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The Incas.Pdf
THE INCAS THE INCAS By Franklin Pease García Yrigoyen Translated by Simeon Tegel The Incas Franklin Pease García Yrigoyen © Mariana Mould de Pease, 2011 Translated by Simeon Tegel Original title in Spanish: Los Incas Published by Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2015 © Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015 Av. Universitaria 1801, Lima 32 - Perú Tel.: (51 1) 626-2650 Fax: (51 1) 626-2913 [email protected] www.pucp.edu.pe/publicaciones Design and composition: Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú First English Edition: January 2011 First reprint English Edition: October 2015 Print run: 1000 copies ISBN: 978-9972-42-949-1 Hecho el Depósito Legal en la Biblioteca Nacional del Perú N° 2015-13735 Registro de Proyecto Editorial: 31501361501021 Impreso en Tarea Asociación Gráfica Educativa Pasaje María Auxiliadora 156, Lima 5, Perú Contents Introduction 9 Chapter I The Andes, its History and the Incas 13 Inca History 13 The Predecessors of the Incas in the Andes 23 Chapter II The Origin of the Incas 31 The Early Organization of Cusco and the Formation of the Tawantinsuyu 38 The Inca Conquests 45 Chapter III The Inca Economy 53 Labor 64 Agriculture 66 Agricultural Technology 71 Livestock 76 Metallurgy 81 The Administration of Production 85 Storehouses 89 The Quipus 91 Chapter IV The Organization of Society 95 The Dualism 95 The Inca 100 The Cusco Elite 105 The Curaca: Ethnic Lord 109 Inca and Local Administration 112 The Population and Population -
Lost Ancient Technology of Peru and Bolivia
Lost Ancient Technology Of Peru And Bolivia Copyright Brien Foerster 2012 All photos in this book as well as text other than that of the author are assumed to be copyright free; obtained from internet free file sharing sites. Dedication To those that came before us and left a legacy in stone that we are trying to comprehend. Although many archaeologists don’t like people outside of their field “digging into the past” so to speak when conventional explanations don’t satisfy, I feel it is essential. If the engineering feats of the Ancient Ones cannot or indeed are not answered satisfactorily, if the age of these stone works don’t include consultation from geologists, and if the oral traditions of those that are supposedly descendants of the master builders are not taken into account, then the full story is not present. One of the best examples of this regards the great Sphinx of Egypt, dated by most Egyptologists at about 4500 years. It took the insight and questioning mind of John Anthony West, veteran student of the history of that great land to invite a geologist to study the weathering patterns of the Sphinx and make an estimate of when and how such degradation took place. In stepped Dr. Robert Schoch, PhD at Boston University, who claimed, and still holds to the theory that such an effect was the result of rain, which could have only occurred prior to the time when the Pharaoh, the presumed builders, had existed. And it has taken the keen observations of an engineer, Christopher Dunn, to look at the Great Pyramid on the Giza Plateau and develop a very potent theory that it was indeed not the tomb of an egotistical Egyptian ruler, as in Khufu, but an electrical power plant that functioned on a grand scale thousands of years before Khufu (also known as Cheops) was born. -
Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads Advisor
Silva Collins, Gabriel 2019 Anthropology Thesis Title: Making the Mountains: Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads Advisor: Antonia Foias Advisor is Co-author: None of the above Second Advisor: Released: release now Authenticated User Access: No Contains Copyrighted Material: No MAKING THE MOUNTAINS: Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads by GABRIEL SILVA COLLINS Antonia Foias, Advisor A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors in Anthropology WILLIAMS COLLEGE Williamstown, Massachusetts May 19, 2019 Introduction Peru is famous for its Pre-Hispanic archaeological sites: places like Machu Picchu, the Nazca lines, and the city of Chan Chan. Ranging from the earliest cities in the Americas to Inca metropolises, millennia of urban human history along the Andes have left large and striking sites scattered across the country. But cities and monuments do not exist in solitude. Peru’s ancient sites are connected by a vast circulatory system of roads that connected every corner of the country, and thousands of square miles beyond its current borders. The Inca road system, or Qhapaq Ñan, is particularly famous; thousands of miles of trails linked the empire from modern- day Colombia to central Chile, crossing some of the world’s tallest mountain ranges and driest deserts. The Inca state recognized the importance of its road system, and dotted the trails with rest stops, granaries, and religious shrines. Inca roads even served directly religious purposes in pilgrimages and a system of ritual pathways that divided the empire (Ogburn 2010). This project contributes to scholarly knowledge about the Inca and Pre-Hispanic Andean civilizations by studying the roads which stitched together the Inca state. -
Peru's Musical Heritage of the Viceroyalty: the Creation of a National Identity
Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Graduate School Collection WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship Spring 2019 Peru's Musical Heritage of the Viceroyalty: The Creation of a National Identity Fabiola Yupari Western Washington University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet Part of the Music Commons Recommended Citation Yupari, Fabiola, "Peru's Musical Heritage of the Viceroyalty: The Creation of a National Identity" (2019). WWU Graduate School Collection. 887. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet/887 This Masters Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Graduate School Collection by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Peru’s Musical Heritage of the Viceroyalty: The Creation of a National Identity By Fabiola Yupari Accepted in Partial Completion of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Music ADVISORY COMMITTEE Chair, Dr. Bertil Van Boer Dr. Ryan Dudenbostel Dr. Patrick Roulet GRADUATE SCHOOL Kathleen L. Kitto, Acting Dean Master’s Thesis In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Western Washington University, I grant to Western Washington University the non-exclusive royalty-free right to archive, reproduce, distribute, and display the thesis in any and all forms, including electronic format, via any digital library mechanisms maintained by WWU. I represent and warrant this is my original work, and does not infringe or violate any rights of others. I warrant that I have obtained written permissions from the owner of any third party copyrighted material included in these files. -
Who We Are? - MACHUPICCHU TERRA S.R.L
Who We Are? - MACHUPICCHU TERRA S.R.L INCA TRAIL MACHU PICCHU is a brand MACHUPICCHU TERRA, Travel Agency and Tour Operator authorized to sell Inca Trail Machu Picchu. Our company is located in Cusco, the capital of the Inca Empire and the Tourist Capital of South America. We created this web site considering that availability for the Inca Trail Machu Picchu is quickly exhausted; since it is limited to only 500 people per day (including support staff porters, chefs, guides, etc.) making it extremely necessary booking several months in advance; at least 6 months in advance. MACHU PICCHU TERRA, feels proud to provide superior service to all our customers, and we manage all services necessary to operate and organize all the packages offered, cars, minibuses, equipment, office-qualified staff, specialized assistants and guides professionals. Whether you are looking for a trip to Peru that includes a hike to Machu Picchu or just a relaxing family vacation, it is our mission to MACHUPICCHU TERRA work with you to create your trip to Peru. We welcome all types of customers with special travel interests, economic and Premium. Our ex cellent service always searches at any time and satisfy all customers throughout Peru. All MACHUPICCHU TERRA packages have been prepared by our travel consultants with experience and knowledge, our company MACHUPICCHU TERRA is based on 4 different categories of hotels: Basic Class, based on 2 stars hotels. Premium Class, based on 4 stars hotels. Economy Class, based on 3 stars hotels. VIPs Class, based on 5 stars hotels. Legitimacy of Inca Trail Machu Picchu MACHU PICCHU TERRA is an Authorized Agency by the Ministry of Culture, the assigned code is: MA0473, responsible and efficient company willing to provide the best service. -
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ARTS & CULTURE Jul 20, 2017 Sacred Valley, Peru: How to Plan the Perfect Trip SARAH SCHLICHTER Exploring Peru’s Sacred Valley of the Incas feels Save This Story like going back in time. Centuries-old Inca terraces spill down green, misty hillsides. Women in traditional Andean dress stroll along the cobblestone streets of colonial towns, long black braids trailing down their backs. Colorful village markets display soft alpaca sweaters, hats, and ponchos woven by hand. The Sacred Valley is tucked between Cusco and Machu Picchu, running along the Urubamba River from Pisac to Ollantaytambo. Travelers with limited time often skip the Sacred Valley in their rush to see Machu Picchu, but the valley’s picturesque towns and well-preserved Inca ruins are worth a day or two in their own right. The Sacred Valley has an additional benefit for travelers hoping to acclimate to the region’s altitude before visiting Machu Picchu: Most of the valley sits several hundred feet lower than Cusco. When to Visit the Sacred Valley For the best chance of dry weather, visit the Sacred Valley during its high season between June and August. The rainiest part of the year is November through March. Come during the shoulder-season months—April, May, September, and October —for slightly smaller crowds and lower prices than you’d find in high season, without an excessive threat of rain. Top Sights in the Sacred Valley Pisac: Famous for its Sunday market, in which farmers come from all over the Sacred Valley with a colorful bounty of local fruit and vegetables, Pisac is also worth a visit for its large Inca ruins. -
Inca-Trail-Choquequirao-8-Days.Pdf
Who We Are? - MACHUPICCHU TERRA S.R.L INCA TRAIL MACHU PICCHU is a brand MACHUPICCHU TERRA, Travel Agency and Tour Operator authorized to sell Inca Trail Machu Picchu. Our company is located in Cusco, the capital of the Inca Empire and the Tourist Capital of South America. We created this web site considering that availability for the Inca Trail Machu Picchu is quickly exhausted; since it is limited to only 500 people per day (including support staff porters, chefs, guides, etc.) making it extremely necessary booking several months in advance; at least 6 months in advance. MACHU PICCHU TERRA, feels proud to provide superior service to all our customers, and we manage all services necessary to operate and organize all the packages offered, cars, minibuses, equipment, office-qualified staff, specialized assistants and guides professionals. Whether you are looking for a trip to Peru that includes a hike to Machu Picchu or just a relaxing family vacation, it is our mission to MACHUPICCHU TERRA work with you to create your trip to Peru. We welcome all types of customers with special travel interests, economic and Premium. Our ex cellent service always searches at any time and satisfy all customers throughout Peru. All MACHUPICCHU TERRA packages have been prepared by our travel consultants with experience and knowledge, our company MACHUPICCHU TERRA is based on 4 different categories of hotels: Basic Class, based on 2 stars hotels. Premium Class, based on 4 stars hotels. Economy Class, based on 3 stars hotels. VIPs Class, based on 5 stars hotels. Legitimacy of Inca Trail Machu Picchu MACHU PICCHU TERRA is an Authorized Agency by the Ministry of Culture, the assigned code is: MA0473, responsible and efficient company willing to provide the best service. -
Machu Picchu Was Rediscovered by MACHU PICCHU Hiram Bingham in 1911
Inca-6 Back Cover-Q8__- 22/9/17 10:13 AM Page 1 TRAILBLAZER Inca Trail High Inca Trail, Salkantay, Lares, Choquequirao & Ausangate Treks + Lima Lares, Choquequirao & Ausangate Treks Salkantay, High Inca Trail, THETHE 6 EDN ‘...the Trailblazer series stands head, shoulders, waist and ankles above the rest. Inca Trail They are particularly strong on mapping...’ Inca Trail THE SUNDAY TIMES CUSCOCUSCO && Lost to the jungle for centuries, the Inca city of Machu Picchu was rediscovered by MACHU PICCHU Hiram Bingham in 1911. It’s now probably MACHU PICCHU the most famous sight in South America – includesincludes and justifiably so. Perched high above the river on a knife-edge ridge, the ruins are High Inca Trail, Salkantay Trek Cusco & Machu Picchu truly spectacular. The best way to reach Lares, Choquequirao & Ausangate Treks them is on foot, following parts of the original paved Inca Trail over passes of Lima City Guide 4200m (13,500ft). © Henry Stedman ❏ Choosing and booking a trek – When Includes hiking options from ALEXANDER STEWART & to go; recommended agencies in Peru and two days to three weeks with abroad; porters, arrieros and guides 35 detailed hiking maps HENRY STEDMAN showing walking times, camp- ❏ Peru background – history, people, ing places & points of interest: food, festivals, flora & fauna ● Classic Inca Trail ● High Inca Trail ❏ – a reading of The Imperial Landscape ● Salkantay Trek Inca history in the Sacred Valley, by ● Choquequirao Trek explorer and historian, Hugh Thomson Plus – new for this edition: ❏ Lima & Cusco – hotels, -
Download Collection
1 Index Cusco Choquequirao “Cradle of Gold” | 5D 4N 4 Horse Riding | Half Day 8 Inca Trail to Machu Picchu | 4D 3N 12 River Rafting | Half Day 16 Salkantay Trek | 5D - 4N 20 Short Inca Trail | 2D - 1N 24 Via Ferrata | Half Day 28 Zip Line | Half Day 32 Iquitos Fishing | Half Day 36 PAracas Buggies & Sandboard | Half Day 40 Desert Adventure | Half Day 44 Puno Adventure Collection Biking in the Titicaca Valley | Half Day 48 A Kayaking | Full Day 52 Quad Biking around Titicaca Valley | Half Day 56 Tumbes or Piura Kitesurfing | Half Day 60 Marine Life Tour | Half Day 64 Surfing | Half Day 68 2 3 Day 1: Cusco - Limatambo - Carhuasi - Huanipaca - Tambobamba Day 2: Tambopata - San Ignacio - Cusco Choquequirao Day 3: Choquequirao Choquequirao Exploring Cusco Day 4: Choquequirao - Marampata - Cradle of Gold Santa Rosa - Playa Rosa Linda Day 5: Playa Rosa Linda - Chiquisca - Cachora - Cusco 4 5 Choquequirao Trek | 5D - 4N Choquequirao in Quechua means “Golden Cradle”, although this is probably not its original name, this mysterious and dazzling place is another “Lost city of the Incas” located high on a ridge spur, almost 1750m above the raging glacier-fed Apurimac River and surrounded by towering snow- capped peaks of the Vilcabamba mountain range. Enjoy a great experience and a new discovery, appreciate the magnificence of Choquequirao with its palaces, temples, two-tier fountain systems, canals, aqueducts, and its lovely terraces “upholstered” with profuse vegetation. 6 7 Moray is an archaeological site in Peru approximately 50 km (31 mi) northwest of Cuzco on a high Cusco plateau at about 3500 m (11,500 ft) and just west of the village of Maras. -
Philippine Indios in the Service of Empire: Indigenous Soldiers and Contingent Loyalty, 1600–1700
CORE EthnohistoryMetadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Apollo Philippine Indios in the Service of Empire: Indigenous Soldiers and Contingent Loyalty, 1600–1700 Stephanie Mawson, University of Cambridge Abstract. Philippine indios served in the Spanish armies in the thousands in expe- ditions of conquest and defense across Spain’sPacific possessions, often signif- icantly outnumbering their Spanish counterparts. Based on detailed archival evidence presented for the first time, this article extends the previously limited nature of our understanding of indigenous soldiers in the Spanish Pacific, focusing in particular on the problem of what motivated indigenous people to join the Spanish military. The existing historiography of reward structures among indigenous elites is here coupled with an analysis of the way in which military service intersected with other forms of coerced labor among nonelite Philippine indios. An understanding of pre-Hispanic cultures of warfare and debt servitude helps make the case that many indigenous soldiers were pushed into military service as a way of paying off debts or to avoid other forms of forced labor. Thus indigenous participation in the empire was always tenuous and on the brink of breaking down. Keywords. indigenous soldiers, Philippines, Spanish Empire, military service In August 1642 the Dutch consolidated their control over Formosa— modern-day Taiwan— ejecting the small Spanish garrison from their fort at Jilong and effectively ending the fitful sixteen-year Spanish presence on the island. Curiously, the Dutch conquering party incorporated a number of Philippine indios, natives of the provinces of Pampanga and Cagayan in northern Luzon. They had come to Formosa as conscripted soldiers in the Spanish military and served as soldiers and laborers in the construction of Spanish fortifications. -
Brief Descriptions of Sites Inscribed on the World Heritage List
July 2002 WHC.2002/15 Brief Descriptions of Sites Inscribed on the World Heritage List UNESCO 1972 CONVENTION CONCERNING THE PROTECTION OF THE WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE WORLD HERITAGE CENTRE Additional copies of the Brief Descriptions, and other information concerning World Heritage, in English and French, are available from the Secretariat: UNESCO World Heritage Centre 7, place de Fontenoy 75352 Paris 07 SP France Tel: +33 (0)1 45 68 15 71 Fax: +33(0)1 45 68 55 70 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.unesco.org/whc/ http://www.unesco.org/whc/brief.htm (Brief Descriptions in English) http://www.unesco.org/whc/fr/breves.htm (Brèves descriptions en français) BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE 730 SITES INSCRIBED ON THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST WORLD HERITAGE CENTRE, UNESCO, July 2002 STATE PARTY the Kbor er Roumia, the great royal mausoleum of Mauritania. Site Name Year of inscription Timgad 1982 [C: cultural; N: natural; N/C: mixed] (C ii, iii, iv) Timgad lies on the northern slopes of the Aurès mountains and was created ex nihilo as a military colony by the Emperor Trajan in A.D. 100. With its square enclosure and orthogonal design based on the cardo and decumanus, the two AFGHANISTAN perpendicular routes running through the city, it is an excellent example of Roman town planning. Minaret and Archaeological Remains of Jam 2002 (C ii, iii, iv) Kasbah of Algiers 1992 The 65m-tall Minaret of Jam is a graceful, soaring structure, dating back to the (C ii, v) 12th century. Covered in elaborate brickwork with a blue tile inscription at the The Kasbah is a unique kind of medina, or Islamic city. -
February 19, 2011 August 20, 2011
AUGUST 20, 2011 HAWAII FILIPINO CHRONICLE 1 ♦ ♦FEBRUARY AUGUST 20, 19, 2011 2011 ♦ ♦ FOOD & LEISURE PHILIPPINE NEWS LEGAL NOTES ILOCOS: LAND OF OFW FAMILIES ENTREPRENEURS NOW BAGNET AND SO URGED NOT TO HAVE FASTER ROUTE MUCH MORE HOARD DOLLARS TO GREEN CARD HAWAII FILIPINO CHRONICLE PRESORTED STANDARD 94-356 WAIPAHU DEPOT RD., 2ND FLR. U.S. POSTAGE WAIPAHU, HI 96797 PAID HONOLULU, HI PERMIT NO. 9661 2 HAWAII FILIPINO CHRONICLE AUGUST 20, 2011 EDITORIAL FROM THE PUBLISHER e know summer is drawing to a Publisher & Executive Editor Charlie Y. Sonido, M.D. Boosting Philippines’ close when students begin re- turning to school. Summer is Publisher & Managing Editor Tourism Industry largely considered the best time Chona A. Montesines-Sonido W for a vacation by many people he Philippine government is only recently tapping but seasoned travelers will Associate Editors into the vast potential of tourism as a source of addi- Dennis Galolo sometimes wait until summer’s Edwin Quinabo tional revenues. A record number of visitors—3.5 end or early fall before booking that long-awaited million—traveled to the Philippines in 2010. How- trip. The reason? They can find bargains galore due to the sudden ex- Creative Designer Junggoi Peralta T ever, the amount pales in comparison to visitor ar- cess capacity out there. It’s the basic law of supply and demand. rivals for neighboring countries like Malaysia and For this issue’s cover story, contributing writer Carlota Ader en- Design Consultant Thailand, which boast annual visitor totals of 18 mil- lightens our readers on the Philippines’ fledgling tourism industry Randall Shiroma lion and 14 million, respectively.