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Denver Journal of International Law & Policy Volume 11 Number 1 Fall Article 15 May 2020 Vol. 11, no. 1: Full Issue Denver Journal International Law & Policy Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/djilp Recommended Citation 11 Denv. J. Int'l L. & Pol'y (1981). This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Denver Sturm College of Law at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Denver Journal of International Law & Policy by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],dig- [email protected]. Denver Journal of International Law and Policy VOLUME 11 1981 William S. Hein & Co., Inc. Buffalo, New York 2003 This book has been digitally archived, to maintain the quality of the original work for future generations of legal researchers, by William S. Hein & Co., Inc. This volume is printed on acid-free paper by William S. Hein & Co., Inc. Denver Journal of International Law and Poiky VOLUME 11 NUMBER 1 FALL 1981 FACULTY COMMENT WHY STUDY INTERNATIONAL LAW? A DECADE OF THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL STUDIES PROGRAM AT THE UNIVERSITY OF DENVER COLLEGE OF LAW............................ Ved P. Nanda Ved P. Nanda, Professor of Law and the Director of the International Legal Studies Program at the University of Denver College of Law, traces the history of the Program from its inception in 1971 to the present. Noting that "[tihe faculty decision made in 1971 to establish the International Le- gal Studies Program at the College of Law reflected a sound curriculum philosophy," Professor Nanda begins by highlighting a few of the several factors which shaped and influenced the direction of the Program both at its inception and -today. He discusses the six components of the Program, including (A) The Academic Program; (B) The Denver Journal of Interna- tional Law and Policy; (C) The Denver International Law Society; (D) The Myres S. McDougal Distinguished Lecture on International Law, the An- nual Regional Conferences of the American Society of International Law, and the Jessup International Moot Court Competition; (E) Internships, Ex- ternships, and Career Opportunities; and (F) Continuing Legal Education. Noting that "[ihe last decade has been a period of growth and excitement for the Program," Professor Nanda concludes that "[tihe Program has a promising future." ARTICLES FREEDOM TO TRAVEL: Is THE ISSUANCE OF A PASSPORT AN INDVDUAL RIGHT OR A GOVERNMENT PREROGATIVE? . Paul Lansing 15 Noting that "fain individual's right to freedom of international travel has been overwhelmingly linked to his possession of a passport in the recent past," Professor Lansing discusses the recent Supreme Court case of Haig v. Agee. Professor Lansing begins his analysis by discussing the historical aspects of the freedom to travel. Observing that "[t]he history of the free- dom to travel has been somewhat obscure, varying from an early proclama- tion promoting the right of free travel to more recent instances wherein the right to free international travel has been limited for national security and foreign policy reasons," Professor Lansing then discusses the case of Philip Agee. The Agee case focuses both on the power of the Secretary of State to refuse or to revoke a passport on national security grounds, and also on the right to international travel and the ways in which that right may be lim- ited. Constitutional prohibitions on the right to travel are also discussed, as well as several multilateral efforts regarding the freedom of travel. Profes- sor Lansing concludes that the Court in Agee "placed undue emphasis on the foreign policy aspect of the passport question [and) increased the State J.D.; James K. Paupey, B.B.A., J.D.; Cooper Wayman, B.S., M.S., Ph.D., J.D.; Michael 0. Wirth, B.S., M.A., Ph.D.; Lucius E. Woods, B.S., LL.B.; Brooke Wun- nicke, B.A., LL.B.; James R. Young, B.S.C.E., J.D.; Adjunct Lecturers in Judicial Ad- ministration: Stephen P. Ehrlich, B.S.B.A., J.D.; Barbara J. Gletne, B.A., M.A.; Mau- reen M. Solomon, B.A., M.P.A.; Bernard D. Steinberg, B.Mus., J.D.; Daniel . Vredenburg, B.S., M.S.J.A. The Denver Journal of International Law and Policy is an integral part of the University of Denver's International Legal Studies Program. The purpose of the Program is to prepare students for effective roles in the contem- porary interdependent world of business, federal government, and international rela- tions. The faculty includes members of the regular faculty at the University of Den- ver College of Law, professors from other schools and departments of the University, and several practicing attorneys. The Director of the program is Professor Ved P. Nanda of the College of Law. In addition to the regular course of study, the International Legal Studies Program makes special provision for internships, externships, and summer study in the United States and abroad. Students may also enroll in a joint degree program with the Grad- uate School of Business and Public Management or the Graduate School of Interna- tional Studies, leading to the degrees of M.B.A., M.A., or Ph.D., in addition to the J.D. Other components of the program include the Denver International Law Society, the Myres S. McDougal Distinguished Lecture in International Law and Policy, the an- nual regional conference of the American Society of International Law, and the Philip C. Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition. Please address inquiries concerning the program to: Professor Ved P. Nanda, Director International Legal Studies Program University of Denver College of Law 200 West 14th Avenue Denver, Colorado 80204 USA Telephone (303) 753-3427 Department's area of discretion at the expense of the individual's right to travel." FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT IN THE CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY ............... Daniel C. Turack 37 Noting that "(freedom of movement among the British Caribbean territo- ries did not exist during the late colonial period nor does it fully exist now," Professor Turack provides an historial overview of the freedom of move- ment in the Caribbean community. Although the United Kingdom histori- cally had an open door policy on freedom of movement from all parts of the Commonwealth, the policy did not have a counterpart in the Carribbean. This common law right of entry and exit has been replaced in the Carib- bean territories by legislation restricting the freedom of movement. Profes- sor Turack discusses national legislation pertaining to the freedom of move- ment in each CARICOM country, and discusses the emergence of 'the Caribbean Common Travel Document. Commenting that "[wihatever com- mon law right of entry may have existed in the past has been displaced by constitutional provisions and legislative enactments which accord highly discretionary authority to each government's officials to restrict the move- ment of persons into and out of their respective countries," Professor Turack concludes that "(tlhe freedom of establishment of provisions of the CARICOM Treaty are purposely weak and allow the prospective host coun- try the necessary latitude to curtail any significant influx of nationals from other CARICOM members. Thus, further relaxation of restrictions on mi- gration must await further developments." MEMBERSHIP CRITERIA FOR THE ICAO COUNCIL: A PROPOSAL- FOR REFORM .......... Christopher T. Tourtellot 51 The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is the primary inter- national organization dealing with aviation. Observing that "despite the radical changes in the size and composition of the international community that have occurred since the Chicago Convention of 1944, the criteria for membership in the ICAO Council have remained unchanged," Mr. Tourtel- lot provides a comprehensive proposal for a new article 50(b) to amend the Chicago Convention. After a brief review of the Council's duties, Mr. Tourtellot discusses earlier attempts to create international aeronautical bodies. The problems that have emerged since the ICAO's inception are also considered. Other contemporary specialized agencies such as the U.N. Security Council, IARA, ILO, and the WHO are compared to provide some perspectives on how ICAO's criteria might be changed. Noting that "ItIhe ICAO performs a vital function in establishing uniform safety standards and by providing a forum for the debate of aeronautical issues," Mr. Tourtellot concludes that "[slimplification of the Council's election proce- dure and increased attention to the needs of less industrialized states would represent a useful step (tJo reflect the swiftly changing world of interna- tional aviation." STUDENT COMMENT THE STATUS OF FOREIGN SOVEREIGNS IN PRIVATE ANTITRUST ACTIONS ............. John A. Jostad 81 This Comment investigates one aspect of the "extraterritorial" application of American antitrust laws-the status of a foreign nation under U.S. anti- trust law. The intention of the Comment is to provide greater understand- ing of the problem and to clarify the issues, namely, the position of the courts respecting a sovereign's standing to sue as a private plaintiff, whether a foreign sovereign will be recognized as a named defendant, some of the international implications involved, and the legislative steps being considered to address the problems that arise when a foreign state is in- volved in antitrust litigation. In addition, a major focus of this Comment is upon the definitions of terms used in the antitrust laws, as well as the For- eign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 (FSIA). Because U.S. antitrust law is not applied consistently in an international context, this Comment con- cludes that "itihe solution lies in domestic legislation passed after a thor- ough investigation." DEVELOPMENTS CANADA'S NEW BANK ACT: INTEGRATION OF FOREIGN BANKS INTO THE CANADIAN BANKING SYSTEM ................. J.G. Taylor 105 EXPORT TRADING COMPANIES & S.
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  • The Reason the Reagan Administration Overthrew the Sandinista Government

    The Reason the Reagan Administration Overthrew the Sandinista Government

    The Reason the Reagan Administration Overthrew the Sandinista Government A thesis presented to the faculty of the Center for International Studies of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Kevin Santos Flores June 2010 © 2010 Kevin Santos Flores. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled The Reason the Reagan Administration Overthrew the Sandinista Government by KEVIN SANTOS FLORES has been approved for the Center for International Studies by Patricia Weitsman Professor of Political Science Jose' A. Delgado Director, Latin American Studies Daniel Weiner Executive Director, Center for International Studies 3 ABSTRACT SANTOS FLORES, KEVIN A., M.A., June 2010, Latin American Studies The Reason the Reagan Administration Overthrew the Sandinista Government (86 pp.) Director of Thesis: Patricia Weitsman The purpose of my study is to understand why the United States intervened in Nicaragua in the early 1980s to overthrow the Sandinista government. I will be looking at declassified documents, radio transcripts, campaign papers, and presidential speeches to determine why officials in the Reagan administration believed that American involvement in Central America was crucial to U.S. national security. This thesis argues that the Reagan administration’s decision to overthrow the Sandinista government was shaped by the preconceived notion of Ronald Reagan, the administration’s inability to distinguish from perception and reality of the events occurring in Nicaragua, and to undermine the Nicaraguan revolution as a model for other guerrilla organizations in Central America that could have potentially challenged American hegemony in the region. Approved: _____________________________________________________________ Patricia Weitsman Professor of Political Science 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost I would like to thank God for everything.