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The Challenges Facing Tanzanian Sign Language Learners: a Case of Special Schools for the Deaf The University of Dodoma University of Dodoma Institutional Repository http://repository.udom.ac.tz Humanities Master Dissertations 2016 The challenges facing Tanzanian sign language learners: A case of special schools for the deaf Benjamin, Andrew The University of Dodoma Benjamin, A. (2016). The challenges facing Tanzanian sign language learners: A case of special schools for the deaf. Dodoma: The University of Dodoma. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12661/1123 Downloaded from UDOM Institutional Repository at The University of Dodoma, an open access institutional repository. THE CHALLENGES FACING TANZANIAN SIGN LANGUAGE LEARNERS: A CASE OF SPECIAL SCHOOLS FOR THE DEAF By Andrew Benjamin A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Linguistics of the University of Dodoma The University of Dodoma October, 2016 CERTIFICATION The undersigned certifies that she has read and hereby recommends for acceptance by the University of Dodoma a dissertation entitled The Challenges Facing Tanzanian Sign Language Learners: A Case of Special Schools for the Deaf, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Linguistics of the University of Dodoma. Signature: .............................. Dr. Rafiki Y. Sebonde (Supervisor) Date: ..................................... i DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT I, Andrew Benjamin, declare that this dissertation is my own original work and that it has not been presented and will not be presented to any other university for a similar or any other degree award. Signature: ................................................. No part of this dissertation may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission of the author or the University of Dodoma. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am, firstly and foremost, thankful to the Almighty God without whose mercy, this dissertation would not have reached this stage. I would also like to express my heartfelt appreciation to my supervisor, Dr. Rafiki Y. Sebonde, who dedicated her significant time to supervise me from the beginning to the end of this dissertation. Without her remarkable contribution, guidance, encouragement and cooperation during the whole process of study, this dissertation could not have come to this status. May the Almighty God bless you! Lastly, my sincere appreciation goes to all friends, MA Linguistics colleagues and academic/non-academic members of staff of the University of Dodoma. Thank you for your genuine support and God bless you. iii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my beloved mother, Rahel Hosea Mkosaa, who raised and laid the foundation of my education and career. May the Almighty God bless you! iv ABSTRACT The study intended to examine the challenges facing Tanzanian Sign Language learners. It, specifically, focused on the examination of those challenges which Sign Language learners face while learning their language. It also focused on investigating the causes of challenges facing TSL learners. The study also aimed at finding out possible solutions towards eradication of the challenges. It was guided by the Linguistic Interdependence Theory propounded by Jim Cummins (1981). The study employed a purposive sampling method. The data were gathered through questionnaires, semi-structured interview, lesson observation and documentary review from two special Deaf and Hard of Hearing schools in Dar es Salaam and Dodoma region. The findings of the study revealed that, TSL learners were facing a number of challenges. The language itself was neither taught as a subject to TSL learners nor examined by schools or NECTA. The research also found that, TSL teachers and learners were using the normal curricula which were designed for hearing pupils. The findings revealed further that most of the challenges facing TSL learners were caused by policies, curricula and lack of awareness of hearing community towards Deaf/Hard of Hearing matters including their Sign language. The study, therefore, recommends intensive awareness campaigns for Deaf/Hard of Hearing matters including their TSL for the aim of changing the hearing community‟s attitude towards Deaf people. It also encourages the establishment of new special curriculum for the Deaf which would accommodate the teaching of TSL as a subject and use it as a medium of instruction to all Deaf schools and units. It is further recommended that, further researches should be conducted to examine linguistic aspects of the TSL since the TSL is linguistically a comprehensive language like normal spoken languages. v TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATION ......................................................................................................... i DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT ........................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................... iii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................ iv ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................... xi CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND INFORMATION TO THE STUDY ........... 1 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background of the Study ........................................................................................ 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ....................................................................................... 5 1.3 Objectives of the Study .......................................................................................... 5 1.3.1 General Objective ................................................................................................ 5 1.3.2 Specific Objectives .............................................................................................. 5 1.4 Research Questions ................................................................................................ 6 1.5 Significance of the Study ....................................................................................... 6 1.6 The Scope of the Study .......................................................................................... 7 1.7 Chapter Conclusion ................................................................................................ 7 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .......................................................................................................... 8 2.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 8 2.1 Theoretical Framework .......................................................................................... 8 2.2 Literature Review ................................................................................................. 11 2.2.1 The Concept of Sign Language ......................................................................... 11 2.2.2 Tanzanian Sign Language ................................................................................. 12 2.2.3 Sign Language and Education ........................................................................... 13 2.2.4 Tanzanian Deaf Education ................................................................................ 15 2.2.5 Challenges Facing Sign Language Learners in Special Schools ....................... 16 2.2.6 Suggested Solutions towards Eradication of Problems Facing Sign Language Learners in Special Deaf and Hard of Hearing Schools ................................... 28 vi 2.3 Research Gap ........................................................................................................ 35 2.4 Chapter Conclusion .............................................................................................. 36 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ....................................... 37 3.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 37 3.1 Research Design ................................................................................................... 37 3.2 Population and Area of the Study ........................................................................ 37 3.3 Sampling Technique and Sample Size ................................................................. 38 3.4 Methods of Data Collection ................................................................................. 39 3.4.1 Questionnaires ................................................................................................... 39 3.4.2 Semi-structured Interview ................................................................................. 40 3.4.3 Lesson Observation ........................................................................................... 40 3.4.4 Documentary Review ........................................................................................ 40 3.5 Data Analysis ....................................................................................................... 41 3.5.1 Data Gathered through Questionnaires ............................................................
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