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Ushul Fiqh I BUKU DARAS UIN ALAUDDIN Dr. Misbahuddin, S.Ag.,M.Ag. USHUL FIQH I UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI (UIN) ALAUDDIN MAKASSAR 2013 Buku Daras : USHUL FIQH I Copyright@Penulis 2013 Penulis : Dr. Misbahuddin, S.Ag.,M.Ag. Editor : Andi Intan Cahyani, M.Ag. Desain Cover : AU Press Layout : Arif Ridha, S.Kom ix + 244, 15,5 x 23 cm Cetakan I : Desember 2013 ISBN: Hak Cipta Dilindungi Undang-Undang Dilarang memperbanyak seluruh atau sebagian isi buku ini tanpa izin tertulis penerbit Alauddin University Press Jl. Sultan Alauddin No. 63 Makassar 90221 Telp. 0823 4867 1117 – Fax. (0411) 864923 Email : [email protected] SAMBUTAN REKTOR UIN ALAUDDIN MAKASSAR (Prof. Dr. H.A. Qadir Gassing, H.T.,M.S.) Salah satu langkah yang dilakukan oleh UIN Alauddin Makassar pasca diresmikannya pada tanggal 4 Desember 2005 adalah melakukan aktivitas konkret dan nyata untuk mewujudkan obsesi UIN sebagai pusat peradaban Islam di Indonesia Bagian Timur. Upaya yang dilakukan untuk mencapai cita-cita ini adalah dengan mengaktifkan sinerjitas antara ilmu pengetahuan umum dan agama agar supaya tidak terjadi dikotomi antara keduanya. Langkah konkret yang dilakukan untuk tujuan di atas dimulai dengan menggagas sistem pengajaran pendampingan. Pendampingan dilakukan dengan cara mempertemukan silabi umum dan agama, memadukan dan mensenyawakan literatur umum dan agama, serta pendampingan dan persenyawaan yang dilakukan dalam diskusi- diskusi langsung di ruang kelas yang dihadiri oleh pengajar dan dosen bidang umum dan agama. Buku ini adalah salah satu bentuk nyata dari realisasi dan pengejawantahan ide sinerjitas ilmu. Buku ini diharapkan untuk memberi kontribusi penting yang dapat melahirkan inspirasi-inspirasi serta kesadaran baru dalam rangka pengembangan keberilmuan kita sebagai bagian dari civitas akademika UIN Alauddin yang muaranya diharapkan untuk pencapaian cita-cita UIN Alauddin seperti yang disebutkan di atas. Hal ini sesuai dengan apa yang dikehendaki oleh para tokoh pendidikan muslim pasca Konferensi Pendidikan Mekkah dan pada konferensi-konferensi pendidikan setelahnya di beberapa negara. Semoga buku ini yang juga merupakan buku daras di UIN Alauddin dapat memperoleh ridha Allah. Yang tak kalah pentingnya, buku ini juga dapat menjadi rujukan mahasiswa untuk memandu mereka memperoleh gambaran konkret dari ide sinerjitas pengetahuan agama dan umum yang marak diperbincangkan dewasa ini. Amin Ya Rabbal-Alamin. Makassar, September 2013 iii KATA PENGANTAR Puji syukur penulis panjatkan kepada Allah SWT. yang memberikan rahmat dan karunia-Nya, sehingga penyusunan Buku Daras Ushul Fiqh ini dapat diselesaikan sesuai waktu yang direncanakan. Buku ini berisi 17 satuan bahasan. Berturut-turut membahas mengenai: Pengertian dan Ruang lingkup Ushul Fiqh, Sejarah Perkembangan Ushul Fiqh, Pengertian Hukum Syara dan Pembagian Hukum Syara, Al-Hakim, Mahkum Fih dan Mahkum Alaih, Al- Qur’an, Sunnah, Ijma’ dan Qiyas Sebagai Sumber Hukum dan Dalil Hukum Syara, Istihsan, Istishab, Urf, Maslahah, Syar’u Man Qablana, Dzariah, Azimah dan Rukshah, Mazhab Sahabat, Ta’arud al-Adillah dan Nasakh. Dengan mempelajari buku ini, mahasiswa dan para pembaca diharapkan bertambah wawasannya dalam memahami hukum- hukum syara yang telah ditetapkan oleh Allah sebagai pedoman hidup bagi manusia, yang akan mengantarkannya kepada kehidupan yang bahagia dunia akhirat. Semakin dipahami isi buku ini, maka semakin menambah kesadaran akan pentingnya aturan-aturan atau hukum yang mengatur manusia sebagai khalifah (pengatur dan penanggung jawab terciptanya kehidupan yang harmonis dan damai di alam ini), sekaligus mengabdi kepada-Nya. Meskipun banyak usaha telah ditempuh, namun penulis menyadari akan adanya kekurangan dan ketidaksempurnaan buku ini. Oleh karena itu, atas segala kekurangan dan ketidaksempurnaan, penulis mengharap tegur sapa dan kritik konstruktif dari para pembaca budiman guna perbaikan dan kesempurnaan pada penerbitan berikutnya. Buku ini dapat terwujud atas bantuan berbagai pihak, baik langsung maupun tidak. Oleh karena itu, penulis merasa perlu menyampaikan ucapan terima kasih yang sedalam-dalamnya dan penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya kepada semua pihak yang iv membantu dan memberikan motivasi kepada penulis dengan harapan semoga Allah memberi pahala. Pada akhirnya, hanya kepada Allah jualah, penulis berdo’a semoga buku ini memberikan inspirasi untuk kajian Ushul Fiqh dan ada manfaatnya untuk kepentingan akademik, bangsa dan agama. Amin. Makassar, September 2013. Penulis v DAFTAR ISI SAMBUTAN REKTOR ____ iii KATA PENGANTAR ____ iv DAFTAR ISI ____ vi SATUAN BAHASAN I : PENGERTIAN USHUL FIQH ____1 A. Pengertian Ushul Fiqh ____2 B. Objek Pembahasan Ushul Fiqh ____5 C. Kegunaan Mempelajari Ushul Fiqh ____6 D. Sejarah Perkembangan Ushul Fiqh ____7 E. Aliran-Aliran dalam Ushul Fiqh ____12 F. Karya-Karya dalam Bidang Ushul Fiqh ____15 SATUAN BAHASAN II : HUKUM SYARA; TAKLIFY DAN WADH’IY ____23 A. Pengertian Hukum Syara’ ____24 B. Pembagian Hukum Syara’ ____28 C. Hukum Taklifiy ____29 D. Hukum Wadh’iy ____46 SATUAN BAHASAN III : HAKIM, MAHKUM FIH DAN MAHKUM ALAIH ____54 A. Pengertian Hakim ____55 B. Baik dan Buruk ____55 C. Mahkum Fih ____59 D. Mahkum Alaih ____60 SATUAN BAHASAN IV : AZIMAH DAN RUKHSHAH ____64 A. Pengertian Azimah ____66 B. Macam-Macam Azimah ____67 C. Pengertian Rukhshah ____68 D. Hukum Rukhshah ____70 E. Macam-Macam Rukhshah ____70 vi F. Memilih Antara Rukhshah dan Azimah ____72 SATUAN BAHASAN V: AL-QUR’AN SEBAGAI SUMBER HUKUM ____77 A. Pengertian al-Qur’an ____79 B. Kehujjahan al-Qur’an dalam Versi Imam Madzhab ____81 C. Asas-asas Hukum di dalam al-Qur’an ____85 D. Pokok-pokok Isi al-Qur’an ____86 E. Macam-macam Hukum yang dikandung al-Qur’an ____86 F. Petunjuk (dilalah) al-Qur’an ____88 G. Nash Qath’iy dan Dzanny ____89 SATUAN BAHASAN VI : SUNNAH SEBAGAI SUMBER HUKUM ____96 A. Pengertian Sunnah ____97 B. Kehujjahan Sunnah ____98 C. Pembagian Sunnah menurut Sanad ____100 D. Qath’iy dan Dzanny ____102 SATUAN BAHASAN VII : IJMA’ SEBAGAI SUMBER HUKUM ____107 A. Pengertian Ijma’ ____108 B. Dasar Hukum Ijma’ ____108 C. Rukun-rukun Ijma’ ____111 D. Kehujjahan Ijma’ dan Hukum Mengingkarinya ____112 E. Kemungkinan Terjadinya Ijma’ ____113 F. Macam-macam Ijma’ ____115 G. Objek Ijma’ ____116 SATUAN BAHASAN VIII : QIYAS SEBAGAI SUMBER HUKUM ____119 A. Pengertian Qiyas ____121 B. Rukun Qiyas ____122 C. Pembagian Qiyas ____124 D. Masalikul Ilat ____126 E. Kehujjahan Qiyas ____133 SATUAN BAHASAN IX : PENGERTIAN ‘URF ____139 A. Pengertian ‘Urf ____140 vii B. Macam-macam ‘Urf ____141 C. Hukum ‘Urf ____141 D. Kehujjahan ‘Urf ____143 SATUAN BAHASAN X : MADZHAB SHAHABY ____146 A. Pengertian Madzhab Shahaby ____147 B. Kehujjahan Madzhab Shahaby ____147 SATUAN BAHASAN XI : SYAR’U MAN QABLANA ____151 A. Pengertian Syar’u Man Qablana ____153 B. Aplikasi Kaedah Syar’u Man Qablana ____156 SATUAN BAHASAN XII : ISTIHSAN ____161 A. Pengertian Istihsan ____163 B. Macam-macam Istihsan ____165 C. Kehujjahan Istihsan ____168 D. Aplikasi Metode Istihsan dalam Kasus Fiqh Kontemporer ____170 SATUAN BAHASAN XIII : MASHLAHAT ____174 A. Pengertian Mashlahat ____176 B. Macam-macam Mashlahat ____177 C. Kehujjahan Mashlahat ____183 D. Aplikasi Metode Mashlahat dalam Kasus Fiqh Kontemporer ____186 SATUAN BAHASAN XIV : ISTISHHAB ____193 A. Pengertian Istishhab ____195 B. Macam-macam Istishhab ____195 C. Kaedah-kaedah Istishhab ____198 D. Kehujjahan Istishhab ____200 SATUAN BAHASAN XV : DZARI’AH ____205 A. Pengertian Dzari’ah ____207 B. Kehujjahan Sad al-Dzari’ah ____209 C. Aplikasi Metode Sad al-Dzari’ah dalam Kasus Fiqh Kontemporer ____212 viii SATUAN BAHASAN XVI : TA’ARUD AL-ADILLAH ____218 A. Pengertian Ta’arud al-Adillah ____220 B. Syarat Dalil yang Kontradiktif ____221 C. Metode Penyelesaian Dalil yang Kontradiktif ____221 D. Contoh Aplikatif dari Dalil yang Kontradiktif ____224 SATUAN BAHASAN XVII : NASAKH ____229 A. Pengertian Nasakh ____231 B. Rukun dan Hikmah Nasakh ____232 C. Perbedaan Nasakh dengan Takhshish ____233 D. Ulasan Ushuliyyun tentang Nasakh ____234 E. Macam-Macam Nasakh ____236 F. Kiat-kiat Mengetahui Nasikh Mansukh ____238 G. Contoh Nasakh dalam al-Qur’an. ____238 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ____245 ix SATUAN BAHASAN PENGERTIAN USHUL FIQH I A. Gambaran Singkat Mengenai Materi Kuliah Materi kuliah ini membahas tentang pengertian Ushul Fiqh, obyek pembahasan Ushul Fiqh, kegunaan mempelajari Ushul Fiqh, sejarah perkembangan Ushul Fiqh, aliran-aliran dalam Ushul Fiqh dan karya- karya dalam bidang Ushul Fiqh. B. Pedoman Mempelajari Materi Baca dengan baik uraian mengenai pengertian Ushul Fiqh, obyek pembahasan Ushul Fiqh, kegunaan mempelajari Ushul Fiqh, sejarah perkembangan Ushul Fiqh, aliran-aliran dalam Ushul Fiqh dan karya- karya dalam bidang Ushul Fiqh. Kemudian buatlah intisari atau ringkasan dan fahami dengan baik intisari atau ringkasan tersebut. C. Tujuan Pembelajaran 1. Mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan pengertian Ushul Fiqh, obyek pembahasan Ushul Fiqh. 2. Mahasiswa dapat membuat uraian sendiri mengenai pendapat para ulama tentang pengertian Ushul Fiqh. 3. Mahasiswa memahami kegunaan mempelajari Ushul Fiqh, dan sejarah pekembangan Ushul Fiqh. 4. Mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan tentang aliran-aliran dalam Ushul Fiqh dan karya-karyanya. Buku Daras Ushul Fiqh | 1 PENGERTIAN USHUL FIQH, OBYEK PEMBAHASAN, KEGUNAAN, SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN, ALIRAN-ALIRAN DALAM USHUL FIQH DAN KARYA-KARYA DALAM BIDANG USHUL FIQH. 1. Pengertian Ushul Fiqh dapat dilihat sebagai rangkaian dari ( أصول) Pengertian Ushul Fiqh dua kata, yaitu: kata Ushul dan kata fiqh; dan dapat dilihat pula sebagai nama satu disiplin ilmu dari ilmu-ilmu syari‟ah.
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