Historic Context & Surveys

CHAPTER V: HISTORIC CONTEXT & SURVEYS

HISTORIC CONTEXT & SURVEYS

Important themes and patterns of development in a community are established through survey and preparation of a historic context statement. These important tools, described in the sidebar, serve as the building blocks of a historic preservation plan. With a good understanding of its historic and WHY CONDUCT SURVEYS? cultural resources, a community is able to make informed planning decisions. A survey is a means to identify and document This chapter Ƥrst includes a historical context statement of the Denaǯina Athabascan people and historic resources. The information collected through the Four Original Neighborhoods. The context statement does not provide an exhaustive history, survey is then cataloged into a historic resources but rather summarizes important themes and patterns in the development of the historic core of inventoryȄa list or spreadsheet of the resources that Anchorage. The history of the Four Original NeighborhoodsȄAnchorageǯs historic coreȄreƪects all ere identiƤed and documented. As the National periods of Anchorageǯs development. Waterays ithin the plan area provided sustenance to the Park Service explains, the purpose of a survey is “to early Denaǯina Athabascan people, and the events that deƤned Anchorage during the Ƥrst half of gather the information needed to plan for the wise the 20th centuryȄconstruction of the railroad, the birth of aviation, and military buildǦupȄere all use of a community’s resources.” Once resources concentrated in the plan area. A detailed discussion of the history of each neighborhood is found in have been documented and evaluated for historic and Chapter VII: Neighborhood Character, Goals & Policies. cultural signiƤcance, those Ƥndings may inform future planning decisions. Second, the chapter summarizes surveys of historic resources that ere conducted in each of Anchorageǯs Four Original Neighborhoods over the past ͝0 years. In support of the HPP, the Ƥndings, WHAT IS A HISTORIC CONTEXT meaning the evaluations of the resources documented in these surveys, are being compiled into an STATEMENT? inventory. This Consolidated Historic Resources Inventory is currently under construction, but ill be accessible to the public through the unicipalityǯs ebsite hen complete. The inventory ill identify A historic context statement identiƤes themes and historic resources located in each of the Four Original Neighborhoods. A ǲConsolidated Historic patterns that ere important to the development of Resources Inventory Survey Reportǳ that summarizes the results of the inventory ill be prepared as a community. Context statements do not represent a parallel eơort to the HPP. exhaustive histories of a place, nor do they evaluate individual properties; rather, they identify the key factors that shaped the community and make it possible for resources associated ith these historically and culturally signiƤcant factors to be identiƤed.

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Alaska Native Peoples History

History of the Dena’ina Athabascans of Upper Tikahtnu (The Upper Cook Inlet)

The folloing passage about the history of the Dena’ina Athabascan people from prehistory to the present as ritten by the Cultural and Education Department of the nik Tribal Council, and is quoted in its entirety at the request of the Municipality.

Preface The Dena’ina Athabascan people are the indigenous people of Tikahtnu (Cook Inlet) area and southcentral Alaska. There are four distinct dialects of Dena’ina; Upper Tikahtnu, Outer Tikahtnu, Lakes region, and Interior (middle uskokim; near the Stony River). The lands and aters of Upper Tikahtnu: Anchorage, Eklutna, nik, Wasilla, Palmer, Girdood, and Chickaloon lie ithin Dena’ina Eánena (Dena’ina Country). SpeciƤcally, it is home to the K’enaht’ana, the indigenous people of Nuti (nik Arm), ho today are members of Eklutna Map of Indigenous Peoples and Languages of Alaska (2011) (Idlughet) and nik (K’enakatnu) Tribes. Folloing the recession of the glaciers in Tikahtnu, a large valley as created and fed by many rivers. The Matanuska and nik Rivers today come together at their conƪuence ith nik Arm; hoever, it is probable that at one time they joined as one river, discharging into Tikahtnu at the strait beteen Anchorage and Point Macenzie. Subsequent earthquakes, landǦslides, ƪooding and erosion have idened the channel beteen the to points, creating nik Arm.

Shem Pete: From Mackenzie across to Dgheyay Leht (Ship Creek) used to be a short distance, like a river, they used to tell me. They cut Ƥsh ith an ulu knife out there. They used to speak to them and toss the ulu back and forth, they told me. ǲImpossible,ǳ I told them. But then it happened that it got ider. It might have eroded about a mile. But before, the banks ere close together and they used to toss the ulu back and forth. I heard that from those old people.21

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Early History Near the end of the last iceǦage 10,000 to ͟,000 years ago, as Their villages, composed of small hamlets, ere generally the glaciers in the Tikahtnu receded, it opened a corridor to fresh clustered around the numerous lakes, rivers and streams ne lands and access to the ocean, alloing human occupation. that cover the landscape. During preǦcontact, the estimated Approximately ͞,000 years ago, salmon began to span in population for the Dena’ina Athabascan in Tikahtnu as about Tikahtnu aters; it didn’t take long for people to take advantage 3,000Ǧ͝,000, but little as knon of the population numbers of of their abundance. Around 2,000 years ago the Dena’ina the Dena’ina north of the Alaska Range in the interior; the entire Athabascans ere a thriving culture in Tikahtnu. Protected by Dena’ina population could have been much higher. the Chugach and Talkeetna Mountains and the great Alaska Range, they Ƥshed, hunted, trapped and gathered ild plants in In Alaska, there are 21 indigenous cultures that interacted by and around numerous glacially fed rivers, streams and lakes. By friendly and not so friendly means. Wars ere fought for many the time the British and Russians came ashore in Outer Tikahtnu reasons, but hunting and Ƥshing rights commonly caused conƪict. during the late 1͟00s the Dena’ina ere already a dynamic, a The relations beteen the Dena’ina and other indigenous socially complex, and ideǦspread people, ith a matrilineal clan groups (particularly the Sugpiaq/Alutiiq and Yup’ik peoples) system. Their language ǲis one of the most complex languages ere somehat hostile. Depending on resources, Dena’ina in the orld. It’s harder than diơerential calculus.ǳ22 tribes had fairly good relationships ith other indigenous groups through trade and intermarriage. All indigenous peoples gained The Dena’ina Athabascans transitioned from nomadic people knoledge from other tribes, thereby reshaping their traditional folloing the seasonal cycles of migratory games, to becoming customs through interaction ith other cultures. The Dena’ina a semiǦsedentary people, taking advantage of the abundant of southcentral Alaska ere in an enviable position, having resources in the rich MatanuskaǦSusitna Valley. They established access to many tribes, their tools and artork reƪect borroed many villages in Upper Tikahtnu area: and incorporated traditions from contact ith other cultures.

inter quarters ere near the conƪuence of a lake ith a Traditional Territory river or stream for fresh ater and Ƥsh; As the Dena’ina adapted to this land, their numerous houseǦ Ƥsh camps in the spring and fall ere often located on the pits, cacheǦpits and remains of campsites have characterized coast, at the mouth of a river; the Dena’ina took advantage the landscape as Dena’ina territory. They established villages, of salmon runs from the ocean; and hunting and Ƥshing camps, gathering sites, and trails. They hunting camps in the mountains; the men often established defended their territory against Yup’ik, Sugpiaq, Russian, observation points for locating large game and sometimes and EuroǦAmerican encroachment. As a hole, the Dena’ina people from other clans and tribes hile the omen collective territory equaled in size to the state of Wisconsin. collected berries and small game.

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DENA’INA CLAN ORIGINS

The folloing story describes the Dena’ina clan origins:

Nulchina, The Sky Clan people, they say, stayed in the sky on a frozen cloud; and they drifted over this ay to a little armer place, and the frost melted aay from under them, and they landed on top of Mount Susitna, they say.

And they ent don the inlet, and they came to Iliamna. And they called the people already living there Dudna, ȏliterally ǲdonriver peopleǳȐ. And hatever people they came to, hatever they sa Ƥrst, that is hat they called the people there.

At another village, they sa a raven, and they called them Ggahyi, the Raven Clan. And in another village, they sa ǲAthapascan Indian oman and delling.ǳ Photograph by a Ƥsh tail, and they called them Kaliyi, the Fishtail Clan. Miles Brothers, 1͡03.

And they came to another village in a skin boat, and the people hid aay, so no one as at home; and they didn’t see anything, so, having come there by ater, they named them for themselves, Tulchina, the Wateray Clan.

When they ere living in the sky on the frozen clouds, they stayed on an island they called Hagi, ǲbasket.ǳ That island as a basket, they say. When they landed on Mount Susitna, on top of the mountain, a hirlind struck the basketǦisland they lived on, and it as blon oơ the mountain and landed in Cook Inlet, here it turned into an island.

And more names: Nuhzhi, the Overland Clan; and Chixyi, the Ochre Clan, ho landed here there as a yello pigment on the beach, so the people ho lived there ere named Chixyi, the Ochre Clan.

This is the ay they say they named them all.

Dena’ina culture is still active in Anchorage today. Ȃ Peter alifornsky, A Dena’ina Legacy Left: Athabascan beading by Charlie Pardue. Right: Athabascan Chief Necklace by Selina Alexander. (ANHC)

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Within their territory; tribes, clans, and families had separate That happened hen the British ȏarrivedȐ: in 1͟͟͠, Captain use areas. Every tributary draining into Tikahtnu as considered ames Cook’s Expedition reached the shores of Tikahtnu, hich Dena’ina territory. The Dena’ina made use of all the aterays no bears his name: Cook Inlet. Shortly thereafter, Russian from the headaters to the mouth of every inlet, bay, river, trading companies established the Ƥrst posts on the enai creek, stream, and lake. Peninsula; asilof (Fort St. George) in 1͟͟͠, and enai (Fort St. Nicholas) in 1͟͡1. The traditional lifestyle of the Dena’ina as to be one ith the environment; they ere the dominant species, but spiritually, The Dena’ina trappers, traders and guides ere invaluable during they ere part of the environment and equal ith the animals the Russian fur trade. Most trade funneled through Dena’ina ho call the Dena’ina Qutsidghe’i’ina ǲCampƤre People.ǳ23 traders, enabling most Dena’ina communities to remain largely The Dena’ina created and adhered to a form of government independent from direct Russian control and inƪuence, for a ith las, punishment, structured society, spiritual practices, short time at least. The most inƪuential aspect of Western culture medicines, food, shelter, hunting, Ƥshing, gathering, and has been the introduction of Russian Orthodox Christianity, harvesting technology. hich is an enduring part of many Dena’ina lifestyles today. The Russian traders also brought many ne items to Alaska and Dena’ina spirituality believed that every plant and animal ithin Tikahtnu such as: sugar, tea, salt, ƪour, foods, and alcohol. The their ecosystem or environment served a purpose, and each had a traders also brought technology, such as: guns, medicines, metal spirit that if harmed or disrespected ould come back for revenge. tools, and riting. Worst of all, these invaders brought diseases; The Dena’ina maintained their ecosystem so that all resources one example of this as a smallpox epidemic that occurred ould coǦexist in a ay that ould ensure balance and continuation from 1͠3͝Ǧ1͜͠͝, in hich at least half the Dena’ina population of their lifestyle and relationship ith the land, ater, plants, and perished. Another consequence of population loss and the animals. Every resource as respected and utilized fully ith no inƪux of Western medicine created a illingness to convert to aste or overharvesting. The Dena’ina ere a populous, thriving Christianity, folloing the establishment in 1͜͠͝ of the Russian people ith a rich culture at the time of Ƥrst contact. Orthodox Church in enai. Over the next several decades, priests traveled to outlying Dena’ina villages. And gradually First Contact and the Fur Trade Era 1790s to 1890s most Dena’ina became folloers of Orthodox Christianity, Before contact, the Dena’ina people, as ith all peoples in blending traditional Dena’ina spirituality and Russian Orthodox Alaska, ere selfǦsuƥcient, living in communal hunterǦgatherer traditions. In the 1͠͠0s, the Russian missionaries completed a villages. The maritime cultures in Alaska ere especially thriving census and reported a total of 1͜2 Dena’ina Athabascans in the and expanding ith every generation up until Ƥrst contact ith MatanuskaǦSusitna Valley,2͜ after only 100 years of contact ith Western culture. Western culture.

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The Russians tried many diơerent business ventures including The Dena’ina that survived atched as their traditional homeland coal, copper and other mineral exploration, but none as as sloly became engulfed and expropriated by an everǦincreasing successful as the fur trade. After hunting seaǦotters and fur seals number of necomers. With the ǲfoundingǳ of Anchorage in 1͡1͝, to almost extinction, the Russians, thinking there ȏereȐ no and ith the to military installations built during World War II, other economic beneƤts in Alaska, sold their trading interests in in addition to public and private development, the dindling Alaska to the United States in 1͟͠͞, before the English usurped Dena’ina became enveloped in modern Western culture. the Russian claim in Alaska. Post-World War II Era to Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act Gold Rush Era 1890s to 1930s (ANCSA) 1940s to 1970s The discovery of gold in Alaska brought a ne breed of EuroǦ During and folloing the ar years, the Dena’ina lost most of Americans and along ith these ne Americans came ne their traditional hunting and Ƥshing areas and they ere denied technologies and ne diseases. The Dena’ina population their subsistence hunting and Ƥshing rights by the State of as greatly reduced during this time, due to the inƪux of ne Alaska. Traditional use areas ere turned into homesteads ȏandȐ diseases. During the gold rush era, the Dena’ina had been agricultural areas; or ere cut by railroads and highays. The involved ith Western culture for at least 100 years. They ere Dena’ina Tikahtnu territory became predominantly nonǦnative. familiar ith trading ith foreigners and Western culture and The Dena’ina lost important subsistence gathering places but technology. The Dena’ina culture adapted, but still maintained they still practiced their traditional and cultural customs of traditional hunting and Ƥshing methods, hile using current harvesting and gathering resources. With Alaska becoming a technology. The Dena’ina at this time continued to trap and State in 1͡͝͡, the Dena’ina had to conform and abide by State trade, but some held jobs, became guides, or entrepreneurs. las and regulations. Some, not having subsistence Ƥshing rights, became commercial Ƥsherman for their economic and In 1͡1͝, the Federal government started to build a railroad that cut subsistence needs. The Tikahtnu Dena’ina soon felt like foreigners straight through the Dena’ina territory into the interior of Alaska. in their on territory. They had lost all of their traditional use Anchorage as selected as the headquarters. Many Dena’ina areas to the explosive development radiating from the nely helped build the railroad, especially during the time beteen established ton of Anchorage. World War I and World War II. In 1͡1͠, a large inƪux of railroad orkers brought ith them a fatal inƪuenza epidemic. This Present-Day Era 1970s to Present epidemic hit SouthǦcentral Alaska especially hard and as a result, Under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1͡͞0 (IRA), to upper almost ͝0ά of the Dena’ina people perished in a short period of Tikahtnu Dena’ina tribes ere recognized; nik Tribal Council time; the second viral epidemic to devastate the Dena’ina. (TC) as formally recognized as a tribe in 1͡͠͡, and in 1͡͠2 the Native Village of Eklutna (NVE) became formally recognized.

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With the passing of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement As of 2010, there ere approximately ͡0 Dena’ina descendants Act (ANCSA) in 1͟͡1, the State of Alaska conveyed lands enrolled in nik Tribal Council, and a little over 300 enrolled in the to the Dena’ina, ho ere forced to form a regional native Native Village of Eklutna. corporation: Cook Inlet Region, Incorporated (CIRI), and to village corporations; nikatnu, Inc. and Eklutna, Inc..* Summary The Dena’ina lost approximately ͡͠ά of their traditional The Dena’ina Athabascan of the lands and aters of Upper Tikahtnu use areas, but they received close to 22,000 acres based on have seen a ȏmillenniumȐ of changes ithin Dena’ina Eánena economic value and not necessarily on traditional use areas. (Dena’ina Country), an area the size of Wisconsin. Having established Although the Dena’ina are land oners, they must comply many villages, the Dena’ina ere a thriving highly populated ith state and federal hunting and Ƥshing regulations. cultural group in Tikahtnu. They are a part of the environment and There is no subsistence hunting or Ƥshing regulations in the equal ith the animals ho call the Dena’ina ǲCampƤre People.ǳ traditional territory of the upper Tikahtnu Dena’ina. The tribal Interaction ith Western culture and technology as mostly governments must no apply for educational and ceremonial detrimental; hoever, they adapted and still maintained traditional harvesting permits to hunt and Ƥsh. Since timeǦimmemorial, hunting and Ƥshing methods hile using Western technology. The the Dena’ina have lived in harmony ithin their traditional factors that decimated the Dena’ina ere primarily diseases, in territory; no, as a federally recognized tribe, tribal members addition to the encroachment and colonization of their traditional have no sovereignty to practice a traditional lifestyle. territory, and loss of traditional hunting and Ƥshing rights. Although having to endure hardships over the past 200ή years, the ANCSA created a corporate structure that as formed to Dena’ina people still have a strong sense of traditional values and manage tribalǦ allocated land to be used by all indigenous responsibility. The Tribes are tirelessly orking to rejuvenate their people in Alaska. The Dena’ina of Upper Tikahtnu have some Dena’ina tribal identity. Working through the federally recognized governmental authority as federally recognized tribes, but tribal governments and village/regional corporations, the Dena’ina no land or population base to assert that authority.† people are continuously orking to assert their tribal sovereignty. Currently, in 2011, approximately ͜00 people are enrolled as original * This description was prepared by the Knik Tribal Council. To clarify: Under ANCSA, land in descendants of the nik Tribe, together ith members of the Native the State of Alaska was conveyed by the federal government (not the state) to the newly Village of Eklutna. It is but a small increase from the 1͠͠0 Russian formed regional and village corporations, in exchange for relinquishing any further claims census, but a dramatic decrease from preǦcontact population, to that land. hich ere estimated to be 3,000Ǧ͝,000 Dena’ina in Tikahtnu. † This description was prepared by the Knik Tribal Council. To clarify: The corporation system established by ANCSA differs from the reservation systems used in the Lower 48 because Alaska Native Peoples become shareholders in the regional and village corporations, rather than direct landowners.

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History of Anchorage

The folloing abbreviated history of Anchorage provides the background information required to understand the forces that shaped the development of the built environment in the Four Original Neighborhoods. A more detailed chronology of each neighborhood’s history is found in Chapter VII: Neighborhood Character, Goals & Policies.

Exploring Alaska

The Cook Inlet as named for Captain ames Cook. A British explorer ho is credited ith making the Ƥrst European claim in the Anchorage area, Cook sailed into the inlet in May 1͟͟͠ on an expedition in search of the fabled Northest PassageȄa nonexistent ater route through North America that geographers hoped ould connect the Atlantic and PaciƤc oceansȄand claimed the area for England.2͝ Prior to Cook’s expedition, hoever, other parts of Alaska ere visited by Russian explorers sailing east out of amchatka. Mikhail Gvozdev Ƥrst sighted the Alaskan mainland in 1͟32, and Vitus Bering, a Danish explorer commissioned by Russia’s Czar Peter the Great, as the Ƥrst to send boats ashore in 1͟͜1.2͞ Although many early outposts ere established along the enai Peninsula and Gulf of Alaska, Russian fur traders had little presence in the upper Cook Inlet.2͟ This early exploration period is celebrated in the Four Original Neighborhoods: the Captain Cook Monument at Resolution Point as th The Captain Cook Monument at Resolution Point as installed to commemorate the 200 anniversary of Cook’s expedition to Anchorage. installed to commemorate the 200th anniversary of Cook’s expedition to Anchorage. U.S. Territory

In 1͟͠͞, the United States government purchased the entire Alaska territory from Russia for the bargain price of ͆͟.2 millionȄjust over 2 cents per acreȄin a deal brokered by Secretary of State William H. Seard. Many ere skeptical of Alaska’s orth to the United States at the time, and called the purchase ǲSeard’s Folly.ǳ From 1͟͠͞ until 1͜͠͠, the territory as knon as the Department of Alaska and as controlled under a variety of federal departments.2͠ The Ƥrst civil government as formed in Alaska in 1͜͠͠, at that time knon as the District of Alaska.2͡

Check for the purchase of Alaska, 1͠͞͠.

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After the discovery of gold near uneau in 1͠͠0 and in Canada’s Yukon Territory in 1͠͡͞, prospectors ƪocked to the londike, and Alaska’s population began to boom. Discovery of gold in Nome in 1͠͡͡ and Fairbanks in 1͡02 further fueled the state’s groth, and Ƥnally brought more U.S. attention to Alaska. Most prospectors ere not successful in the gold Ƥelds, but many of these ne arrivals decided to remain in Alaska and established permanent communities.30 In response to increasing pressure for local control over Alaskan aơairs, Congress established the Alaska Territory as an organized incorporated territory in 1͡12. Alaska remained a U.S. Territory from 1͡12 until it as admitted to the Union as the ͜͡th state in 1͡͝͡.31

Alaska Railroad & the Founding of Anchorage

Anchorage is a classic railroad boomton. Its early development folloed many of the same patterns that accompanied the railroads across the American West. Anchorage as knon by a variety of names prior to the arrival of the railroad, but the U.S. Postal Service formalized the name ǲAnchorageǳ Anchorage Tent City, 1͡1͝. in 1͡1͝ as a ay to consistently direct mail to the government encampment.32

The Ƥrst railroad in Alaska as a ͝0Ǧmile span built north out of Seard by the Alaska Central Railay Company in 1͡03. In March 1͡1͜, Congress agreed to fund the construction and operation of a railroad from Seard to Fairbanks. A ne federal agencyȄthe Alaska Engineering Commission (AEC)Ȅas created to plan the route and supervise construction.33 Ship Creek, located at the northern edge of presentǦday donton Anchorage, became the Ƥeld headquarters of the AEC in 1͡1͜. The delta as a desirable location for a camp because it as conveniently located on the inlet, and rail yards and shops could easily be built on the mud ƪats. On April ͡, 1͡1͝, President Woodro Wilson announced the approval of the AEC’s recommended route through Ship Creek, and ordered construction of the railroad to commence.3͜

As early as 1͡1͜, speculation that Ship Creek might be the base for the ne government railroad as enough to attract hundreds of men hopeful for employment. Squatters arrived in droves, and by the time of the president’s announcement, a temporary settlement had already developed on the north side of the creek.

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Amended Plat of Anchorage Tonsite, ith South, East and Third Additions (Approved December 1͡1͟).

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ǲTent City,ǳ as the squatters’ settlement as often called, primarily comprised canvas tents, although a fe entrepreneurs built more solidǦood buildings to house their businesses.3͝ Many of the squatters ere European immigrants ho had ƪocked to the West Coast but could not Ƥnd ork elsehere. The AEC did eventually hire some of these men as laborers, but in general, Alaska Railroad jobs ere not as readily available as the squatters had hoped.3͞

From 1͡1͝ to the end of World War II, the Alaska Engineering Commission (AEC) and the Alaska Railroad constructed housing on Government Hill for railroad managers, engineers, and skilled orkers. The AEC built 13 cottages in 1͡1͝ on the bluơ overlooking nik Arm at the estern end of Government Hill, along hat are no West Harvard Avenue and Delaney Street. These ere among the Ƥrst frame houses constructed in Anchorage, and ere initially occupied by railroad orkers.

Anchorage Townsite and Incorporation First train leaving Anchorage̹s ne Alaska Engineering Commission Railay depot, 1͡1͞. The land for the Anchorage tonsite had already been set aside by the General Land Oƥce during a cadastral survey of the region in 1͡1͜, but it as not until May 1͡1͝ that the tonsite as platted. (During the HPP Public Outreach process, consultation ith Tribal representatives revealed that the land for the Anchorage tonsite as reserved, platted, and distributed ithout consulting the Alaska Native Peoples ho had inhabited the region for centuries before the arrival of the railroad.) The original tonsite plat established a street grid and approximately 1,͜00 lots on the plateau immediately south of Ship Creek. The engineers numbered the eastǦest streets and named the northǦsouth streets ith letters, to simplify the plan.3͟

The South Addition as the Ƥrst expansion of the original tonsite, laid out in August 1͡1͝ to address a shortage of homestead sites. The East Addition soon folloed in late September 1͡1͝. The Third Addition as added in the summer of 1͡1͞. 3͠ The expansion of the street grid included larger lots than the original tonsite. The AEC created ͝Ǧ and ͠.3Ǧacre parcels in the South Addition and Third Addition because they anted to encourage agricultural development around Anchorage. Thus, in 1͡1͟, a Presidential Executive Order as issued prohibiting the subdivision of tracts containing to or Oscar Anderson House, home of one of Anchorage̹s earliest pioneers (pictured here in 1͡͝3). more acres into smaller lots.3͡

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Homes of early Anchorage pioneers are scattered throughout the Four Original Neighborhoods, including the historic Oscar Anderson House and Oscar Gill House, among others. Although Anchorage as quick to establish itself, it as not incorporated as a city until 1͡20. The original Anchorage city limits extended south to 11th Avenue and east to East G Street (no Gambell Street).͜0 The farther reaches ere largely agricultural in character, scattered ith homesteads, dairy farms, and fur farms until the late 1͡30s.

Aviation

Aviation is one of the more signiƤcant themes representing Alaska history. The Ƥrst airplane ƪight in Alaska as a demonstration ƪight in Fairbanks in 1͡13. It as not until after World War I that signiƤcant aviation developments occurred in the state. Hoever, by the late 1͡20s, airplanes had revolutionized transportation in Alaska.͜1 The territory’s vast size and rough terrain necessitated the use of airplanes, Aerial vie of Donton and the Delaney Park Strip, 1͡2͝. and remote communities reliedȄand continue to relyȄon bush pilots to ƪy small planes Ƥlled ith supplies.͜2 By 1͡23, Anchorage citizens had realized the potential of aviation and banded together to create a landing strip out of the Ƥrebreak beteen ͡th and 10th avenues (today Delaney Park Strip). The Park Strip served as a landing strip for the biplanes of the bush pilots throughout the 1͡20s, but by 1͡2͡, it could no longer support Anchorage’s aviation needs. Merrill Field as oƥcially dedicated in 1͡30. For several years after Merrill Field as completed, spring breakup occasionally forced pilots to use the moreǦsolid ǲold aviation Ƥeldǳ at the Park Strip, hich by then also functioned as a golf course. The City Council ordered Alaskan Airays to ǲdiscontinue the use of the Golf Course as a landing Ƥeldǳ in 1͡31, oƥcially ending the Park Strip’s aviation era.͜3

World War II Russell Merrill’s famous ǲAnchorage No. 1ǳ on the Delaney Park Strip, n.d. In the late 1͡30s, the U.S. military began to prepare for the possibility of involvement in another orld ar. A global study as conducted by the U.S. Navy that investigated and reported on the need for additional naval bases. The report as submitted to Congress by Admiral Arthur . Hepburn in December 1͡3͠ and signed into la in early 1͡3͡. The ǲHepburn Reportǳ recommended the appropriation of ͆1͡ million for the construction of air, submarine, and destroyer bases in Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. This marked the beginning of defense buildǦup in the Alaska Territory.͜͜

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After several failed attempts in the midǦ1͡30s to gain Congressional support for an Alaska air base, President Franklin D. Roosevelt Ƥnally ordered the ithdraal of ͜3,͜͡0 acres of land on the outskirts of Anchorage for Elmendorf Field and Fort Richardson in April 1͡3͡.͜͝ This location as chosen for the air base due to favorable topography and eather conditions, access to the Alaska Railroad, and proximity to the Cook Inlet.͜͞ Construction of a permanent military airƤeld and Army base began on the reserved lands in une 1͜͡0. This construction included hundreds of barracks, hangars, and tactical runays. Fort Richardson and Elmendorf Field ere oƥcially occupied by the Army in August 1͜͡0, and operated as the Army’s headquarters for the militarization of Alaska. The Army relocated its operations to the eastern edge of the reserve (presentǦday Fort Richardson) after World War II. The Air Force assumed control of the original base and renamed it Elmendorf Air Force Base in 1͜͡͠.͜͟

Wartime military construction turned Anchorage into a boomton.͜͠ Thousands of civilian orkers ǲVie of civilian men’s quarters, Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaskaǳ (circa 1͜͡0). ere employed to construct the ne fort. In April 1͜͡0, just before construction of Fort Richardson began, Anchorage had a population of only ͜,000, and by the summer of 1͜͡1 the ton had gron to over ͡,000. The ar created a housing shortage in Anchorage, causing the neighborhoods surrounding Donton to be built out. Despite the 1͡1͟ Executive Order prohibiting further subdivision of tracts sized to acres or larger, Anchorage’s Ƥrst subdivisions ere dran in the South Addition for A.A. Shonbeck’s land in 1͡3͠ and ohn W. Hansen’s land in 1͡3͡ (the Executive Order as eventually revoked).͜͡

The federal agencies and business corporations that moved their headquarters to Anchorage during and after World War II did their part to address the inadequate supply of housing for their employees. Some residential tracts and complexes ere constructed by the Army Corps of Engineers and the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) for use by their employees in the Four Original Neighborhoods. The Army Housing Association, a cooperative created by service members and their families, built 32 Minimal Traditional style homes on Block 13 of the Third Addition in the summer of 1͜͡0; this portion of 11th Avenue also earned the nickname ǲPilots’ Roǳ because many bush pilots and aviators lived on that block in the 1͜͡0s and 1͡͝0s. Northest Airlines built clusters of identical small ranchǦstyle uonset huts and Loxtave houses in Government Hill, 1͜͟͡. houses for their employees in the South Addition after World War II.

ADOPTED 2/12/2013 AO 2013ǧ12 77 HISTORIC PRESERVATION PLAN FOR ANCHORAGE’S FOUR ORIGINAL NEIGHBORHOODS

Highways & Airports

As part of the ar eơort during World War II, the military orked to improve communication and transportation infrastructure, and began constructing roads to connect Fort Richardson to the rest of Alaska. The Alaska (Alcan) Highay (1͜͡2), Whittier Tunnel, and the Glenn Highay (1͜͡1Ǧ1͜͡2) ere important projects. This military transportation infrastructure as opened to civilians in the postar era, providing unprecedented air, rail, and road access to Anchorage. This continued ith the construction of Anchorage International Airport in 1͡͝1, hich solidiƤed Anchorage’s position as the ǲAir Crossroads of the Worldǳ and attracted other airlines and thousands of passengers to the city.͝0 The airport as renamed ǲTed Stevens Anchorage International Airportǳ in 2000, in honor of U.S. Senator Ted Stevens.͝1 Similarly, construction of the Seard Highay and repaving of the Glenn Postcard of Anchorage International Airport, 1͡͝0s. Highay in the early 1͡͝0s provided important vehicular access to Anchorage’s historic core and the entire Anchorage Bol.͝2

Alaska Statehood

Alaskans had been considering statehood since the late 1͡th century. Hoever, early attempts at seeking statehood failed because Alaska lacked the population and Ƥnancial independence to eơectively support itself. By 1͜͡͝, Alaska’s population had increased dramatically and it had become an integral part of the U.S. defense netork, so the demand for statehood became more forceful. The discovery of oil on the enai Peninsula in 1͟͡͝ further fueled the debate, and as the key to changing the national perception of Alaska. Congress passed the Alaska Statehood Bill on une 30, 1͡͝͠. Alaska oƥcially became the ͜͡th state in the Union hen President Dight Eisenhoer signed the bill into la on anuary 3, 1͡͝͡.͝3

The 1964 Earthquake

Among the most signiƤcant events in Anchorage’s history is the 1͜͡͞ Good Friday Earthquake, hich occurred at ͝:3͞ p.m. on March 2͟ of that year. Originally recorded at about ͠.͞ on the Richter Bonfire on the Delaney Park Strip to celebrate statehood Scale and later upgraded to ͡.2, the quake as one of the most poerful seismic events recorded ( une 30, 1͡͝͠). in North America.͜͝

ADOPTED 2/12/2013 78 AO 2013ǧ012 CHAPTER V: HISTORIC CONTEXT & SURVEYS

The earthquake had a profound eơect on the physical environment in Donton, Government Hill, the South Addition, Government Hill, and Turnagain because these neighborhoods ere especially hardǦhit by the disaster.

The 1͜͡͞ earthquake coincided ith the popularity of urban reneal eơorts across the country, and Anchorage took the quake as an opportunity to try to redevelop the city, including ne public park spaces in areas that faced the most destruction by the quake. Evidence of this postquake redevelopment activity is especially clear in Donton and Government Hill.

Oil Industry

The largest oil Ƥeld in North America as discovered in Prudhoe Bay on the Arctic Slope in 1͡͞͠. A 1͡͞͡ oil lease sale brought billions of dollars to the state. Alaska’s gross product doubled ithin to years of the Prudhoe Bay oil Ƥeld development. Oil companies needed to construct a pipeline to carry Fourth Avenue, damaged by the 1͜͡͞ Good Friday Earthquake. North Slope oil to market in order to capitalize on the Prudhoe Bay oil lease sale.͝͝ Construction began on the TransǦAlaska Pipeline System in 1͟͜͡. The pipeline as completed in 1͟͟͡ at a cost of more than ͆͠ billion. The oil discovery and pipeline construction fueled an economic indfall hen oil and construction companies set up headquarters in Anchorage.͝͞

The tremendous outpourings of the oil Ƥelds led to the formation of the Alaska Permanent Fund, hich mandated that a portion of the royalties earned by the oil companies be distributed equally among Alaskan residents.͟͝ The fund as voted as a constitutional amendment by Alaska’s citizens in 1͟͡͞, and the Ƥrst Permanent Fund legislation as enacted in 1͡͠0.͝͠ The discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay also increased the urgency of settling the outstanding land claims of the Alaska Native Peoples, leading to the passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) in 1͟͡1. ANCSA established a system of regional and village corporations to hold the land titles and assets transferred to the tribes by the federal government; Alaska Native Peoples became shareholders in these corporations, hich are run like traditional forǦproƤt businesses.

TransǦAlaska Pipeline, 200͝ (Courtesy Luca Galuzzi, .galuzzi.it).

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As the oil industry expanded, so did environmental conservation eơorts. Many conservation groups ere formed during the 1͟͡0s and 1͡͠0s. The Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) as passed in 1͡͠0, hich set aside over 100 million acres of public lands.͝͡

Municipality of Anchorage

The Municipality of Anchorage as formed in 1͟͡͝ by a consolidation of the city and borough. Also included in this uniƤcation ere Eagle River, Eklutna, Girdood, Glen Alps, and several other communities. The uniƤed area became oƥcially knon as the Municipality of Anchorage. The population of Anchorage had increased to 1͜͠,͟͟͝ by 1͡͠0.

The decade of the 1͡͠0s as a time of groth, thanks to a ƪood of North Slope oil revenue into the state treasury. Capital improvement projects and an aggressive beautiƤcation program, combined ith farǦsighted community planning, greatly increased infrastructure and amenities for citizens. This eơort as knon as ǲProject ͠0s,ǳ and included major improvements such as a ne library, a civic center, a sports arena, and a performing arts center.͞0 The Project ͠0s building program rivaled the military construction of the 1͜͡0s.

Aerial photograph of Anchorage (1͟͡͠), after the formation of the Municipality. During the 1͡͠0s and 1͡͡0s, outdoor recreation activities increased the role of tourism in the modern Anchorage economy, hich has continued to the present day. In turn, the recreation and tourism industries have provided employment, attracted ne residents to Anchorage, and provided individuals and the Municipality alike ith money in their coơers to use in further residential and community development.

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Consolidated Historic Resources Inventory

The Municipality of Anchorage has been orking to identify and protect historic resources in the Four Original Neighborhoods for many years through historic resource surveys. Surveys are important because they are the foundation of a city’s preservation program: identifying and discovering signiƤcant buildings and landscapes allos residents and planners to fully incorporate these resources and values into planning and development decisions. Prior architectural surveys and studies conducted in the Four Original Neighborhoods have all been conducted using a variety of diơerent methods, hich has led to some inconsistencies in the results. These surveys are summarized belo, and are on Ƥle at the Municipality of Anchorage Planning Department or at the Alaska State Historic Preservation Oƥce.

As part of the HPP, Page & Turnbull orked ith AlliedGIS and the Municipality of Anchorage to compile all these previous neighborhood surveys into a single Microsoft Access database designed to interface ith the Municipality’s CityVie softare. This parallel project is called the Consolidated Historic Resources Inventory. This database is still under construction, but ill be available to the public through the CityVie Historic Module hen this module is complete (currently in process). This database is intended to serve as the master list of signiƤcant historic resources in the Four Original Neighborhoods, and should be expanded as more properties are surveyed.

A detailed survey report that outlines the methodology, as ell as a list of signiƤcant historic properties exported from the database, is available both on the HPP ebsite at http://anchoragehpp. com/documents/, and also on the Municipality’s Planning Department ebsite. Previous neighborhood surveys ere consolidated into a single Microsoft Access database that ill interface ith the National Register of Historic Places Municipality’s CityVie softare.

The National Register of Historic Places (National Register) is the oƥcial list of the nation’s historic places orthy of preservation. Since the establishment of the National Register in 1͡͞͞, more than ͠0,000 properties across the nation have been listed. In Anchorage, 2͜ historic resources have been listed in the National Register of Historic Places, 1͡ of hich are located ithin the plan area. Nomination forms for these buildings can be vieed online through the National Park Service’s ebsite: http://.nps.gov/nr/research/.

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R EAST 24TH AVENUE

ADOPTED 2/12/2013 82 AO 2013ǧ012 CHAPTER V: HISTORIC CONTEXT & SURVEYS

Anchorage National Register-Listed Properties (as of December 2012) Alaska Engineering Commission (AEC) Cottage No. 23 (also knon as DeLong Cottage), ͞1͠ Christensen Drive (listed 1͡͡0)* Alaska Engineering Commission (AEC) Cottage No. 2͝, ͜͞͝ W. 3rd Avenue (listed 1͡͡͞)* Anchorage Cemetery (also knon as Anchorage Memorial Park Cemetery), ͝3͝ E. ͡th Avenue (listed 1͡͡3)* Anchorage Depot (also knon as Alaska Railroad Depot), ͜11 W. 1st Avenue (listed 1͡͡͡)* Anchorage Hotel Annex (also knon as Hotel Ronald Lee), 330 E. Street (listed 1͡͡͡)* Anchorage Old City Hall, ͝2͜ W. ͜th Avenue (listed 1͡͠0)* Oscar Anderson House, ͡11 W. ͜th Avenue (listed 1͟͡͠)* Beluga Point Site, archeologyǦaddress restricted (listed 1͟͡͠) Sam Bieri House, 13͞ W. ͟th Avenue (listed 1͟͡͠)* Campus Center (also knon as Student Center, AMU), University Drive (listed 1͟͡͡) Civil Works Residential Dellings (also knon as Bron’s Point Cottages), ͟͠͞ and ͠00 Delaney Street (listed 200͜)* Leopold David House, ͞0͝ W. 2nd Avenue (listed 1͡͠͞)* FAA DCǦ3 Aircraft NǦ͡͡, FAA Hangar, International Airport, Anchorage (listed 1͟͟͡) Federal Building, U.S. Courthouse, ͞01 W. ͜th Avenue (listed 1͟͡͠)* Fourth Avenue Theatre (also knon as the Lathrop Building or Lathrop’s Shocase), ͞30 W. ͜th Avenue (listed 1͡͠2)* Oscar Gill House, 13͜͜ W. 10th Avenue (listed 2001)* ENI Radio Building, 1͟͟͟ Forest Park Drive (listed 1͡͠͠) imball’s Store (also knon as imball Building; imball Dry Goods; Gold Pan; obuk Coơee Company), ͝00 and ͝0͜ W. ͝th Avenue (listed 1͡͠͞)* Lathrop Building (also knon as The Empress Building), ͠01 W. ͜th Avenue (listed 1͟͡͠)* LoussacǦSogn Building, ͜2͝ D. Street (listed 1͡͡͠)* Mcinley Toer Apartments (also knon as Macay Building), 33͟ E. ͜th Avenue (listed 200͠)* rd The Old Federal Building (top) and Old City Hall (bottom) Pioneer Schoolhouse, 3 Avenue and Eagle Street (listed 1͡͠0)* in Donton are among the 1͡ National RegisterǦlisted Potter Section House, 11͝ Seard Highay (listed 1͡͠͝) properties in the Four Original Neighborhoods. Wendler Building, ͜10 I Street (listed 1͡͠2) and ͜00 D Street (listed 1͡͠͠)*

* Located within the Four Original Neighborhoods plan area

ADOPTED 2/12/2013 AO 2013ǧ12 83 HISTORIC PRESERVATION PLAN FOR ANCHORAGE’S FOUR ORIGINAL NEIGHBORHOODS

E IV R D 3 R 9T TE HS IF T RL RE AI ° 0.50.25 0 0.5Mile s ET E FAIRCHILD AVENU

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O O L EET H STR A 3T DA L 1 A L R D I N TTL E OU A G

MI L V Z

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N T

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R E

T A

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B O A N B L O N A AK N R G AV

D EA A D AR V R O N VENUE EN UNNAMED ROAD E

M O U KE

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N A E “Patterns of the Past” Properties R V

N O D E E BULLARD AVENUE 5TH STREET N U A A U U

D O E N 4TH STRE R E ET D E V M A A S N N W U E R UNNAMED ROAD

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L E R B in the Plan Area I V C O

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E V O V R E RD I D N N T

E E NS A T R T VA VE RE T UE N S E E S R UE T N S EE E TR R E T HA H V Patterns of the Past identified and provided historical T R R UN A R T R NAM C ED H E D E S MS ROAD T E A A R ST T E E L E EA I D

RO R T E R B L T I

YS E O T VY E C I RA

S N N A L AD L L RO E E P

D O T W O D A

L D W STL O A E

O A O information for 1͟͝ properties ithin plan area. Most ere E E R E S R

T C

D R ER E ED

ND T M T M

R A S A E IVE N

N NUE E

U UNN E D

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S A

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M R concentrated in Donton. S A T PETERKIN

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GOVERNMENT HILL E OP

O Y O E U N L N E D AVE NEY ROA OAD M W WHIT RICHMO EAST RAILR ND CIRCLE F

A VIKING DRIVE COMMERCIAL N

R T T

T E

H E

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RO C R R

T NCH E

S T

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L T D S T T A A O R R

S A

B K LL E A PO

T C

A E T V

SMA I R T E E R

S H L U C E E

U O T K AVEN N UPI REE SPAR AVENUE H SPAR AVENUE U E C R

R SHIP N H AST T O N E T A IV

T E R B M R S D

N R E D O E

L R

D T O

N L V R R

N O

E E E A PA

T G D T R M

D E A

A D WEST 1ST AVENUE EAST 1ST AVENUE EAST 1ST AVENUE A R

O E

R R A

D R

E O T

M S

A R N S

N A

T K

U T

S U R I

D O N O L D

A D

T R U

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NUE E EAST 2ND AVENUE ST E WEST 2ND AVE R A

O E K R

T S

C I

S R A

T W L T

E S CE E W UNNAMED ROAD EAST 2ND COURT S S R C A I T H Y

L C T

S TA

A H T

T R E I

F P

N E

WEST 3RD AVENUE E EAST 3RD AVENUE P

T E PO E E

E R

DOWNTOWN D R

R T

T F

E T

T I S

E E

T T

R S

PREVIOUSLY EVALUATED PROPERTIES LEGEND S L E

T D

E E

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E E D O

L E UNNAMED ROAD T R

R R I

S D

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T T E

R Y A E EAST 4TH AVENUE EAST 4TH AVENUE S S

WEST 4TH AVENUE E A

T T

A A

B E

R E

T R

R C

T E

T N

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R E

L O

L T E

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C C

S E

A R

IR R WEST 5TH AVENUE EAST 5TH AVENUE E

R I

T O

T T

L T

S R

A E

N D

E E

I E

E E

R C

T C

T D

E T

M A

S L

C A

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Y N

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EAST 6TH AVENUE A

WEST 6TH AVENUE N

T E

Previously Listed in National Register (NRHP) T

P I

K STREET U

S W

E R

F T

E T

D E

A A STREET

S R

T E

A T

S E

A R

P S

T H

S D

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7TH AVENUE U WEST 7TH AVENUE WEST 7TH AVENUE E EAST PENLAND PA A RKWAY

T O

T A

T E

T T

E E

A E R

S N

A E

R U

D L

R E R

W J

P T

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OV S

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N WEST 8TH AVENUE EAST 8TH AVENUE E E

T K

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T E

B N

U N R L

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A T

OOK

T M

L E O

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S MERRILL FIELD DRIVE

T T

T R

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Previously Listed in “Patterns of the Past” A TO

P D F S N

S L E WEST 9TH AVENUE EAST 9TH AVENUE E

A S E

INGRA STREET INGRA

M T

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C C

C E M T

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LA JA R

P T

T HYDER STREET

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T I

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A EAST 10TH AVENUE

A EAST 10TH AVENUE E

EAST 10TH AVENUE STREET GAMBELL T

T E D

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CORDOVA STREET CORDOVA

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A O

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WEST 11TH AVENUE WEST 11TH AVENUE I

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SOUTH ADDITION E P

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EAST 12TH AVENUE I E EAST 12TH AVENUE

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N A

T A M

R S O T

A R

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R F

E D E

R S

R A E E

R M R

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F N T

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Community Council Boundary E

H E A

EAST 13TH AVENUE E WEST 13TH AVENUE L

U WEST 13TH AVENUE K U

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WEST 14TH AVENUE T T

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W E D

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WEST 15TH AVENUE WEST 15TH AVENUE EAST 15TH AVENUE NE E R

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V L

V T I

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R FAIRVIEW S

S R

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D WEST 16TH AVENUE B A AY WEST 16TH AVENUE WEST 16TH AVENUE EAST 16TH AVENUE EAST 16TH AVENUE EAST 16TH AVENUE MEDRO P B UNNA M A R T KOBUK COURT S E R C EAST 17TH AVENUE L WEST 17TH AVENUE IL K EAST 17TH AVENUE H A

T F R EAST 17TH AVENUE

F E

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B E

T D S E

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E E A R S D

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N N

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P T R

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I T O U E A

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W A S

J E

L E

B E P RIV I W

D L C

K E G RI

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W I R

WEST 19TH AVENUE O EAST 19TH AVENUE I N

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L T

O T T T U

RS T K

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A A C S CASSIUS COUR O S

D E S M E A STR T L R

E R A E IV AN U U

R A E

E K E R R K

D E WEST 20TH AVENUE D T K IV O A

K A

R L E S B N RA

Y U D R

N E O EAST 20TH AVENUE U

K A E A D L V P WEST 20TH AVENUE R RO A O B D

E C Military (JBER) W E T E K LI O R NO K L S IV A LL

IR I ED CI O E R LI V R E A R C V C R D E L I CC ATW E M E L E A M O S R E H C D D

V P F R I WEST 21ST AVENUE D EAST 20TH AVENUE K RI LL A E

E I A

D RI O N U L R

I C N V

O Q R P V A

E S UNNA D R

E T E A

C V RST G E S RI

R A D T

FAIRWEATHER DRIVE Y

A I

U V

TM D A A

IL N

S I R S E

DRI E O VENUE

WEST 22ND A W

R I

W V N

E H U A

A O T N

T G

C T

E TO WEST 22ND AVENUE I V A EAST 22ND AVENUE

ILLIAMNA AVENUE I L R S E T NT DRIV E

BELMO H R O P N L

D A E

E E WAY C

S U N D T

A E

A S C A

LI R E

WEST 23RD AVENUE R

S NNESO R A

TE I E

DR T

L IN A L EAST 23RD AVENUE

M W

A R S

C P

S OA H

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D BELAIR DRIVE A E S

WEST 23RD AVENUE S

IG R L D D I

M D V G

E A

O E R EAST 24TH AVENUE

ADOPTED 2/12/2013 84 AO 2013ǧ012 CHAPTER V: HISTORIC CONTEXT & SURVEYS

Patterns of the Past

One of Anchorage’s most comprehensive historic resource inventories is Patterns of the Past: An Inventory of Anchorage’s Historic Resources, completed in 1͟͡͡ by Michael Carberry and Donna Lane. A second edition as published in 1͡͠͞. The report as compiled as a basic source of information about Anchorage’s historic resources, and includes a historic context statement and description of select resources. Patterns of the Past is organized according to major development themes, such as native habitation, mining, railroading, military, and tonsite development, each of hich is illustrated ith examples of property types associated ith each theme.͞1 As as common in cities across the United States in the 1͟͡0s, Patterns of the Past as prepared to help inform local decisionǦmakers about historic preservation issues.

Patterns of the Past identiƤed and provided historical information about 1͟͝ properties ithin the four oldest neighborhoodsȄGovernment Hill, Donton, South Addition, and Fairvie. Of the 1͟͝ properties, ͜0 appear to have been demolished or moved into municipal storage since the document’s second edition in 1͡͠͞.

Patterns of the Past is available for revie or purchase at the Municipality of Anchorage Planning Department. It can also be revieed at the Alaska Room of the .J. Loussac Public Library.

Patterns of the Past (Carberry & Lane, 1͟͡͡/1͡͠͞) as compiled as a basic source of information about Anchorage’s historic resources.

ADOPTED 2/12/2013 AO 2013ǧ12 85 HISTORIC PRESERVATION PLAN FOR ANCHORAGE’S FOUR ORIGINAL NEIGHBORHOODS

Neighborhood Surveys

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN Historic resources in each of Anchorage’s original neighborhoods have been studied through SURVEYS AND HISTORIC CONTEXT architectural surveys completed since the 1͡͠0s. In all these surveys, properties that ere at least ͝0 STATEMENTS years old received evaluations guided by the National Park Service’s National Register of Historic Places criteria (see Chapter III for a detailed description of criteria). But each survey varies in size, scope, and Surveys and historic context statements are most intensity: some ere “reconnaissanceǦlevel” surveysȄa cursory look at buildings ith signiƤcance useful hen they are prepared together. Additional judged on architectural merit aloneȄhile others ere “intensiveǦlevel” surveys ith detailed resources may be identiƤed in the Ƥeld hen archival research and thorough documentation. Some surveys covered an entire neighborhood, hile informed by the research contained in the historic others surveyed only a selection of properties. The methodology for conducting a survey is typically context statement. Likeise, the historic and developed based on the reason for the survey and the amount of available funding and resources; this cultural signiƤcance of resources identiƤed through accounts for the variation among survey methodologies in the Four Original Neighborhoods. survey may be evaluated using the frameork of the context statement. The context statement places the development of these resources into a larger Neighborhood Surveys by the Numbers story, hile the survey can identify resources that #ofSurveyed Individually #ofDistrict Neighborhood Year Boundaries SurveyLevel CriteriaUsed illustrate important themes of the context statement. Properties Significant Contributors Each eơortȄthe survey and the context statementȄ ShipCreek 1989 Selected parcels Intensive 8 8 Not specified Unknown

informs the other. GovernmentHill 2006 Entire neighborhood Intensive 295 8 88 NRHP (A & C)

Downtown 1988 & 2007 Selected parcels Intensive 46 46 Not specified High/Medium/Low

Entire neighborhood 890 (Recon) / 120 SouthAddition 2011Ǧ2012 (Recon) / Selected Phased 66 35 NRHP (A & C) (Intensive) Parcels (Intensive)

Fairview 2007Ǧ2008 Entire neighborhood Recon 519 46 191 NRHP (C only)

This table summarizes the methodology and results for each of the previous surveys in the Four Original Neighborhoods. Properties listed as “significant” ere found eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places, either individually or as a contributor to a historic district. The variation among survey methodologies in the Four Original Neighborhoods can be attributed to the reason for the survey and the amount of available funding and resources.

ADOPTED 2/12/2013 86 AO 2013ǧ012 CHAPTER V: HISTORIC CONTEXT & SURVEYS

Ship Creek Architectural Survey (1989)‡ The Ship Creek Architectural Survey as The Freight Depot as identiƤed as a conducted by Anchorage Historic Properties, signiƤcant building in 1͡͠͡. It as recently Inc. (AHPI) in 1͡͠͡. AHPI identiƤed eight ageǦ renovated, and is Alaska̹s Ƥrst historic eligible buildings that ere highly signiƤcant, building certiƤed under the U.S. Green and recommended these buildings for listing in Building Council̹s Leadership Energy and the National Register of Historic Places. The Ship Environmental Design (LEED) program. Creek Architectural Survey also recommended that a railroad arehouse district be formed Three other buildings identiƤed in the 1͡͠͡ along Warehouse Avenue just east of C Street, survey still exist, but may not be feasible to including the Freight Depot on First Avenue preserve if they are found to be functionally (period of signiƤcance 1͡1͞Ǧ1͡͝0). Hoever, the obsolete or are unable to meet the Alaska railroad properties and district recommended by Railroad̹s safety and program requirements: AHPI ere never formally listed in the National AEC Poer Plant (Anchorage Railroad Yard), Register, and many of these buildings are no Warehouse 3, and Engine Repair Shop. longer extant today. To buildings identiƤed in the 1͡͠͡ survey The Anchorage Depot (Alaska Railroad are no longer oned by the railroad: AEC Depot) as identiƤed as a signiƤcant building Cold Storage Facility (Warehouse Avenue) in 1͡͠͡. It is currently oned by the railroad and B&B Carpenter Shop (Whitney Road) and maintained in accordance ith a Building Preservation Plan prepared in 2011. Three buildings identiƤed in the 1͡͠͡ survey have since been demolished: W.J. Boudreau The Ship Creek Architectural Survey (1͡͠͡) informed the Co. (222 Warehouse Avenue), Emmard 1͡͡1 Ship Creek Waterfront Land Use Study. Cannery (͞͝͠ Ocean Dock Road), and Anchorage Section House (Whitney Road). ș Additional detail about the methodology used for the Ship Creek Survey and a complete list of the survey results are included under separate cover in the Consolidated Historic Resources Inventory Survey Report.

ADOPTED 2/12/2013 AO 2013ǧ12 87 HISTORIC PRESERVATION PLAN FOR ANCHORAGE’S FOUR ORIGINAL NEIGHBORHOODS

CRA I TT OAD L ED R WAV E M UNNA AV

E E

N D N U A U

E O E Government Hill Survey Results (2006) R

R E VE AT AD AR DRI HTER W FIG D

N O E RO

The Government Hill Survey as conducted in 200͞ D OL O

TI L

DA IT

NAL

I folloing a Section 10͞ consultation for the nik Arm T VEN LE

ERM A

T V Crossing Project. The survey initially found 2͠ properties U EN E

U to be individually eligible for the National Reigster and E 1͟͜ properties to be contributing resources to a potential 11TH STREET Government Hill Historic District. Hoever, the SHPO IVE R only concurred ith some of the initial survey findings: ͠͠ AR D N R OLD D HTE G properties are contributors to one of four small historic FI R IVE T EE districts, hile eight properties are individually eligible. R AD T E S U H N RO T 10 E R AV

E L NUE L T

E D A UNNAMEDROAD WE A V A S W R NUE A O

E T N C DA E R DE V E I OLD D R R T A T

R HST E LA 8T O K WARRIOR DRIVE P C A CTI UL AR R

L B E IV

G E

O O

C NUE C

E E N B

A BLAK O V A N N G

D E A ARN V RA

O A

V EN E

C E U K OLD NUE E KR GOVERNMENT HILL SURVEY RESULTS LEGEND A

A E VEN O BULLARD AVE NUE D E

A A U U

D E N DRO E E V GOVERNMENT HILL SURVEY RESULTS M A S

UNNA REW

Quonsets ND BI A Individually NRHP Eligible (SHPO Concurs) (SHPO Concurs) ERI LBO EAST BLUFF DRIVE C K STR SO Urban Renewal

N EET (SHPO Concurs) ST NRHP District Contributor (SHPO Concurs) BO R T RICHA YD NUE EE E RDSONVISTA ROAD VE A T RIVE STR R RE FFD T Found by SRB&A to be a NRHP District WEST BLU ANO EE M HOL T LYW EET EAST BLU Contributor (SHPO did not concur) T O OD S R ANDE S OD

D DR O T F B EA IV FD UE E S R R I N T W VE

OA E T O E G T M

R V R A E E L WN SON Not Eligible E D E VI R D R N DO EE E T T T R A AVEN E Far West V R E T E S R UE T S M E (SHPO Concurs) TR T S HA HS A REET T RS C TRE TR M E AS A S R L NN Not Surveyed I E E D Far East E Y B YS U T E (SHPO Concurs) C IV NE A D L OA Potential Historic District P R DE OO D A WEST HARVARD AVENUE STL O EA DR E M PREVIOUSLY EVALUATED PROPERTIES A NN U

W P Previously Listed in National Register (NRHP) E S M TE A R N D PR R IV O Previously Listed in “Patterns of the Past” E O L AD ITNEY RO EAST WH FW

Current Community Council Boundary BOF

NAN

Proposed Community Council Boundary OR

D SHIPAVENUE

C E

Wetlands RE T

T R

T EET

HAS

UE VIKING DRIVE P T N REEK AVE SPAR AVENUE Municipal Parks EAST SHIPC H

NOR

Military (JBER) T T

E E

WEST 1ST AVENUE EAST 1ST AVENUE E EAST 1ST AVENUE E

R R

T T 0.05 0.025 0 0.05 Miles AD

AS KS

V U

O D L

A ST R

° A T

R T

O R E UE O

WEST2ND AVEN E EAST 2ND AVENUE A R E

ADOPTED 2/12/2013 88 AO 2013ǧ012 CHAPTER V: HISTORIC CONTEXT & SURVEYS

Government Hill Survey (2006)§ The Government Hill Survey as conducted in 200͞ folloing a Section SRB&A then conducted an intensiveǦlevel survey and produced forms 10͞ consultation for the nik Arm Crossing Project to document potential for all of the contributing and noncontributing resources on Government historic resources ithin the project’s Area of Potential Eơect. HDR Alaska, Hill, hich are compiled in Knik Arm Crossing Project Recommendations Inc., under contract ith nik Arm Bridge and Toll Authority (ABATA), for a Historic District(s): Government Hill, Anchorage, Alaska; Volume II: acting on behalf of the Federal Highay Administration (FHWA), contracted Description of Properties (July 2͝, 200͞). This volume presented descriptions ith Stephen R. Braund & Associates (SRB&A) to perform the survey of properties located on Government Hill, and included contemporary ork. SRB&A produced a toǦvolume survey report, hich identiƤed and historic photographs. Of the 2͡͝ properties surveyed on Government and documented potential historic resources in Government Hill. Prior to Hill, 2͠ properties ere found by SRB&A to be individually eligible to be beginning the survey ork, the study area as expanded from the Section nominated to the National Register. 10͞ Area of Potential Eơects to include the apartment buildings on the east side and preǦWorld War II elements on the est side of Government Hill. The SRB&A report as forarded on to the Federal Highay Administration (FHWA), hich incorporated some of SRB&A’s Ƥndings into its on Section Knik Arm Crossing Project Recommendations for a Historic District(s): 10͞ report. The FHWA only partially agreed ith SRB&A’s Ƥndings. In a Government Hill, Anchorage, Alaska; Volume I: Literature Review and letter dated July 13, 200͞, the State Historic Preservation Oƥce (SHPO) Recommendations (July 2͝, 200͞) includes an explanation of the concurred ith the FHWA, and found that the large Government Hill methodology used; a revie of the history of Government Hill; an analysis Historic District as not eligible due to a lack of integrity, although for a determination of eligibility for a historic district or districts on there ere four smaller historic districts in the neighborhood. Of the 2͡͝ Government Hill; and recommendations regarding the existence of one properties surveyed on Government Hill, SHPO agreed that ͠͠ properties or more historic districts. Based on a literature and archival revie and ere contributors to one of four historic districts, hile eight properties indshield surveys of the Government Hill area, SRB&A recommended ere individually eligible. The National Register nomination process has that the Government Hill area be found eligible for the National Register since been initiated for the individually eligible Wireless Station, based on of Historic Places under Criterion A (Events) as one large historic district these survey results. ith Ƥve subǦareas. Of the 2͡͝ properties surveyed on Government Hill, 1͟͜ properties ere considered by SRB&A to be contributing resources to Please note that this description and map simply summarizes the results of the historic district(s). the 2006 Government Hill Survey. The HPP did not reevaluate or otherwise Ƥ Ǥ Ț Additional detail about the methodology used for the Government Hill Survey and a complete list of the survey results are included under separate cover in the Consolidated Historic Resources Inventory Survey Report.

ADOPTED 2/12/2013 AO 2013ǧ12 89 HISTORIC PRESERVATION PLAN FOR ANCHORAGE’S FOUR ORIGINAL NEIGHBORHOODS

A TERMINALROAD RNO E LD IV D D R A A A D VE O O R R NU R T D IO E R E R M R O A P E G UNNA ICW A T R C O R H A Downtown Survey Results (1988 & 2007) C B IL AN B EAST BLUFF DRIVE O ST DEGAN RE E E AST Anchorage Historic Properties, Inc. (AHPI) surveyed ͜͞ T BL B UFF O O S DR T IVE E C YD T NUE RE E E properties in Donton in 1͡͠͠; the survey report as V RE A DRIVE ST A E UFF T N T BL S R T T WE R HOL D EE NO LY E DS A W E updated in200͟. The “2nd and F Street Area” as found to O M OOD T T DR C AND I S V OO TR B E

K EA UE S R T W retain sufficient integrity for listing in the National Register R ER EN T O E V G T M O E E L WN SO

A E VI R E RD A N DO EE

D E N A AVEN T as a historic district, hile the “Local Historic Core” as found V R ET TR S ST R UE T TR S HA HS REET T RS C TRE S M to lack the integrity needed for National Register eligibility. E A A S R L E E I D E Y B T E

C NE A L AD RO DE P OO D A WEST HARVARD AVENUE STL O WE EA ST DR ERN E M DR A IVE N N U

FWL

BO EY ROAD

NAN WHITN EAST DOWNTOWN SURVEY RESULTS LEGEND N OR

T D H

HROA C E

E LAUNC ST OAT REET B STR 1988/2007 DOWNTOWN SURVEY RESULTS LL

A A SM H UE T N REEK AVE R EAST SHIPC

N Individually NRHP Eligible D OA WEST 1ST AVENUE EAST 1ST AVENUE EDR Not Eligible UNNAM

T T

ND AVENUE E EAST 2ND AVENUE WEST 2 E

R RE

2nd & F T Not Surveyed S COURT UNNAMEDROAD EAST 2ND S

Street Area I

A T

N E E WEST 3RD AVENUE EAST 3RD AVENUE EAGLE STREET

DE RE

Potential Historic District E T

E S

F Local T

T W

E Historic

O E

ES Core R

RR EAST 4TH AVENUE

T WEST 4TH AVENUE

T R

PREVIOUSLY EVALUATED PROPERTIES E

E T

R E

E D

S A

WEST 5TH AVENUE R EAST 5TH AVENUE

T O

R A

D E

E R

Previously Listed in National Register (NRHP) C D

T T

M A

L A

C I

E P

A N

WEST 6TH AVENUE N EAST 6TH AVENUE

C T

T I

K STREET

U E

S F

I E A STREET A

A E

C R

Previously Listed in “Patterns of the Past” T

A T

R S

A T

D S

WEST 7TH AVENUE EAST 7TH AVENUE EAST 7TH AVENUE U

A A

T E

E N

E U

R T

T E

M S INGRA STREET INGRA

F RE EAST8THAVENUE S

Community Council Boundary N WEST 8TH AVENUE EAST 8TH AVENUE

T K

S N

A M

E B GAMBELL STREET GAMBELL

R R

C STREET I

CORDOVA STREET CORDOVA A

S F

Wetlands B WEST 9TH AVENUE EAST 9TH AVENUE

Municipal Parks

TH AVENUE HYDER STREET WEST 10 WEST 10TH AVENUE EAST 10TH AVENUE

T T

T E

E RE

R T

E Military (JBER) T

T S

T G STREET

D M

S 0.05 0.025 0 0.05 Miles E

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R L STREET L

° E

B ET

ADOPTED 2/12/2013 90 AO 2013ǧ012 CHAPTER V: HISTORIC CONTEXT & SURVEYS

Downtown Anchorage Historic Survey (1988 & 2007)¶ The Donton area as surveyed by Anchorage Historic Properties, Hoever, AHPI found that the “Local Historic Core” merited local Inc. (AHPI) in 1͡͠͠, and the Downtown Anchorage Historic Survey report designation as a special overlay area for planning purposes, in an eơort as updated in 200͟. According to the original summary statement, all to recommend development designed for compatibility ith the historic ͜͞ buildings that ere included in the study ere chosen from ithin a scale of the area. Particularly sensitive areas ithin the “Local Historic tightly deƤned geographic area for the ultimate purpose of determining Core” identiƤed for planning purposes include the ͝00 North block of ͜th a concentration of signiƤcance that could lead to the identiƤcation of a Avenue (the buildings directly opposite Old City Hall), the ͜th Avenue and G historic area or district. By this methodology, all of the surveyed buildings Street intersection, the ͜th Avenue and D Street tonsite corner (32͠Ǧ3͜0 ere considered to have some level of individual historic signiƤcance. The W. ͜th Avenue), and the 3rd Avenue Cottages (three AEC cottages beteen use of a high/medium/lo rating system of integrity and signiƤcance on the G and F streets). individual buildings’ history statements as considered loosely analogous to the primary, secondary, and contributing classiƤcations used by the Updated property information forms ere produced and attached to the Department of the Interior for National Register historic districts. The 1͡͠͠ summary statement in 200͟. These forms included the 1͡͠͠ data “signiƤcance” of each building as based, for the purposes of the study, and descriptions, pairing that information ith updated photographs, on its location ithin the district. A “priority” rating served as a guideline descriptions, building history, signiƤcance, and comments about condition for the level of direct preservation action (for example, pursuing easement and/or preservation strategy. A total of 2͜ properties in Donton ere purchase or donation, oơering Ƥnancial assistance, making eơorts to found eligible in 200͟. dissuade adverse impact, and so on) on the part of AHPI as it related to the site. Please note that this description and map simply summarizes the results of the 1988/2007 Downtown Survey. The HPP did not reevaluate or otherwise The “2nd and F Street Area” (roughly bounded by 1st Avenue to the north, E ƤǤ Street to the east, Christensen Road to the est, and the alley beteen 2nd and 3rd avenues to the south) is the only portion of Donton Anchorage that as identiƤed as demonstrating the integrity required for eligibility for the National Register of Historic Places. The “Local Historic Core” as identiƤed as lacking suƥcient architectural integrity for National Register eligibility.

ț Additional detail about the methodology used for the Donton Anchorage Historic Survey and a complete list of the survey results are included under separate cover in the Consolidated Historic Resources Inventory Survey Report.

ADOPTED 2/12/2013 AO 2013ǧ12 91 HISTORIC PRESERVATION PLAN FOR ANCHORAGE’S FOUR ORIGINAL NEIGHBORHOODS

SM A LL N

B OR OAT

L TH

AU T

N E CH C

STREET

ROA RE

T D

HAS South Addition Survey Results (2011-12) T

NOR

D WEST 1ST AVENUE EAST1STAVENUE The survey as conducted using a phased approach, hereby ROA ED AM a reconnaissance survey documented images and vital details UNN

AD for all properties built in 1͡͞͞ or earlier. Those properties that T O WEST 2 ND AVENUE E EAST 2ND AVENUE

R had already been previously documented, or that did not retain T

EE UNNAMEDROAD S CESS R

H AC suƥcient integrity, or that did not Ƥt ithin important contexts STR T F WEST 3RD AVENUE EAST 3RD AVENUE

T POR

and themes identiƤed in the Historic Context Statement ere E

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eliminated. The remaining properties that appeared potentially S G WEST 4TH AVENUE EAST 4TH AVENUE

eligible for the National Register of Historic Places, either T

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individually or as part of a historic district, ere subject to T T

S E

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intensiveǦlevel survey. WEST 5TH AVENUE R EAST 5TH AVENUE T

T S

B E

R C

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S L

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L WEST 6TH AVENUE EAST 6TH AVENUE C

R T

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T E

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S SOUTH ADDITION SURVEY RESULTS LEGEND E A STREET A

C R

A T

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D E WEST 7TH AVENUE EAST 7TH AVENUE

T E

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S SOUTH ADDITION INTENSIVE-LEVEL R

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O L

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SURVEY RESULTS: ELIGIBLE PROPERTIES P E

OV O

RE ST8THAVENUE N WEST 8TH AVENUE EA E

T T

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NE U OKP LOOK Individually NRHP Eligible (66) E

TR M

LA R

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S O PS T

S NS STR LA WEST 9TH AVENUE EAST 9TH AVENUE

NRHP District Contributor: CAA Housing (28) E T

C E

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NRHP District Contributor: Northwest Airlines Housing (7) D R VI WEST 10TH AVENUE

A WEST 10TH AVENUE EAST 10TH AVENUE T

D E E E CORDOVA STREET CORDOVA

N E

A RE

Not Eligible (17) L R T

T S CH S

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E D M B E

R T WEST 11TH AVENUE WEST 11TH AVENUE EAST 11TH AVENUE

T E

Potential Historic District E R

T T UNNAMED ROAD

S T

L STREET L

E S

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E STREET WEST 12TH AVENUE WEST 12TH AVENUE WEST 12TH AVENUE WEST 12TH AVENUE T

MC SOUTH ADDITION RECONAISSANCE SURVEY S METHODOLOGY: ELIMINATED PROPERTIES F

WEST 13TH AVENUE E WEST 13TH AVENUE EAST 13TH AVENUE

Previously Listed in National Register (NRHP) C

A L

N STREET T H STREET

B STREET TP

S T

E E C E

E E

U STREET N

R NL

I I Previously Listed in “Patterns of the Past” C T WEST 14TH AVENUE WEST 14TH AVENUE

WEST 14TH AVENUE T T

W E

S E

AY E

P R

E S

Previously Listed in AHRS E

K R I

D T EAST 15TH AVENUE D WEST 15TH AVENUE WEST 15TH AVENUE

EN EET E IV LS DR L A E T A

T E Eliminated (Context/Theme) O N S AN E MSTR E L E VIRGINIA COURT

S INN FEY T WEST15TH TERRACE EAST 15TH TERRACE C M F COFFEY LANE S E O N C F Eliminated (Integrity) IC REET WA WEST 16TH AVENUE ST Y WEST 16TH AVENUE WEST 16TH AVENUE EAST 16TH AVENUE P B M A R T Age Ineligible (according to Muni Assessor’s data) S E R C L IL WEST 17TH AVENUE H F F O B S

A D T

Community Council Boundary R O S A

E V N N E I L

M U O

Wetlands T

C I

WEST 19TH AVENUE R

T T

C S

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Municipal Parks A AD E R

TR WEST 20TH AVENUE RO K O

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A L R B WEST 20TH AVENUE D

0.05 0.025 0 0.05 Miles EN C EA Military (JBER) P R

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I WEST 21ST AVENUE D A L S

ADOPTED 2/12/2013 92 AO 2013ǧ012 CHAPTER V: HISTORIC CONTEXT & SURVEYS

South Addition Intensive-Level Survey (2011-2012)** The South Addition Historic Context Statement and Intensive-Level Survey The survey was conducted using a phased approach, whereby a were sponsored by the Municipality of Anchorage to provide a greater reconnaissance survey documented images and vital details for 8͡0 ageǦ understanding of the history of the neighborhood. The Historic Context eligible (properties (built in 1͡66 or earlier). Those properties that had Statement was written by Page & Turnbull, and served as the foundation already been previously documented, or that did not retain suƥcient for the South Addition Intensive-Level Survey, which was conducted by integrity, or that did not Ƥt within important contexts and themes identiƤed Braunstein Geological & Environmental Services (BGES). This historic in the Historic Context Statement were eliminated. context statement and survey project was funded by the Federal Highway Administration as part of the nik Arm Crossing Project Programmatic The remaining 120 properties that appeared potentially eligible for the Agreement (dated December 2͡, 2008) that was executed pursuant National Register of Historic Places, either individually or as part of a to Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1͡66. A historic district, were subject to intensiveǦlevel survey. Architectural Memorandum of Understanding implementing the Programmatic descriptions, signiƤcance statements, and photographs were recorded in Agreement was prepared on January 1͜, 2010, to further outline the an Access database that was used to generate Alaska Historic Resources required scope of this project. Survey (AHRS) cards. Of the 120 intensively surveyed properties, 66 were found to be individually signiƤcant and 3͝ were found to be contributors to The South Addition Historic Context Statement (Ƥnal report June 2012) one of several potential historic districts. presents the history of the South Addition Survey Area’s built environment from prehistory to the present in order to support and guide identiƤcation Please note that this description and map simply summarizes the results of and evaluation of historic properties throughout the neighborhood, as well the 2012 South Addition Survey. The HPP did not reevaluate or otherwise as to inform future planning decisions. The document identiƤes important ƤǤ periods, events, themes, and patterns of development, and also provides a framework for evaluating individual historic properties and potential districts for the National Register of Historic Places. Historic property types associated with these periods and themes are also identiƤed and described in the historic context statement, with signiƤcance and integrity considerations are included for each. The context statement does not provide eligibility recommendations for speciƤc properties; this information was included in the South Addition Intensive-Level Survey Report.

** Additional detail about the methodology used for the South Addition IntensiveǦLevel Survey and a complete list of the survey results are included under separate cover in the Consolidated Historic Resources Inventory Survey Report.

ADOPTED 2/12/2013 AO 2013ǧ12 93 HISTORIC PRESERVATION PLAN FOR ANCHORAGE’S FOUR ORIGINAL NEIGHBORHOODS

C T

E STR A

R O

T R

EET

S O HAS AVENUE VIKING DRIVE

T REEK P SPAR AVENUE

EAST SHIPC

H T

NOR R

NORTH SITKA S SITKA NORTH

T E

WEST 1ST AVENUE EAST 1ST AVENUE D EAST 1ST AVENUE

Fairview Survey Results (2007) A

UK S

P R

The Fairview Historical Building Survey included identifying EAST 2ND AVENUE T EAST 2ND AVENUE

E R and documenting all buildings constructed in or before RT T

EAST 2ND COU S

T A

1͡62. Eligibility for listing in the National Register of Historic T

N E

WEST 3RD AVENUE E EAST 3RD AVENUE

R T

Places was based on Criterion C (Design/Construction) and T

S E

T E

RS R

the level of apparent historic integrity. UNNAMED ROAD T

DE S

R Y

EAST 4TH AVENUE S

WEST 4TH AVENUE E A

EAGLE STREET

H T

B E

T R

E C

E N

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C S

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O L

N D

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D M

R A

N E

WEST 6TH AVENUE N EAST 6TH AVENUE

T T

A STREET A

S E

E R

T H

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T WEST 7TH AVENUE EAST 7TH AVENUE EAST 7TH AVENUE U

T E

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L E

FAIRVIEW SURVEY RESULTS LEGEND L

J R

R T

A S

WEST 8TH AVENUE S EAST 8TH AVENUE

N A

B MERRILL FIELD DRIVE R

2007 FAIRVIEW SURVEY RESULTS I A

BARROW STREET F WEST 9TH AVENUE EAST 9TH AVENUE INGRA STREET INGRA STREET MEDFRA

E HYDER STREET

E Individually NRHP Eligible (46) T

R EAST 10TH AVENUE

A WEST 10TH AVENUE EAST 10TH AVENUE STREET GAMBELL EAST 10TH AVENUE

R LATOUCHE STREET LATOUCHE CORDOVA STREET CORDOVA

Fairview Potential O

E NRHP District Contributor (191) G District West

E WEST 11TH AVENUE EAST 11TH AVENUE EAST 11TH AVENUE S EAST 11TH AVENUE

Not Eligible (282) UNNAMED ROAD N

Fairview PotentialJ District East T EAST 12TH AVENUE EAST 12TH AVENUE WEST 12TH AVENUE E NELCHINA STREET NELCHINA

E Not Surveyed T

E E

T DENALI STREET

MEDFRA STREET MEDFRA RE

S T

G S

A EAST 13TH AVENUE

H U

E A Potential Historic District C

U NE

UNNAMED ROAD O U

B STREET J

L FAIRBANKS STREET FAIRBANKS WEST 14TH AVENUE EAST 14TH AVENUE EAST 14TH AVENUE PREVIOUSLY EVALUATED PROPERTIES

ORCA STREET ORCA E WEST 15TH AVENUE EAST 15TH AVENUE T

E AN

L E

H T E

R G T

Previously Listed in National Register (NRHP) U E S

H R

T E

EAST15THTERRACE CHANCE COURT MC S

H A

EAST 15TH TERRACE C

O S

Previously Listed in “Patterns of the Past” T A WEST 16TH AVENUE EAST 16TH AVENUE L

KARLUK EAST 17TH AVENUE T

Community Council Boundary E

IVE E

R R

UNNA STREET

T D

S C

EAU

Wetlands N

DRO J EAST 19TH AVENUE ORCA PLACE ORCA

A Municipal Parks D WEST 20TH AVENUE

Military (JBER) E

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L W

0.05 0.025 0 0.05 Miles G H

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ADOPTED 2/12/2013 94 AO 2013ǧ012 CHAPTER V: HISTORIC CONTEXT & SURVEYS

Fairview Historical Building Survey (2007-2008)†† Braunstein Geological & Environmental Services (BGES) was contracted by the Municipality of Anchorage to conduct a historic building survey of the Fairview neighborhood in 2007. Work under this contract included the following tasks: researching the history of Fairview; identifying all buildings that were constructed in or before 1962 (over 4͝ years of age); photographing and writing an architectural description for these properties; preparing Alaska Historic Resources Survey (AHRS) cards for the surveyed properties; creating a photographic log; and identifying potentially signiƤcant individual resources and historic districts. The survey methodology, historic context, signiƤcance Ƥndings, and property information cards are compiled in Fairview Neighborhood Historical Building Survey (March 2008).

There were ͝19 ageǦeligible properties in the Fairview neighborhood that were surveyed and documented. This number included 467 residential and ͝2 commercial buildings.

Eligibility for listing in the National Register of Historic Places was based on Criterion C (architecture) and the level of apparent historic integrity. Of the ͝19 surveyed properties, 46 were found to be individually signiƤcant and 191 were found to be signiƤcant within a historic district.

Please note that this description and map simply summarizes the results of the 2007 Fairview Survey. The HPP did not reevaluate or otherwise verify the Ƥ Ǥ

†† Additional detail about the methodology used for the Fairview Neighborhood Historical Building Survey and a complete list of the survey results are included under separate cover in the Consolidated Historic Resources Inventory Survey Report.

ADOPTED 2/12/2013 AO 2013ǧ12 95