of al\ natioпalities. ZANU estimates that 50% of the white wеароп at ап officer, who Atkiпs claimed had Ьееп tailiпg forces are merceпary.1 him. Most of the U .S. merceпaries, according to evideпce pres The tail оп Atkiпs апd his subsequeпt deportatioп iпdi ented Ьу ZANU, are recruited with the assistaпce and cate that Rhodesia's Special Braпch thought him too em approval of the. U .S. Army and the CIA through the mer .bii.rrassiпg to tolerat~ further~wh·ic;h must have Ьееп very ceпary magaziпe Soldier of Fortune, owпed and edited Ьу embarrassiпg, giveп Rhodesia's desperate shor.tage of Lieuteпaпt Colonel Robert К. Brown of the 12th Special traiпed maпpower iп the teп-year-old guerrilla war agaiпst Forces Group (Airborne) U.S. Army Reserve. Another the Patriqtic Froпt .. staffer оп Soldier of Forfune, George Bacon, was killed while fightiпg as а merceпary iп Angola and is acknowl Atkiпs' case, апd others, .poiпt to the absurdity of the edged Ьу · the magaziпe to ha ve been а CIA operative. s CIA 's relatioпship with the Rhodesiaп goverпmeп.t. Their Soldier of Fortune regularly carries articles оп the war iп aims are the same-maiпtenaпce of а regimC:: sympathetic Rhodesia with compreheпsive details оп how to enlist оп to Westerп iпterests-but they keep gett1пg iп each other's the Goverпmeпt side. way. Aпother source of mercenary recruits is the Rhodesiaп Iп 1969 two CIA informaпts--jourпalist J оhп Nichol Iпformatioп Office in Washington, D.C., which supplies son апd lawyer Alfred Gallaheг-Were jailed for ecoпomic applicants with recruiting brochures and the address ofthe sabotage. They had sent the CIA iпformation on how recruitiпg officer iп Salisbury. Rhodesia was beating saпctions-saпctioпs which theЛ.S. was less thaп vigorotis iIJ. observing апуwау. Their a'f~est One of the earliest reported iпstances of CIA iпvolve owed more to CIA inc.9mpeteдc~ thaп Rhodesiaп efficien meпt iп ~hodesia was documented Ьу Ted Braden, а cy and soured relations betweeri the U.S. апd Rhodesia. former V1etnam Greeп Beret, who said the Аgепсу fi The American Coпsul-iп-Charge, Mr. Paul O'Neill Jr., . nanced the traiпiпg of Congo merceпaries Ьу the Rhode апd the Coпsulate's Political Officer, Mr. Irl Smith, * were sian Light Infantry.9 both implicated iп .the .iпcideпt. 3 Siпce theп the CIA, shaken Ьу uпfa.voraЫe puЬlicity in the U .S., has pulled iп its horns-it neglected to produce an Less thaп а moпth after their trial Nicholsoп апd Galla iп-depth study of Rhodesia Iast spring to avo.id political her were freed апd deported iп returп for ап assuraпce controversy. 10 from the U.S. that it would keep its Coпsulate iп Salisbury ореп. Iап Smith, theп Rhodesiaп Prime Miпister, said at According to Sean Gervasi, consultant to the Rhodesian the time he was "more thaп happy" with this arraпgemeпt Saпctioпs Committee at the UN, CIA help to Rhodesia which leпt his regime U.S. recogпitioп.4 could include the supply of sophisticated arms like the *lrl W. Smith was, indeed, the CIA Chief of Station in Salisbury from plaпes and helicopters used iп raids оп ZamЬia and Mo June 1968 to April 1970. See "Dirty Work 2: The CIA in Africa," рр. zamЬique. An American соmрапу, Air Associates of Sko 461-462. [Editor's note.) kie, Illiпois, ac.ted as middlemeп in last year's sale of Bell 26 CovertAction Number 8 (March-April 1980) Espionage Recruiting Time Ьу G.ary Brown and Louis Wolf "The next time someone tells уои that Turner is the stupid bastard who cut the size o.f the Agen·cy out here, look at the colof ofhis hair. ... This is а young тап :S gате . ... Уои don 't run а good, strong paramilitary or covert action program with а bunch of55-year-olds . ... What Гvе done is cut out high-grade superstructure ... and douЬ/ed the input into the clandestine se;vices ... so ·that и.·е have а group o.f young tigers. , .. " 205 gunships from the lsraeli defense force to Rhodesia. Air Associates obtained an export license.from the U.S. This is the Director of Central lntelligence, Admiral Go.vernment, and Gervasi believes it · unltke1y Ainerican Stansfield Turner speaking recently, ( Washington Star, intelligence did not know where the ar~s were going: 11 . February 5, 1980). Contentious though he is, even to many who work for him, рrоЬаЫу no one is going to call him But Rhodesia, after its experience of.U .S. dealings in the stupid. Nevertheless, it is difficult to avoid the conclusion Nichols<;>n/ GaИaher spy deal, is wary of Ainerica 's mo that the intelligence "czar" (as he is known in Washington tives.. According .to Bruce Oudes; writing in A.fr'ici:J Rep6'ri because he oversees not just the CIA, but the entire intelli ofJuly 197'4" "Rhodesian security, obsessed with the po$si gence "community" in which there is consideraЬle rivalry) bility that· fhe CIA might have agents ·opetiiting ·lrГ ;the is growing increasingly desperate in his search for young, country, scrutinizes patt.icularly ·ci'osely all wiШes wh'o en· ripe talent to staff the various spy agencies. ter the country for any purpose ёхсерt sho·rt term 'tour isrn ".1з Since then Carter ha~ replaced Nixon and Rhode This trend was evidenced most recently Ьу an ail-day sian security can Ье expected to Ье more suspicious. ._ seminar last November at, of all places, the Central Florida Career Institute in Orlando. Billed as the first seminar in the country to .give career information about the lntelli gerice profession, the meeting was attended Ьу 150 juniors, 1. The Washington Post, December 9;1979. seniors and grad.uate students ~at central Florida universi~ ties and colleges (325 were .expected). The subsidized $1 2. · Peoples N;и·s Serviёe, March 6, 1979. registration fee included а Ьох lunch, two "energy breaks," entrance to the various sessions, and а stack of recruitment 3. Sunday Тimes (Johannesburg), January 4 and 11, 1970. propaganda from the CIA, DIA, the Nationai Security 4. The Times (London), Febr.uary 4, 1970. Agency, the various military intelligence branches, and the FВI. s. "U .s. Military Involvement in Southerp Africa." edited Ьу the We~tern . Massachusetts Association of Concerned African Scholats, Boston: · ТЬе program was sponsored Ьу the Edyth Bush Charita South End Press, 1978 .. Ыe Foundation, Inc. Hugh F. McKean, а former CIA 6. The Guardian (London), March 9, 1970. operative and Ьу now а member of the Foundation 's Board of Directors, was the initiator of the conference. Не told 7. "Guns for Hire," edited Ьу ZANU Support Committee, New York. those attending that he had invited his friends from the ЛАМ. intelligence community (past and present) as seminar speakers and faculty. And they came. 8. Soldier о/ Foriune, Fall 1976. 9. Ramparts, Oct. 1967. Charles М. Balyeat, now an instructor at the CIA School of Management; Dr. Lyman в~ Kirkpatrick, former CIA IO. 8 Days. August 11, 1979. Inspector General and now а political science professor at 11. Nеи· A.frican, August 1979. Brown University; Dr. Sayre Stevens, former CIA Deputy Director for Science and Technology; Dr. Edwin Е. 12. Africa Report, July / A_ugust 1974. Speaker, head of the Defense lntelligence Agency Wea- RENEWAL NOТICE Subscribers whose mailing labels include the code number 8 are advised that this is their last issue unless they renew thelr subscription. Please check the rates on page 35, and send ln your renewal as soon as possiЫe. Ве sure to let us know that lt ls 8 renewal. Number 8 (March-April 1980) CovertAction 27 1·\ il - _.....il. pons and Systems Division; Lt. General Samuel V. Wilson Ье understood in the context of the more ·honest statement (retired), former DIA director; Major Larry М. Tucker, Ьу а CIA person: ''. . :... w~ can't do much with opaque currently chaitperson for Strategic Intelligence Studies at regimes headed Ьу frien 11:00 А"М. -- Si:ience and тechnology in Intelligonce CENТRAL FLORIM CAREER INSТIТtJТE Dr ... ·S.Вyre Steven8, Fonierly--Deputy Director for Science & Technolo9y. Central Sponaored Ьу_. Intelligence A9ency" 11 :45 А.М. -- ~ - Lobby and ,t;:rounds (weath~r pemitting) Edytb ВU•Ь. Charitaьie Foundation. Inc. to Winter hrk lrOO Р"М. -- Reconveno in Т11eatre. ·.',• 1:.00 Р~м. -- I~_telligence Operations ·aяEtRS IN lNТELLlGEНCE Dr. L~n В. Kirkp&triCk. Profe1111or of Politic.вl Science. Brown University Satur~y. NoveraЬer 11~. i979 9:00 А.М. -- ~:Оя_ Р.М. _ 1:45 Р.М. -- PARALLEL CONFERENCES: r.oi~cussion Leader and Ouestions) Edith .BUah Тheatre (Тheatt'eJ (TuDoenrare) Princeton Street at 17-92 {Mills Ave •. J Orlan"do. Florida Intelliчence Careeas 1: Science and тechnoloчy (Non-Defense A9encies) in Intel·liqence: Mr" CЬarles м. Balyeat. Dr. Edwin· Е ... Speaker. Не.вd. Instructor, School Weapons & Systema Division, of м.nagement. Defense Intelligehce 8:30 А.М. -- R1!9i•tration. (Door• Close Promptly at 9:,00 A.M.J central Intelligence Agency. Aaenrov. 9:00 А.М. -- Welcome and Stiltement of Pur:eose: 2:4S Р.м. -- Refreвhrnents (LobbyJ мr. David R. Ro~rts. Presideni Edyth Bush Ch~ritaЬle foundAtion. Inc. 3:00 Р.М. ,.._ PARALLEL CONFEAENCfS; ,fDi~cuss.1.on. Le.вder .вnd OUestions) Qr. Hu9l1 F. ~cKean. MemЬer. Board of DireC:torв Edyth Bush .Charit:ab:l.e Foчndation. Inc. Captain R·" w. вates. USN (·Ret. J. мoder.вtor of lntelliчence operati~n~: the Meetin9: Preвid~t. N.вtional Milit.вry Intellige::.ce careers 11: Intelli9Mce A•soci·ation; ' · ( Defen•~ .\9encies and John м. Kel•c-t. Jr., Esq., Armed Services) 9:15 А.М. -- Careers in lnterliчence I - N~n-Defense Aчencies: ::::~:~ =~=~ of Haj. Larry М. тucker. USAF. Professor of Intelli9ence, Dr. lt8y 5" Cline. EXecutive Director. -'."_ve_•_t_••_•_н_o_n _·---'----""-'-""-"-"-'-"t-•l l i9ence School Geof'C]etown Uiliverвity center f9r Strateq~c Studies. 4;:Ь0 Р"м·. -- Geher-al Session -- Panel of FeCul,!ж -- Written 10:00 А"М" -- Refroahments ( i.n Lobby). O!J..!.!!!O!!! fand questioi:as fr-om tht!t floo~me permita.). 10:15 А"М. -:"'" career• in Intelligence 11 - Defenso Dep!rtment and . sroo Р.М" -- Adjoumment. ' Ar1ned Serviceв r Lt •. Gen" Samuel .v" Wi-1.on. PsA o-et.<"} Formerly--Director. Defen•e Intelli9enco А9еосу. _,_ 28 CovertAction Number 8 (March-April 1980) Former Head of МI-6 1 Commands Northerri Ireland Troops 1 Ьу Phil Kelly Sir Maurice Oldfield, 64, giveп commaпd of Britaiп's Washiпgtoп between 1960 апd l 964, and did а great deal to Secret Iпtelligeпce Service, М16, Ьу Edward Heath, retired rebuild the trust of the Americans iп the British iпtelligence Ьу Harold Wilsoп, is to sit in Stormont to "sandpaper estaЫishmeпt after the Burgess, Maclean апd Philby deba down the edges" between the British Army and the Royal cle. Не still has а great пumber of frieпds in the U.S. Ulster Constabulary, as а Northern Ireland Office person intelligeпce community. · put it. How theп, will he spend his time when not forciпg Brit The creation of Oldfield's new post as security co-ordi ish soldiers and U\ster policemen to talk to each other? nator represeпts the death of the formal facade of"Ulsteri satioп." If it ever had апу meaning, this was ап attempt to Britaiп 's urgeпt need now is to counter the pressure follow the couпter-iпsurgency text books and make the building up in the interпational community that after ten pOlice force, апd police methods, the primary meaпs· of years of war, it is time for movement, а "political iпitia eпforcing law апd order. lt пever worked, апd \ate\y, the tive. "This comes from mапу who have по sympathy for the British Army's frustratioп with even the marginal exteп IRA; but from the British point of view, such pressure sion iп the RUC's role which came with Ulsterisatioп has serves to re-inforce IRA morale. · spilled over iпto the British press. Curreпt targets for covert action are those political for Iп demaпdiпg from а Tory Government that they should ces which do поt whole-heartedly endorse, British policy of agaiп Ье recogпised as the main security force, the Army goiпg for а military victory before any political iпitiative. were pushiпg agaiпst an open door. As they wished, they are поw back iп undisputed coпtrol, аЬ\е to clear proposed In Irelaпd, recent Мiб action has been aimed not directly operatioпs directly with the security co-ordiпator. at the IRA, but at isolating it and streпgtheniпg oppositioп to it. М16 was behind the bank robberies conducted Ьу the The choice of the man to fill the post has fallen on Littlejohn brothers to discredit the I RA. MI6 case officer Oldfield. Мlб, which he headed betweeп 1972 апd 1975, is Johп Wymaп tried to bribe h.is way into the Garda Special Britaiп's equivaleпt of the CIA. Не is а career spook, апd Braпch. Мlб planпing may have been behiпd the DuЫiп has experieпce iп couпter-insurgeпcy. From l 950 to 1952, . ЬощЬs which encouraged the Dail to strengtheп repressive апd from 1956 to 1958, he was based iп Siпgapore. Duriпg measures iп Ireland. UnderstaщlaЫy, many реор\е feel the Маlауап "emergeпcy," his role was the co-ordiпatioп · that if the British Governrpent were going to iпcrease co of Мlб activity with Army, Special Braпch, and police vert action against the l·RA, they wouldn't announce the operatioпs. appoiпtmeпt of а man like Qldfield, for the IRA would · iпstaпtly reiпforce their vigilaпce against iпfiltrators. As Like the CIA, Мlб concerпs itseif priпcipally with for the IRA aren 't the immediate target, апd as the rea\ targets eigп espioпage. Like the CIA, it is not опlу ап intelligeпce won't Ье expectiпg it, these objections are not so gathering orgaпizatioп, buf·;i.mea:пs of covertly interferiпg substantial. iп the political affairs of other countries. М16, though, is smaller, poorer, апd more sophisticated. It does not have It is рrоЬаЫу in the U nited States that the major British the capacity to mouпt on its owri the counter-iпsurgeпcy effort will come. That estaЫishmeпt politicians like New operatioпs which the CIA staged single-haпded iп Latiп York Governor Hugh Carey and Massachusetts Senator America апd South East Asia, providiпg troops, weapons, · Edward Keпnedy are unhappy about British policies апd еvеп air support. MI6's military capacity is often pro causes more coпcern than the IRA's backiпg from libera vided Ьу the Special Air Service Regiment, the SAS: mem tioп movemerits and the interпational ultra-left. It is signif oirs of officers who fought in Oman and Yemen bear this icant that another principle contender for the Oldfield job out. It is closer to the Foreign Office thaп the CIA is to the was Sir John Killick, Britain's Ambassador to NATO, who State Pepartment: for example, British media operatioпs, spends most of his time liaisoning with the U .S. military on the liпes ofthe CIA's disinformation efforts and control and intelligence estaЫishments. The CIA and the intelli of journals, were run through the Foreign Office Iпforma gence community play а massive role in shaping U.S. na tion Research oe·partment. Oldfield knows the liaison tional policy, and there is по doubt that Oldfield will Ье game backwards. seeking help from his friends there to oppose Teddy Kennedy, and to remind the U.S. administration that polit But he has aпother resource to draw оп: his close friend ical initiatives must follow, not precede, military victory. ship with leadiпg members and ex-members of the CIA. As George Bush, а former CIA Director, is one of the front the British media have ceaselessly reminded us, Oldfield is runners for the RepuЬlican nomination. Of course, British one of the models for John Le Carre's fictiona\ George pressure will start with lobbying and discrete persuasion. Smiley-the mап who rooted out the "moles" inside Мlб. But ifTeddy Kennedy looksclose to the White House, and How much mole-rootiпg Oldfield actual\y did doesn't real canпot Ье persuaded to end his criticism of British policies ly matter. Crucially, he was Chief of the М16 station in over Irelaпd, then Ml6 may have dirty tricks up its sleeves. Number 8 (March-April 1980) CovertAction 29 NAМING NAМES This column remains а regular feature of CAIB despite tion from Yale University (Ьу far the favored school, in фе increasing efforts to attempt to make it illegal. Since the early days of the Agency). Не served as а political officer in material presented here is researched from puЫic docu Rangoon, Burma from 1959 to 1962, when he was trans ments, we have always maintained that it would Ье uncon ferred back to Headquarters until 1964, when he was-post" stitutional to criminalize this sort of research. We have ed to Lome, Togo, again as а political officer. In 1966 he been joined in this sentiment Ьу such unlikely allies as the returned again to Headquarters, and tЬere are no State Justice Department and Senator Moyni-han, as discussed Pepartment entries regarding his subsequent service over elsewhere in this issue. the next 13 years. As of January 1980, however, he reap peared, at Фе Yaounde ·Em,Ьassy, where, considering his In any .event, we have been аЫе to conduct consideraЫe seniority, he clearly is Chief of Station. research in this field since the last Bulletin., and the results are presented here. We have u-ncovered six-teen Chiefs of ·сьаd Station, irtcluding such significant posts as Chile, China, the U.S.S.R. and the United Kingdom. In addition, we The new Chief of Station in N'djamena, Chad, replacing present information оп twenty-three ot\1er seцior CIA James L. Atwater, is Larry. G. Jarrett, born September 3, officers. 1939. Jarrett, whose Ьiography appears in l)irty .J.fork 2, served in the early 1970s in Sweden and ZащЬiа. F,r.om 1974until1977 he wasat the -Lago!!, ,N'igeria EщЪ!l,s~y,_.as:an economic~commercial officer-in fact. Dерщу •Chjef of Bahrain Station-returriing to Headquarters late in 1977, whe're ·ье apparently remained ti-Il his posting, as of January 1980, to John F. Purinton, loca1ed at the Мanama, Bahrain Em Chad. bassy as of September 1979, appears to Ье а former.tele communications officer who has· moved up to a-case_ off.icer slot. Purinton, bornJune 29, 1938; was а telecommunica Cllile tions · technician at the New Delhi, India ·Em:.bassy from 1971 until at least 1974. In July--1976 he was serving in We.are pleased to uncover а powerful quartet of Agency Karachi, Pakistan, apparently stiН in а. telecommunica officers in Santiago, Chile, including the new <;:hief of tions slot, but his cover in Manama is now as an economic Station, the Deputy Chief, and two case officers. officer. Belgium The new Chief ofStation for Belgium is James Lawrence Corrigan, who has been transferred, as of N ovember 1979, from Yaounde, Cameroon to the Brussels Embassy-. Corri- , gan is fairly well known as а CIA officer; his Ьiography appears in Dirty Work /, Dirty Work 2, and Bulletin Number 4. Corrigan served from 1974 to 1977 in the Office ofthe Special Assistant to the Ambassador in Paris, and as of October 1977 was transferred to Yaounde, in which posting he was promoted to Chief of Station. As of No vember 1979 he is f?und at the Brussels Embassy. Cameroon Corrigan has been replaced in Yaounde, Cameroon as Chief of Station Ьу Richard Joseph Cornish, born No vember 7, 1925 in Nebraska. Cornish's State Department Ьiography includes the tell-tale service as а Department of the Army "political officer" from 1949 to 1959, indicating that he entered the CIA over thirtyyears ago, upon gradua- Number 8 (March-April 1980) 30 CovertAction i The new Chief of Station is Thomas J. Keenan, born as of July 1978, he was at the then U .S. Interests Section June 29, 1930 in Wisconsin. Keenan, whose Ьiography is (now the Embassy) in Beijing, where he is undoubtedly the found in Dirty Work 1, served in MexicoCity from 1960 to Chief of Station. . 1964, and under Department ofthe Armycoverfrom 1964 to 1966, when his name disappears from State Department Denmark records for а year. In 1967 he was undercover as а political officer in Bogota, ColomЬia, where he remained until The Chief of Station in Copenhagen, Denmark, is Clark transferred to Lima, Peru in 1971. From 1973 to 1975 he Gilbert My.ers, born Мау 8, 1930 in Massachusetts. Myers served as Chief of Station in Kingston, Jamaica, before served in Dep.artment of the Army cover from 1956 to returning for а stint at Headquarters. CAJB's sources in 1964, when he assumed diplomatic eover at the Depart- Chile have located him at the Santiago Embassy as of , 'Pent of State. In 1965 he was posted to the Bonn, Federal December 1979. RepuЫic of Germany E'mbassy; а year later he was trans ferred to Moscow. In 1968 he returned to Headquarters, Keenan's Deputy Chief appears to Ье Clifton J. Schaefer, born December 24, 1·937, who, our sources in a~d in 1971 emerged as а political officer at the Saigon, V1etnam Embassy. In 1973 records show he was back at Chile indicate, has been serving there since late 1978. Langley, and there are no records ofhis whereabouts from Schaefer served in Mexico City from 1969 to 1970, wheri he was transferred to Tegucigalpa, Honduras. After two years early 1974 until January 1979, when he appeared on the Copeцhagen D_iplomatjc List. in Honduras he was transferred to Buenos Aires, Argen-: tina, where Ье served until at least late 1975. There are no entries regarding him in Department of State records from А case officer djscovered at the Copenhagen, Denmark Embassy is John J. Arends, Jr., born October 21, 1937 in then until mid-1978, when he appears back at CIA Head quarters. As of October 1978 he was serving at.the Santiago Michigan. Arends served in Vienna from 1968 to 1973, and Embassy, and, our sources indicate, since at least De then, after а year back at Headquarters, in Geneva until at cember of 1979 his cover has been in the political section. · least 1977. Af~er а fwo-year ·absence from State Depart ment records, he appears, posted to Copenhagen, as of at Two senior case officers serving under Keenan and least August 1979. Schaefer are Frederick W. Silva, born February 22, 1937 in Massachusetts, and Todd D. Hagenah, born July 20, 1940 in New York. Silva's records include the phoney "research Egypt analyst" post with the Department of Defense from 1966 Murat Natirboff, whose Ьiography appears in Dirty to 1969, followed Ьу diplomatic cover posting to Gua Work 1 and in Dirty Work 2, clearly а specialist on north temala City in March 1969, as а political assistant. In Мау east Africa, former Chief of Station in Sudan and in 1971 he was transferred to Guayaquil, Ecuador as а pQliti cal officer, until returning to Headquarters in J uly 1973. In Kenya, is now the new Chief of Station in Cairo, Egypt. October· 1975, records indicate, he was posted to Bogota, Natirboff, born February 4, 1921 in the Soviet Union, and and as of November 1978 he was in Santiago. Sources in naturalized in the·U .S. in 1943, has been in the CIA since at Santiago indicate that, at least as of December 1979, he is least 1952, when, the records say, he was а "training offi in the political section. cer" with the Department of the Arпiy; а cover he held until 1960. That year he was p()sted to New Delhi, India, under Hagenahjoined the CIA in 1965, and went under diplo cover ofthe International Cooperation Administration. In 1961 he was transferred to Jakarta, lndonesia, still under matic cover, also in Ecuador, servirig as а political оШсеr at the Quito Embassy from late 1971 till mid-1974, when he cover of that agency's successor, the Agency for Interna tional Development. Therc:: are no State Department re was transferred to Lima, this tim'e as а consular officer. We cords on Natirbofffrom 1964' to 1972, when he was posted, have been unaЫe to find any Department of State refer ences to him from 1976 to 1978, but he too appears in under State Department cover, as а political officer in Santiago in late 1978 and, our sources tell us, is found in the Kbartoum, but in fact Chief of Station. From 1975 to 1976 economic section. he was back at Headquarters, and then was posted to NairoЬi, again as Chief ofStation. Sources have confirmed that he has been posted to the Embassy in Cairo since at least December 1979. China . СА/В has located the Chief of Station in Beijing (Pek Ethiopia шg), China. Не is David D. Gries, born Мау 8, 1932 in Ohio. Gries, another Yale graduate, was under cover as an А middle-level case officer has been spotted with the "analyst"for the Department of the Air Force from 1960 to Addis АЬаЬа, Ethiopia Emьassy. Не is David А. Harper, 1962, before appearing under State Department cover as а born March 12, 1942. Harper served as а political assistant Chinese 1anguage and area trainee at the Foreign Service in Copenhagen from 1970 to 1972, when he returned to Institute Field Language School in Taichung, Taiwan. In Headquarters for two years. Нis activities in Denmark 1964 he was transferred to the Singapore Consulate General were exposed in the book "Under Cover," the relevant as а political officer, serving there till 1968, when he returned portion of which was reprinted in Bulletin Number 5. In to Headquarters. There are no ascertainaЬle references to Мау of 1974 Harper was posted to Bujumbura, Burundi, him in State Department records from 1970 to 1978. Then, where he sp_ent approximately three years before returning Number 8 (Marcb-April 1980) CovertAction 31 orice again to Headquarters. In July 1979 he was trans the Coпsulate Geпeral iп Calcutta, lndia. Hemmings ferred to the Addis АЬаЬа Embassy, although his precise served as а consular officer iп CasaЫanca, Morocco from cover title is not known to СА/ В. 1975 to 1977, when he was traпsferred to Algiers, Algeria, as Third Secretary. Не was iп Algiers at least as late as February 1979, but receпt records iпdicate that as of Ghana November 1979 he was in Calcutta. Last year•s change of government in Ghana has appar ently generated some shuffling of CIA personnel. We have lndonesia located two case officer~ there as of at least late 1979. We have located the Chief of Station апd three other One is Jane Bryan Hoerrner, born July 19, 1942 in New case officers iп lndonesia. The Chief is Catl Edward Jersey. State Department records iш!icate that she was Gebhardt, Ьоrп Juпe 8, 1933, whose Ьiography appears iп under cover as an "economic assistant" with' the Depart Dirty Wark J. There are по availaЫe records оп Gebhardt ment of the Army from 1967 to 1973, when she first ap prior to 1972, wheп, after а few moпths at Headquarters, peared under diplomatic cover as an economic-commercial he was posted to Warsaw, Polaпd. In 1974 he returпed to officer at the Addis АЬаЬа Embassy., She returned to Headquarters for about а year апd а half, апd was theп Headq·uarters in late 1975, and no further records have assigned to Bangkok, Thailaпd, iп. J uly 1976. СА/ В has been found until our source Accra said that as of October located refereпces to Gebhardt iпdicatiпg that at least as of 1979, she was posted to the econoщic section at the Accra November 1978 he was posted to Jakarta, lпdoпesia, Embassy. Her biography is found iп Dirty Work 2. where he is believed to Ье the Chief of Statioп. The three case officers workiпg for Gebhardt are James р. Anders, Jr., Ronald М. Cinal, and WШiam Н. Wright. Anders, born March 4, 1942 iп Texas, was under cover as an "area specialist" for the Departmeпt of the Army from 1968 to 1973, wheп he took diplomatic cover as ап ecoпomic comщercial officer at the Vieпtiaпe, Laos Embassy. Iп 1975 he returned to Headquarters and disappeared from State Department records uпtil August 1979, when he was posted to the economic section at the Jakarta Embassy. Cinal, who is listed in Dirty Work 2, was uпder cover as а The other case officer in Ghana is Kenneth Leroy political officer in the NairoЬi, Kenya Embassy during Hurley, whose Ьiography also appears in Dirty Work 2. 1976 and 1977. Не reappears as of at least December 1979. Hurley was under cover at the Embassyat Lusaka, ZamЬia as а political officer in Jakarta. from 1974 to 1978, when he was transferred to Blantyre, Mala wi, where he served as Chief of Base until at least early William Н. Wright, born September 6, 1939 in Kansas, 1979. As of August 1979, however, he appeared in Accra, was posted to Rangooп, Burma-from 1964 to 1970, when where he might Ье Deputy Chief of Station. he was transferred to Maпila, Philippines. ln 1973 he re turned to Headquarters; no additional records are found until he is shown, as of August 1977, at the Surabaya, lndonesia Consulate. As of October 1979 he was trans ferred to the capital. Adrian Bernard Ciazza, born December 10, 1932, in Alabama, is the new Chief of Station in Conakry, Guinea. Ciazza, whose Ьiography appears in Dirty WlJrk4;· has been with the CIA since at least 1957, when he commenced Japan eight years under cover as а "research analyst" with the Department of the Army. Не served as а political officer in The Chief of Base at the Consulate Geпeral iп Osaka Kabul, Afghanistan from 1965 to 1968, when he returned Kobe, Japan is Lucius Н. Horiuchi, Ьоrп July 22, 1928 iп for а stint at Headquarters, before а posting, in April 1971, Washiпgtoп. Horiuchi is ап Аgепсу veteraп, haviпg served to Colombo, Sri Lanka. Не returned to Headquarters in uпder cover as а Departmeпt of the Army "analyst" from 1973 and went to Tehran, Iran in 1974, for а brief period. 1951 to 1965. Iп Ju]y 1965 he was posted to Maпila as а After less than а year back at Headquarters again, he was political officer, returпiпg to Headquarters iп 1967. Fol posted in late 1975 to the Brussels, Belgium Embassy. The lowiпg а promotioп to GS-13 iп October of 1967, апd his next references to him indicate that as of September 1979 appointmeпt as а "coordination officer" in Мау 1968, there he was in Conakry, undoubtedly, given his length of ser are no records referring to him for the next ten years. In vice, the Chief of Station. Мау of 1978 he is shown back at CIA Headquarters, and, in July of that year he was posted to Osaka-Kobe, un lndia doubtedly as Chief of Base. Allan Bruce Hemmings, whose Ьiography is found in А senior case officer in Tokyo is Walter 1. Floyd, Jr., Dirty Work2, is а case officer who has been transferred to born April 4, 1939 in Pennsylvania. Floyd also served in 32 CovertAction Number 8 (March-April 1980) 1 , the uЬiquitous·position of "research analyst" for the De was then posted to the Rawalpindi, Pakistan Embassy, l partment ofthe Air Force from 1965 to 1970, before enter where he served as Deputy Chief of Station. From 1972 to ing into diplomatic posting, in 1971, first to Yokahama for 1979~ State Department records are silent as to his where language training, and then to the Tokyo Embassy, as а abouts, but Waters appears on the April 1979 Wellington political officer. Не served in Japan until 1976, when he Diplomatic Цst as Attache, but in fact Chief Of Station. returned to Headquarters, and then disappeared from State Department records. As. of'at least August 1979 he reappears as First Secretary in the Tokyo Embassy. Paraguay The Chief ofStation in Asuncion, Paraguay, the longest lived dictatorship in the Western Hemisphere, is Donald J. Jordan Venute, bornApril 5, 1930in New Jersey. Venute has been with the CIA since 1951, When he graduated from Geo.rge А senior telecommunications officer in Amman, Jordan is Donald Charles McClung: McClung served in Montevi town University. Не spent his first ten years under military deo, Uruguay from 1975 to 1977, when·he was transferred cover, and, in Jtily 1961, appeared as Third Secretary at the to Athens, Greece. As of October 1979 he is found in Mogadiscio, Somalia Embassy. Не returned to Depart ment of the Army cover from 1966 to 1967, and then Amman, in telecommunications. reverted to diplomatic cover, as а political officer in the Lima, Peru Embassy. In 1972 ~е returned to Headquarters, and disappeared from State Department records. In July Lebanon 1978 he resurfaced, listed in the Asuncion Diplomatic List as Attache. Не is clearly the Chief of Statiщ1. The person who appears to Ье the new Chief ofStation in. Beirut, Lebanon is Jack S. Ogino, ·born October 9, 1935 in California. Ogino, whose Ьiography appears in Dirty Portugal Work 1, served in Cairo from 1965 to 1967, when he returned to Headquarters; in Kathmandu; Nepal from А Lisbon, Portugal souree confirms that as of N ovember 1969 to 1972; and in Madras, lndia from 1972 to 1974, 1979, Edward J. Bash, Jr., а case officer, appeared posted to before returning again to Headquarters. In 1976 he was the Embassy there, in the economic section. First Secretary at the Colombo, Sri Lanka Embassy,. and, at least as of September 1979, our sources indicate that he has been posted to Beirut, where he is believed to be·the Senegal Chief of Station. · Case officer Robert J. Hammond, Jr.; whose'Ьiography appears in Dirty Work 2, ha·s been transferred tothe politi Liberia cal section at the Dakar, Senegal Embassy, as of August 1979. Hammond served as political officer in Accra, Ghana The new telecommunications chiefin Monrovia, Liberia, · from June 1975 until February 1978, when he was returned the Agency's central telecommunications·relay base for all to Headquarters. After about а year and а half, apparently, of Africa, is Donald t. Miller, Who has replaced MarvinH. he is back in Africa. Chindgren, who was listed in Bulletin Number ·4. Miller apparently arrived in Monrovia at least as of September 1979. The new deputy telecommunications chief appea:rs to Switzerland Ье Dan N. Stephenson, who has replaced Richard В. George, also listed· in Bu/letin Number 4. Stephenson European specialist Rowland Е. Roberts, Jr., appears to served at the major telecommunications installation in Ье the new Chief of Base in the extremely important post of Manila, Philippines from 1965 to 1972, with а year during Geneva, Switzerland. Roberts, born Мау 8, 1928 in Penn that period at Headquarters. No records regarding his .sylvania, whose biography appears in Dirty Work 1, has whereabouts between 1972 and now have been found. been with the CIA since at Ieast 1954, when he commenced Sources in Monrovia indicate that he also arrived in military cover as а "plans officer" with the bepartment of Liberia in September 1979. the Army. After eight years in that role, he served five years as political officer in the Copenhageri, Denmark Embassy, returned to Headquarters for several years, and then served New Zealand at the Antwerp, Belgium Consulate General as an economic commercial officer. In 1975 he returned to Headquarters The CIA Chief oГStation in Wellington, New Zealand again, and as о( October 1979 is found at the U.S. Mission appears to Ье Hugh Richard Waters, born September 17, to the United Nations in Geneva. 1929 in New York. Waters served as an "analyst" with the Department of the Air Force from 1958 to 1960, when he moved into diploпiatic cover, posted to the Seoul, South Togo Korea Embassy. In 1965 he was back briefly at Headquar ters, before being transferred to Surabaya, Indonesia, as а Gordon Joseph Hopman, born October 4, 1941 in political officer, and, in fact, Chief of Base at the Consulate Oregon, listed in Dirty Work 2, hasjust been transferred to there. ln 1967 he returned home again for two years, and the Lome, Togo Embassy where he is apparently Chief of Number 8 (March-April 1980) CovertAction 33 Sta~ion. Hopman served from 1971to1974 as а "program apparently Chief ofStation. As ofNovember 1979, at least, analyst" for the Department of the Army, before his first our information indicates he was assigned to the Moscow diplomatic posting, as political officer in Abidjan, lvory Embassy, where he is Chief of Station. Coast. In 1976 he was transferred to Kinshasa, Zaire, and, as of December 1979 he is found at the Lome Embassy. United Arab Emirates The new Chief of Station in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Turkey Emirates is Thomas D. Hawbaker, whose Ьiography ap pears in Dirty Work 2. Hawbaker, born February 28, 1932 We have uncovered two case officers in Turkey, S. in Iowa served in Jordan from 1964 to 1966 under cover of Phillips L. Amerman and Patrick N. Murphy. Amerman, the Ag~ncy for International Development, in Vietnam born September 14, 1945 in Pennsylvania, was an adminis from 1966 to 1969-as а "pacification advisor" for the trative officer with the Department of the Air Force from Department of the Air Force-under State Department 1969 to 1971. ihen, after а year at the University of Istan cover in Cairo from 1969 to 1973, and in Colombo, Sri bul, he appeared as а projects officer with the Department Lanka, from 1973 until at least late 1975. There are no of State, and, in 1973, became а consular officer at the indications ofhis whereabouts from 1975 until 1979, when Istanbul. Turkey Consulate General. We are unclear iп November he appears posted to Abu DhaЬi. whether he remained in Turkey all the intervening time; but as of October 1979 he appeared at the Arikara Embassy. United Кiпgdom Edward William Proctor, who replaced the iпimitaЫe Cord Meyer, Jr. as Chief ·of Statioп in London, United Kingdom, iп late 1976, has very possiЫy retired, but iп апу eveпt has left Lопdоп апd Ьееп replaced Ьу Richard F. Stolz, Jr. Stolz, born November 27, 1925 in Ohio, has reached thjs high апd prestigious CIA post after 30 years with the Аgепсу. His career Ьеgап under cover as а "politi cal affairs officer" with the Departineпt of the Arrпy in 1950. lп 1959 he.switched to diplomatic cover as а political Murphy, born September 28, 1941 in West Virginia, is officer iп the Fraпkfurt, Federal RepuЫic of Germaпy presented in State Department records as а computer ·C<;>пsulate Geпeral. (Observers have пoted thi:it the Fraпk manager for the Department of the Air Force from 1968 to furt Base is, iп fact, much larger апd more importaпt thaп 1970, when he received S.tate Department language train- the Вопn Statioп.) Iп 1960 Stolz was transferred to Sofia, . ing. In August 1971 he appeai:ed as а coщ;ular officer at the Bulgaria where he remaiпed till 1962, wheп he returпed to Istanbul.Co-nsulate General, and in 1973 was transferred to Headquarters, as ап intelligence operations specialist. In Ankara. Не was back at Headquarters in 1976, posted to 1964 he was posted to Moscow; iп 1965 he returпed to the Rome, Italy Embassy in 1977, and, as of August 1979, is Langley; апd iп 1966 he Ьеgап а three-year stiпt iп Rome, found once more at the lstanbul Consulate General. agaiп as а political officer. Iп 1969 he was back at Head quarters; апd in 1973 he was SJ::Пt to the Belgrade, Yugosla In the light of recent developments in Turkey, with mas via Embassy as Chief of .Station. In late 1974 he returned sive repression of people in the streets which has been home, апd there are по entries iп Departmeпt of State graphically shown in the American media, th.ese case offi records until December 1979, when he surfaced оп the cers are doubtless busy working in close liaison with the Lопdоп Diplomatic List as Political Attache-aпd,iп fact, Turkish secret police. Chief of Statioп. The пеw telecommuпicatioпs chief at the Lопdоп Sta tion is Thomas С. Shedd, Ьоrп J uпе 15, 1931 iп Massachu U.S.S.R. setts. Shedd has served iп the telecommuпicati<;>ns specialty iп Tokyo, Accra, апd Loпdoп-where records indicate he · The CIA Chief of Station in Moscow, U.S.S.R. appears served from 1969 to 1972, prior to his current tour, which to Ье Burton Lee Gerber, bo·rn July 19, 1933 in Шinois. commeпced at least as of October 1979. Shedd replaces Gerber has been with the Agency since 1955, when he James Smith in the positioп he held siпce mid-1975. began military cover as an "area analyst" with the Depar.t ment of the Army, а position he held until 1965, with one Yugoslavia year, 1956, supposedly as а 2nd Lieutenant in the Army. In July 1965 he commenced diplomatic cover, studying Bul The пеw Chief of Statioп iп Yugoslavia appears to Ье garian at the Foreign Service lnstitute, preparatory to his Peter Vroom Raudenbush, born August 13, 1935 iп Miп posting, in June 1966, as "political officer" in the Sofia, пesota. Не was uп.der cover as ап "aпalyst" for the De Bulgaria Embassy. Не was at that time eitЬer Chief of partment of t·he Army from 1962 to 1973, wheп he first Station for Bulgaria, or Deputy. In October 1968 he re appeared iп State Departmeпt records, posted to Coпakry, turned to Headquarters. No further foreign postings ap Guinea as а coпsular officer, but, iп fact, Chief of Statioп. pear in State Department records until October 1976, when Iп 1975 he returпed to Headquarters, and, as of September Gerber was found at the Belgrade, Yugoslavia Embassy, 1979 is fouпd at the Belgrade Embassy. - 34 CovertAction Number 8 (March-April 1980) ', , BRAND NEW-JUST OUT The Book the Government Tried to Stop DIRTY w·o.RK .. 2: The CIA in Aftica Edited Ьу Ellen Ray, Wllllain Schaap, Karl Van Meter and. ;L9uis Wol( SPECIAL ·OFFER ТО OUR READERS' . ,. . .. Dirty Work 1: The С/А in. Western Europe,·.the first of.this.series ~f startling and.invalшфle e-1(.pose~" lists at $:И,95. Dirty Work 2, Quf lat~s~ effort-an_d,the book the U.S. government tried to stop, lists at $20.oo".~urrent or new subscribers may order these books from us fpr $17.50 for Dirty Work.l and for $15.00 for Dirtj Work 2. This includes surface postage anywhere. F<:>r airmail overseas, please add $8~00 for:DWJ ar:$6.00 for J).J.y,2. -- - - ·------.... ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~'. - -" -- suв·scRIPTl'6N/ORDER FORM CoveriAction lnformation 1Ju/le'ti'n appears 'frofu five to seveh tirffes а уё'аr: Subsёriptions ar~ for six cohS'ecutivё issues. АН payments must Ье Ьу check or money order, in U.S. funds only, рауаЫе to Covert Action ~uЫic~tions, Iric. ,." Subscriptions: Name and Address: ( ) u.s., $10.00 ( ) Canada, Mexico, $15.00 ( ) Lat. Am., Europe, Med. Africa, $16.00 (air) ( ) Asia, Pacific, rest Africa, $18.00 (air) ( ) Institutions, add $5.00 PuЫications: () Dirty Work 1, $17 ..50 () Dirty Work 2, $15.00 () DWJ, overseas air, $8.00 Subscriptions commence with next issue. ( ) D Wl, overseas air, $6.00 Back issues are $2.00 each: 2( ); 3( ); 4( ); 5( ); 6( ); 7( ); 8( ). Number 1 is out of print; order from University Micro films, 300 N. Zeeb Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48106. Total Enclosed: $ (PLEASE, U.S. FUNDS ONLY) Mail to: CovertAction Information Bulletin, Р.О. Вох 50272, Washington, ОС 20004. Number 8 (March-April 1980) CovertAction 35 Soarces a:nd lVIethodS, Ву; Ken Lawr·ence CIA ASSASSINAПONS On March 6, 1972, CIA Director Richard Helms sent а reportet Daniel Schorr а different date for the supposed memo to his deputy directors which read, in part: abolition of the tactic: It has recently .again been alleged, in tJ~ё-. pfess that Wiфo,µt~confi:rmi~$'1a~Y,Фin~.aьout ·tbe past, Colby CIA engages in assassination. Asyi:нfarewёll а ware, nevert:heless·wantёd',,me'·tb Rnбw that assassination thi~ ~~ .pfjt t?~;~~~c;. a,nf~~~~щ:~. f,t?~ic,y ~'\s"Jo.1,1g·;ь,een w.~s _not,cur;r;~i)tly а: m!'1ti.01J used?by,the CIA. It bad clear on th1s 1ssue. То untl'er1ine 1t, 1 d1tect that no been banilt'd since 1913.· ... (Cleuring the Air, page such activity or operation Ье undertaken, assisted or 146.) suggested Ьу any of our personnel .... 1 Colby's ,o.wn directive agai11st ЧА employment of assas А yea-r latc;.r\vb~n w~ hii~1feveJ.b(t:iQial'':1ri~de]iist~su~h а sin~.t.inn was·issued on Aug~ust.~;:-;19=7З,: 1( reports in the suggestion to"nls' suoordi.riates"'in Uganda, the Chief of Ci.t'Б'an·press are' accufate, Colбy's"or INFORМAТION ВULLEТIN Р.О. Вох 50272 Washington, DC 20004 ~-· 36 CovertAction Number 8 (March-April 1980)