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Turkey and Neo-Ottomanism: Domestic Sources, Dynamics and Foreign Policy Mustafa G Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 3-26-2010 Turkey and Neo-Ottomanism: Domestic Sources, Dynamics and Foreign Policy Mustafa G. Sahin Florida International University, [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FI10041623 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Sahin, Mustafa G., "Turkey and Neo-Ottomanism: Domestic Sources, Dynamics and Foreign Policy" (2010). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 160. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/160 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida TURKEY AND NEO-OTTOMANISM: DOMESTIC SOURCES, DYNAMICS AND FOREIGN POLICY A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS by Mustafa Gokhan Sahin 2010 To: Dean Kenneth Furton College of Arts and Sciences This dissertation, written by Mustafa Gokhan Sahin, and entitled Turkey and Neo-Ottomanism: Domestic Sources, Dynamics and Foreign Policy, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. _______________________________________ Aisha Musa _______________________________________ Charles MacDonald _______________________________________ Thomas Breslin ______________________________________ Mohiaddin Mesbahi, Major Professor Date of Defense: March 26, 2010 The dissertation of Mustafa Gokhan Sahin is approved. _______________________________________ Dean Kenneth Furton College of Arts and Sciences _______________________________________ Interim Dean Kevin O’Shea University Graduate School Florida International University, 2010 ii © Copyright 2010 by Mustafa Gokhan Sahin All rights reserved. iii DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to my wife. Without her patience, understanding, support, and most of all love, the completion of this work would not have been possible. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Prof. Mesbahi and the members of my committee for their support and patience. Their gentle but firm direction has been most appreciated. v ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION TURKEY AND NEO-OTTOMANISM: DOMESTIC SOURCES, DYNAMICS AND FOREIGN POLICY by Mustafa Gokhan Sahin Florida International University, 2010 Miami, Florida Professor Mohiaddin Mesbahi, Major Professor This study examined the relationship between the Turkish Islamic movements and the present government of the Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi, AK Party). Since the AK Party came to power in 2002 it implemented unparalleled political reforms and pursued to improve Turkey’s relations with the EU. Opponents argued that because of the dominance of the secular military in Turkish politics, the AK Party is forced to secretly advance its Islamic agenda using the language and symbolism of democracy and human rights. This study argued that the ideas of the AK Party show similarities with the “Ottomanist” thought of the late Ottoman era. With special reference to the preservation of the Ottoman State, Ottomanism in an eclectic way was able to incorporate Islamic principles like freedom, justice and consultation into the political arena which was increasingly dominated by the secular European concepts. Literature on Islam and politics in Turkey, however, disregards the Ottoman roots of freedom and pluralism and tends to reduce the relationship between religion and state into exclusively confrontational struggles. This conceptualization of the political process relies on particular non-Turkish Muslim experiences which do not necessarily represent vi Islam’s venture in Turkey. Contrary to the prevailing scholarship, Islamic movements in Turkey, namely, Naqshbandi, National View and Nur, which are discussed in detail in this study, are not monolithic. They all uphold the same creedal tenets of Islam but they have sharp differences in terms of how they conceptualize the role of religious agency in politics. I argue that this diversity is a result of three distinct methodologies of Islamic religious life which are the Tariqah (Tarikat), Shariah (Şeriat), and Haqiqah (Hakikat). The differences between these three approaches represent a typological hierarchy in the formation of the Muslim/believer as an agent of Islamic identity. Through these different if not conflicting modes, the AK Party reconnected itself with Turkey’s Ottoman heritage in a post-Ottoman, secular setting and was able to develop an eclectic political identity of Neo-Ottomanism that is evident in the flexibility if not inconsistency of its domestic and foreign policy preferences. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE Chapter I: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 Chapter II: THREE ISLAMIC APPROACHES IN TURKEY ........................................ 19 Chapter III: NAQSHBANDI ORDER: TARIQAH .......................................................... 51 Chapter IV: THE NATIONAL VIEW MOVEMENT: SHARIAH .................................. 84 Chapter V: NUR AND GULEN MOVEMENTS: HAQIQAH ...................................... 118 Chapter VI: AK PARTY AND NEO-OTTOMANISM ................................................. 169 Chapter VII: CONCLUSION ......................................................................................... 195 LIST OF REFERENCES ................................................................................................ 201 VITA .............................................................................................................. 217 viii LIST OF ACRONYMS ANAP: Motherland Party AK Party: Justice and Development Party AP: Justice Party CHP: Republican People’s Party Diyanet: Directorate of Religious Affairs DP: Democrat Party DYP: True Path Party FP: Virtue Party IDB: Islamic Development Bank ITC: Committee of Union and Progress MGH: National View Movement MGK: National Security Council MHP: Nationalist Action Party MNP: National Order Party MSP: National Salvation Party MTTB: National Turkish Students Union OIC: Organization of Islamic Conference PKK: Kurdistan Workers’ Party RP: Welfare Party SP: Felicity Party ix Chapter I: INTRODUCTION One of the most important political events in contemporary Middle East politics is the rise to power of the religiously oriented Justice and Development Party in 2002 with a landslide victory. Since it came to power, the Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi, AK Party)1 followed a “zero-problem” approach in Turkish foreign policy leading to the establishment of solid relationships with neighboring countries like Syria, Iran and Greece (with whom Turkey was at the brink of war a few years earlier). Domestically, Justice and Development Party began to carry out the reforms necessary for Turkey’s bid for EU membership faster than any previous Turkish government.2 The rise of the Justice and Development Party and its accomplishments have been a serious challenge to scholars of Middle East politics who, for the most part, could not anticipate a pro-Western, conservative Muslim political party rooted in domestic Islamic social movements coming to power democratically, and not threatening the existence of the secular state.3 In order to examine the significance of this transformation one should understand the nature of Islamic social movements, Islamic political parties and their place in Turkey’s recent history. Scholars from different perspectives have offered varying 1 Since the establishment of Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi in Turkish) its acronym has been part of an unresolved debate. According to official party records given to the Ministry of Interior the acronym is “AK Parti.” In Turkish “ak” means white and clean; a clear reference to the party image of uncorrupted character. Many scholars (and most political opponents) use AKP (or JDP in English). This work will use AK Party. 2 Sultan Tepe states that “in just two short years in power the JDP [Justice and Development Party] has done pathbreaking work, adopting more than five hundred laws—a record number for any elected Turkish government.” For more see Tepe 2005, 80. 3 Smith 2005a. Tepe calls this process a “quiet revolution,” see Tepe 2005. 1 definitions of Islamic social movements. Most of them, however, betray a structural bias in explaining the diverse array of social movements, thus limiting our ability to analyse the identities of these social movements in the public sphere. In explaining Islamic social movements, I employ Tarrow’s definition, with minor modifications. Throughout this dissertation, a social movement will be considered as a collective understanding and action by people with common purposes and solidarity in sustained interaction with other social actors.4 Naqshbandi tariqah is the main historical-cultural Islamic movement in Turkey. For the past two hundred years, this tariqah expanded from being one of many Islamic movements into the most influential one due to its methods which proved successful when Turkish political and social life underwent a period of reform. In modern Turkey the Naqshbandi tariqah has branched off into various
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