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Lexical Patterns in ASL and English a Dissertation Submitted in Pa UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Motivation in Morphology: Lexical Patterns in ASL and English A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics by Ryan Lepic Committee in charge: Professor Farrell Ackerman, Co-Chair Professor Carol Padden, Co-Chair Professor Karen Emmorey Professor Rachel Mayberry Professor Sharon Rose 2015 The Dissertation of Ryan Lepic is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Co-Chair Co-Chair University of California, San Diego 2015 iii EPIGRAPH "I believe that we social anthropologists are like the mediaeval Ptolemaic astronomers; we spend our time trying to fit the facts of the objective world into the framework of a set of concepts which have been developed a priori instead of from observation…. The trouble with Ptolemaic astronomy was not that it was wrong but that it was sterile—there could be no real development until Galileo was prepared to abandon the basic premise that celestial bodies must of necessity move in perfect circles with the earth at the center of the universe." Edmund Leach iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page ........................................................................................................ iii Epigraph ................................................................................................................. iv Table of Contents ................................................................................................... v List of Examples .................................................................................................... viii List of Tables ......................................................................................................... xiii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................... xiv Vita ....................................................................................................................... xvii Abstract of the Dissertation ................................................................................. xviii Chapter 1 Motivation in Morphology .................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Complex word-internal structure ................................................................. 2 1.3 A morpheme-based approach ...................................................................... 5 1.3.1 Guiding assumptions ............................................................................ 5 1.3.2 A first pass at ASL morphology ........................................................... 8 1.3.3 Assessment of the morpheme-based approach .................................... 16 1.4 A word-based approach ............................................................................... 22 1.4.1 Guiding assumptions ............................................................................ 22 1.4.2 An alternative approach to complex words in ASL and English ......... 28 1.4.3 Assessment of the word-based approach ............................................. 38 1.5 Outline of the dissertation ............................................................................ 44 Chapter 2 A Construction-Theoretic Approach to Compounding ......................... 47 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 47 2.2 Construction-theoretic morphology ............................................................. 50 2.2.1 Overlap in word- and construction-based approaches ......................... 50 2.2.2 Compounding in Construction Morphology ........................................ 53 2.2.3 Compounds and lexicalization ............................................................. 58 2.3 English compounds ..................................................................................... 63 2.3.1 Classificatory compounds .................................................................... 63 2.3.2 Plant and animal names ....................................................................... 65 2.3.3 "Affixoids" are schematic compounding constructions ....................... 69 2.3.4 Schematic vs. analogical compounding ............................................... 73 2.4 ASL compounds .......................................................................................... 78 2.4.1 Lexicalization in ASL .......................................................................... 78 v 2.4.2 Signed compounds ............................................................................... 84 2.4.3 Fingerspelling-sign compounds ........................................................... 88 2.4.4 Compounds and lexicalization revisited .............................................. 94 2.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 99 Chapter 3 Initialized Signs in ASL ........................................................................ 101 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 101 3.2 Background .................................................................................................. 104 3.2.1 English or ASL? ................................................................................... 104 3.2.2 Properties of initialized signs ............................................................... 108 3.2.3 The American Sign Language Handshape Dictionary ......................... 112 3.3 Dictionary study ........................................................................................... 117 3.3.1 Identifying initialized signs in the ASLHD ......................................... 117 3.3.2 Phonological analysis ........................................................................... 119 3.3.3 Semantic analysis ................................................................................. 126 3.4 Initialized sign constructions ....................................................................... 136 3.4.1 Lexical families are schematic morphological constructions .............. 136 3.4.2 The morphological status of initialized handshapes ............................ 140 3.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 143 Appendix to Chapter 3. 286 Initialized Signs (Tennant and Brown 2010) ....... 145 Chapter 4 A Construction-Theoretic Analysis of ASL Lexical Families .............. 153 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 153 4.2 Previous approaches to lexical families ....................................................... 155 4.2.1 Lexical families in ASL ....................................................................... 155 4.2.2 S-morphs and P-morphs ....................................................................... 158 4.2.3 Ion-morphs ........................................................................................... 162 4.3 Lexical families are morphological constructions ....................................... 170 4.3.1 The primary role of words .................................................................... 170 4.3.2 Nuclear families ................................................................................... 171 4.3.3 Extended families ................................................................................. 177 4.4 Overlapping pockets of systematicity in the ASL lexicon .......................... 180 4.4.1 Numeral incorporation ......................................................................... 180 4.4.2 Numeral incorporation and initialization ............................................. 185 4.4.3 A phonology-morphology continuum .................................................. 190 4.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 197 Chapter 5 Lexical Blends and Lexical Patterns in English and in ASL ............... 199 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 199 5.2 Previous linguistic studies of lexical blends ................................................ 201 5.2.1 Classificatory approaches ..................................................................... 201 5.2.2 Phonological approaches ...................................................................... 205 5.3 Lexical blends in English ............................................................................. 207 5.3.1 A constructional template for lexical blends ........................................ 207 vi 5.3.2 Variation in splinter-formations ........................................................... 213 5.3.3 A construction-theoretic analysis of blend families ............................. 220 5.4 Lexical blends in ASL ................................................................................. 226 5.4.1 Lexical blends as combinations of signs .............................................. 226 5.4.2 Lexical blends as combinations of lexical families .............................. 231 5.4.3 Discriminable differences in ASL morphology ................................... 234 5.5 Conclusion ....................................................................................................
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