DOCSLIB.ORG

A Virtual Ethnographic Study of Online Communication and Democratic Behavior in The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Virtual Ethnographic Study of Online Communication and Democratic Behavior in The A Virtual Ethnographic Study of Online Communication and Democratic Behavior in the Sudan's Diaspora A dissertation presented to the faculty of the Scripps College of Communication of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Abuobeida A. Mudawi December 2015 © 2015 Abuobeida A. Mudawi. All Rights Reserved. This dissertation titled A Virtual Ethnographic Study of Online Communication and Democratic Behavior in the Sudan's Diaspora by ABUOBEIDA A. MUDAWI has been approved for the School of Media Arts and Studies and the Scripps College of Communication by Steve Howard Professor of Media Arts and Studies Scott Titsworth Dean, Scripps College of Communication ii ABSTRACT MUDAWI, ABUOBEIDA A., Ph.D., December 2015, Mass Communication A Virtual Ethnographic Study of Online Communication and Democratic Behavior in the Sudan's Diaspora Director of Dissertation: Steve Howard This virtual ethnographic study was about online communication and the democratic behavior in the Sudan’s diaspora. It investigated the possibility of expanding the diasporic political public sphere among Sudanese diaspora by using the six requirements formulated by Licoln Dahlberg (2001a) for a rational-critical discourse of online deliberation of political public issues. The Sudanese diasporic online communities was a product of migration of large number of Sudanese to the Gulf States, the United States, and other regions due to the repressive political environment and bad economic conditions in Sudan and their connection to the Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in host societies. I used three methods of data gathering: online survey, online semi-structured in-depth interviews, and online participant observation. The findings of this study have shown that online communication provided diasporic communities with current political information. Sudanese online diasporic members used this political information in holding online political deliberations that enabled them to have freedom of expression and to establish civil society associations. The study found that although some scholars claimed that the provision of political information was not enough to realize political change, the political information that Sudanese diasporic online users got from the website ‘sudaneseonline.com’ was crucial for depriving the current Sudanese Government from claiming democracy, for revealing iii corruption, for recognizing the manipulation of the Constitution and civil service. Undemocratic governments were keen to control the amount and the type of information their populations can get. The obtaining of political information was a significant factor in undermining undemocratic governments, which employ the resources of the state, including manipulated constitutions and judiciaries, to deprive their populations from acquiring political information, which is a human right according to international, regional, and local laws. Political online deliberations among Sudanese diasporic users have shown some negative behaviors such as the usage of abusive language and defamation. ‘Sudaneseonline.com’ website was characterized by the sole proprietary ownership structure, which may affect the efficiency of the website in terms of freedom of expression, enforcement of laws and regulations of the Discussions Board, continuity, and technical advancement. iv DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to the true democrat, Ustadh Saa’eed A. Sheib, to my loving father, Abdelgadir A. Mudawi, to my great mother, Algamria M. Ahmed, and to my dearest sister, Salwa A. Mudawi, who passed away before I was born. Last but not least, I dedicate it to my gorgeous wife, Enayat A. Elhassan, and our beautiful children, Mahmoud, Abdelgadir, Amna, Ahmed, and Mr. Fixed Wrist, Ali. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deep gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor and committee chair, Dr. Steve Howard, for his continuous encouragement and tireless effort to get this work done. I have known Steve, as he modestly likes all people to call him, for almost thirty years. When I began with my undergraduate education at the University of Gezira in Sudan on 1988, Steve was a visiting professor at the Department of Rural Development. I used to visit him in his home in the rural university campus, Nishaishiba. It was familiar in the campus to see Steve putting on his Sudanese traditional clothes, A’raqi wa Sirwal, and conversing with people in Sudanese Arabic Dialect with his charming Khawaja’s accent and a cheerful face. After 12 years, when Steve returned to Sudan and visited his old department, I was hired by the same department as a faculty and became the head-department, with a master degree in Development Planning and humble opportunities to pursue my higher education. Steve inspired me to come to the United States and pursue a PhD degree. My sincere appreciation goes to my mentor Steve for his academic guidance, inspiration, and dedication to accomplish this dissertation. My deep gratitude and appreciation also go to members of the Academic Advisory Committee: Dr. Benjamin Bates, School of Communication Studies, Dr. Ghirmai Negash, Department of English, and Dr Jenny Nelson, School of Media Arts and Studies. I deeply thank them for their valuable discussions, comments, suggestions, corrections and reading several draft papers. Without their help and guidance through the academic course, this project could not have been completed. My deep thanks go to the ex-members of the Academic Advisory Committee, Dr. Francis Godwill, who moved to another institution and Dr. vi Duncan Brown, who left his footprint on this dissertation. My deep thanks go to the professors I took classes with. I really would like to mention the name of each one of them, but they are too many to fit in these concise pages. A sincere appreciation goes to the administrative staff of School of Media Arts and Studies. They were always ready to help, particularly Ms. Paula Carpenter. My deep thanks go to Mr. Bakri Abubakr, the founder and administrator of the website ‘suaneseonline.com’, who provided me with all the information I needed to carry out this study. My deep thanks go to the research participants, the interviewees, members of the Discussion Board, and survey respondents, whose contributions were the backbone of this study. My deep gratitude goes to Dr. Krista MacCallum Beatty, the Director of International Student and Faculty Services, who helped me in many immigration and administrative issues and her husband Dr. Patrick Beatty, the University Associate Registrar, and their small family, for being great friends. My deep gratitude is due to my parents and siblings, who sacrificed several things to let me finish my degree, particularly my elder brother and friend Mr. Atif A. Mudawi, who financed my first master degree, during his 25 years period working in the United Arab of Emirates, supporting his extended family. My deep gratitude goes to all my sweet friends in Athens Campus, from all nationalities and walks of life, which made my campus’s life full of joy and richness. Special thanks to the doctoral candidate in Education Administration, Ms. Tegwa Idriss, whom I knew when we were freshmen in the path of academia at the University of Khartoum, for the interesting discussions we had and the wonderful memories we recalled. Special thanks are due to our family friends Ustadh Omer Hawari, Dr. Esameldin Al-Hadi, Ustadh Fayiz A. Abdelmageed, Dr. Salah Musa, Ms. Nada Ja’far, vii Mr. Mohamed Babikr, Ms. Samia Hamoudi, and Dr. Abbas Hussein for their continuous encouragement. Last not least, my heart goes to my gorgeous wife, Enayat Elhassan, who has been working long hours, to provide me with some time to study. Thanks from the bottom of my heart go to our beautiful children, who filled our life with laughter and exciting moments. Many times, I struggled to turn my back to their fuss and get back to work. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Dedication ............................................................................................................................v Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. vi List of Tables .....................................................................................................................xv List of Figures .................................................................................................................. xvi Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................1 The Emergence of Sudanese Online Communities ..........................................................1 Context: The Militarization of Sudanese Polity..............................................................2 Context: Freedom of Expression ....................................................................................3 Context: Civil Society Associations ...............................................................................5 Armed Conflicts in Sudan .................................................................................................6 Failure of Democratization in Sudan ................................................................................7 The Split of Sudan ............................................................................................................8
Load more

Recommended publications
  • No More Hills Ahead?
    No More Hills Ahead? The Sudan’s Tortuous Ascent to Heights of Peace Emeric Rogier August 2005 NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS CLINGENDAEL CIP-Data Koninklijke bibliotheek, The Hague Rogier, Emeric No More Hills Ahead? The Sudan’s Tortuous Ascent to Heights of Peace / E. Rogier – The Hague, Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. Clingendael Security Paper No. 1 ISBN 90-5031-102-4 Language-editing by Rebecca Solheim Desk top publishing by Birgit Leiteritz Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael Clingendael Security and Conflict Programme Clingendael 7 2597 VH The Hague Phonenumber +31(0)70 - 3245384 Telefax +31(0)70 - 3282002 P.O. Box 93080 2509 AB The Hague E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.clingendael.nl The Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael is an independent institute for research, training and public information on international affairs. It publishes the results of its own research projects and the monthly ‘Internationale Spectator’ and offers a broad range of courses and conferences covering a wide variety of international issues. It also maintains a library and documentation centre. © Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyrightholders. Clingendael Institute, P.O. Box 93080, 2509 AB The Hague, The Netherlands. Contents Foreword i Glossary of Abbreviations iii Executive Summary v Map of Sudan viii Introduction 1 Chapter 1 The Sudan: A State of War 5 I.
    [Show full text]
  • The Failure of Education in Combating Corruption in Sudan: the Impact on Sustainable Development
    THE FAILURE OF EDUCATION IN COMBATING CORRUPTION IN SUDAN: THE IMPACT ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Omer Hashim Ismail a a Educational Foundations and Administration, Faculty of Education a Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. a Corresponding author: [email protected] ©Ontario International Development Agency ISSN: 1923-6654 (print) ISSN 1923-6662 (online). Available at http://www.ssrn.com/link/OIDA-Intl-Journal-Sustainable-Dev.html education programs and raising public awareness are Abstract: The major question this paper addresses is stated as important solutions to the problem. why education has failed in combating corruption in Sudan and, as a consequence, obstructs sustainable Keywords: corruption, education, Sudan, development. Corruption is considered a threat to sustainable development. development in all countries. Education is key factor INTRODUCTION in curbing corruption. However, looking into the situation in the Sudan, corruption has become a orruption has become a worldwide phenomenon characterizing the public sector. It phenomenon. It exists in both rich and poor pervades almost in all aspect of life. In fact, Sudan is Ccountries. Basu (2006) states: “The problem among the five top corrupted countries in the world. of corruption is neither new nor it is restricted to A major role of educational institutions is to provide developing countries only”. Transparency the nation with knowledgeable and skilled manpower International (TI) reports show that corruption is a needed to contribute to the socio-economic and serious challenge to governments in both developed political developments. Educated government and developing countries. A World Bank report officials, who are the graduates of educational estimated that public officials worldwide received institutions, are expected to fight the abuse of public more than $ one trillion in bribe each year.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Silif': Breaking the Silence on FGM Among the Beja
    Towards a New ‘Silif’: Breaking the Silence on FGM Among the Beja Pastoralists of Eastern Sudan Development Practice Series 1 Ibrahim M. G. Sahl Asha A. K. Elkarib El Mutalib Ibrahim Mohamed © 2004 Towards a New Silif, Ibrahim Sahl • Asha Elkarib • El Mutalib Ibrahim First published in July 2004 by: ACORD – Agency for Co-operation and Research in Development ACK Garden House, P.O. Box 61216 – 00200 Nairobi, Kenya Construction House, 56-64 Leonard Street, London EC2A 4JX, UK Copyright © 2004 by ACORD – Agency for Co-operation and Research in Development ISSN: 1812-1284 (print) / ISSN: 1812-1322 (online) All rights reserved 1- Development Practice Series 1 2- Towards a New Silif: Breaking the Silence on FGM among the Beja Pastoralists of Eastern Sudan 3- Authors: Ibrahim M. G. Sahl, Asha A. K. Elkarib and El Mutalib Ibrahim Mohamed 4- Key words: FGM, Circumcision, Silif,Beja, Social Exclusion, ACORD, Sudan 5- Text edited by: Simon Sossion and Sylvia Mwichuli 6- Design and layout: Creative Edge - Nairobi, Kenya 7- Printed for ACORD by: Ramco Printing Works – Nairobi, Kenya This publication is copyright, but may be duplicated or translated into other languages, especially Arabic, for non-sale purposes. However, prior permission for such uses is formally required from ACORD. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this publication are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to ACORD, to its members, or to its Board. ACORD is a UK registered charity No. 283302. It is an Africa-led organisation working in 18 countries in Africa with poor and marginalised communities against social injustice and exclusion.
    [Show full text]
  • Sudan September - November Briefing 2018
    SUDAN SEPTEMBER - NOVEMBER BRIEFING 2018 Humanitarian Figures Highlights JUNE-AUGUST BRIEFING 2018 5.5 million About 58,000 people from the refugee and host communities in People in Sudan need > ‘open areas’ in Khartoum State will receive assistance, OCHA reports humanitarian assistance, according to a September- > Annual inflation rate reached 70 per cent by the end of September, October report by OCHA leading to a rise in the cost of living 2 million The Foreign Minister of Sudan attempts to promote bilateral > Internally Displaced People relations on European tour [IDPs] need support in Sudan. New crises are emerging in southern and eastern states Key Developments (UN Report) > In November, the European Union stated its readiness to work with 1.2 million Khartoum depending on internal reforms and compliance with Refugees are seeking asylum in international human rights law. The EU is urging Sudanese authorities Sudan. A total of 763,270 to respect the right to freedom of expression, press, access to people have travelled from information, association and peaceful assembly. South Sudan (UN Report) 4.8 million > T he US is considering lifting Sudan’s designation as a state sponsor People are living at emergency of terror. The associate director of the Human Rights Watch has levels of food insecurity in expressed fears that Sudan’s removal from the list could prevent the government from being held accountable for its “appalling” human Sudan, according to the Food rights record, and the move could allow violations to continue with Security Technical Secretariat impunity. (FSTS) 694,000 > The government has called on the Sudan People’s Liberation Children are suffering from Movement-North to allow deliveries of aid to reach vulnerable Severe Acute Malnutrition.
    [Show full text]
  • Pan-Arabism V. Pan-Africanism in the Sudan: the Crisis of Divergent Ethnic Ideologies
    Majak - Pall-Arahism v. Pall-Afr icallism Pan-Arabism v. Pan-Africanism in the Sudan: The Crisis of Divergent Ethnic Ideologies Jonathan A. Majak University of Wisconsin - La Crosse This article examines the nature and the extent of political and cultural conflict between Northern and Southern Sudanese. It describes and analyzes various attempts by Arab dominated regimes in the Sudan, since independence from Britain, to achieve national intergration through Pan-Arabist policies that seek to Islamize and Arabize the African and largely Christian South. The current military regime dominated by Muslim fundamentalists is trying to turn the Sudan into an Islamic republic. Not only has this brought about a civil war, but it has also alienated other Muslims in the North who favor a secular government. The Sudan is the largest country in Africa and the ninth largest in the world. It is larger than Texas and Alaska combined. It shares bor­ ders with nine African countries and with Saudi Arabia just across the Red Sea. The Sudan is often referred to as a microcosm of Africa in that it comprimises the Arab Muslim elements of North Africa and the Black African elements of sub-Sahara Africa. The Sudan is also characterized by certain dualisms and interesting dichotomies.1 It was, in theory, ruled by two colonial powers, Britain and Egypt, and was thus known as a condominium-the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Britain did the actual admin­ istration of the country. Two great rivers, the White Nile and the Blue Nile, dominate the Sudan. Khartoum, its capital, is dominated by two world religions, Islam and Christianity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise of the Islamic Movement in Sudan 1945-1989
    THE RISE OF THE ISLAMIC MOVEMENT IN SUDAN 1945-1989 Except where reference is made to the work of others, the work described in this dissertation is my own or was done in collaboration with my advisory committee. This dissertation does not include proprietary or classified information. ______________________________________ Mustafa A. Abdelwahid Certificate of Approval: ________________________________ ________________________________ James A. Nathan Jill Crystal, Chair Professor Professor Political Science Political Science _______________________________ _______________________________ Lee A. Farrow Linda Dennard Associate Professor Associate Professor History Political Science and Public Administration ______________________________________ Joe F. Pittman Interim Dean Graduate School THE RISE OF THE ISLAMIC MOVEMENT IN SUDAN 1945-1989 Mustafa A. Abdelwahid A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Auburn, AL May 10, 2008 THE RISE OF THE ISLAMIC MOVEMENT IN SUDAN 1945-1989 Mustafa A. Abdelwahid Permission is granted to Auburn University to make copies of this dissertation at its discretion, upon request of individuals or institutions and at their expense. The author reserves all publication rights. ________________________________ Signature of Author ________________________________ Date of Graduation iii DISSERTATION ABSTRACT THE RISE OF THE ISLAMIC MOVEMNET IN SUDAN 1945-1989 Mustafa A. Abdelwahid Doctor of Philosophy, May 10, 2008 (M.L.I.S., University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, 2003) (B.A., University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2000) (L.L.M., Baku State University, 1993) 262 Typed Pages Directed by Jill Crystal Using a wider theoretical framework and recognizing the gaps that exist in studying political Islam, this study utilized Social Movement Theory (SMT) in examining the rise of the Islamic Movement in Sudan (1945-1989).
    [Show full text]
  • Sudan a Country Study.Pdf
    A Country Study: Sudan An Nilain Mosque, at the site of the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile in Khartoum Federal Research Division Library of Congress Edited by Helen Chapin Metz Research Completed June 1991 Table of Contents Foreword Acknowledgements Preface Country Profile Country Geography Society Economy Transportation Government and Politics National Security Introduction Chapter 1 - Historical Setting (Thomas Ofcansky) Early History Cush Meroe Christian Nubia The Coming of Islam The Arabs The Decline of Christian Nubia The Rule of the Kashif The Funj The Fur The Turkiyah, 1821-85 The Mahdiyah, 1884-98 The Khalifa Reconquest of Sudan The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, 1899-1955 Britain's Southern Policy Rise of Sudanese Nationalism The Road to Independence The South and the Unity of Sudan Independent Sudan The Politics of Independence The Abbud Military Government, 1958-64 Return to Civilian Rule, 1964-69 The Nimeiri Era, 1969-85 Revolutionary Command Council The Southern Problem Political Developments National Reconciliation The Transitional Military Council Sadiq Al Mahdi and Coalition Governments Chapter 2 - The Society and its Environment (Robert O. Collins) Physical Setting Geographical Regions Soils Hydrology Climate Population Ethnicity Language Ethnic Groups The Muslim Peoples Non-Muslim Peoples Migration Regionalism and Ethnicity The Social Order Northern Arabized Communities Southern Communities Urban and National Elites Women and the Family Religious
    [Show full text]
  • Mints – MISR NATIONAL TRANSPORT STUDY
    No. TRANSPORT PLANNING AUTHORITY MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT MiNTS – MISR NATIONAL TRANSPORT STUDY THE COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON THE MASTER PLAN FOR NATIONWIDE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT FINAL REPORT TECHNICAL REPORT 11 TRANSPORT SURVEY FINDINGS March 2012 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY ORIENTAL CONSULTANTS CO., LTD. ALMEC CORPORATION EID KATAHIRA & ENGINEERS INTERNATIONAL JR - 12 039 No. TRANSPORT PLANNING AUTHORITY MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT MiNTS – MISR NATIONAL TRANSPORT STUDY THE COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON THE MASTER PLAN FOR NATIONWIDE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT FINAL REPORT TECHNICAL REPORT 11 TRANSPORT SURVEY FINDINGS March 2012 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY ORIENTAL CONSULTANTS CO., LTD. ALMEC CORPORATION EID KATAHIRA & ENGINEERS INTERNATIONAL JR - 12 039 USD1.00 = EGP5.96 USD1.00 = JPY77.91 (Exchange rate of January 2012) MiNTS: Misr National Transport Study Technical Report 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS Item Page CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................1-1 1.1 BACKGROUND...................................................................................................................................1-1 1.2 THE MINTS FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................................1-1 1.2.1 Study Scope and Objectives .........................................................................................................1-1
    [Show full text]
  • Corruption and Anti-Corruption in Sudan
    OVERVIEW OF CORRUPTION AND ANTI-CORRUPTION IN AZERBAIJAN QUERY SUMMARY Can you provide an overview of corruption and anti- With a context characterised by limited independent corruption in Azerbaijan? media, a marginalised political opposition and a poor human rights records, Azerbaijan faces major CONTENT challenges of endemic corruption. Deeply 1. Overview of corruption in Azerbaijan entrenched patronage networks permeate all 2. Anti-corruption efforts in Azerbaijan spheres of public life and hamper the long term economic and social development prospects of the 3. References country. Economic and political powers are largely concentrated in the ruling elite, creating a blurred line between political and business interests. While the country’s natural resource wealth has largely contributed to economic growth and political stability in the last decade, it is also considered a major source of corruption and driver for political patronage networks. Public financial management, political processes, the judiciary and the police count among the sectors considered to be most \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ vulnerable to corruption. Author(s) In recent years, the government has been credited Marie Chêne, Transparency International, internationally for taking important steps against [email protected], with contribution from corruption. In 2009, Azerbaijan became the first Transparency International Azerbaijan compliant country in the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. Other important legal and institutional developments have taken place in the Reviewer(s) areas of public sector reform and money laundering, Dieter Zinnbauer, Ph.D., Transparency International among others. These efforts have started to pay off, Date translating in a significant decrease in citizens’ Responded: July 2013 perceptions of corruption in many sectors, as reflected by the recently launched Global Corruption © 2013 Transparency International.
    [Show full text]
  • Consultant Vascular and Endovascular Surgeon Associate Professor in Vascular Surgery Kasr Al-Eini Faculty of Medicine Cairo University
    Curriculum Vitae AHMED FARGHALY M.B.B.CH., MSc., M.D, MRCS (England) Consultant Vascular and Endovascular Surgeon Associate Professor in Vascular Surgery Kasr Al-Eini Faculty of Medicine Cairo University May 2015 Personal Data: nd th Address: Villa no 4, 2 Neighbourhood, West of Somid, 6 October, Giza. Telephone: +201123431999 / +201207766747 E-mail: [email protected] Nationality: Egyptian Marital Status: Married with two children Language: English: Fluent spoken and written Arabic: Native Language Specialty: General Surgery Subspecialty: Vascular Surgery Registrations and Memberships: Full Registration with license to practice with the GMC United Kingdom. Full Registration with the Egyptian Medical Syndicate (Consultant Registry). Member in the Society of Vascular Surgeons in Egypt. Member of the Royal College of surgeons of England. Previous Registration in Saudi Medical Council Qualifications: MBBCh (Cairo University, November 1996). MSc in General Surgery (Cairo University, November 2000). MD in General Surgery (Cairo University, May 2005). Intercollegiate membership MRCS (RCS England, September 2005). Present Appointments: Associate Professor of General and Vascular Surgery, Kasr Al Eini Medical School, Cairo University. Consultant Vascular Surgeron, Cairo University Hospitals. Consultant Vascular Surgeon, New Cairo University Hospital (Part time) Cosultant Vascular Surgeon, Nasser Institue. (Part Time) Consultant Vascular Surgeon Zayed Specialized Hospital ( Part Time) Consultant Vascular Surgeon, Police Hospital (Part Time) Consultant Vascular Surgeon, Mustafa Mahmoud Specialized Hospital (Part Time) Visiting Consultant Vascular Surgeon in the following Hospitals: Al Safa Hospital Demeshk specialized Hospital Alkateb Hospital Dar Alteb Hospital Previous Appointments: Senior Clinical Fellow in Vascular Surgery, Worcestershire Royal Hospital, Worcestershire Acute Hospitals, NHS trust, UK. October 2011 – June 2012. Supervisors: Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Egypt: Toponymic Factfile
    TOPONYMIC FACT FILE Egypt Country name Egypt1 State title Arab Republic of Egypt Name of citizen Egyptian Official language Arabic (ara2) مصر (Country name in official language 3(Mişr جمهورية مصر العربية (State title in official language (Jumhūrīyat Mişr al ‘Arabīyah Script Arabic Romanization System BGN/PCGN Romanization System for Arabic 1956 ISO-3166 country code (alpha- EG/EGY 2/alpha-3) Capital Cairo4 القاهرة (Capital in official language (Al Qāhirah Geographical Names Policy Geographical names in Egypt are found written in Arabic, which is the country’s official language. Where possible names should be taken from official Arabic-language Egyptian sources and romanized using the BGN/PCGN Romanization System for Arabic5. Roman-script resources are often available for Egypt; however, it should also be noted that, even on official Egyptian products, Roman-script forms may be encountered which are likely to differ from those arising from the application of the BGN/PCGN Romanization System for Arabic.6 There are conventional Roman-script or English-language names for many places in Egypt (see ‘Other significant locations’, p12), which can be used where appropriate. For instance, in an English text it would be preferable to refer to the capital of Egypt as Cairo, and perhaps include a reference to its romanized form (Al Qāhirah). PCGN usually recommends showing these English conventional names in brackets after 1 The English language conventional name Egypt comes from the Ancient Greek Aígyptos (Αἴγυπτος) which is believed to derive from Ancient Egyptian hut-ka-ptah, meaning “castle of the soul of Ptah”. 2 ISO 639-3 language codes are used for languages throughout this document.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Repression in Sudan
    Sudan Page 1 of 243 BEHIND THE RED LINE Political Repression in Sudan Human Rights Watch/Africa Human Rights Watch Copyright © May 1996 by Human Rights Watch. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 96-75962 ISBN 1-56432-164-9 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was researched and written by Human Rights Watch Counsel Jemera Rone. Human Rights Watch Leonard H. Sandler Fellow Brian Owsley also conducted research with Ms. Rone during a mission to Khartoum, Sudan, from May 1-June 13, 1995, at the invitation of the Sudanese government. Interviews in Khartoum with nongovernment people and agencies were conducted in private, as agreed with the government before the mission began. Private individuals and groups requested anonymity because of fear of government reprisals. Interviews in Juba, the largest town in the south, were not private and were controlled by Sudan Security, which terminated the visit prematurely. Other interviews were conducted in the United States, Cairo, London and elsewhere after the end of the mission. Ms. Rone conducted further research in Kenya and southern Sudan from March 5-20, 1995. The report was edited by Deputy Program Director Michael McClintock and Human Rights Watch/Africa Executive Director Peter Takirambudde. Acting Counsel Dinah PoKempner reviewed sections of the manuscript and Associate Kerry McArthur provided production assistance. This report could not have been written without the assistance of many Sudanese whose names cannot be disclosed. CONTENTS
    [Show full text]