Chapter VI BANKING, TRADE and COMMERCE

Chapter VI

BANKING, TRADE AND COMMERCE

INDIG ENOU S BA NKING Indigenous banking, as elsewhere, is done by individual bankers in towns and money-lenders (sahukars) in villages. The former receive de - posits , deal in hundis and also finance trade and industry against the security of goods. They are quite particular about the purpose s for which they advance lo ans . The money-lenders in villages mainly finance con sumption . Despite thi s difference, their operations are very similar . Functioning in an un- organised manner , they have adapted themselves to the customs, habits and needs of their local clients . Their business, being hereditary, is often carried on as a family concern. They generally rely on their own resources and, if necessary, borrow money from one another and even from joint-stock banks by re-discounting hundis. As the banks impose rigid conditions , these indigenous agencies do not often resort to them . The bazaar hundis rate (i .e. the rate at which indigenous bankers discount hundis) is invariably different from the bank rate.

The village economy being traditionally controlled by the sahukar, the poor peasantry was at his mercy for all their financial needs. As a shopkeeper the sahukar preferred to have a lien on the agricultural produce . He could in this way profit twice, once by buying cheaply from the producer to whom he had lent money , and then by selling it at a higher rate to individual consumers or in a mandi .

After 1870, when land became a profitable investment, the sahukar began to tighten his financial hold in such a way as eventually to oust the rural debtors from their lands. He imposed such strict terms that a mortgage invariably ended in a sale. Government tried to improve this situation by passing the Land Alienation Act, 1900 1, which debarred the acquisition of the mortgaged land by sahukars. The Act checked their underhand activities but did not help the peasantry. The sahukar now deprived of land as secur ity, did not risk to lend more than the produce from the land could cover up. The vacuum thus created was filled by a new class of agriculturist money-lenders . The big agriculturists who had become rich on account of high prices and the ex-servicemen and retrenched service personnel returning home with sufficient money, turned into money-lenders. As the Act did not apply to this class of money-lenders, they exploited the peasantry in the manner of their predecessors, the sahukars. Gradually, the bulk of the mortgage-debt passed into the hands of the agriculturist money-lenders, and by 1920 half of the then agricultural debt of the district had been lent by them. The Government took various steps to counteract this position and to relieve the position of indebtedness, set up co-operative agencies. But these did not have adequate funds to meet the requirements of rural finance . Be sides, co-operative loans were given only for pro- ductive purposes whereas a money-lender accommodated the farmers for unproductive purposes also on personal surety and on the security of produc e, land, ornaments or property . Generally , loans were advanced up to 60 to 70 per cent of the value of the property pledged . In some parts of the district where loans were given against the produce, the principal as well as the interest was recovered in kind . In the case of loans advanced on personal surety the rate of interest was much higher than that charged by the co-operative societies. It ranged from 12 to 36 per cent where as the co-operative societies charged 6 to 9 per cent. Apart from setting up co-operative agencies, the Government regulated indigenous financing through various legislative measures, such as the Usurious Loans Act, 1918 ; The Punjab Regulation of Accounts Act, 1930; The Punjab Relief of Indebtedness Act, 1934 ; The Punjab Debtors' Protection Act, 1936 and The Punjab Registration of Money- Lenders' Act , 1938 . Unfortunately, the money-lenders could still by-pass the provisions of these anti-usuary laws. They indulged in various mal-practices . Most transactions were either oral or aganist ornaments; promisory notes were obtained for a higher amount than what was actually advanced; even duplicate accounts were kept. All money-lenders did not obtain licences by getting themselves registered with the Collector . They did not maintain regular accounts. In 1969-70, there were only 123 licenced money- lenders in the Karnal district although their actual number was much higher . In addition to the co-operative agencies, institutions like the Khadi and Village Industries Commission provide credit facilities in rural areas . It also advances taccavi loans for seed, cattle, or agricultural improve- ments under the Land Improvement Loans Act XI X of 1883 and the Agricul- turists' Loans Act XII of 1884.

In industrial · areas, the loans are advanced under the Punjab State Aid to Industries Act, 1935, for the promotion of 'industries. The loans are also advanced to the industrialists by the Haryana Financial Corporation, Chandigarh, which came into being on April 1, 1967 on .reQrganisation of the former Punjab Financial Corporation. It has a paid-up capital of Rs. 1 crore . The loans disbursed by it in the Kamal district, are shown below :

Year Number of units Amount

(Rs .)

1967-68

1968-69 6 8,79,500

1969-70 11 23,21,000

CO-OPERATIVECREDIT After the enactment of the Co-operative Societies Act, 1904, the first co-operative society was registered at Siwan 'in 1910 under the name of the Co-operative Thrift and Credit Society. The Co· operative movement gained momentum when the subsequent Acts of 1954 and 1961 were passed. In 1968, there were 1,325 Co-operative Credit Societies in the district, 1,204 being agricultural and 121 non-agricultural . Similar figures for 1969 were: 1,323, 1,202 and 121 respectively. These included agricultural thrift and credit societies, agricultural multi -purpose societies and agricultural co- operative service societies. They provided adequate facilities for short and medium term credit for fertilizers, improved seeds, better implements , marketing and storage and extension of advanced agricultural techniques.

The non-agricultural co-operative societ Ies comprise urban banks, employees credit societies and others catering to the credit requirements of non-cultivating section of the population in urban and rural areas.

The number, membership and working of agricultural and non- agricultural credit societies are given in Tables XX aDd XXI of Appendix. The figures indicate that there is a growing trend among the farmers to resort to agricultural co-operatives and co-operative banks for loans and advances for agricult\lral development. The Cent ral Co-operat ive Bank Ltd. , Kar na\.- Ther e was no centr al co-operati ve cr edit societ y in the di stri ct prior to 1920. The co - operati ve soci et ies were affili ated to the Amb ala Central Co-operati ve Bank Ltd ., Ambala Ci ty . The Kamal Centr al Co-op erative Bank Ltd ., was establi shed at Kamal in 1920 with an autho ris ed share capital of Rs. 1,00 ,000 and al l the se soci eti es wer e affiliated to it.

The bank got firmly est ablished during the fir st decade of its exist- ence . In 1930 , its working capital stood at Rs. 15 .46 lakh s and paid- up share ca pit al at Rs. 0.68 lakh ; it ow ned fund s to the ext en t of Rs. 0.73 lakh and depo sit s to the tun e of Rs. 13 .36 lak hs. An amo unt of Rs. 12. 25 lakh s was adva nced as lo ans to societ ies an d the inte rest thereon amounted to Rs. 0.5 2 la kh . With the se li abili ties and ass ets, the Bank was con sidered as one of the be st central cr edit in sti tuti ons in th e State . The bank could 'not make furth er he adw ay for more th an a decade due to the economic depression th at continu ed up to 1941 . However, during th e post-Independ enc e years the bank has made rapid stride s tow ard s reco ver y. It ad van ced loans to the tune of Rs. 207.32 lak hs durin g the yea r ending June 196 8, and Rs. 421. 441 akhs du ri ng the yea r endin g Jun e 1969 (Se e Table XXII of App endi x). The bank has br anch es at Kaith al, Pani pat , Th ane sar , Sh ahabad (S hah bad), La dwa and Nilu Kh eri (Nilo Kheri) .

The Primar y Land Mortgage Bank Ltd., Kama \.-Since long-term finance was not provide d to the farmer by the co-operative cr edit st ructure, the Punjab State Co -ope rative Land Mortgage Bank Ltd., Jull undur (later shifted to Ch andigarh in August 1962) was establi shed on Februar y 26 , 1958 . Its main objective has been agri cultur al dev elopment . Long-term lo ans are ad va nc ed by it for producti ve purpo se s against mort gage of land . Till 1962 , the Bank operated through th e Kamal Centr al Co -operat ive Bank Ltd., which charged ~ per cent commi ss ion on the lo ans disbursed through it. In that year, the Primary Land Mortg age Bank Ltd . wa s opened at Kama l. The members hip and the share capital of the mem be rs belonging to the Kamal dist rict were transferred from the Punjab St at e Co-oper ative Land Mortgage Ba nk Ltd . to the Prim ary Land Mortg age Bank Ltd ., Kam al. Ot her five Primary Land Mortg age Bank s ar e loca ted at Kaithal (1) , Panipat (2) and Thanesar (2). The tot al membership of all the six bank s in 1969 was 10 ,443 and the long-term loa ns adva nced amounted to Rs. 265 .08 lakhs . JOI NT STO CKBAN KS Th e dis tr ict has seve n bank s, eac h wit h it s br anch offices at various plac es in th e dis trict . These ba nk s ca rr yon th e norm al bankin g acti vi ties inclu di ng dep osits, remi tt ances and adva nc es aga in st Gover nme nt sec uri ties and oth er good s. Th e Sta te Bank of In di a has one bra nch eac h at Kai thal , Karn al an d Nilu Kh eri (N il o Kheri) an d two br anc hes eac h at Panip at and Th anesa r. Al l Go ve rnment tran sac ti ons are hand led by it as th e lo ca l agent of the Reserve Bank of India. The State Bank of Pati al a, a sub- sidia ry of the State Bank of India, has its bra nches at Gh arau nda and Sama lkha. The Centr al Bank of Indi a has br anc hes at Kaithal, Karn al, Ladwa, Mad lauda, · Panipat, Pehowa , Pundri and Tir awa ri (Taraori) . Th e Punj ab National Bank has its branch es at Kaitha l, Karn al, Panipat, Sama lkha and Shahabad (Sh ahbad). There are two offices of the Punj ab Nat ional Bank at Karna l. The other three banks are: The Pu njab and Sind Bank Lt d. , The Laks hmi Com mercia l Bank Ltd. an d The New Bank of Indi a Ltd. with the ir offices at Ka rna l, Rada ur and Kamal re spec ti ve ly. Th e list of branc hes of the joint sto ck ban ks in the di stric t is give n in Tab le XXII I of Ap pen dix. In view of the re- orient ed lendin g poli cy in favo ur of agr icu lturists, many of these bank s emb ar ked up on a pr og ramm e of ext ending dir ec t fina ncial ass istance to pr ogressive far mers to supplem en t the ro le of co -opera tives. Loans are adv anced for variou s purp ose s in the nature of short te rm crop loa ns for the pur chase of inputs an d in stalmen t cre dit /med ium te rm re qu ireme nts for deve lopment of land, purchas e of agricu lt ur al mach inery , pr ov isio n of irrigat ion facil ities and for the pur chase of pu mp in g se ts, electric motors, oil en gine s, tra ctors, etc.

Prior to 1956, there were ag enci es of various pr iv ate insurance companie s whi ch co vered lif e ri sk be sid es ma rin e, fire, motor accidents and miscell aneous accid en t ri sks. But with th e nat ionalisa tion of life in - sur ance in 1956, only ge nera l busin ess remai ned in th e pri vate sector . In 1967-70, the comp anie s wo rki ng in th e di stri ct for fire , marine , motor acc idents and mi scell aneous accide nts bu sine ss we re: th e New India General Insuran ce Comp any Lt d., th e Jai Bhara t Insura nc e Co mpany Ltd ., the Ruby Genera l In sur anc e Comp any Ltd ., th e No rth ern India Motor Owners In - sur ance Company Ltd. , the Vanguard In su rance Comp any Ltd . and the Hindu stan Gener al In su ranc e Comp any Ltd. The Life Insurance Corpora- tion also entered th e fie ld of ge nera l insur ance in 1964. Life Insurance.-The Life Insur ance Corporation (L .LC .) took up the life insurance business in 1956 and established its office at Kamal in Sep- tember the same year . The jurisdiction of this branch office extended to the Kamal tahsil . A Development Centre at Kaithal was opened in 1961 and it covered the Kaithal tahsil . The same year a sub-office was opened at Panipat with its jurisdiction over the Panipat tahsil of the Kamal district and the Jind and Narwana tahsils (comprising the present Jind district) . In 1962, the sub-office at Panipat was upgraded as branch office and another Develop- ment Centre covering the Thanesar tahsil was open ed at Thanesar . In 1967-70, the L. 1. C. with its two branch offices at Kamal and Panipat and two Development Centres at Th anesar and Kaithal, 41 Development Officers and 498 agents on roll (of whom 452 were working actively), was well equipped to carry the mess age of Life In surance to the remotest parts of the district . The business secured by the L.I.c. in the district during 1964-65 to 1969-70 is given below:

Life Insur ance Gener al Insurance Number of Sum ass ured Number of Premium policies cases inc ome

(Rs. in lakhs) (R s. )

1964-65 4,233 206.09 137 8,508 1965-66 4,505 229 .36 301 20,890 1966-67 3,776 213.75 405 31,406 1967-68 4,170 268.54 509 35,089 1968-69 4,220 308.37 719 58,392

1969-70 3,991 329.32 845 64,968

SMALL SAVINGS Various schemes like Post Office Savings Bank , Cumulative Time Deposits, 12-year National Defence Certificates , lO-year Defence Deposits Certificates , 15-year Annuity Certificates, lO-year National Savings Certificates,5-year Fixed Deposits and Public Provident Fund were introduced all over the country to inculc ate the habit of saving among the people and to mobili se resources for a develop ing economy. The Kamal district has made a worth while contribution in this field. The large number of post offices scattered all over the district mobilise middle class savings in rural as well as urban areas. Banking facilities are virtually extended to everybody's door-step through Post Office Savings Banks. In 1967 , there were 319 post offices out of 332 in the district doing savings bank business . These in cluded a head post office at Kamal, 46 sub-offices and 272 branch offices. The following table giving the number of savings bank accounts and the total amount invested during 1963-64 to 1969-70 shows the rapid progress made in mobili sing small savings

Number of Progressive Deposits Progressive sa vings bank number of during the total accounts savings bank year opened accounts

(Rs.) (Rs.) 1963-64 4,984 49,701 1,34 ,73 ,938 3,21,26,801 1964-65 5,745 53,421 1,53,23,161 3,35,85,594 1965-66 7,110 56,305 1,90,28,304 3,85,43,610 1966-67 17 ,279 69,119 2,11 ,46,340 4,16,04,611 1967-68 9,455 78 ,208 2,65,06,317 4,64,90,364 1968-69 8,176 84 ,411 3,12,98 ,233 5,25 ,41,687 1969-70 12,092 93,891 5,90,99,568 7,61,62,998

Collections under Small Saving Schemes during 1963-64 to 1969-70, as given below, show an appreciable increase in gross collections. The fall in net collections is expl ained by withdrawals:

Tot al gros s Total net collections collections

(Rs.) (Rs .) 1963-64 1,77,29,568 20 ,14,173 1964-65 2,00,47,441 29,61,113 1965-66 2,34,91 ,713 30 ,55,705 1966-67 2,54,71 ,621 18,15,390 1967-68 3,35 ,12,728 56,32,403 1968-69 3,72,22 ,931 51,16,706 1969 -70 6,73,17 ,000 2,47,36,000 CUR RENCY AND tOINAG t People, particularly in rur al ar eas , had some mis gi vings in the beginn- ing about th e utili ty of de cimal coin age introduced in 1957 . Conversion tables were pl ace d at all th e pl ace s of money tr ansac tion s in order to make th ings ea sy for th e peopl e. Con ve rsion factors have bee n given in Ta ble XXIV of Append ix. The prefi x 'naya ' from th e des igna tion 'nay a pais,,' was dropp ed on June I, 196 4.

Th ere are no statistics available about th e general trade of the district . Hence it is, not poss ibl e to give anyt hin g lik e a comple te view of the trad e. In the be ginnin g of the 19th cen tury tr ade north and south of th is area went on chi efly via Hansi-Hi sa r (Hi ssar ). Only sa lt passed from Jh ajjar (Roht ak district) throu gh Kamal to th e Pu njab in grea t quantitie s. The course of trade entir ely ch anged with th e const ru cti on of Delhi -Amb ala railw ay and improvemnt of the Gra nd Trun k Road . The mass of trad e shifted to these arte ries . Th e only imp ort ant traff ic wes t to east fl owed to Sh amJi (Uttar Pradesh) ; the cart s gen erall y ca rri ed sa lt , bajra , moth , oil-seeds and ghe e, and broug ht back gur.

Before the opening of th e Firoz pur -Delhi Rail wa y, a large quantity of gram and moth from Budh lada , Pati ala and Firo zpur (Punj ab) passed through Kaitha l. In good se aso n, th e surplu s gr am of Kaith al was sent to Delhi through Panipat . Beside s, jow ar, sar son, til and moon g were sent from this di strict to the ou ts ide mark ets. Bajra , a favo ur ite fo od of Kaithal peasa nts, was largely con sumed locally.

The local tr ade was pr incip all y cond ucted throu gh the vi llag e dealers who dealt with the bigger tr ader s at the mandis of Kaith al, Kamal and Panipat . A con sider able traffic was also carri ed on by the culti va tors them- sel ves , espec ia lly by the Jat s of Roht ak. In summer when th eir bullocks were otherwi se idl e, they plied their cart s on hire. Delhi trad ers often sent thei r agents for purch asing cotton or ghee from the villages. This loca l traffic was of imm ense ad va nt age to the farm ers who could de al dire ctly with the tr aders or their ag ent s thus elimin ati ng the agency of the middl emen, the loca l dealers , and thus alway s got a good price for their produce.

As for import s, oil and oil -se eed s cam e fr om the northe rn di stricts of the Pu njab; timber from Ambala ; iron and piec e-go ods from Delhi; ancl sa lt from Bhiw ani, Delhi or Amb ala. Pett y article s needed by the people and not pr oduc ed in th e village s were suppli ed by small hawk ers, who bou ght them from the cities and travelled about the villages exchanging them for grain.

Soon after the Partition the district was exporting principal agricultural commodities , such as rice, gr am, wheat and live-stock. In conse- quence of changes which have occurred in the indu strial structure since then, industrial products especially those of light engineering industry, wool and woollen cloth and the hand loom products are also being exported in sizeable quantities. Bed-spreads, furnishing fabrics , woollen cloth and handloom products, specially those of Panipat , are well known all over India for their exquisite designs. Their export to the foreign countries is also undertaken under the Export Promotion Programme.

The district is surplus in rice and wheat and is on the top in the State for their production and procurement as is evident from the following figures for the years 1966-67 to 1969-70:-

(In metric tonnes) Wheat Rice Year Procured in Procured in Procured in Procured the State the Kamal the State in the district Kamal district ----

1966-67 8,616 3,480 88,594 65,367

1967-68 49 ,428 21,179 1,68 ,424 1,21,554

1968-69 2,03,394 79,284 1,59,549 1,09,709

1969-70 2,70,756 1,41,317 2,34,016 1,55,594

REGULATED MARKETS The Punjab Agricultural Produce Markets Act, 1961, provides for the establishment of markets for agricultural produce in the State and for better regulation of its sale and purchase. Each village of the district has been attached to one market or another and the Act is applicable to the whole of the area where transactions , delivery and weighment are done. Each market committee has a principal market yard . In addition, there are sub-market yards in the town ' itself or in adjacent villages. Some of the sub- market yards are occasionally set apart for certain commodities to facilitate proper working. There are 12 regulated mark ets in the Karn al di st ri ct. Each of these ha s a mar ket co mmi tt ee co mpr isi ng members represent ing whole of the are a. A li st of the re gula te d markets along with the ir su b-m arket yards , number of villages covered and the date of regul ation is given below. Th e main arriv als in eac h of the regul ated ma rkets are also indicated :

Se ria l Regul ate d Sub-m ar ket ya rd Numb er of Ye ar in Ma in arri va ls Number marke t vill ages whi ch co vere d re gul ated

2 3 4 5 6

1 Panip at (i) Ga ndhi Mandi 98 194 1 Wh eat, gra m, maize , pa dd y, cotto n, pota toe s, on ions, (ii ) Gaushal a Mand i woo l, gur and shakkar and chilli es . (ii i) City Gra in Marke t (iv) Nehru Sabzi Mandi (v) Woo l Mark et (v i) Onion Tibbi es (v ii )Chilli es Ti bbies

2 Sh ahabad (i) Sa bzi Man di Sh ahaba d (S hah bad ) 12 6 195 0 Wh ea t, maize, gra m, ha jra, paddy , co tt on, sar son, (Sh ahbad) fari a, groundnu t, shu kk ar and gur , bar ley, potatoes, (ii) Jh ansa oni ons and chilli es

3 Kaith al 16 1 1941 Wh ea t, gra m, bar ley , pad dy, wt ton and foria 7:: 4 Ladwa (i) Radau r 27 1 1962 Wh ea t, gram, maize, paddy, masur, bar ley, po tatoes > (ii) Indr i and onions ~ Z > 5 Madl auda 40 1950 Whea t, maize, gram, paddy, barley , gur, shakka r, t"" . co tto n see d, jowar and ba jr.? tl CA. >-i 6 Tha nesar (i) Ku ruks hetra Subhas h Mandi 90 1957 Pad dy, whea t, gram , maize, faria, sars on, jowa r. and ~ (ii) Jawa har Ga nj Mand i, Pip li baj ra, gur and shukkar () (iii) Thanes ar Sab zi Mandi >-i Cl 7 Tirawari (i) Subh ash Man di, Ti ra wa ri (Ta rao ri) 133 1955 Pa ddy, wheat, ma sur, maize, pota toe s, gra m and N> (Tarao ri ) (ii) Main Bazar, Ti rawar i (Taraor i) oni ons m >-i (iii ) New Market , Tirawar i (Tarao ri ) '"'" (iv) Nilu Kh eri (Nilo Kh eri ) m (v) Raip ur Rora n ::0 (vi) Nigdhu Serial Regul ated Sub-market yard Number of Yea r in Ma in arri va ls tl:l >- Numcer mark et vi lla ges whi ch Z cove red regul ated ~ Z 2 3 4 5 6 ~O .., ::0 8 Gharaund a Mandi Ma ni Ram 63 1948 Whea t, bar ely, maize , jowar, bajru . paddy, gram, 0:> toria , sar so n, co tton , cott on see d, potato eS,onion s, ttl gu r and sha kk ar :>

9 Kam al (i) Pu ra ni Mandi 146941 1 Paddy , po tatoes, wheat , gur , gram, toria , maize and ~ (ii) Sa bzi Mandi co tt on (0') (iii) Kunjpura ::: (iv) Nisang ::: tT :I (v) Jund la ::0 10 Samalkh a 57 1950 Whe at, paddy , gur , shakkar, khundsa ri, gram , lJI aize, ( ') bajra , cotton , and co tto n seed ttl

11 Pundri- 103 1955 Wheat , gram , barl ey, ma ize , mas ur, toria, paddy, Fa tehpur cotton , gur and slwkkar

12 Pehowa Ismai labad 95 1966 Wheat , gram, paddy, masur, bar ley , mai ze and toria Th e usual co ur se of trade in th e dist ri ct is thro ugh mandis where bu sin ess is tra nsac ted dail y. Th e pr odu ce is han dl ed in large qu anti ties an d spe cial ise d op era tor s perform different ser vices. The se ll ers re cei ve promp t pay ment of th e sale pr oc eeds from the commi ss ion ag ent s in cas h or by hund is. Th es e mandis ser ve as ass embling points for loca l produc e or pr od uce recei ve d fr om di stant mar kets. Stor age fac ili ties are avai lab le. From the se mandis, th e goo ds ar e de spatc hed to other ma rkets by the traders .

Un if orm market rat es for all op erat ions con nect ed with the sa le of goods have been pre scri bed in all the 12 ma rket committees .These comprise five paise per hu ndre d rup ees for auction, fou r paise per unit for fi ll ing, two paise per un it for sew ing , Rs. 1. 50 per hun dre d rupees as commission charge s and 16 paise per hundr ed rup ees as brok erage .

Fair s of th e dis tric t are chief ly of rel igious characte r and none of them has any com mercial im porta nce.A few of them are of all- Ind ia import ance, and at tract peo pl e from neig hbo ur ing distr icts and ot her par ts of th e count ry. The de scr iption of impo rta nt fairs li ke Phalgu Fai r, Ph aral ; Chet Ch aud as Fair , Pehowa; and So lar Ec lip se and Lun ar Ecl ip se Fairs, Ku ruk shet ra may be see n in the Chapter on 'Peop le'.

Ca ttle fairs are, howe ver, held at va ri ous plac es in the dist ri ct and are or gani sed by the res pec tiv e Panchay at Sam iti s and Munic ip al Com mi ttee s. ! Mos t of the cat tle dea ler s who att end these fa ir s are profess io na l and vis it one cattle fair af ter another . In any case ca ttle fa ir s provi de faci lities to the agriculturists to pur chas e and sell cattle. Th e Panch ayat Samit is levy cess at the rat e of 3 paise per rupee on the sale pric e of the cat tl e. Besi de s, an entry fee of 25 paise per cattle is al so char ge d. The fair s held by the Panch ay at Samiti s are : Pl ace wh ere the Per iodici ty ca ttle fair is held

Kamal Monthl y Radaur Monthl y Shah abad (Sh ah ba d) Mo nthl y Samalkh a Mo nthl y Panip at Mon thl y

1. Th e co ntrol an d mana gem ent of th e cattl e fair s ha~ been take n ov er by the Gov ern men t (in th e Dev el opment and Pancha ya t Dep ar tm ent) sinc e Nove mb er 74, 197 0. Place wh ere th e Perio dicity ca ttl e fair is held

Nilu Kheri (Nilo Mo nthl y Kh er i) Ladwa Year ly, in Ju ly Israna Six- l11 ;onth ly, in Marc h and Septe mb er The Shahaba d (S hahbad) fai r is held joi ntly by the Pancha yat Samiti and the Mun icipa l Com mitt ee. The cl tt le fai rs at L"ldwa and Pc howa ar <: or g'ln isd by th e Muni cipa l Commit te es th ro ugh con tr 2.ct ors.

CO -OP ERAT ION IN TR ADE Th ere is a Di stri ct Whol es ale Co -ope rative Supply and Ma rk eting Soci ety 2.t Kamal whic h condu ct s wholesa le business in Govern ment supp lie s, viz. ag ri cultur al see ds, sugar, oi ls, fe rt ilizer s, in secticides an d ag ricul tur al impl ement s. Besides, th ere are 16 co-operative marketing and ma rk etin g- cum -proc ess in g societ ies in the district as given below:

(1) Th e Kama l Co-op erative Marketi ng-c um-Proc es si ng Society Lt d.

(2) Th e Ka mal Har yana Co -op erative .Marketil lg-c um -Pro cessing So cie ty Ltd .

(3) The Gha ra und a Co-operative Mar keti ng-cum -Proc ess in g Soc iety Ltd .

(4 ) Th e Tarao ri Co-ope rati ve Marke tin g-cum-P rocessin g Soc iety Ltd .

(5 ) Th e Pa ni pat Co-op erative Mar ketin g-cum-Pr ocess in g So ciety Ltd.

(6 ) The Sama lkh a Co-oper ative Marketi ng-cum-Pr ocess ing Socie ty Lt d.

(7) Th e New Samalkha Co-ope rat ive Mar ketin g-c um-Pro cessin g Soci ety L~d .

(8) Th e Mad lauda Co-operati ve Marke tin g-cum- Processing Soc iety Lt d. (10) The Pundri Co-operative Marketing Society Ltd. (11) The Thanesar Co-operative Marketing Society Ltd. (12) The Shahbad Co -operative Marketing Society Ltd .

(13) The Ladwa Co-operative Marketing Society Ltd . (14) The Pehowa Co-operative Marketing Societ y Ltd .

(15) As sandh Co-operative Marketing Societ y Ltd . (16) Pehowa Saraswati Co -operative Marketing Society Ltd . The membership of co -o perati ve marketing societies consists of primary societies and individual memb ers. In addition to the marketing of agricultural produce, the supply and distribution of fertilizer s, seeds , etc ., is also undertaken by the societies .

CONSUMER CO-OPERATIVE STORES Three central co- operative stores were opened in 196 3, one each at Kamal, Panip at and Kurukshetra, under a scheme sponsored by the Go vernment of India. These were opened to ensure con stant distribution of consumer goods (controlled as well as non-controlled) and to che ck the rising trend of price s. By 1968-69, the central co-operative store s had 16 branches in different parts of the distri ct. The se perform an important function by making available to the consumers their daily requirements at reasonable rates . The stores covered 8,152 families and their sale during the year ending June 1969 was worth Rs . 25 .20 lakhs.

STATE TRADI NG

Flu ctu at ion 111 the price s of foodgrains ne cess itated the adoption of State trad ing in wheat and oth er essential commodities . This helped to maintain a pri ce leve l whi ch wa s fair both to the producers and to the con sumers . The extent of procurement ba sically depended on the extent of production . For the purp os e of distribution of foodgrains and other essential commoditi es , the Governm ent start ed a network of fair price shop s in urban and rural areas . Ther e were 324 su ch shop s scatt ered all ove r the district in 1968 , 311 in 1969 and 297 in 19 70.

STORAG E AND WAREHOUSI NG The villagers store th eir agricultural produce in hou ses and kothas (bins). In markets , the commission agents and co-operative marketing societies maintain godowns. The mills and factories maintain godowns in their own premises to stock the requisite raw material .

The godowns maintained by private dealers and co-operative marketing societies are not of the desired specifications. Since there was no organised storage of grains, the Agricultural Produce (Development and Warehousing Corporations) Act , 1956 , was passed. It was replaced by the Warehousing Act, 1962 , under which a Warehousing Corporation was established. The Corporation was authori sed to acquire and build godowns and run warehouses for the storage of agricultural produce . Accordingly , ware- hou ses were open ed at -Kaithal , Pehowa , Thanesar, Tirawari (Taraori), Shahabad (Shahbad), Panipat and Gharaunda. Except at Kaithal, Pehowa and Thanesar, all were in the hired godowns. These have reduced the loss of grain occurring through rats and insects .

Bins and cold storages are also opened in the private sector for storing agricultural and other goods. Some of the well known cold storages are : . Janta Cold Storag e, Panipat ; Co-operative Cold Storage , Panipat; Raghbir Cold Storage, Karnal; Delhi Cold Storage, Karnal ; Dewan Cold Storage , Karnal; Karnal Cold Storage, Karnal; Zamindara Cold Storage , Shahabad (Shahbad); Markanda Cold Storage, Shahabad (Shahbad); Saraswati Cold Storage, Shahabad (Shah bad) and Madhuban Cold Store, Kutail .

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES During the 19th century, the weights and measures of the district were divided into kachcha and pukka; the latter were the standard measures in which Government returns and records were prepared, and the former were the measures used by the people in their daily life. The villagers living in the vicinity of the towns often used pukka weights and measures; towards the Rohtak border they always used pukka weights and kachcha measures; in the rest of the tra ct, both the weights and measures were always kachcha. But prices were always quoted in pukka weights . There were other weights such as a gahra (as mu ch as can be carried under the arm) and Mar (as much as can be carried on th e head) ; and the other measures of length such as ungli (the fin ger breadth), the mutthi (the closed fist) the balisht (the span), the hath (elbow to finger tips) and the kadam (the double pace). There were no real measures of capacity, grains and liquids being sold by weight . A pinch of anything was called chugti; a closed handful, mutthi; and the contents of the two hands put open side by side , ani/a . Th e met ri c weight s and mea sur es, under the Punjab Weights and Meas ur es (Enf orce ment) Ac t, 1958, were int ro du ced in the district in 1961 . To obvi ate hard ship to the public , a tran sito ry per iod of two · yea rs wa s all ow ed permit ti ng the use of weight s and mea sur es whi ch were in vo gue im mediately before th e enfo rce ment of the Act . The old we ights an d meas ures are stil l know n but are no longe r in vo gu e. Th e conv ers io n fac tors are gi ve n in Ta bl e XXIV of Append ix.

The In spec tor, We ight s an d Mea sures with his headq uart ers at Kamal , ve rifi es we ight s and sc ales, etc., used in trade. He enforce s th e use of stand ar d and auth ori sed weights and sc ales. Ch apt er VI I

COMMU NIC ATIO NS

INTROD UCT ION Ka mal, from th e ve ry beJ innin g, has been on th e high -roa d to Delhi , th e ca pital of In dia. Sher Shah Su ri recog ni sing the ad vantages of improved moa ns of co mmun ica tio n comt ru cted a rO fl.d from the coast of Be ngal to his gre at fo rt at Rohtas, north of Jh elum , in 1543. Th is road was late r imp rove d upon by the Mu ghal Em perors who con str ucted spacious se rais wi th bri cks and stan t's 8 kos apa rt and 20-30 ft 'ct hig h kos minars 2! mile s apart. The kos minar s extant at a num ber of pl ace s in the dist rict and the ga tew ay at Gh araund a mark the route of the old roya l road . Dur ing the rule of the British East India Company, Karn al wa s th e fr onti er pos t to kee p a.watc h on the Sikh State s and some of th e road s built by th e Brit ish co nverge d here. By the close of the 19th ce ntury , th e Grand Trunk Roa d was the only metalled road pas sing th ro ugh the distri ct. However, th e foll owing network of unmetalled road s co nn ec ted import ant loca liti es wit h on e another internally ;- Karn al-Kaith al, Panip at-Kaithal, Kaitha l-Pa ti ala, Kar nal-Ran si, Panipat-R oht ak, Panip at- Alupur , Kar nal-Jaga dhr i, Indri- Th anesa r, Indri -But ana, Rajaund-Pundri , Mun ak-Pundr i, Nisang-Munak ,Alupur- Naulth a, Kaithal- Peho wa, Kaithal- Than esar , Kaith al-JiEd , Kaltha l-S[bar anrur, Fel :o\\a -Tha ntsar, Karn al- Asa ndh , Kamal-Meer ut , Karnal-F iroz pur , Panipat- Sanauli , Pan ip at-Sa fidon, Panip at-N isa ng and Indri -Ch aug anwa. The Delhi- Amb ala Rail way pass in g throu gh th e hear t of th e distri ct was op ened in 1892. Na rwan a-Kaitha l Bra nch Rail way line was co nstructed in 18 99, and wa s ext end ed to Ku ru kshet ra in 1910 .1 With th e ope ning of the railway s de sign ed to have th e max imu m opp ortun it ies for ea rnin g rev enu es , the road dev elopment wa s neglec ted. Th e adv ent of motor tra nsport aft er World War I, ho we ver, redr esse d thi s imbalanc e.Many fe eder ro ads and highways were constructed to connect the int eri or of th e di strict with the railway

1. Entirely in the Kurukshetra district since January 23, 1973. st ati on s. Lik ewi se, road s we re als o co nst ructed up to the Yamun a which had ferr y serv ice at Beg gi, Kalsaur a, Dab kauli , Mir ghan, Sanauli , Khojgi - pur, Barsat , Gumtha la Rao, Goe la Khu rd and Ba rdul .

Co mmuni ca ti ons ma de a fair progress du rin g and af ter th e War . In 19 16 , another bran ch railway line wa s open ed to conne ct Panip at and Jind . Simult aneous ly metall ed roads were constructed to con nect Kaitha l-Karn al, Pehow a-Th anesa r, Th anesar- Ladwa and Karn al -Indri . Pani pat- Gohan a- Roht ak Rai lway wa s op ened in 1930 bu t was closed in 1942 bec ause it was un economic . The portion' betw ee n Rohtak an d Go hana wa s revive d in 19 59 .

Aft er Ind epend ence, greater empha sis was laid on th e deve lop ment of co mmuni catio ns and a large numb er of roads were constructed . In 19 72, the di stric t had a networ k of metalle d and unm etalied road s and 3 railway lines .

At the time of Indep ende nce in 194 7, th e areas now compnslllg Harya na Sta te claimed onl y 1,89 5 kil ometre s of metall ed roads. Of tbi s, the Kamal di strict had onl y 304 kilometres . The po st-Independen ce period has seen a considerable expansion in road con struction . The phased progress of roa d dev elopm en t ac hieve d in th e Kama l dis tri ct during th e Fir st, Se cond and Third Fi ve- Yeal Plans al ong wi th the po sition as obtaining on March 31, 197 0, is exhibited in the table bel ow: Peri od Tota l Length per Le ngth metall ed 100 squ are per lakh lengt h kil ometr es of popu - of area lati on

(kilom etre s) (kilometre s) (kilometre s)

At th e time of lndependence (1947 ) 304 3.83 20.26

First Fi ve·Ye ar Pl an (19 51-5 6) 38 1 4.80 25 .48

'Se cond Five-Ye ar Plan (1956-61 ) 69 8 8.80 46.83

Th ird Five -Y ea r Plan (1961-66 ) 80 6 10 .16 54.08

As on March 31 , 1970 975 12 .19 65\42

1. Partl y in the Rohtak distri ct and partl y in the SOJlipat (Sonepat ) di stri ct since December 22 , 1972 . The ab ove table depicts the progressi ve increase of meta ll ed roads in the Kam al di stri ct whic h was more than trebled by March 31 , 19 70. The road length when exa min ed on area basi s shows th at in Mar, h 1967, th e Harya na Stat e had ab out 19 kil omet res per 100 squ are kilom etres of area as again st 26 kil ometres in the count ry .' Th is length in rel ation to the Kamal dist rict which was 3.83 ki lometr es per 100 square ki lom etres of area in 194 7 in crea sed to 10 .16 kil ometre s in 19 66 and 12.19 kilome tre s in March 19 70.

Th is distri ct then ranke d fourth in the St ate in rt :spe ct of roa d lengt h; His ar (Hi ssar ), Gurga on and Roht ak bein g firs t, se co nd and third re spect ivel y. Th e roa ds have been class ifi ed on the national patt ern as nation al hi g- hrays, stat e hig~ ways, di str ict major an d min or roads and vi llage roa ds. Th e Haryan a Publi c Wo rks Departm ent ma intain ed the nati onal hi ghway s, state highwa ys and dis trict major roa ds. The di strict min or ro ads an d vill age roads were the respon sibi li ty of Zil a Parishad 2 which tr ansfe rred many of th ese to the Pub lic Works Dep artment due to the pau cit y of fund s.

The road s main tained by the Hary ana Publ ic Wor ks Dep ar tm ent in the di stri ct in Mar ch 1970 are given in Tabl e XXV of App endi x. A bri ef desc ription of th e mor e imp ortan t roa ds3 is given below :

NAT ION AL HIGHWAYS Grand Trunk Road (N. H.l). - Thi s is the oldest ro ad pass ing throu gh the district . The road enters the distri ct fr om Delh i side at 66 kilome tre, tr av er ses an d lea ves it at 191 kilometre. It run s along the De lh i-Ambala Railway line and passes through Sama lkha, Panipat , Gh araunda, Kamal, Nilu Kheri (Nilo Kheri ), Pipli and Shahabad (Shahbad) . The ro ad is metalled , bitumen- surfaced and ha s doub le lane width of 22 fee t.

STAT E H1GHWAYS Kala Amb ,Amba la , Pehowa , Kaithal, Narwan a, Fate hbad Road (S.H.2 ). - Afte r traversi ng the Amba 1a di str ic t, this road ~nt ers the Kam al di strict. It go es to Pehowa and pass in g thr ough Kait ha1 lea ves the dist l'ict aw ay from Kait haJ towa rds Narwa na (.Ti nd distric t). The whole le ngth of th e road In uie ci istr ict is met all ed an d bitumen · surf ac ed.

1. Techno-E con omi c Sur vey of Har yana, 197 0, pub lished by Natio nal Counc il of Applied Eco nomic Research, New Delhi, p. 120. 2. The Zi la Pari shad has bee n aboli shed since June 13 , 19 73, and all the roads hav e bee n ta ken over by the Publi c Work s De partmen t. 3. Some of these roads now pas s entir ely through the Kuruk shetra di strict. Kala Amb, Sa dltau ra, Shah abad (Shahb ad) , Tho l Roa d (S. H. 4).- Th e total length of the ro ad is 26.34 kilometre s. Of thi s, 18.8 3 kil ometre s had been met3 .1h :d an d bitu men -surface d wh tl e the work on r~main ing 7.51 ki lometre s was in pro gre ss. It passes th ro ugh Shahabad (S hahba d) and af te r cr oss ing Grand Trun k Road (N .H. 1) join s Thanesa r, Jh ansa, Thol road which is a distric t ma jor roa d.

Sa haranp ur, Radaur, Pipli . Pe howa , Chika Road (S. H. 6) .-The road st'lrting from Sah aran pur, ent ers th e di strict at 45 .06 kil omet rc and lIces up to Chika a Ladwa, Pip li, Kuru.ks hetra and Pehowa . Cbik a is alw conn ected with Pa tiala by Sta.te Hi ghway No. 11, i.e. Mee rut , So ni pat (So ne-pat), Gaha n:!.,Asa nd b, K:: '.i thal, Pat iala Roa d.

Kunj pura, Kama l, Ka itha l,Khanaur i Ro ad (S.H. 8).- The road st.ar tin g from Kun jpur a runs with in the distI iet and con nec ts Ka mal with Kail b(jl and goes up to Khanauri about . 13.71 kilomet rt :s aw ay fro m Kait hal. The tot al leng th of 85 .32 kilom(; tres is metall ed and bi tu men -s urf ece d. This ro ad se rve s as a lin k roa d betwee n Grand Trunk Road (N.H. 1) and Meer ut, Soni pat, G:>I13 .na,Asandh, Kaith al, Patiala Roa d (S. H. 11 ).

Kamal, Asa! ldh ,Jiml, Han si, To sham, So d.hi Road (S.H .1 2).- Th ~ road fro m Kam al to Asa ndh 36 .80 kiJ om etr es long is meta ll ed aJld bi tumen- su rfaced. Th e se ction from Asand b to Ji nd (2 6 27 kil ometres) has also bee n meta ll ed an d it li es in th e Kama l distri ct.

Pa ni pat , Safidon , Jind , Bhiwan i, Lo'ha ru Road (S. H. 14 ).- The lengt h of th is road fro m Pan~pat to the district bound ary is 22 89 ki lometre s which is all met all ed and bi tum en-su rf ac ed .

Muz aff arnag ar, San au!i , Pa nipa t, Go l~ana, Rohtak, Bhi wa ni Road (S.H. 16). - This ro ad en te rs the distri ct aft er cro ssing th e Yamun a over a new ly com tru ct ed bridge (I,t Sa naul i. [t goe s to Rohtak after pass in g thro ugh Panip at. Th e wh ole stretc h of 42. 61 kil omc trc;s of this roa d lyin g in the K3.mal di str ict is m-::ta llcd and bi~ umen-sUJf ace d.

Kama l, L\ldw~ ,Shahabad (S hah bad) Roa d (S.H. 7).- Th e road starts from Kamal and reache s Sha haba d (Sha hbad) via Ladwa. Tota l kn gth of th is road is 57 .31 ki lo mctrt5, ou t of vhich 48.33 ki lo metr es had bee n meta lled and bitum en- surfa ced whil e 8.98 ki lom{ ;tr es wa s und er constr uctio n.

Kamal , K~ch hwa ,Pehowa , P:ttiala Road (S, H. 9) .-Th e road starts from K:una l ani le:tds to Pcttia la a[t r::r pas sing thr ough Kach ll wa, Dhan.d and Peh ow a. Total length of this road is 59 .14 kilometres out of whi ch 25 .54 kilomet res had bee n metalle d and bitum en- surfaced while 33.60 kilometres was under con structi on.

:Meeru t, Sonipa t, Gohana , Asa nd h, Kaithal, Patiala Road (S .H. 11). - The road pr ovid es a short and dir ect rout e from Delhi and Meerut to Patiala vi a So nipa t (Sonepat) , Goh ana , Jogs i, Sa fido n, Asandh and Ka ith al. It starts fro m Mee rut and after pas sin g th rou gh Sonip at (Son epat ), Goh ana , and Jogs i enter s th e. Kamal di str ic t at 15.18 kil ometre and then pass ing through Safi don (Jind district) again enters the Kamal dis tri ct and procee ds to Asa ndh whi ch is 8.38 kilome tre s in side the distri ct bound ary. Th e road fu rt her procee ds to Rajaund , Kaithal and Gula (Guhla) ria Chika. Th is stretch comp ri ses 95 .04 kilometr es. Of this , 79.8 6 kil ometr es had bee n metalled and bitum en- surf aced while 15 .18 k omctres wa s under co nstructi on.

The ro ad fro m Chi ka goes to Tit yana which is 5.41 kil ometres , and is metall ed and bitum en- surf ace d. Fr om Tity ana thi s ro ad goes to Patiala after cro ss in g th e new ly const ructed br idge ov er ri ver Gh agghar. The length of the road from Ti tya. na to th e di stri ct boundary is 1. 81 kil ometres

DI STRICT MI NOR ROA DS Th e distri ct minor roa ds in clu di ng th e villag e road s were , as stated earlier , ma in tai ned by the Zil a Pari shad , Kar1 1l11.In 197 0, the Zil a Parishad maint ain ed the following road s ;- Met all ed ro ads 17 Miles and 3 Furlongs Unm etalled roads 98 Miles Kachcha roa ds Z8 l Mil vs

Such roa ds are main tain ed to con nect vi ll age s wit h one another and with imp ortant roads and rai lway stations. Ge ne rall y, ve hic le~ with iron or woo den tyr es pl y on them wit h the res ult th at rut s ar e form ed whic h render th em un ser vicea bl e aft er so me ti me. The il e roads were usu all y below the leve l of the fields and got fl ooded duri ng the ra in y se aw n. Th e ley cl of such roa ds has been rai se d and conve rted into all weather ro ads. .

In view of the stri nge ncy of fun ds with the Zil a Pari shad and the inc rt-as - in g impo rtanc e of roa d transpo rt , Gove rnm ent took over some import ant road s from the Zil a Parish ad an d surf ac ed them with bitumen.

Th e meta ll ed and un metall cd roads whic h w re maint ained by the Zil a Pari shad in March 19 70, are gi ve n in Tabl e XXVI of App endi x. CANAL INSPECTION ROADS There are well maintained unmetalled inspection roads al ong the ba nk s of the canal~. These roads can ser ve only light vehicular traff ic. The se ar e main ta ined by the Irrigation Department and are not me ant to be used by the genera .l publi c.

ROAD TR AN SPORT Vehi cles and conveyancl's. -In the da .ys gone by, the usual mea ns of co nve ya nce we re horse s, bullock carts (o cc asionally camel car ts) , rath s and majholis , but mos t people mo ved from one place to another on foot . They tra velled onl y on rare occa sions like payin g vi~it s to hol y pla ce s, and that too in groups . Such visit s took a lon g time to co mplete their inward and out ward jou rne ys . With the pas sage of time, . villa ge s and town s were linked by roads and con sequen tly impro ve d vehi cle s lik e rub ber- ty red tongas and autom obile s ca me to ply on the road s. Th e different me ans of con veyance avai labl e in th e di strict compri se the las and car ts, hor ses and donke ys, cam el cart s and count ry ca rts, to ng as, cycles , ricksha ws, motor- cycles and sc oot ers, jeep s and stati on wagon s, motor cars and bu ses, truck s, tractors and tempo s.

The tot al number of register ed ve hi cles in the di str ic t durin g 1962-63 to 1969-70 is given in Table XXXVII of Appendix . It indi cates that there waS an all-r ound in crea se in the number of vehicles. It wa s sharp in the cas e of truck s, bu ses , tractor s and two wheeler s. The in cre ase in bu ses and trucks is indicative of the progre ss of road tran sport, pass enger as well as goo ds. Th e progre ss toward mec hani sed farming led to incre as e in the num be r of tr ac tor s. In ad dition to th e usual farming op eration s, thes e pr ovid e con ve nie nt tra nsport for gr ain and fodder to th e near-by mar ket s. Two whe ele rs (scoo ters and motor -cyc les), the maintenance of whic h suits the poc ket s of th e middl e class people, pr ov ide them mobi lity.

PAS SENGE R TR AN SPORT Up to Ma rc h 31, 1970 , the oper ation of pa ss enger tra nsport was shared be tween th e Go ve rnm tmt and th e pri vat e op erato rs on 50: 50 basis. The fir st sc heme of l1ationali sation was effe cted on Apri l 1, 1970 and it cov ered th e two rou tes, viz. Ambala-Peh owa via Pip li and Amba la- Pehow a-Kaithal .l

1. The cent per cent nationalisation has been completed in th e Kamal di strict on No vember 3D, 1972. The trans por t undertaki ngs, the stre ngth of their bus fleet and the routes on which these op er ated, are detailed below:

Name of transport undertaking and strength of its bus fled

1. The New Kamal Co-operative Karnal-Delhi Transport Society Ltd ., Karnal Karnal-Panipat . (21 buses) Karnal-Hathwa la (Hatwala) Karnal-Ladwa Karnal-Siwan Karnal-Kaithal Asandh- Pehowa Karnal-Safidon Rohtak- Panipat Panipat-Asandh via Salwan Panipat-Asandh via Safidon Pani pat-Samalkha Samalkha- Delhi Pundri ·Asandh Kaithal-Asandh

2. The Indian Motor Transport Karnal-Karsa via Dhand Company (Pvt .) Ltd ., Karnal Karnal-Pehowa (32 buses) Karnal-Kalesar Karnal -Kalesar via Chhachhrauli Panipat-Asandh Pipli- Thol via Jhansa Ladwa- Yamunanagar Karnal- Pehowa via Karsa Karnal-Sonipat (Sonepat) Karna l-Jagadhri Karnal-Radaur Karnal-Ladwa via Indri Thanesar- Bilaspur Karnal- Yamuna Bridge Pehowa -Asandh Karnal-Ladwa via Pipli Thanesar-Pehowa-Gula (Guhla) Pipl i· Pehowa Name of trans por t undert aking and str ength of its bu s fleet

3. The Karnal Delhi Co -operat ive Pan ipat- Rohtak Transport Society Ltd. , Karn al Delhi -Karn al (21 buses) Kaith al-Jind Karn al- Kai thaI Karn al-A sa ndh Kaithal -Gul a (Guhl a) Karn al-Sonipat (So nepat) Karnal- Hathw ala (Hat wala ) Kaith al-D elhi Karn al- Panip at

4. Ka rnal-Kaitha l Co -operati ve Kaithal-Sonipat (Sonep at) Tran sport Society Ltd ., Karnal Karnal- Sa fidon (26 bu ses) Kai thal- Delhi Karn al-Sa lwan via Munak Bala Pad a Kaithal -Jind Karnal- Kai th aI Kaithal-Asandh via Pundri Kaith al- Peh owa Karn al-S afidon Sonipat (Son epat)-Kaith al via Asa ndh

5. The Karnal Co-operati ve Karnal- Delh i Transport Socie ty Ltd. , Karnal Karnal-P anipat (22 bu ses) Karnal-Lad wa Karnal - Baghana Karnal -Sa fidon Kai th al-Sonipat (Sonepat ) via Asandh Rohta k-Panip at Patial a- De lhi

6. The Kaitha l Nag uran Co- Karnal -Habri via Pundr i operative Tran sport So ciety Kaith al-Habri via Pu ndri Lt d., Kait hal (2 buse s)

7. The Dehati Janta Co -operativ e Karnal-Habri via Pundri Tra nsport Socie ty Ltd. , Karn al Kaith al-Ha bri via Pundri (2 buses) Name of trans port undertak in g and str ength of its bus fl eet

8. Th e Kamal Tonga Dri ve ls Co- opera ti ve Transport So ciety Ltd ., Kamal (1 bu s)

9. The Kamal Genera l Labou r Karn al-Sa lwan via Munak -Ba la Co -op era tiv e Tran sport Society Panip at-Jind Ltd. , Ka mal (3 bu ses) Narw ana- Ba tta- Kaithal 10. The Haryana Co-oper ative Kaithal - Narwana Transport Ltd ., Kaith al Kaith al- Tohan a (9 bu ses ) Ka ith al-Naguran Kaith al~Thanes a.c Kaitha l-Gohana Kaitha l-Jind Kai thal-Panip at 11 . The Rawal pindi Victory Ambala City-Pundri via Tran spor t Company Pvt . Ltd ., Pehowa -Dhand Ambal a City (9 buses) Am bala- Pehowa 12. Th e Touri st Co-op erative Tr anspor t Society Ltd ., Arnba la Cit y (9 bu ses ) 13 . The Sadhaur a Tran sport Sha habad (S hahba d)·Sadhaura Company (P) Ltd., Sadhaura Sh ahabad (Shahbad) -Barara (11 bus es) Sha habad (Shahbad) -Yamunanaga r via Barara Shahabad (S hahba d)-Barara- Nahan 14 . (i) Harya na Roadway s, Karna l Kam al-Pehowa (I 50 buses) Karn al- Pathankot Karn al-Ladw a via Indri Kamal - Yam unanaga r vi a Indri Karnal -Pe howa via Dhand Karn al- Nan gal Karn aI- Hard war Kamal-Yam unanaga r Kam al-Pani pat Ka rna l~G hara unda Name of transport undert aking and strengt h of its bu s flee t

Ka rn al-Kaithal Ka mal-Th ol via Jh ansa Karn al-Kalesar Ka rn al-Jin d Karn al-S iwa n Ka rn al- Kunjpu ra Kamal-Bela Karn al- Uglana Karn al-Kaitbal via Baras Karn al-Kaithal -Gul a (Guhla) Kait hal- Hard war-Rishikesh Ka ith al-Gula (Guhla) Kaith al- Delhi Amb ala-K amal Panip at-S anauIi Karn al- Panipat -Bapa uli Panip at-Barsat Panipat-Jind Panip at -A sandh Ropar- Ka ith al Thant 's ar-P ehowa Gu la (G llhla)-Pehowa Ladwa-Jyotisar Karna l-Patiala Panip at- Nangal Ka rnal-A sa ndh Karn al-Ch andigarh Pehow a-Delhi via Pipli Peho wa- Ranjitpura Kaithal-As andh via Pun dr i Kama l-Meerut Kama l-Dehradun Panipat-Shamli Karnal- Muzaffarnagar Ka rnal-Pipli Karna l- Munak Kar nal- Karsa- Dhand Name of transport und ert aking and strength of its bu s fl ee t

Karn al-Safid on Kaith al-P at iala via Chik a Karn al- So nip at (S on epat) Kaithal-So ni pat (Sonepat) ~'ia Asand h Kait hal-P anipat via Asa ndh

(ii) Haryana Roa dways, Kalka-P eh owa- Kai th al Amb ala (100 bu ses ) Amb ala- Kaitha l 1 ia Pehowa Am bala-Ka rn al Amb ala-Asa ndh Amb ala-Asan dh via Dh and Am ba la-S hahaba d (Sh ahb ad ) Amb ala -Ismai la bad Ambal a- Peho wa Ambala-H ath wa la (Hat wa la) Amb ala-P ipli via Tho l-Jh ansa Amb ala-L adwa Ambala -Rajaund (iii) Harya na Roadway s, Kaith al-Son ipat (Sonepat ) via As andh- Ro htak (140 buses) Panip at Roht ak-K aitl~al vi a Son ipat (Sonepat) Roht ak-Pan ipat Gohana-Ka rn al Ka rn al- Yamun anagar Rohtak -Safidon via Jind-Asandh Karn al-Ch andi ga rh Karnal-Son ipat

15. Uni versal Vict ory Bus Ser vice (P) Ambala-Peh owa I,ia Pipli ) (Nationdli- Ltd., Ambala City (12 bus es) Amba la- Pehow a-Kaith al 'I zed on >- April 1, J 1970) 16. Roht ak-Gohan a Bu s Servic e (P) Ltd ., Roht ak (8 bu ses )

17. Rohtak-His sar Tran sport Co. , Rohtak (5 bu ses)

18 . Roht ak-Hi ssar Tr ansport Co . (P) Asa ndh-Jind Ltd. , Ro htak (10 buses) Nl me of tra nspo rt undertakin g Name of routes and strength of the bu s fl E' et

19. Satnam Tr ansport Co. (P) Ltd ., Goh ana-Panip at Roht ak (1 7 buses )

20. Ith ad Mo tor Tra nspor t (P) Ltd. , Delh i-P ani pat via So nipat (Son ep at) Delh i (4 bu ses)

21. Gian Bu s Serv ice Reg d., Na rwa na Narwa na-K ail ran-K ai thal (3 buses )

22. Roht ak Harya na Tr anspo rters Son ipat (S onep at)-Ka it ha l via Asandh (P ) Lt d., Rohta k (2 8 bu ses)

23 . Harya na Roadwa ys , Ch andigarh Ambal a- Karn al (80 buses) Amb ala- Kai th al-Jind Kamal- Delhi Ch andiga rh - Kamal Ch an diga rh -Ji nd via Kama l Ch andigarh -Panipa t vi a Ambal a- Kaith al- Pun dri -Asan dh Chandig arh -Bhi wa ni via Kam al-

Panip at

24. Har ya na Road ways, Gur gao n Kamal -Jag adh ri (180 buses) De lhi -K amal Karn al-Jag adhri via Tndri Amb ala-Kamal Karnal-Son ipat (So nepat) Sonipat (Son epat)-Pani pa t Panip at- Karn al

25 . Haryana Roadwa ys, Hi sa r His ar (Hi ssa r) -Karn al (Hissar ) (60 bu ses )

?-6. Chandig arh Tr anspor t Under- Kamal-D elhi takin g, Ch andi ga rh (6 bu ses) Amb ala-K arn al

27. Pu njab Ro adways, Pat hanko t Ambala -Ka mal (2 bu ses) Karn 3l-~ onipat (Son ep~l t) Kar nal -Pan ip at Name of tran sport und erta king and strength of its bus fl eet

28. Pu nja b Ro adw ays , Jullu ndur (2 bu ses)

29. Pu njab Roadways, Amrit sar (2 bu ses)

In addi tio n to the above, a number of oth er rout es, vi z. Ambala- Jaga dh ri, Amb ala-Hardwar , Ambala-Delhi , Amb ala-Dehradun , Chandigarh- Rohtak via Goh ana, Chand iga rh-Rohtak via Sonipat (Sonep at) , Chandigarh- Narnaul , Ch and igarh-Rewari, Chandigarh-Hod al, Ch andigarh-Delhi and Nang al-Delhi , pa ss thr ough th e di stri ct. The de -l uxe bus service between Delhi and Chandi garh and Delhi and Patiala and an air-c onditioned bus service betwee n Delhi and Ch andig arh pas s through the di str ic t co vering 124 kilo metres on the Grand Trunk Road. The following minimum and maximum rate s of fares and freights for stage carriages as fix ed by the Gov ernment we re pr eva lent in the Karn al district :- Minimum Maximum Freight of rate per rate per personal pas senger passenger luggage per kilo - per kilometre metre

(Paise) (Pai se) For all metall ed ro ads in the pl ains 1.9 2.6 Half the fare per kilo metre per 40 kilo- grams

For all unm eta lled roa ds in the pl ain s 2.9 3.2

For all me tall ed ro ads in hil ls ex- 3.9 4.2 eluding Cha kki-D alhou sie and . Kalk a- Siml a rou tes

Ch akki -Dalh ousie route 4.2 5.5 5.2

5.2

Fo r luxury coach being one class 90ach There ar e no tr amwa ys or local bus service existing in any town of the di strict . However, station wagons and tempos which have been registered as taxis, provide links with various rural areas .

Goods tr anspo rt by road. - The goods transport, handled mainly by private oper ators, has grown imme ns ely. In 1969-70 there were 1,212 trucks register ed in the distr ict as aga inst 85 in 1951 . The reason for this pheno- men al in crease in th e number of public carriers is th at the rural sector which is acti vely par ticipa ti ng in eco nomic activities, relies much more on road traffic than on rai l tr af fic. In spi te of the deman d of good s traff ic by road, thi s section is mostly unorg ani se d. More tha n 90 per cen t of the truck owners own less than four vehicles each.Never th eless, th ere are two redeeming features. First, the sy stem of boo king agencies has deve loped which cat ers to the needs of both the oper ators and the traders. The op erators are provided with parking, god ow n and wa rehous e fac il it ies and the tr ad ers with a re gular satisfactory serv ice. Sec ond, the pr ivate operators have organised th emselves into uni ons at all importan t centr es of tr ade and commerce to regulate the transport ser vice and to el imina te unh eal thy competiti on among them selves. As comp ared to the rai lw ays , th e frei ght and incid enta l charges are less if the goods are transpo rt ed by wad. Conse quen tly goo ds tr ansport has suff iciently di verted to ro ad, part icul arl y on shorter haul age.

RAIL WAYS In 1970 -71, th ere were three rail wa y lines which served th e di strict . These we re of broa d gaug e, i.e. 5'- 6* wide and were well maintained by the North ern Railw ay.

The line betwee n Delhi and Amb ala was op ened for traffic in 1892. Thi s line ru ns pa rallel to the Grand Trunk Road. From Delhi side after pa ssi ng thr ough the Rohtak' distr ict, it enters the Kamal district and the first st at io n fall ing there on is Sam alkh a. It traverses the district through Diw ana , Panipa t, Babarpur, Gh araun da ,Bazida Jatan, Kamal , Bhaini Khurd, Tir awa ri (T araori), Am in, Kuru ks hetra, Dhirpur, Shahabad Mark anda and Mohri and cove rs about 116 kilom et res between Railway St ation. Samalkha and Mohri . The second railway line 2 is Narwana- Kuru ks hetra Branch. The line fro m Na rw ana to Kaith al was compl eted in 1899 and was exte nd ed to Kuruk shetra in 1910 . The Panipat-Jind railway was op ene d in 1916 . 1. Sonipat (Sonepat) distric t sin ce Decem ber 22 , 197 2. 2. No w runnin g en tirel y in the Kurukshetra district . Table XX VIII of App endix sho ws the monthly average (1 968 -69) of in ward and out wa rd tr affi c of goods an d passengers.

RAIL RO ADCOM PETI TIO N The deve lopment of the rail ways gave a set-b ack to roads during the latt er half of the 19th ce ntu ry. But the advent of the motor transport in the teens of the pre se nt cen tur y led to the deve lopment of feeder ro ads and hig h- ways. Duri ng the World War II , ther e was practic ally no rail-roa d comp etition du e partly to a large number of motor vehi cles havi ng been requi sitioned by th e Gove rnment for military purpo ses and partly to petro l rationing. The rail wa ys had tr affic far in excess of their capacity .Afte r the cessation of War, th e reve rsa l of thi s adva ntageous position led to the adoption of a rigid co de of prin ci pl es and practices for regulating motor vehicles whi ch aim ed at protecting the fi nancial in te res ts of go vernment in railw ay traffic .

After Independ ence, th e Govern ment thought of national iz.ing the road tran sport . Ho wever, it reac hed an agreeme nt with private enterprise by which the rdative int erest of the Government and private operato rs wer e clearly enunciated. The Go ve rnm ent is also trying to achievt : ful l co-ordination be twe en rail and ro ad tr affic.

As re vealed by a sam pl e study of the traffic fl ow, I .there is a good de al of road traffic. Though the ac tua l ratio of the rail and ro ad traffic is not known, the preferenc e is cle arl y fo r road. This is more pronounced in shor t haulage. The rea sons for the div er sion of traffic to road seem to be lower freight rate s, pr oper supervisio n, ab sen ce of irkso me form alities and door-to-door ser vice.

For the tr ansp ort of heavy machinery, bulky articles and fo r long distance haul age (be yond 500 km.) , there is a marked preference for rai lways.

WAT ERWAYS , FERRI ESAND BRIDG ES There are only two ri ver s, th e Yamuna and the Gh agghar 2 on which ferries are maint ain ed. The Yam una runs para lle l to the eastern border of the district and separat es it from Ut ta r Pradesh. The ferr ies are mai ntai ned to connect the di strict with Saharanp ur, Meerut and Muzaffarnagar distric ts

1. Te chn o-Econ omic Sur vey of Punjab , National Counci l of Applied Econ omi c Research, New Delhi, 1962. p.71 . 2. No w flo ws entirely in th e Kuruks hetr a dis trict . 220 t< :ARN AL DISTRI CT GAZEITE ER

of Uttar Pradesh at the foiIowing places ;-

Tahsi l Name of the Number Number Name of place ferry of boats of cr ew in Uttar Pradesh connected with the ferry ------Beggi (Utt ar 2 10 Pradesh)

Kamal Kalsaura 2 10 Gango

Karna l Barsat 2 10 Kirtu Kama l Dabkauli 2 10 Lakhnauti Thanesar Gumth ala Rao 2 10 Nakur Kamal Mirgahan 2 10 Manglora

Panipat Sanauli 2 10 Ramra Panipat Kh ojgipur 2 10 Ch aprauli

Panipat Go ela Khurd 2 10 Tanda Karn al Barana 2 10 Garhi

These ferries tran sport a large qu antity of gur an d khan dsa ri fr om Uttar Prade sh. There is also a large tr affic of donke ys at the time of donkey fair held at Bir Barauli in the Meerut district (Utt ar Pr ades h). The four ferries on Gh agghar ri ver are seas onal . Th es e connect thi s di strict l with the Patiala di strict (Punjab) and pro vide th e short es t rout e to different villages during the rai ny se as on. Th ese are maint aine d at the fol lowing places by the Pan chayat Sam it is co ncer ned and are annu all y leas ed out to contr actors ;- Numb er of crew

Usmanpur

1. Now in the Kuruk shetra distri ct. All th e major roads wherev er they pass ov er the stre ams, dr ains , canals or their di stribu ta ries, have bridges . The Gr and Trunk Ro ad once passe d ov er the olde st bridge whi ch is kn own as old M ughal Brid ge (B ad shahi pul).1 .It was const ruct ed du ring the reign of Shah Jahan and is a fine example of ex cell ent ma so nr y work of tho se days. Thi s brid ge ce ased to be ' of 'national imp ort ancy' fr om Janu ary I, 196 8, but has since th en be en de emed to be 'pr otecte d monum ent ' under the Punjab Anc ient and Hi st or ica l Monu- ments and Arch aeo 'ogica l Sites and Remain s Act , 1964 .

CIVI L AVIAT IO N Th e Departm ent of Ci vil Aviation , which came into being in 1962, is th e res ul t of Gove mment' s de si re to make the peo ple of th e St ate air-minded. Th e onl y flying club at Hi sar (Hissa r) , start ed in 19 65, had a shaky exist ence. As soon as the new State of Hary ana was created , vi gorou s efforts were made to st abilize the old flying club at His ar. 'A new club was started at Kamal in 1967 . It is kn ow n as No .2 Hary ana Air Squ adron N.C .C., Kamal.

The civil aviation in the di strict is looked after by the Kamal Aviation Club , Karn al. The Deput y Commi ss ioner act s as the President of this Club while the Sub-Divi sional Magi strate /General Assistant to the Deputy Com- mi ssio ner is the Honorary Secretary. Its Managing Committee comprises th e elite of the di strict . It s mee tings are pre sided ov er by the Deputy Commi ss ioner as its Ch airman . The overall technical control, however , vests in the Advis er, Civil Aviation, Hary ana. The tech nic al st aff , among other s, includ es a Chief Fl ying In stru ctor , a Chief En gine er and an Assi stant Pilot Instru ctor .

As no government land wa s ava ilabl e at Kam al, a plot of about 100 acr es of private land was acqui xed in 1967 at Karn al-Kunjpura ro ad quite close to the town for th e constru cti on of an ae rodrome. Fly ing was sta rted the sa me year with mode st amenit ies. The perform ance was en cour ag ing with 1,100 hour s of flyin g in the very first year which is th e hi ghe st record of flying tr aining ever done by any aviation club during th e fir st ye ar of its Gommis- si onin g. In the following ye ar, i.e. J 968-69, 1,400 hours 0f flying was done against the targ et of J ,000 hours fixed by the Government of India. The Club cre ated yet another rec ord of 1,8 00 hours of flying in 1970-71 against a targe t of 1,000 hours of flying . No. 2 Haryana Air Squ adron has won the distinction of having logged the highest number of fl ying hour s among all the N.C.C. Air Wing Units in the country during 1970 -71 . Such a fine performan ce entitled the Club to be in cluded in the Central Government Suhsidyand Subvention Scheme under which it got Rs. 1 lakh as grant on recurring basis .

By 1969-70, the Club trained ahout 20 boys for Private Pilot Licences (P.P .L.) and 10 boys for gettin g their Commercial Pilot Licences (C.P.L .) from the Gov ernment of India . The Club which st arted with the help of two aircra fts loan ed by Hisar Aviation Club , now possesses a fleet of 6 Pushpak Aircr aft s of it s own. Th e Club has also start ed night flying and instrum ent flying. This cov ers all ty pes of flying tr aining for the candi- dates up to the standard of Commercial Pilot Licence . More sophisticated aircrafts are expected to be add ed to the fl ee t of the Club. It is also proposed to add a Gliding Wing to the Kamal Aviation CluD. The Dii 'cctor Gcneral of N.C .C. has promised to loan two gliders and a winch for the gliding wing of the Club.

The training of N.C.C. Air Wing covers drill , we apons training, civil def ence and first aid as some of the subjects of general training, while principles of flight, airmanship, aeroengine, dc ., forms the specialist service training. Aero-modelling, gliding and powered flying training are also provided to the cadets.

The St ate Government is doing its best to provide fin ancial and other assistance to this Club. An Administration Block is under construction at the Kamal Aerodrome. It would also meet the other building requirements of the Aviation Club. Efforts ate al so being made to get Kamal Aerodrome licensed for night flying operations.

To make people interested in aviation, the State Government gives a scholarship of Rs. 10 per hour for the first 50 hours of flying to all the trainees from Haryana. A matriculate boy or a girl between the age group 17-20, preferably with Science as one of the subjects , is eligible to receive training on such a schol arship. Several refundable scholarships have also been sanctioned by the State Government for boys coming from lower and middle class families to enable them to get their Commercial Pilots and other senior aviation licences. The fact th at six Haryana girls are at present undergoing flying training at this Club, highlights its popul arity and the confidence it h~s inspired among the people. Even a large number of boys from other States are keen to join this Club. Such a rapid progress may secure fo r this Club an importnt place on the Aviation Map of India. Simultaneously with the construction of th e Grand Trunk Road , Sher Shah Suri provided facilities like shady tree s, drink ing-water and serais at short di stances along the road. There were se par ate facilities for Hindu and Muhammadan travellers . Later , such serais were re :novated and were made of pakka bricks by the Mughal emperors. The remn ants of su ch serais still exi st at Shahabad (Shahbad) and Th ane sar , through which the Grand Trunk Road pa ssed . The existing dharmsalas and ser ais owe their origin to the generosity of the rich residents of the towns. The import ant ones are: Agg arwal, Kamboj, Chaman Lal, Gaur and Roran Dh arm sa las at Kamal ; Aggarwal Dharmsala , Kaith al; Aggarw al Dharmsal a,Panipat ; and Aggarwal, Birla, Bh arat Sewa Sh aran Sangh and Baba Kali Kamli Wala Dharmsalas at Kurukshetra .

De spite various place s of historical and touri st in te re st, as de scrited in the Chapter on 'Places of Interest', little effort was made to attr act tourists. Before the creation of the new St ate of Haryana, no worth ment ioning board- ing and lodging facilities existed in the district although some sort of catering facilities could be found in some towns. This inad equ acy was felt by the St ate Government wh ich, in 1972 , provided faciliti es at a numb er of pl aces on the Grand Trunk Road passing through the district . Com ing from Delhi one can have his first halt in the district at the 'Blue Jay ', Samalkh a, 66 Kilometres north of Delhi (52 kilometres south of Kam al). Here one can hire relatively cheap accommodat ion in a small tourist hut 1 or stop by for a quick cup of coffee at an espr es so bar .2 Down the road , after another 58 kilometres (about 6 kilom etres north of Kam al and to the west of the Western Jumna (Yamuna ) Canal where it crosses the Grand Trunk Road), is the prestigious Chakrav arty Lake at Uchana. 3 Indi an, Chinese and continental food is available at the 'Whi stling Te al' bar and res taurant

1. Well furni shed and provided with bed linen there is one suite with attached bathroom . Th e charges are Rs. 12 .50 for non -ai r- condi tione d and Rs. 22.50 for air- conditioned.

2. The Red Robin Milk and Snack Bar ha s been opened at Gharaunda (35 kilometers north of Samalkha and 17 kilometers south of Kamal ) since November 23, 1973 . Besides bottled milk and snack s, one can bu y milk pr oduct s like ghi and milk po-wder .

3. This h: \s been a succe ss ful effort to expl oit th e can al water rea dil y av ailabl e for the pur poses of crea tin~ an ar tifici!!l lak e on an ar ea whi9h was l>,in~was te pe l: au s; of the alkaline soil , overl oo king th e lak e. A nin e-s ui te (do ubl e- bed room s) tou ris t bun ga low I has bee n set up by the sid e of the resta urant . Round the clo ck 'servi ce and boating at the lake are add ed att ractio ns. 2 Dri ving down anoth er 32 kil omet res on e co mes to Pipli 3, th e ga teway to th e grea t Hin du Pilgrimag e Centr e of Kurukshet ra, and finds a moder n touris t co mpl ex with its eigh t-sui te (do ubl e- bed ro0 111s) mot el4 along wit h th e 'Parakeet' res taur ant and cafete ria with bar att ach ed to it . The resta ur ant is meant to ca ter to tho se who prefe r to pay a lit tle more to eat and res t in air-co ndit ioned comfor t. The cafe - teri a, on the oth er hand , off ers quic k meals at mo der ate chcuf :es for t1 ~ose in a hur ry. All types of arra nge ments at the se pl aces are lookc :d afte r by the St ate Touri st De partm ent.

A sm all pr iva te res taurant opened in Jul y 1970 at Panipat, on the Gr and Trunk Ro ad, also pro vid es moder ate boar ding and lo dg in g facili tie s.

Res t houses are ma in taine d by differe nt depar tm ents of the Governme nt to rend er facilitie s to off ic er s in th e di sch arge of their dut ies while on tou r. The li st of rest houses fo r th e use of departm ent al off icers along wit h the number of suites and officers who make the reserv ation is given in Ta bl e XX JX of App endix.

Th e post offi ces in th e distr ic t wer e fo rm er ly controll ed by the Supe rin- tend ent , Amb ala Div isio n,Amb ala, but a se para te Sup eri ntend ent of Po st Offices wa s appoin te d at Kamal in 195 2 to lo ok aft er the work of po sts and teleg raph s in the dis tric t. It ca nnot be sa id with any ce rtai nt y as to when th e Kam al He ad Po st Off ice wa s establi shed. Anyw ay, it was in existe nce in 1898.It was also a teleg raph off ice at th at ti me. s An idea of th e

I. & 4.Full y fur ni shed an d provi ded with bed lin en. th ese suit es have att ach ed Indi an and Wes tern style bat hroo ms. The char ges per suite are Rs. 25 for non- air- cond ition ed and Rs. 35 for air-c on dit io ned. 2. The sec lmd phase of th e Uchana tou ris t comp le x, to th e ri ght of the cana l and op pos it e th e Chakr avart y I ake , has also bee n fo,m all y in augurat ed on April 26 , 1973. The can al thu s lies in bel\\ een the two phas es of the comple x and lend s a special ch arm of it s own. Ca ll ed th e Tour ist Oas is, it con sists of a mea nde rin g lak e, a bar, petrol -cum -servic e st ati on, firs t·aid post, shoppin g centre, mini emp ori um and a nu mber of re fre shmen t shops to suit all po ckets. 3. Now in th e Ku ruk shetra distr ict. ~. SoW ce: Su pyr int~n gen t of Pos t Offices, Ka rna l Di yi sion , Karn \l !. growth of po stal ser vi ce in the distri ct ma y be had from the follo win g ta ble :-

Year Par ti cular s 1910 1930 195 2 1967 196 8 1969 197 0 (u p to 31-3- 70)

Head Post Office 1 1 1 Sub- Pos t Off ices 11 12 27 48 48 51 56 Br anch Po st 40 43 12 9 283 28 6 292 292 Offi ces

The name s of the po st offi ces in the di str ict as in 1970 are give n in Tab le XXX of App end ix.

Growth of mail deliver y. -Ma il was deli ve red on ce a wee k in mo st vil lages till 1910. The pos tal service has made great stri de s af ter In depend ence. In 1970, 964 vi ll ag es had dail y delivery, 232 vi ll ages bi-weekl y delivery , 44 vi ll ages tr i-week ly deli ve ry and the rema ini ng wee kl y deli ver y. Th ere is no - vil lage in the Kamal di stri ct wh ere the mai l is not deli ve red.

Mail in thi town s is deli ve re d tw ice on all the da ys of a wee k except Sund ay.

TELEG RAPH S In 1910 , Kamal, Kaith al, Panipat , Pundri , Shah abad (Sh ahbad) and Th anes ar had tele graph offi ces. Rai lway stati om al so acce pte d tel egrams from th e publi c but th e ser vice was not ve ry sa ti sfa ctor y. Th e Canal Depart- ment, as well , mai nt ai ned a pr ivate lin e of it s own for departmenta l use. Th ere ha~ been a Jot of ex pan sion in te leg raph fac il it ies si nc e th en and in 19 70, such fa cil itie s were ava il able at the foll ow ing 33 pos t offic es : Asa ndh Gharaunda Gula (Guhl a) Ind ri Kaith al Kaithal Mand i Kam al Kamal Cit y Karnal Kutchery Kamal Model Town Kamal National Dairy Research Institute Kamal Partap Puri Karnal Ram Nagar Kaul Kurukshetra Kurukshetra University Ladwa Madlauda Nilu Kheri (Nilo Kheri) Panipat Panipat City Panipat Mandi Panipat Model Town Patti Kalyana Pehowa Pipli Pundri Radaur Samalkha Shahabad (Markanda) Siwan Tirawari (Taraori) Thanesar Town

TELEPHONES The first telephone exch ange in the di strict wa s op ened at Kamal on June 7, 1935 . In 1970, the following 18 telephone ex changes were functioning ;-

Numb er of total working connec- tion s on 31- 3- 19 70

Asandh 23 Gharaunda 38 Indri 23 Kaithal 245 Karna1 547 Number of total working connec- tions on 31-3-1970

Kuruk shetra 1958 180 Ladw a 1962 91 Madlauda 25 Nilu Kheri (Nilo Kheri) 1959 39 Ni sang 1969 11 Panipat 373 Pehow a 71 Pipli 22 Pundri 23 Radaul ' 1964 33 Sam alkha 1957 97 Sh ahabad (Shahbad) 1963 85 Tirawari (Taraori) 1963 43

WIR ELESS STATION There is a' Police Wireless Station at Karnal for receiving and trans - mitting message s. It remains open for 24 hours. It is provided with a mobile wireless set fitted in a pick-up van for anti-dacoity and other emerg encies .

Both communications and the means of transport have made a steady prog .ress in all dire ctions . If this rate of progress is maintained and improved , this district will come in closer touch with all important places in the neighbourhood and its €:conomic, social and cultural life will regiiter a very de sirable advance. Chapter VIII

MISCELLANEOUS OCCUPATIONS

Miscellaneou s occupations in rural and urban areas con stitute a signi~ ficant part of the lif e of the di strict. The se include publi c and defen ce services , and all tho se workin g in the field s of education , medicine , law, engineering and tran sport . In addition to th es e fully or partly organised ser vices , there are many people engaged in earning their livelihood on a self-employed basis. They either work in shop s run by themselves, or at their own homes . Some go about hawking their goods or services.

PUBLIC SERVICES Ther e has been a considerable increa se in the number of jobs in the public service s under the State Government, Centr al Government and Local Bodies after 1947. This was due to the growth of new departments for developmental activities. In 1961 , the number of per sons employed in public service s in administrative departments and office s of St ate Government , Central Government, Quasi-Gov ernment organi sa ti ons, municip alities, etc., was as shown below:

Urban 2,4 91 2,505 Rural 3,211 3,230

5,702 5,735

However, the total number of employees stationed in the Kamal district on March 31, 1970 , was 17,527. This number included all the employees actually holding civilian posts under the State Government whether perma- nent, temporary, contingency paid or work charged and also included persons on deputation from other State and honorary employees . I

1he per son~ in the employ of government and local bodies are given a dearne ss allowance related to some extent to the cost of living. In ·

1. Census of Haryana Governmmt Employees, published in 1972 (Publication No. 87) by Economic and Statistical Organisation, Planuing Department, Haryana Government, pp. 1, 6. add ition, cla ss IV emplo yees are pro vid ed wi th liverie s. Since th ere ar e a fe w gove rnm en t houses, on ly the senior mos t emplo yee s are allott ed th ese houses agains t a ded ucti on of 10 per cen t of thei r pay for un furni shed acc om- modation. Governm ent employees who have no t been provide d with Go ve rnmen t acc ommoda ti on are being given house rent acc ord ing to the class ifi cation of towns on the basis of the popu lati on. Ess ent ia l se rv ices lik e the railways, po lice and medical and publ ic hea lth are usually provi ded wit h re side ntia l accommodation .

Loans for the construction of house s under the Low Income Gr oup and Middle Inc ome Group Housing Sc hemes and for the purchas~ of ve hi cles ar e granted to State Gove rnment emp loy ees. They are al so given an interes t- free advance for the purchase of wheat ever y yea r recovera ble during the sam e fin ancial year.

Em ploye es in pu bli c services are no t res trai ned fro m for ming assoc ia- tio ns or unio ns to safeg ual d the ir recogni sed service int erests. Impor tant of thes e employees' organisatio ns fUl lcti oning in Ka mal itse lf ar e: Natio nal Dairy Resea rch lnstitu te Employees and Workme n Uni on, Nationa l DailY Re- searc h Institute Workers Union , Indian Aglic ul tura l Research Ins ti tut e Em ploye es and Wor km en Unio n,The Ka rn al Agri cul tur al Researc h Sub Station Tech ni ca l Class IV Mazdoor Unio n, Su ga r Cane Sub Stat ion Work ers Union, Pun jab Prades h Bank Worke rs Fede rat ion, Gove rnm ent Medica l Store Depot Emp loye es Unio n, Dis trict Munic ip al Su bordi nate Un ion, Gov ernmen t Medic al Store Depot Work ers Unio n, Nationa l Dairy Resea rch Insti tut e Karamchari Union, Munic ipal Karamc har i Un ion and Haryana Tubewell Mechanical Wo rke rs Un ion .Eleven ot her such organ izations func tioninr in th e distric t ar e: Go veinment of Ind ia Pre ss Work ers Un ion, Nilu Kheri (Nilo Kheri) ; Gov ernm ent of India Press Employ ees Union , Nilu Kheri (Nilo Kh eri ); Clerk s Ass ociat ion Gove rnment of India Pre ss , Ni lu Kh eri (Ni lo Kheri); Gove rnment Eng inee r- ing Workshop Workers Union, Nil u Kheri (Ni lo Kheri); Mu nic ip al Empl oyees Wo rk ers Union, Pehowa; Ada rsh Un ion Mun icipa l Ka ramcha ri, Pa nipat; Munic ip al Emp loyee s Unio n, Kai th al; Ka mal Electric Su pp ly Comp any Emp lo yees Union , Ka ith al; Muni cip al Karamc hari Un ion , Kai thal; Munic ip al Karamcha ri Associa ti on, Thane sa r; and Municipal Emplo yees Uni on, Sha habad (S hahb ad) .

DEFE NCE SERVICES Th e Jats, Gu jars, Rajp uts and Ga ur Brahm ans in the dist rict cont ri- buted a lar ge numb er of re cr uits to the differe nt br anc hes of th e de fe nc e ser vi ces dur ing th e two World War s.In World Wa r II , 13 ,062 pe rson s were recr uite d fr om this di str ic t. In 1969-70, the number of ex -service men serv ed by th e District Soldiers', Sai lors' and Airmen's Board, Kama l, an d the numb er of families of se rvin g, perso nn el was 15,182 an d 8,680 respec tive ly. Most ex-ser ,vice men belong to agr icu lturist fami lies.

Sepoy Lchna Si ngh of Padha village (Kamal tahsi l), stil l in ac tive se rvice, was awarded Vir Ch akra in recognition of gal lantry displaye d by him whik fighting the enemy during the Pakistani aggression in 1965.

EDUCAT IONA L PE RSONNEL In 196 1, the num ber of persons in ed ucat ional serv ices in col leges, sc hoo ls an d simi lar other ins tit uti ons of non- 1echn ical type was 4,299 (3,374 men an d 925 women). The ir ur ban and rural break-up was as fo ll ows :-

1,6 10 708 2,3 18

1,76 4 217 1,98 1

3,3 74 925 4,2 99

Durin g 1969 -70, as a res ult of expansion of educational progra mme th is numb er rose to 9,622 (7 ,56 5 men and 2,057 wo men).

Soci al co ndi tions do not enco urage unma rrie d girls to go f0 1 work in vill age schoo ls. Eve n male teac hers res ide in nea r-by urb an are as bec au se of the sca rci ty of su it able res idential acco mmo da ti on in th e vill ages . In th es e ci rc um stances te ac hers livi ng away from th eir place of wor k ca nn ot make a full im pact on the li fe of the vi llage community.

The pay sca les enj oyed by the teachers in private ins titu tions are th e sa me as enjoye d by the tea ch ers in government insti tu tio ns. Th e scales of pay of the teach in g perso nn el wor kin g in the pr ivately manage d in sti- tut io ns we re rev ised fro m Decembe r 1, 1967. This add itiona l expe nditur e is borne by the Governm ent as ce nt per cent grant-i n- aid to the private sc hoo l manageme nt s. Subj ec t to certain rest rictio ns, the Educ atio n Department has allo we d th e Go vern me nt sc hoo l teac hers to engage in private tuiti ons which help th em to suppl ement their in come. Permi ssion to prep are for various univer sit y ex amin ation s is fre ely given . In fact th e Educ ation Departm ent off ers in centi ves to teac hers to impro ve th eir qu ali- fic ation s. Te achers in schoo ls and lect urer s in colleg es have formed unions to prote ct their serv ice int ere sts. State Edu ca tion Ser vic es (Anglo-Vernacul ar) Te ac her s Union , Karn al and Go ve rnm ent Cl assica l and Vern ac ular Teac hers Union , Kar nal, perform thi s function in th e case of gov ernment employees and Te ach ers Uni on of th e pri va tel y manage d recogn ised sc hool s do so in th e case of others.

MED ICAL PR OF ESS ION Acco rdi ng to 1961 Census, 2,338 perso ns inc luding 57 3 wom en were en ga ged in publi c hea lth and medi ca l se rvices re nd ered by ho spital s, nur sing home s, matern ity and chi ld we lfar e clinic s. Thi s numb er, who se urb an and rur al br ea k-up is give n below, in clude d medi cal se rvices rendered by Veterinary Surg eon s and indi vidu al Hakimi , Un ani , Ayur vedic, All opathic and Hom eopathic Practiti oncr s: Males Females Total

Urban 1,069 222 1,291 Rural 69 6 35 1 1,047

Total: 1,765 573 2,338 ------Pri va te phy sician s play an imp ortant part in mai nt ai ning th e urban popula tion in goo d he alth. Many of them di spense thei r ow n pr es cription s. A few of them charge a smal l con sultation fee, but ge neral ly, the cost of th e medicine s supp lied during the tre atm ent cov ers th e con sult ation fee . Those tr ain ed in dent al surger y rend er a spe ci ali se d se rvice whi ch is not gener all y avai labl e in gov ernment di spensarie s. Som e of th e pri va te practi- tioners do very we ll on th e bas is of their profess ional co mp etence.

Th e Dis tric t Medical Ass ociation an d Ayur ve di c and Un ani Chikitsik Manda i, form ed by mem ber s of the med ic al profe ss ion di sse min ate pr ofess iona l knowledge and prom ote th e soc ial and eco nomi c condition of their mem be rs.

LEG AL PROF ES SION This profess ion in clude s bar rister s, ad vocate s, pleader s, attorney s, law assi stant s, l11 unshi s, etc. Acc ordin g to the 196 1 Census, the number of per son s en gage d in lega l se rvices was 325 : Males Fem ales Tota l

Urban 285 285 Ru ral 40 40

325 325 Bei ng educationa ll y backwa rd , the Kama l dist rict had ve ry little scope for th e gro wt h and devel opment of th~ leg al pro fE-ssio n.As rep orted in the Kam al Di strict Ga ze tteer , 1918 , (p. 144) , the leg al pra ct it ion ers working in th e di strict we re 3 Barri ster s, 51 st grade and 16 2nd gr ad e pl ea der s, 8 Mu khta rs and 7 Rev enue Agent s. Of th es e, 5 pl ea ders and 2 Mukht ars pr actise d in Kaith al and 3 Mukht ars in Panipat. The rest pr ac ti sed in Kar na l. Th ere were 6 1st grade and 34 2nd grade petition-writer s, of whom 22 wo rk ed in Kam al, 8 in Kai thaJ, 4 in Th ane sa r, and 5 in Panip at.1 With the sprea d of educ atio n the pos iti on con tinue d changin g and , alon g wit h the in crea se in other prof ess ion s, th ere has be en a st eady incr eas e in th ~ numbe r of lawyers and ad vocates also as the follow ing fi gure s pertaini ng to the Kamal Bar Association 2 indicate:-

Ye ar Lawyers an d advoca tes

1927 37 1940 54 1950 81 1960 100

1967 132 197 0 276 (inc luding 29 pl ea ders) Th e di str ict depend s mainl y on ag ri cultur e. During the first quar te r of the 20th century, rather up to 1935 , the fi na nci al position of cul iv ator s was not satisfactory in spite of the ef fort to introduce co -opera tive credit . The y had to borro w mon ey from the vill age mone y-lenders to meet their ne ces- sar y requirem ent s, e. g. agricultur al implemen ts, seed s, etc. The exhor- , bitant rate of inter es t cha rged usually hindered repa yment of the principal and led to mone y suit s. With the enactment of legi slation 3 in thi s behalf during the years 19 35-38 , such suits dwindled and the legal profession in the di strict received some set-back. But th ere after the trend of liti gation took tur n to pr e-empti on suit s and decl aratory suit s. These continue till toda y.

1. The total numbe r of peti tion-wri ters is 40 where as the break-up is for 39. Obvious ly th ere is SOm e pr inting error . 2. For more det ail s the ch apter on 'Law and Ord er and Just ice' may be ref err ed . 3. (i)The Relie f of In de btedn ess Ac t, 1935. (ii) Th e Pu nja b Debtor s Prot ection Act , 193 6, (iii )The Mon ey-Lend ers Act , 1938 , The spiralling rise in the prices of land and improvement in the financial position of the agriculturists after In ,dependence, are the two main factors leading to an increase in litigation. Although dacoity and robbery have been eliminated, the other crimes in the district have been on the increase and provide a good crop of cases for persons engaged in the legal profession . So far as urban areas are concerned, cases of dispute between landlords and tenants under the East Punjab Urban Land Restriction Act, 1949 , keep cropp ing up in addition to business disputes.

ENGINEERING SERVICES In the past few years, there has been an increasingdemand for engineering personnel required for various developmental and nation building activities including construction and repairing of canals and bunds and sinking of tubewells. Many new electricity distribution units have been set up at different places in the district to extend rural electrification. , The emergence of the district to prominence in the field of industries and transport has necessitated the commissioning of engineering services for the development of roads and buildings. The following list of officesat the district headquarters and elsewhere indicates the nature and organisation of official engineering activity ;-

Public Health Division , Kamal ; Kamal Cirlce (B & R) , Kamal; Kamal Division, Western Jumna (Yamuna) Canal , Kamal ; Pehowa Division, Kaithal ; Kamal Drainage Division, Kamal; Mec- hanical Drainage Division, Kamal; Investigation Drainage Divi- sion, Kamal; Tubewell Division, Kamal; Kamal City Division (Haryana State Electricity Board), Kamal; Suburban Division (Haryana State Electricity Board), Kamal ; Operation Division (Haryana State Electricity Board) , Kurukshetra ; City Division (Haryana State Electricity Board), Panipat ; Suburban Division (Haryana State Electricity Board), Panipat ; Kaithal Division (Haryana State Electricity Board), Kaithal; and Maintenance and Test Division, Kamal .

A few persons also work as contractors, architects and surveyors. The Kamal district has the unique distinction of having the only Engineering College in the State located at Kurukshetra 1 and a polytechnic institute at Nilu Kheri (Nilo Kheri) .2

1. Now the Kurukshetra Di strict . f. For detail s see chapter on 'Education and Culture' . TRANSPORTERS Transport requires the services of people working on railways, ferries, buses, motor vehicles and all those who drive bullock carts and attend pack animals. In 1961, 5,786 persons were employed in all these transport activities. Rickshaw-pullers mostly appeared on scene after the Partition. Most of them obtain rickshaws on hire and pay Rs. 2.00 to Rs. 2.50 a day to rickshaw-owners. The rickshaw charges in the district are cheap. On an average they earn about Rs . 200 to Rs . 250 per mensem. Many tonga drivers own their tongas, but their earnings greatly dwindled after the Partitition owing to the ready availability of the bicycle-rickshaws at cheaper rates. The other advantage was that the rickshaws took the passengers to their residence located even in the narrow lanes into which no other vehicle can enter . There are now only a few tongas seen plying on the city roads, hut country tongas are in common use for transporting passengers to the country·side. With the establishment of the Kurukshetra University a few tongas ply between Pipli (on the Gland Trunk Road) and the University Campus. Since there are few buses to Kurukshetra Railway Station and Thanesar , the passengers bound for these places drop at Pipli and resort to tonga service for further transportation. In recent years, the use of the tempo (a three wheeled auto-vehicle), has adversely affected the income of country tonga drivers.

Transport workers, viz . drivers, conductors, cleaners, etc ., have been employed by transport companies . They are provided with facilities like uniforms, bonus and overtime allowance. Their economic and social lot is better than that of rickshaw-pullers and tonga drivers. The following unions for different categories of workers safeguarded their professional interests ;- District Tonga Rehra Workers Union, Kamal; The Kamal General Transport Workers Union, Kamal; District Motor Transport Workers Union, Kamal; District Goods Transport Workers Union, Kamal ; Indian Motor Transport Workers Union, Kamal; Four Wheeler Tempo Workers Union, Kamal; Panipat Rickshaw Pullers and Workers Union, Panipat and District Kamal Goods Transport Workers Union, Samalkha.

There are a few private motor cars and jeeps. The owners usually do oJ not keep ch auffeurs but drive their vehicles th emse lves.

PERSONA LSERVI CES Amon g the se are in cluded barb ers, tailor s.

Barber s.- Their number , whi ch al so in cluded hair dre ss ers and rel ate d wo rker s, acc ordin g to th e 1961 Cens us was 2,700 :

482

2,218

2,700

In urban areas the old practice of a family barber became extinct with the growth of money economy. People pay to the barbers for service at home or go to hair cutting saloons for this purpo se. Hair cutting ch arges (1 969) vary from 0.50 to 0.60 paise and shaving charges from 0.25 to 0.30 paise. Th ere is no lady hair dre ssing saloon in the di stri ct as th ere doe s not appear to be suf fic ient dem and for it . In vill age s, ho wev er , the old pr act ic e of th e family barb er is still in vogue. He can st ill be see n on ce rt ain social cere monies. He also atte nds to hi s Yajmans (patron s) at their re sid ence and ge ts re- mun erat ion in ki nd at the time of harves tin g. Th e wi fe of the barb er ca lled nain also doe s some so rt of hair cI..:ani ng and hair dr essi ng of wom en in vill ages.

Wa shermen. -In 196 1 th ei r numb er, as sho wn below, was 740 and in clud ed dhobis, laun de rer s, dry c1e ar ners and pr essers:

399 438

245 302

644 740

Dhobis mostly serve the urban areas for the vill agers do their washing themselves. They generally charge 20 paise per arti cle of clothing. They attend to the custom ers at their res idence. The launderers on th e oth er hand run reg ul ar shop s and do not undert ake hom e deli ve ry. They charge high er rates . Still , becau se of thei r qui ck and efficient service th e laund ere rs ar e gain ing popul arit y over the dhobi s. Th e laundry-men either nse was hin g mach ines or empl oy dh obi s fo r was hing an d addi tion al per son s for ironing. Laund eries combin ed with dry cle aning ha s no doubt becom e a plOfitaole bu sine ss as the exi stence of several such establishment s shows . A woollen suit is dr y cl ea ned for Rs. 3.00 .

Th e laun dry bu sin ess has aff ec ted th e common dhobi and he has gradua ily so ugh t employmen t with the laund erer . The dhobi s in the di strict hail mostly from Delhi and Uttar Pradesh.

Tailors. -Th eir numb er in 19 61 was 5,53 4 (3,375 male s and 2, 159 fe male s) whi ch in clud ed cu tters, furrier s and related worker s. In urban are as the tailors make shirt s, tr ouser s, bu shirt s, pants, pyjamas, blou ses and suit s; while tail ors in rur al are as generall y ma ke tr ousers , kurta s and gha gari s. With the pass age of time the style of cloth es has undergone a complete change . The ghagaris and chandna s ar c being replaced by sa/war s and kurta s and sar ees and blouse s. Th e standa rd of ta il or ing in urb an areas of th e di st ri ct is goo d en ough and proxi mit y of Delhi ca use s the im port of latest sa rt ori al des ign s. Som e cloth merc hants acco mmod ate a ta il or or tw o in a corn er of th e shop . Thi s co mbin ed faci lit y pr omote s qui ck sa les of cloth apart from bringing them some additional benefit fr om the tail oring charges . The tailoring charges va ry fr om pl ac e to pla ce and shop to shop depen din g upon th e sta ndard of li vin g of the peo pl e and th e stit chin g ski ll of th e tail or.The usual charge s for sti tch in g garments (1 969 ) are as fo ll ows :-

Gents (Rs .) (Rs.) Sh irt (Cott on) 2.2 5 1. 75 (Tery lene) 5. 00 4.00 Trou se rs 0.75 0.50 Bushirt 3.50 3.00 Kurta 2.50 1. 75 Woollen Coat 28.00 22.00 Woollen Suit (coat & pants) 38.00 30 .00 Terylene pant s (with trimmings) 15 .00 10 .00 (with out trimming s) 10 .00 7.00 Ladies Ghagari (Rs .) (Rs. ) Sall Var 2. 00 1.50 Shi rt 3. 00 2. 00 Cotton Suit (sal war & shirt) 5. 00 3.5 0 Wo ol len Su it (sa lwar & sh irt) 6.50 5. 00 Woollen Co at 28 .00 20.00 Bl ouse 2.5 0 1. 50

In the past there use d to be fa mily tai lors in vill age s who , be sides receivi ng some cas h for tail oring got a share of food grain s at har vesting . The y used to visit their patron s to obtain order s, but thi s custom is not in vogue ex cept in some village s of the Kaith al tah sil .

Most tailors in urban are as often run tailoring es tablishm ents which are patroni ze d by th ei r old client s and str ay cu stomt:r s. The y perform the expert cu tter 's job them sel ves and eng age worker s to assi st them in sti tc hing the garm ent s accordin g to th eir requirem ent s. Such worker s are paid Rs. 70.00 to Rs. 125 .00 per month acc ording to their skill and experience. Tho se engaged on contract ba sis are paid 60 per cent of the amount charged from the customers . Most of the tailor s hav e their own se win g mac hine s whi ch the y usually pur cha se on a hire-pur chas e system .

DOMES TI C SERVIC ES In rural are as, hardly any famil y employs a ser vant for domestic work. Mo st rural women attend to their domestic work them selve s. Some of the bigger agriculturists may, however , employ halis to help them in their agricultural operations and also do domestic chore s. These person s who are generally landle ss labourers are paid a fi xed proportion of the harvest. If eng aged on cash wages they generall y recei ve money in ad va nce, va rying from Rs . 30 to Rs. 40 a month .

In urban areas, the upper mi ddle class in services and the more well · to-do peop le often emp loy part-time or full-time domesti s; servants .

Domestic service entails the performance of many kinds of duties by the same per son. The In dian situation does not usu ally fa vour specialised jobs . For exa mple , a single domestic servant engaged in a household may be required to buy eatables in the market, cook food at home , clean the used dishe s and plate s, scrub uten sils , sweep the hous ~, make the beds and in fact do anything else at the bidding of the master. It can be a hard life full of daily chores. The number of domestic servants in 1961 was 7,27 7 (3 ,489 males and 3,788 females) . A domestic servant is paid between Rs. 30 and Rs. 40 per month in addition to .board and lodging. Such servants hail either from backward hilly areas or from Uttar Pradesh . There is a grOWing need for domestic servants in households where both the husband and wife are working people. Further , with the opening of other avenues in public and industrial un der - takings which provide increasing opportunities of employment, domestic servants are becoming relatively more scarce in relation to demand. Some Women work as part-time dome stic servants in a number of houses for cleaning utensils, sweeping and helping the housewives in their daily chores . Such a part-time domestic worker gets about Rs . 10 to Rs . 15 per month.

SELF-EMPLOYED PERSONS The scope of work of self-employed persons is very wide. It includes julaha s (weavers), mochis (shoe-makers) , sweepers , potters , hand-cart pedlar s, hawkers, pandas (priests) and all other persons who work for their living or sell their individual services on demand. Changing cricumstances give rise to some new occupations. Take for example the public eating houses . The growing habit of eating outside has led to a number of restaurants , snack bars , coffee houses and tea stalls . Likewise, the desire to wear standardi~ed clothes is responsible fOf shops dealing in ready-made garments. The increasing use of bicycles , auto -cycles, cycle-rickshaws , scooters and motor cars has hen responsible for cycle-repairers and auto-mechanics. The recent trend toward mechanised farming has led to the opening of tractor repair workshop s. A number of shops dealing in agricultural implements and motor and tractor spare parts have also been set up. There is a host of shops of all kinds , halwai shops, pan-bidi shops, shops manufacturing or selling aerated water (soft drinks), shops dealing in grocery and vegetables and fruit shops. Bakeries sell their products directly or through agents. Goldsmiths manufacture gold and silver ornaments. Shops dealing in general merchandist o, oilman 's stores and consumer goods and novelties also cater to the needs of the people. Among self-employed people are those who do not remain at one place but keep on moving from one place to another . Their list which may include beggars, street singers, jugglers and quacks, is almost inexhaustable. The time-oldjulahas (weavers) , mochis (shoe-makers) , potters and sweepers are spread through the distri ct. Mo st of th em in the ' rur al areas still help famil ies in their agricultural act ivit ies and perform their cu stomar y profes sioP ~J servic es on the occa sion of marriages and other ceremonies .The weavers in the district are specia lise d and most of them are concentrated at Panipat whe re they engage in the manufacture of furnish ing fabrics . They have organi st d them selv es into co-operative societies . The Government pro vi des th em wi th loa ns, technica l advice and va rio us other faci lities . A wea ver s' colony has lately em erged at Panip 8t. Th e mOc/lis who functi on on ly as cobble rs usua ll y ro am about in the streets, hangi ng their eq ui pment by the shoulder s in a box. They usu ally attend to the repairing , mending and reconditioni ng of sho es. Oth ers who take to shot -making have their own shops whi ch unde rtake the making of new shoes. The potters make ordin ary vessel s mostly for the use of vil lager s. The earth en pitchers and su rahis, because of their property to coo l the water, are sold in large numbers du ring sum mer season both in urban and rura l areas. The sweepers engage d in cleaning houses in urb an are as get a few rupee s per month in addition to a chapati daily or weekly and occa sionall y small gift s in cas h or kind on fe stiva ls and ceremonial occasi ons.In recent yea rs, owing to bett er em pl oy ment facilit ies an d priv il eges , the sweeper s have been shif ting over to serv ices in Gove rnment offices and private org anisatiol1s.

The hand -cart ped lars and hawkers go about the towns and vill ag es hawk ing their goods. The good s wh ich they sel l in clude among other articles of dail y use, vegetab les, fwi t, eata bles , ge nera l merchand ise, crock ery , cloth and toys.

A typical cla ss of panda s is found at religious pl ace s lik e Kuru ks hetra , Pehowa and Phara l. Peop le keep coming to Pehowa throughout the year to per fo rm certain cu stoma ry re ligious ceremo nies rel ate d to thE dead. Kurukshetra bec om es a ce ntre of great activi ty on the occasion of re ligious fai rs when it hums with pi lgrims from all parts of India. At Kurukshet ra and Pehowa these panda s maintain reli abl e family trees (ca ll ed pothi s) of pilg rim s who have vi sited the se pl ac es for ge nerati ons. Th ey pe rform the customary re li gious practice s for the fami li es to whi ch they have attac hed them selv es and make go od money fo r their services.

Ex cept in ve ry sm all vill ages, a tea-st all of some kind has made its app ea rance almos t in all parts of the di str ict, its appeara nce depend ing on the cli ente le, loca l an d otherwise which patronize s it . The smaller one s managed by a single per soll and ser ving nothing but tea are ge nerall y sh abby. The bi gge r ones which also serve oth er hot an d co ld beverages and some ea tabl es . are more pr ese nt abl e in appe arance and are ma nne d by a number of pe opl e. A few mo clern .- typerestauraI+t s ha v~ also sf ll'ung uf l in the llrpap i1n~i 1S an~