DOCSLIB.ORG

Studies in Usul Ul Fiqh

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Studies in Usul Ul Fiqh UUnnddeerrssttaannddiinngg UUssuull AAll--FFiiqqhh (Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence) فهم فى اصىل الفقه Abu Tariq Hilal Abu Ismael al-Beirawi Revival Publications New Delhi Revival Publications F-76 Abul Fazl Enclave Jamia Nagar, Okhla New Delhi 110025 India Email: [email protected] Website: www.revivalpublications.com 2007 CE Translation of the Qur‟an It should be perfectly clear that the Qur’an is only authentic in its original language, Arabic. Since perfect translation of the Qur’an is impossible, we have used the translation of the meaning of the Qur’an throughout the book, as the result is only a crude meaning of the Arabic text. Qur‟anic verses appear in speech marks proceeded by a reference to the Surah and verse number. Sayings (Hadith) of Prophet Muhammad (saw) appear in bold. (Peace be upon him) صٍٝ هللا ١ٍػٗ ٚعٍُ - (saw) عركحٔٗ ٚضؼحswt) - ٌٝ) AH – After Hijra CE – Christian Era Contents Introduction to this edition ...................................................... 1 Introduction ..............................................................................................2 Basic Terms in Islamic Jurisprudence ..................................... 5 1.1 Fiqh ..................................................................................................5 1.2 Usul al-Fiqh ....................................................................................8 1.3 Shari‟ah ......................................................................................... 10 1.4 Hukm Shara‟i ............................................................................... 10 1.5 Types of Hukm Shara‟i .............................................................. 11 1.6 The Application of Shar‟iah ...................................................... 13 Daleel ....................................................................................... 16 2.1 Structure of Daleel ..................................................................... 16 2.1.1 Riwayah ................................................................................ 17 2.1.2 Dalalah .................................................................................. 18 2.1.3 Sources of Hukm Shar‟i ..................................................... 23 Qur‟an ..................................................................................... 24 3.1 Revelation of the Qur‟an ........................................................... 26 3.2 Arrangement of the Qur‟an ...................................................... 29 3.3 Compilation of the Qur‟an ........................................................ 34 3.4 Open & Hidden Meaning? ........................................................ 42 3.6 The Muhkamaat (clearcut) and Mutashaabihaat (ambiguous) ............................................................................................................. 42 3.7 Asbaab an-nuzool (Circumstances of revelation) .................. 45 3.8 Abrogation (Naskh) ................................................................... 46 Sunnah .................................................................................... 57 4.1 The Sunnah is a Definitive Source ........................................... 58 4.2 Types of Sunnah ......................................................................... 60 4.3 Basic Terms in Hadith ............................................................... 66 4.3.1 Types of Hadith: ................................................................. 66 4.4 Reconciling a perceived conflict between two or more Ahadith ............................................................................................... 69 4.5 The Application of the Sunnah ................................................ 73 Ijma‟ as-Sahabah .................................................................... 77 5.1 The meaning of Ijma‟ ................................................................. 77 5.2 Examples of Ijma‟ as-Sahabah .................................................. 77 5.3 Daleel indicating the Authority of Ijma‟ as-Sahabah ............. 79 5.4 Who is a Sahabi? ......................................................................... 81 Qiyas ....................................................................................... 83 6.1 The meaning of Qiyas ................................................................ 83 6.2 Daleel indicating the authority of Qiyas .................................. 84 6.3 The Process of Qiyas ................................................................. 88 6.4 The Arguments of those who reject Qiyas ............................. 90 6.5 „Illah from the Text or the Mind? ............................................ 95 6.6 The areas of Ahkam Shari‟ah which do not contain „Illah ... 96 6.7 Types of Ahkam Shariah where an „Illah can be found ........ 99 6.8 Customs and Traditions cannot be an „Illah ......................... 106 6.9 Difference between Manaat al-Hukm (reality of the rule) & „Illah .............................................................................................. 107 Sources of Hukm Shar‟i not agreed upon by all the Ulema .. 110 7.1 Ijma‟ al Ummah ........................................................................ 110 7.2 Ijma‟ al Mujtahideen ................................................................. 113 7.3 Ijma‟ Ahlel Bayt ........................................................................ 113 7.4 Ijma‟ Ahlel Medinah ................................................................. 115 7.5 Istihsan ....................................................................................... 117 7.5.1 Types of Istihsan: .............................................................. 117 7.6 Masalih Al Mursalah ................................................................. 119 7.6.1 Types of Masalih Al Mursalah ........................................ 120 7.7 Laws revealed before Islam (Shar‟a man qablana) ............... 123 Ijtihad .................................................................................... 138 8.1 Evidences for Ijtihad from the Sunnah ................................. 142 8.2 Evidences for Ijtihad from Ijma as-Sahabah ........................ 144 8.3 Qualifications for performing Ijtihad .................................... 146 8.4 Types of Mujtahid .................................................................... 149 8.5 Reasons for differences of opinion among the Mujtahideen ...... 150 8.5.1 Differences in the Legislative Sources ........................... 150 8.5.2 Differences in Interpreting the Text itself .................... 152 8.5.3 Differences in Methodology of Usul al-Fiqh ................ 152 8.5.4 Differences in Understanding the Arabic Language ... 152 A Brief Overview of Some Schools of Thought .................... 157 9.1 Era of the Prophet (Saw) ......................................................... 157 9.2 Era of the Sahabah (ra) ............................................................ 159 9.2.1 Why was there difference of opinion amongst the Sahabah (ra)? ............................................................................... 164 9.3 Era of the Tabi‟een ................................................................... 165 9.3.1 Ahlel Hadith & Ahlul Ra‟ee ............................................ 165 9.3.2 Ahlel-Hadith (The People of Hadith) ............................ 166 9.3.3 Ahlel-Ra‟ee (The People of Reason) .............................. 166 9.4 Madhab of Imam Abu Hanifah .............................................. 168 9.4.1 Students of Imam Abu Hanifa & Their Books ............ 170 9.5 Madhab of Imam Malik ........................................................... 170 9.5.1 Books and Students from the Madhab Imam Malik ... 173 9.6 Madhab of Imam Shafi‟i .......................................................... 174 9.6.1 Books and Students from Imam Shafi‟i‟s Madhab ...... 176 9.7 Madhab of Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal .................................. 177 9.7.1 Imam Ahmad and „Ilm-Ul-Kalaam ................................ 178 9.7.2 Students from the Madhab of Imam Hanbal ............... 181 9.7.3 Ibn Taymiyyah ................................................................... 181 9.8 Madhab of Ibn Hazm .............................................................. 182 9.9 Introduction to Madhab of Imam Zayd and Imam Jafar ... 182 9.9.1 Madhab of Imam Zayd .................................................... 187 9.9.2 Madhab of Imam Jafar ..................................................... 190 9.9.3 Imam Jafar and Public Life ............................................. 193 9.9.4 Fiqh of Imam Jafar ........................................................... 193 Do We Need a New School or Madhab? .............................. 198 10.1 Reason for Differences of Opinion among the Mujtahideen ........................................................................................................... 201 Taqleed ..................................................................................203 11.1 Daleel for performing Taqleed ............................................. 203 11.2 Muslims must ask for Daleel ................................................ 205 11.3 Taqleed is forbidden in the „Aqeedah (Belief) .................... 206 11.4 Muqalid shifting from one Opinion to Another ................ 207 Topics Related To Islamic Jurisprudence ........................... 210 12.1 Wahy (Revelation) .................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fatwas for European Muslims: the Minority Fiqh Project and the Integration of Islam in Europe
    FATWAS FOR EUROPEAN MUSLIMS: THE MINORITY FIQH PROJECT AND THE INTEGRATION OF ISLAM IN EUROPE Alexandre Vasconcelos Caeiro Fatwas for European Muslims: The Minority Fiqh Project and the Integration of Islam in Europe Fatwas voor Europese moslims: het project voor een fiqh voor minderheden en de integratie van de islam in Europa (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof.dr. G.J. van der Zwaan, ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 1 juli 2011 des middags te 2.30 uur door Alexandre Vasconcelos Caeiro geboren op 22 februari 1978 te Lissabon, Portugal Promotor: Prof.dr. M. M. van Bruinessen This thesis was accomplished with financial support from the International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (ISIM) TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements v Transliteration vi Introduction 3 Part One: Muslim Theorizations Chapter 1: The Shifting Moral Universes of the Islamic Tradition of Ifta’ 13 Chapter 2: Theorizing Islam without the State: Debates on Minority Fiqh 45 Part Two: The European Council for Fatwa and Research Chapter 3: The Dynamics of Consultation 123 Chapter 4: Textual Relations of Authority 181 Chapter 5: Imagining an Islamic Counterpublic 209 Conclusion 233 Bibliography 241 Appendices 263 Samenvatting Curriculum Vitae Acknowledgements This work would not have been possible without a PhD fellowship from 2004- 2008 from the International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (ISIM) in Leiden, and the support - since 2009 - of the Erlangen Centre for Islam and Law in Europe (EZIRE) at the Friedrich-Alexander Universität in Nürnberg-Erlangen.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analytical Study of Women-Related Verses of S¯Ura An-Nisa
    Gunawan Adnan Women and The Glorious QurÞÁn: An Analytical Study of Women-RelatedVerses of SÙra An-NisaÞ erschienen in der Reihe der Universitätsdrucke des Universitätsverlages Göttingen 2004 Gunawan Adnan Women and The Glorious QurÞÁn: An Analytical Study of Women- RelatedVerses of SÙra An-NisaÞ Universitätsdrucke Göttingen 2004 Die Deutsche Bibliothek – CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Ein Titelsatz für diese Publikation ist bei der Deutschen Bibliothek erhältlich. © Alle Rechte vorbehalten, Universitätsverlag Göttingen 2004 ISBN 3-930457-50-4 Respectfully dedicated to My honorable parents ...who gave me a wonderful world. To my beloved wife, son and daughter ...who make my world beautiful and meaningful as well. i Acknowledgements All praises be to AllÁh for His blessing and granting me the health, strength, ability and time to finish the Doctoral Program leading to this book on the right time. I am indebted to several persons and institutions that made it possible for this study to be undertaken. My greatest intellectual debt goes to my academic supervisor, Doktorvater, Prof. Tilman Nagel for his invaluable advice, guidance, patience and constructive criticism throughout the various stages in the preparation of this dissertation. My special thanks go to Prof. Brigitta Benzing and Prof. Heide Inhetveen whose interests, comments and guidance were of invaluable assistance. The Seminar for Arabic of Georg-August University of Göttingen with its international reputation has enabled me to enjoy a very favorable environment to expand my insights and experiences especially in the themes of Islamic studies, literature, phylosophy, philology and other oriental studies. My thanks are due to Dr. Abdul RazzÁq Weiss who provided substantial advice and constructive criticism for the perfection of this dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • Fraser2013.Pdf (3.034Mb)
    This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: • This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. • A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. • This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. • The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. • When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Life and Limb Irreversible hadd penalties in Iranian criminal courts and opportunities to avoid them Antonia Fraser Fujinaga Doctor of Philosophy The University of Edinburgh 2013 Declaration I, Antonia Fraser Fujinaga, declare that this thesis is exclusively my own work and based entirely on my own research, and has never been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification. Antonia Fraser Fujinaga. April 2013. i ii Abstract. This is a study of hudud - Islamic 'fixed penalties' - as they appear in Iranian law and courts. It first presents the codified laws and underlying elements from Twelver Shi‘i law (as interpreted by the Iranian legal community) governing the penalties of stoning for adultery, amputation of four fingers for theft, and execution for sodomy and certain variants of fornication (illicit carnal congress between unmarried males and females).
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of the Share of Female Heirs Under Islamic Law of Succession
    International Journal of Law International Journal of Law ISSN: 2455-2194 Impact Factor: RJIF 5.12 www.lawjournals.org Volume 3; Issue 6; November 2017; Page No. 107-110 Women under sharia: An analysis of the share of female heirs under Islamic law of succession Dr. Gambo Ibrahim Yaro Faculty of Law, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria Abstract Women constitute a substantial segment of human society. On the other hand women receive different treatment depending on socio, religious cultural setting they find themselves. However their treatment under Islamic Law (sharia) attracts more controversy, criticism and even outright condemnation than treatment under any other setting. Many social critics and Gender minded persons know and frown at the rule that under Islamic law of succession a male child is entitled to twice the share of his female counterpart. On the other hand some Muslims out of sentiment and over zealousness came up with logical but not legally based arguments in defence of the rule. Consequently, this paper is design to respectively educate the two groups that (I) the rule changes from time to time in fact sometimes a female heir gets more than twice the share of her male counterpart. (II) Allah’s rule/command need no cosmetics from anybody as such those logical arguments should never be relied upon in order to defend or justify the rule. Keywords: women, sharia, succession, men Introduction it affects the share of women. Consequently the paper is The term Sharia (Islamic law) has been subjected to different structured as follows: definitions by different scholars. Some writers went as far as qualifying sharia as Mohammadan Law; other commentators Creation and Status of Women from the Sharia see sharia as monster that must not be allowed to flourish Perspective owing to certain misconception that it out lived its relevance.
    [Show full text]
  • Book A: Sacred Knowledge Book B: the Validity Of
    (Original Source: http://www.shafiifiqh.com/maktabah/relianceoftraveller.pdf) A CLASSIC MANUAL OF ISLAMIC SACRED LAW BY AHMAD IBN NAQIB AL-MISRI (Died 1368 CE) Edited and Translated by Sheik Nuh Ha Mim Keller BOOK A: SACRED KNOWLEDGE BOOK B: THE VALIDITY OF FOLLOWING QUALIFIED SCHOLARSHIP BOOK C: THE NATURE OF LEGAL RULINGS BOOK D: AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION TO `UMDAT AL-SALIK BOOK E: PURIFICATION BOOK F: THE PRAYER (SALAT) BOOK G: THE FUNERAL PRAYER (JANAZA) BOOK H: ZAKAT BOOK I: FASTING BOOK J: THE PILGRIMAGE BOOK K: TRADE BOOK L: INHERITANCE BOOK M: MARRIAGE BOOK N: DIVORCE BOOK O: JUSTICE BOOK P: ENORMITIES (Al Kabaa'ir, by Imaam al Zhahabi) BOOK Q: [Imaam Ghazali's] COMMANDING THE RIGHT AND FORBIDDING THE WRONG BOOK R: [Al Nawawi's] HOLDING ONE'S TONGUE BOOK S: [Ibn Qudaama's] DELUSIONS BOOK T: A PURE HEART BOOK U: THE GABRIEL HADITH BOOK V: The Bases of Beliefs [by Imaam Ghazaali, Rabbat's translation] BOOK A: SACRED KNOWLEDGE CONTENTS: The Knowledge of Good and Bad a1.0 Unaided Intellect Cannot Know Allah's Rules a1.2 Meaning of Good and Bad a1.4 Those Unreached by Prophets Are Not Responsible a1.5 The Superiority of Sacred Knowledge over Devotions a2.0 Koranic Evidence a2.1 Hadith Evidence a2.2 Other Reasons a2.7 The Blameworthiness of Seeking Knowledge for Other Than Allah a3.0 Meaning of for Other Than Allah a3.1 Koranic Evidence a3.2 Hadith Evidence a3.3 Personally Obligatory Knowledge a4.0 Faith a4.1 A Muslim's responsibility in tenets of faith a4.2 Belief in problematic scriptural expressions a4.3 Works a4.4 When one must learn
    [Show full text]
  • Ushul Fiqh I
    BUKU DARAS UIN ALAUDDIN Dr. Misbahuddin, S.Ag.,M.Ag. USHUL FIQH I UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI (UIN) ALAUDDIN MAKASSAR 2013 Buku Daras : USHUL FIQH I Copyright@Penulis 2013 Penulis : Dr. Misbahuddin, S.Ag.,M.Ag. Editor : Andi Intan Cahyani, M.Ag. Desain Cover : AU Press Layout : Arif Ridha, S.Kom ix + 244, 15,5 x 23 cm Cetakan I : Desember 2013 ISBN: Hak Cipta Dilindungi Undang-Undang Dilarang memperbanyak seluruh atau sebagian isi buku ini tanpa izin tertulis penerbit Alauddin University Press Jl. Sultan Alauddin No. 63 Makassar 90221 Telp. 0823 4867 1117 – Fax. (0411) 864923 Email : [email protected] SAMBUTAN REKTOR UIN ALAUDDIN MAKASSAR (Prof. Dr. H.A. Qadir Gassing, H.T.,M.S.) Salah satu langkah yang dilakukan oleh UIN Alauddin Makassar pasca diresmikannya pada tanggal 4 Desember 2005 adalah melakukan aktivitas konkret dan nyata untuk mewujudkan obsesi UIN sebagai pusat peradaban Islam di Indonesia Bagian Timur. Upaya yang dilakukan untuk mencapai cita-cita ini adalah dengan mengaktifkan sinerjitas antara ilmu pengetahuan umum dan agama agar supaya tidak terjadi dikotomi antara keduanya. Langkah konkret yang dilakukan untuk tujuan di atas dimulai dengan menggagas sistem pengajaran pendampingan. Pendampingan dilakukan dengan cara mempertemukan silabi umum dan agama, memadukan dan mensenyawakan literatur umum dan agama, serta pendampingan dan persenyawaan yang dilakukan dalam diskusi- diskusi langsung di ruang kelas yang dihadiri oleh pengajar dan dosen bidang umum dan agama. Buku ini adalah salah satu bentuk nyata dari realisasi dan pengejawantahan ide sinerjitas ilmu. Buku ini diharapkan untuk memberi kontribusi penting yang dapat melahirkan inspirasi-inspirasi serta kesadaran baru dalam rangka pengembangan keberilmuan kita sebagai bagian dari civitas akademika UIN Alauddin yang muaranya diharapkan untuk pencapaian cita-cita UIN Alauddin seperti yang disebutkan di atas.
    [Show full text]
  • Da* Wain Islamic Thought: the Work Of'abd Allah Ibn 'Alawl Al-Haddad
    Da* wa in Islamic Thought: the Work o f'Abd Allah ibn 'Alawl al-Haddad By Shadee Mohamed Elmasry University of London: School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS). Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of PhD. ProQuest Number: 10672980 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10672980 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT Imam 'Abd Allah ibn 'Alawi al-Haddad was bom in 1044/1634, he was a scholar of the Ba 'Alawi sayyids , a long line of Hadrami scholars and gnostics. The Imam led a quiet life of teaching and, although blind, travelled most of Hadramawt to do daw a, and authored ten books, a diwan of poetry, and several prayers. He was considered the sage of his time until his death in Hadramawt in 1132/1721. Many chains of transmission of Islamic knowledge of East Africa and South East Asia include his name. Al-Haddad’s main work on da'wa, which is also the core of this study, is al-Da'wa al-Tdmma wal-Tadhkira al-'Amma (The Complete Call and the General Reminder ).
    [Show full text]
  • ROWING in the FLOW of KHALAF; INDONESIAN SALAFISM RESPONSE TOWARDS CONTEMPORARY ISLAMIC ECONOMICS Mukhlis Rahmanto Dept
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Gyandhara International Academic Publication (GIAP): Journals Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews eISSN: 2395-6518, Vol 7, No 4, 2019, pp 968-972 https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.74132 ROWING IN THE FLOW OF KHALAF; INDONESIAN SALAFISM RESPONSE TOWARDS CONTEMPORARY ISLAMIC ECONOMICS Mukhlis Rahmanto Dept. of Islamic Economics and Banking, Faculty of Islamic Studies, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Email: [email protected] Article History: Received on 25th July 2019, Revised on 31st August 2019, Published on 06th October 2019 Abstract Purpose: This article is the beginning research of Salafism Islamic economics thought to start from their responses to the entity of Sharia banking as a practical and institutional part of Islamic economics in the Indonesian contemporary Islam context. Methodology: A qualitative approach had used to sculpt and construct Salafism responses from the various documents published by Salafi preachers and scholars and then validated with their doctrinal scholar named Ibn Taimiyya who known as prolific scholar including Islamic economics thought. Result: The results of the research are: first, strengthening thesis as before that Salafism especially da’wa faction was Scriptura list and textualist movement generally. Even though the problems were response both are the economy and business –in Islamic term as a part of mu’amalat dunyawiyah- that there is a slogan accepted by almost scholars of Islamic law as the door of ijtihad was opened largely; second, the spectrum of Salafism Islamic economics thought still circulated in the area of fiqh (law) of economy while their doctrinal scholar Ibn Taimiyya did not only in the area of fiqh economy but also in analyzing the micro and macro-economic variables (Ali, K.
    [Show full text]
  • 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 9(06), 709-719
    ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 9(06), 709-719 Journal Homepage: -www.journalijar.com Article DOI:10.21474/IJAR01/13066 DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/13066 RESEARCH ARTICLE THE DEVELOPMENT OF GUIDELINES ON QUALIFICATION OF UMRAH MUTAWWIF IN MALAYSIA Khairul Anuar Khalid and Nik Abdul Rahim Nik Abdul Ghani …………………………………………………………………………………………………….... Manuscript Info Abstract ……………………. ……………………………………………………………… Manuscript History Career as umrah mutawif has gained an admirable place in society, Received: 23 April 2021 recently. Nevertheless, from the legal and administrative perspective, Final Accepted: 25 May 2021 there is no specific entity that regulates, monitors, and coordinates the Published: June 2021 management of umrah mutawif in Malaysia. Therefore, this article will analyze the need to establish proper qualifications guideline that canbe Key words:- Guideline, Qualification, Mutawif, used to qualify a person before venturing into the profession of umrah Umrah mutawif. This is a qualitative study, adopting data collection process through library research methods, semi-structured interviews, and the involvement of researcher himselfas umrah mutawif. The study has established that there is critical need to develop qualifications guideline for umrah mutawif that could serve as a reference and assessment tools for the travel agents as umrah package operators, in selecting their umrah mutawif that operates under their company and will principally be guiding their pilgrims. Umrah mutawifs need to have performed umrah themselves, obtain teaching credentials fromthe respective states of which they will be teaching and guide, enrich their fiqh of umrah and the basics of farduain, have a good level of health and possess the ability to lead, are among the critical qualifications that must be in place.
    [Show full text]
  • On 'Concessions' and Conduct a Study in Early Hadith
    On 'Concessions' and Conduct A Study in Early Hadith Traditions about early ritual practices and customs reported on the authority of the Prophet, of his Companions isahaba) or their Successors (tabi'un) are often divergent and even contradictory. Early compilations of haditb occasionally record these traditions in separate chapters with headings which point out their differences; they also enumerate the scholars who held these divergent views. So, for example, the chapter Man kana yutimmu l-takbir is followed by the chapter Man kana la yutimmu l-takbir ; the chapter Man qala laysa 'ala man nama sajidan wa-qa'idan w u d u' is followed by Man kana y aqisl u i d h a nama ta-t-yatawaddo'. Traditions arranged under headings Man kariha ... followed by Man rakhkhasa [i ... are of a similar type. It is obvious that these diverse traditions reflect differences in the opinions of various circles of Muslim scholars and indicate that in the early period of Islam many ritual prescriptions were not yet firmly established. The rukhas or "concessions," i.e., the changes in ritual prescriptions designed to soften their harshness, were indeed an efficient tool in adapting the prescriptions to the real conditions of life and its changing circumstances. They established practices that were in keeping with the new ideas of Islam. Yet it is evident that the concession, rukhsa, had to acquire authoritative sanction and legitimacy; this could be achieved only through an utterance of the Prophet. As a matter of fact, the following haditb is attributed to the Prophet: "Truly, God desires that His concessions be carried out [just] as He desires His injunctions to be observed" tinna llaha 2 yuhibbu an tu'ta rukhasuhu kama yuhibbu an tuta 'azaimuhui: This tradition was interpreted in manifold ways.
    [Show full text]
  • Fiqh Summary of the School of the Maliki Masters
    Fiqh Summary of the School of the Maliki Masters (Muhammad al-'Arabi al-Qarawi) The Pure and the Impure 1. How many pure substances are there and what are they? There are 30 pure substances which will be mentioned in the course of this chapter. 2. What is the ruling on components of the earth and the ruling on living creatures, their sweat, tears, mucous, spit, and eggs and what emerges after death? Things are fundamentally pure. All components of the earth and what is produced from it are pure, and any impurity is incidental. These following substances are pure: 1. A living creature, even if it is a dog or pig. 2. Its sweat. 3. Its tears. 4. Its mucous. 5. Its spit. 6. Its eggs, except for those which have become rotten or become blue or turned to blood: they are impure. As for those whose white has become mixed up with its yolk without being rotten, they are pure. 7. Those substances mentioned above which emerge from a living creature after it has been legally slaughtered. 8. That which emerges from a living creature after it dies when it is an animal which is pure when it dies without being slaughtered, like fish and locusts. As for what emerges from a living creature after death when it is an animal which is impure when it dies by itself, like cattle after they die, that is impure. 3. What is the ruling on phlegm, bile, that which falls out of the brain, the human corpse, that which does not have blood, aquatic animals, that which is slaughtered, hair and down? All those mentioned are pure and are as follows: 9.
    [Show full text]
  • Rukhsah IIMP PGKOM 060919
    PRINCIPLES OF RUKHSAH IN ISLAM Che Anuar Che Mohamad Diploma Islamic Studies(Isyllabus Scotland) MBBS (IIUM), MSc(Dundee), PhD(Glasgow) LEARNING OBJECTIVES Describe the definition of rukhsah Discuss the concept of rukhsah Describe the different types of rukhsah Discuss the principles and guidelines of its application Introduction Rukhsah – important rule/concept in fiqh Linguistically – facility and gentleness Istilahi – a concept/rules on the exception to the original rule (azima) due to substantial and valid excuses eg. Sickness Based on the spirit of leniency and the removal of hardship General Evidences “Allah intends every facility for you; He does not want to put you to difficulties”. (2:185) “So fear Allah as much as you are able” (64:16) “The deen is ease, whoever make the deen too hard for himself will be overpowered, so direct yourselves to what is right, follow the middle course,…” (al-Bukhari: 39) “If I command you to do anything, do as much of it as you can.” (al-Bukhaari: 7288 & Muslim:1337) Specific Evidences “But if one is forced by necessity, without wilful disobedience, nor transgressing due limits,- then is he guiltless. For Allah is Oft- forgiving Most Merciful.”(2:173) “When ye travel through the earth, there is no blame on you if ye shorten your prayers, for fear the Unbelievers May attack you: For the Unbelievers are unto you open enemies.”(4:101) Narrated `Imran bin Husain: I had piles, so I asked the Prophet about the prayer. He said, "Pray while standing and if you (ﷺ) can't, pray while sitting
    [Show full text]