DOCSLIB.ORG

Puun 1 9 6 4 0 0 4 Add 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Puun 1 9 6 4 0 0 4 Add 1 124 General AssemblyNineteenth Session-Annexes 124 General AssemblyNineteenth Session-Annexes DOCUMENT A/5825/ADD.1 Repressive rueasures against opponents of the policies of apartheid [Original text: English] [10 December 1964] CONTENTS N.. ... ..I . .I.ON Chapter 1. TRIAL. ANi CoNvicrlONS OF OPPONENTS OF apartheid ........... ....... Introduction . A. The trial of Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu and others (the Rivonia tr ia l) . B. The Cape Town sabotage trial of Neville Alexander and others ..... C. I'ictermaritzburg sabotage trial of Billy Nair and others .......... D. Port Alired sabotage case of Vuyisile Mini and others ..... E. Sabotage trials in Queenstown of Washington Bongco and others ..... F. Trial of alleged supporters of African National Congress in Cape Town G. Pretoria sabotage trial of Andrew Mashaba and others ................ H. Johannesburg sabotage trial of Louis Marius Schoon and others ........ I. Trial of Frederick John H arris.............. .. ................ J. Cape Town sabotage trial of Edward Joseph Daniels and others K . T rials in progress ......................... ...... ........... ... II. DETENTION WITHOUT TRIAL ...... A. Detentions under Proclamation R.400 of 1960 ................. B. Detentions tinder section 4 of the General Law Amendment Act, -o. 37, 1963.......... C. Detentions under section 17 of the General Law Amendment Act, No. 37, 1963 . D. Solitary confinement of prisoners under detention ............... E. Protests on detentions under section 17 of the General Law Amendment Act, No. 37, 1963.............................. .. III. ALLEGATIONS OF ILL-TREATMENT AND TORTURE OF PRISONERS IV. BANNING ORDERS AND HOUSE ARRESTS A. Banning orders ............................... .... ..... .... B . H ouse arrests ..................................... ................ Annex Review of political trials in South Africa, September 1963-November 1964 Introduction 1. The United Nations organs have been greatly concerned during recent years over the regime of repression instituted by the South African Government in order to silence and intimidate all leaders of nonwhite organizations and all militant opponents of the policies of apartheid and thus to paralyse all resistance to its policies. They have expressed grave concern over such legislation and actions as the mass arrests after the Sharpeville and Langa incidents in 1960; the proclamation of emergency regulations in the Transkei in 1960; the banning of the African National Congress and the Pan-Africanist Congress and the promulgation of the Unlawful Organizations Act in 1960; the promulgation of the General Law Amendment Act (Sabotage Act) in 1962; the widespread arrests of alleged supporters of banned organizations in 1963; the promulgation of the General Law Amendment Act, No. 37, 1963 providing for the detention of persons without trial, and the detentions under this Act of hundreds of persons, including well- known leaders of political organizations opposed to the policies of apartheid; the institution of a large number of trials under the Sabotage Act and other repressive legislation; and the reports of ill-treatment and torture of persons in gaol. 2. The reports of the Special Committee in 1963 gave an account of the mass of repressive legislation in South Africa and its implementation.308 The present document covers the developments since those reports. Principal repressive legislation 3. The principal legislation under which thousands of persons have been tried and convicted may be recalled: (a) Under the Suppression of Communism Act, No. 44, 1950, as amended, "Communism" is defined not only as it is commonly understood but also as any doctrine or scheme "which aims at bringing about any political, industrial, social or economic change within the Republic of South Africa by the promotion of disturbance or disorder, by unlawful acts or omissions or by threats of such acts or omissions or by means which include the promotion of disturbances or disorder, or such acts or omissions or threats" or "which aims at the encouragement of feelings of hostility between the European and non-European races of the Union the consequences of which are calculated to further the achievement of any object" indicated earlier in that section. As Mr. Gerald Gardiner, Q.C. (now Lord Gardiner, Lord Chancellor of the United Kingdom) observed: "It is not inappropriate to comment that if the Government passes a law which discriminates against non-Europeans... that is not 'communism', but if anybody protest against 308 Official Records of the General Assembly, Annexes, addendum to agenda item 30, documents A/5497 and Add.l. Paragraphs 1-40 41-236 41-51 52-95 96-104 105-110 111-118 119-129 130-138 139-153 154-163 164-183 184-202 203-236 237-300 240-242 243-247 248-274 275-283 284-300 301-354 355-408 364-401 402-408 Annex No. 12 that law in a manner which causes disorder, that is 'communism'."309 The definition of a "Communist" includes a person who is deemed by the State President to be a Communist on the ground that he had, at any time, before or after the commencement of this Act, advocated, advised, defended or encouraged the achievement of any of the objects of communism or any act or omission which is calculated to further the achievement of any such object. Mr. Gardiner commented: "So if you were a communist forty years ago, you are a communist today. And, whether you are a communist or not, you are a communist if the Governor-Genera31o says that you are.'311 (b) The Unlawful Organizations Act, No. 34, 1960, under which several organizations, including the two leading African political organizations, the African National Congress and the Pan-Africanist Congress, were banned, provides severe penalties for belonging to banned organizations or furthering their objects. (c) The General Law Amendment Act, No. 76, 1962, created a new crime of "sabotage", punishable by a minimum sentence of five years' imprisonment and a maximum of death. The definition of sabotage is so wide that it includes any wrongful and wilful act whereby the accused damages or tampers with any property or any person or the State. The burden of the proof is shifted to the accused: he is guilty of sabotage unless he can prove that his offence was not committed to further or encourage the object specified in vague terms in the Act. The International Commission of Jurists commented that the sinister provisions of this Act brought to mind similar provisions introduced under the totalitarian r~gime of Nazi Germany.312 Action by United Nations organs 4. Considering that such repressive measures are not only contrary to the fundamental principles of human rights and justice, but deny all avenues of peaceful change and increase the danger of a violent conflict in the country, the General Assembly and the Security Council have called on the South African Government to end repression against the opponents of the policies of apartheid and to seek a peaceful solution in consultation with the representatives of all the people of South Africa and with the assistance of the United Nations. 5. By resolution 1761 (XVII) of 6 November 1962. the General Assembly strongly deprecated the aggravation of racial issues by the South African Government by enforcing measures of increasing ruthlessness involving violence and bloodshed. 6. By its resolution of 7 August 1963,313 the Security Council called upon the South African Government to liberate all persons imprisoned, interned or subjected to other restrictions for having opposed the policies of apartheid. 7. By resolution 1881 (XVIII) of 11 October 1963, adopted on the eve of the trials of a large number of NOQuoted by the International Commission of Jurists in South Africa and the Rule of Law (Geneva, 1960), pp. 50-51. 10 Now "State President". '1' International Commission of Jurists, South Africa and the Rule of Laow (Geneva, 1960), p. 51. 312 International Commission of Jurists, press statement on the South African Sabotage Bill, 21 June 1962. 313 Official Records of the Security Council, Eightcenth year, Supplement for July, August and September 1963, document S/5386. political leaders under arbitrary laws prescribing the death sentence, the General Assembly condemned the South African Government for its failure to comply with the repeated resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council calling for an end to the repression of persons opposing apartheid, and requested it to abandon the arbitrary trials then in progress and forthwith to grant unconditional release to all political prisoners and to all persons imprisoned, interned or subjected to other restrictions for having opposed the policies of apartheid. 8. By its resolution of 4 December 1963,'34 the Security Council urgently requested the South African Government to cease forthwith its continued imposition of discriminatory and repressive measures which were contrary to the principles and purposes of the Charter and in violation of its obligations as a Member of the United Nations and of the provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; condemned the noncompliance by the South African Government with the appeals contained in General Assembly and Security Council resolutions; and again called upon the South African Government to liberate all persons imprisoned, interned or subjected to other restrictions for having opposed the policy of apartheid. 9. On 27 March 1964, in view of the passing of death sentences on certain leaders of the African National Congress and the continued trials
Load more

Recommended publications
  • View the Exhibit Brochure
    Kathy’s Greatest Wish Acknowledgements Acknowledgements for original version of this exhibition Ahmed Mohamed Kathrada (or ‘Kathy’ as he is popularly known) was born in 1929 to Indian Kathy was released from prison on October 15, 1989. “As a free man since his release, Kathy has Graphic design and layout – Oryx Multimedia immigrants in a rural town in South Africa. It was during a period of racism and oppression of played a vital role in the ushering of a democratic South Africa and adjusted to a life that no longer Curator – Razia Saleh human rights in that country. Kathy was only 12 when he began a life of tireless activism for non- concentrates on “fighting apartheid” in South Africa but on fostering a world of non-racialism and Writing and research – Sahm Venter and Razia Saleh racialism and democracy. He was arrested several times and, along with eight friends and fellow democracy.” Picture research – Razia Saleh and Yunus Chamda Artifact research – Razia Saleh activists including Nelson Mandela and Walter Sisulu, he was sentenced to life imprisonment at Images and artifacts – All those who contributed so generously are acknowledged, especially the famous Rivonia Trial. He spent 26 years in prison, 18 of which were on Robben Island. Ahmed Kathrada and the Ahmed Kathrada Foundation; the Nelson Mandela Foundation; Mayibuye My greatest wish would be first of all to recognize, today we Centre and Robben Island Museum; Indicator Newspaper; South African National Archives; are 15 years old, we are nowhere near to what we want for Bailey’s African History Archives; The Star archives, courtesy of Independent News and Media Kathy was released from prison in 1989 and, in 1994, in the new democratic South African our democratic, non-racial, non-sexist South Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • 135 Newcontree the Birth of Umkhonto We Sizwe: Old And
    NEWCONTREE 135 THE BIRTH OF UMKHONTO WE SIZWE: OLD AND NEW SOURCES Vladimir Shubin (Institute for African Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences) The history of the South African liberation movement is still to be written. Academic books and articles published so far left too many of its pages blank or contain information which can't withstand a scrutiny. Among the bibliographies on the anti-apartheid struggle Peter Limb's "The ANC and the Black Workers in South Africa, 1912-1992" should be singled out as well as books by Thomas Karis and Gail Gerhart. However, no special bibliography on "Umkhonto we Sizwe" (MK) has been compiled so far except for an introductory bibliography prepared by Sandi Ie Schalk and the author for the Conference on the Beginnings of the Armed Struggle in South Africa convened in December 1995 by the Mayibuye Centre for History and Culture at the University of the Western Cape. Who took a decision and when? The early history of MK is a subject to controversy. The question of when and how the decision was taken is a subject of debate among academics. Naturally nobody knew this better that the participants themselves but even the evidence of those who participated in the events directly is somewhat contradictory. The possibility of using an armed form of struggle was discussed in Congress Alliance and communist circles immediately after the Sharpeville massacre in March 1960 if not before. The mood was growing that under repressive conditions a position of non- violence was becoming more and more irrelevant. Some people even called it treacherous.
    [Show full text]
  • 2013 Annual Report
    Our evolution 1990 Mr Nelson Mandela is released after over 27 years in prison. 1994 Mr Mandela becomes South Africa’s first democratically elected president. 1999 Mr Mandela steps down as president. The Nelson Mandela Foundation is established and houses Mr Mandela’s personal office. It implements a wide range of development projects, including education and health infrastructure. 2002 The Nelson Mandela Foundation moves to its current premises. 2004 Mr Mandela retires and famously says, “Don’t call me, I’ll call you.” He inaugurates the Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory project. The Nelson Mandela Foundation begins process of consolidation from project implementer to enabler and facilitator. 2008 Mr Mandela says at his 90th birthday concert in London, “It is time for new hands to lift the burdens. It is in your hands now.’’ 2009 The first Nelson Mandela Day is launched. The United Nations General Assembly declares, by unanimous resolution, 18 July as Nelson Mandela International Day. 2011 The Nelson Mandela Foundation enters the final phase of its transition; the Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory becomes the Foundation’s physical home. Our vision Our core work Our spiral A society which remembers its pasts, listens The Nelson Mandela Foundation delivers The spiral, which in many ancient to all its voices, and pursues social justice. to the world an integrated and dynamic societies symbolised constant renewal, information resource on the life and times simultaneously represents the centring of of Nelson Mandela, and promotes the memory, disseminating of information and Our mission finding of sustainable solutions to critical widening impact in the world, which is at To contribute to the making of a just society social problems through memory-based the heart of our work.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Nelson Mandela's '
    Nelson Mandela’s “Show Trials”: An Analysis of Press Coverage of Mandela’s Court Appearances Martha Evans, Centre for Film and Media Studies UCT Abstract The figure of Nelson Mandela looms large in twentieth-century history. Beloved by celebrities around the globe, critics have noted his unique charisma – referred to as “Madiba magic”– and his ability to enchant audiences. Despite this, there have been few analyses of his construction as a celebrity politician, most likely because of celebrity’s association with frivolity and lack of substance – which sits poorly with our sense of Mandela. There have been particularly few examinations of his portrayal prior to imprisonment, when the seeds of the Mandela myth were sowed. This paper examines some of the early press coverage, focusing on Mandela’s “performances” in court. The paper argues that Mandela, helped by others, had a canny ability to pre- empt reactions to his appearance, and worked hard to direct his own image for political purposes. In addition, while Winnie Mandela’s role in raising awareness of her husband’s fate is well known, the paper shows how, even at this early stage, Mandela’s prominence and machismo depended on her feminine visibility. Mandela’s famed speech from the dock also founded a new moral tradition of protest and set the stage for his resurrection as the symbol of the Anti-Apartheid Movement. Keywords: Nelson Mandela, South African media, celebrity, Rivonia Trial, Anti- Apartheid Movement, show trial, Winnie Mandela “Let us not mislead ourselves – the aim of ‘selling’ the accused to a rather broad overseas public as freedom fighters against an unbearable tyranny succeeded admirably.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Vuyisile Mini's Protest Songs
    Creative Education 2013. Vol.4, No.12B, 51-57 Published Online December 2013 in SciRes (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ce) http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ce.2013.412A2008 Reliving South African Apartheid History in a Classroom: Using Vuyisile Mini’s Protest Songs1 Vuyisile Msila Department of Educational Leadership and Management, College of Education, University of South Africa (UNISA), Pretoria, South Africa Email: [email protected] Received October 30th, 2013; revised November 30th, 2013; accepted December 7th, 2013 Copyright © 2013 Vuyisile Msila. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attri- bution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In accordance of the Creative Commons Attribution License all Copyrights © 2013 are reserved for SCIRP and the owner of the intellectual property Vuyisile Msila. All Copyright © 2013 are guarded by law and by SCIRP as a guardian. Many history pupils in South African classrooms study history in second or third language. This creates a number of problems for pupils who have to struggle with the language of learning and teaching as they grapple with historical events. This study sought to examine the impact of the protest song in the teaching of South African (struggle) history. The researcher employed qualitative research methods to investigate one teacher’s practice in her two history classes. She used struggle stalwart and composer, Vuyisile Mini’s compositions in facilitating teaching. The songs were either played from an audiotape or the teacher taught the class lyrics of some songs for the pupils to sing.
    [Show full text]
  • Yusuf Mohamed Dadoo
    YUSUF MOHAMED DADOO SOUTH AFRICA'S FREEDOM STRUGGLE Statements, Speeches and Articles including Correspondence with Mahatma Gandhi Compiled and edited by E. S. Reddy With a foreword by Shri R. Venkataraman President of India Namedia Foundation STERLING PUBLISHERS PRIVATE LIMITED New Delhi, 1990 [NOTE: A revised and expanded edition of this book was published in South Africa in 1991 jointly by Madiba Publishers, Durban, and UWC Historical and Cultural Centre, Bellville. The South African edition was edited by Prof. Fatima Meer. The present version includes items additional to that in the two printed editions.] FOREWORD TO THE INDIAN EDITION The South African struggle against apartheid occupies a cherished place in our hearts. This is not just because the Father of our Nation commenced his political career in South Africa and forged the instrument of Satyagraha in that country but because successive generations of Indians settled in South Africa have continued the resistance to racial oppression. Hailing from different parts of the Indian sub- continent and professing the different faiths of India, they have offered consistent solidarity and participation in the heroic fight of the people of South Africa for liberation. Among these brave Indians, the name of Dr. Yusuf Mohamed Dadoo is specially remembered for his remarkable achievements in bringing together the Indian community of South Africa with the African majority, in the latter's struggle against racism. Dr. Dadoo met Gandhiji in India and was in correspondence with him during a decisive phase of the struggle in South Africa. And Dr. Dadoo later became an esteemed colleague of the outstanding South African leader, Nelson Mandela.
    [Show full text]
  • Narratives of Madikizela-Mandela's Testimony in Prison
    The Power Dynamics and ‘Silent’ Narratives of Madikizela-Mandela’s Testimony in Prison Lebohang Motsomotso Abstract This article explores the underlying ontological violence that occurs in the oppressive structure of prisons. As a site of power dynamics, prisons are naturally defined based on inequalities and hierarchies. As such, they are marked by relationships of domination and subordination of prison wardens and prisoners respectively. Winnie Madikizela-Mandela’s actions of resisting the power of the prison wardens becomes an instrument of challenging power. This power will be examined as phallic power and it signifies the overall oppressive systems. The prison experience becomes a mute narrative for Winnie Madikizela-Mandela who is imprisoned by a phallic power- driven system. It is a system that advocates for exercising control over prisoners by silencing and suppressing political convictions through a (il)legitimate system. Winnie Madikizela-Mandela functions as the focal point of discussion in this article through her experience, the argument that unfolds in this article illustrates the prime objective of the mechanics of power that operate in prison is to create docile bodies through, discipline that occurs by means of regulation, surveillance and isolation. Firstly, this article will outline how men monopolise power and how it is expressed and (re)presented through authority, reason, masculinity and dominance. Women are re(presented) through femininity, inferiority and lack of reason. Secondly, it explains and contextualises
    [Show full text]
  • Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report: Volume 2
    VOLUME TWO Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report The report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission was presented to President Nelson Mandela on 29 October 1998. Archbishop Desmond Tutu Ms Hlengiwe Mkhize Chairperson Dr Alex Boraine Mr Dumisa Ntsebeza Vice-Chairperson Ms Mary Burton Dr Wendy Orr Revd Bongani Finca Adv Denzil Potgieter Ms Sisi Khampepe Dr Fazel Randera Mr Richard Lyster Ms Yasmin Sooka Mr Wynand Malan* Ms Glenda Wildschut Dr Khoza Mgojo * Subject to minority position. See volume 5. Chief Executive Officer: Dr Biki Minyuku I CONTENTS Chapter 1 Chapter 6 National Overview .......................................... 1 Special Investigation The Death of President Samora Machel ................................................ 488 Chapter 2 The State outside Special Investigation South Africa (1960-1990).......................... 42 Helderberg Crash ........................................... 497 Special Investigation Chemical and Biological Warfare........ 504 Chapter 3 The State inside South Africa (1960-1990).......................... 165 Special Investigation Appendix: State Security Forces: Directory Secret State Funding................................... 518 of Organisations and Structures........................ 313 Special Investigation Exhumations....................................................... 537 Chapter 4 The Liberation Movements from 1960 to 1990 ..................................................... 325 Special Investigation Appendix: Organisational structures and The Mandela United
    [Show full text]
  • CELEBRATING MANDELA It Was on 11Th June 1964
    CELEBRATING MANDELA It was on 11th June 1964 that Nelson Mandela and his co-accused were “found guilty” of plotting to overthrow the apartheid Regime and from then Mandela became the world’s most famous prisoner who paradoxically has come to epitomize “the struggle” and “freedom” inspite of the fetters of Robben Island before Polsmoor. His co-accused were Walter Sisulu, Andrew Mlangeni, Elias Motsoaledi, Raymond, Mhlaba, Rustry Bernsterni (acquitted) Denis Godberg (released on 28th February, 1985 and now living in Britain) and Govan Mbeki (released on 5th November, 1987 and living under strict, harsh and inhuman restrictions in Port Elizabeth, South Africa), all the others are still serving life sentences. One interesting aspect of these prisoners is that inspite of the torment, torture and agony of prison life none of them have died even though their average age is about 68 infact Walter Sisulu is now 76. When Govan Mbeki a septuagenanian was released in 1987, the world expected to see a “sobered maybe cowered older man who should be retired from the struggle, but alas an articulate, stout proponent for armed struggle who restated, no regrets nor recantation for the actions sequel to their incanceration more than two decades earlier thus the clampdown on him by the Apartheid authorities in South African. Some people have attributed the longevity of these prisoners to an insurmantable will to survive prison and ultimately to witness a free South- Africa. On 18th July 1988, Nelson Mandela will celebrate his 70th Birthday. The British Anti- apartheid Movement (BAAM) is organizing “the Nelson Mandela Freedom at 70 Campaign”, An All star concert in collaboration with the BBC at Wembly stadium to galvanize action for the release of Mandela before the 18th of July.
    [Show full text]
  • Magistrates Under Apartheid: a Case Study of Professional Ethics and the Politicisation of Justice
    Magistrates Under Apartheid: A case study of professional ethics and the politicisation of justice by Paul Gready & Lazarus Kgalema Research report written for the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, August 2000. Paul Gready is from the Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London. Lazarus Kgalema is a former Researcher at the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation. Funding for the project came from the Economic and Social Research Council in the United Kingdom and CSVR. Thanks to Hugo van der Merwe for editorial comments on the report. The authors of this report welcome comments, corrections and questions. Executive Summary The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) institutional or sector hearings represented an innovative attempt to gain insight into the societal context within which human rights abuses took place under apartheid. This paper is both a response to, and an off-shoot from, one of these hearings, the legal sector hearing held in October 1997. The hearings, like much previous commentary, revealed the extent to which the legal profession became complicit in the implementation of apartheid. Most analysis has focused on the fact that judges declined to appear at the hearings, on the grounds that it would compromise their independence. But magistrates were also largely absent. This was a cause for concern because the majority of South Africans came into contact with the apartheid legal system primarily through magistrates. Magistrates during apartheid were public servants and as a result their independence was significantly compromised. Among the wide powers and jurisdiction they enjoyed, magistrates performed crucial functions in relation to political detainees, including overseeing the complaints and safeguard machinery.
    [Show full text]
  • Nelson Mandela and His Colleagues in the Rivonia Trial
    South Africa: The Prisoners, The Banned and the Banished: Nelson Mandela and his colleagues in the Rivonia trial http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.nuun1969_08 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org South Africa: The Prisoners, The Banned and the Banished: Nelson Mandela and his colleagues in the Rivonia trial Alternative title Notes and Documents - United Nations Centre Against ApartheidNo. 13/69 Author/Creator United Nations Centre against Apartheid Publisher Department of Political and Security Council Affairs Date 1969-10-00 Resource type Reports Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) South Africa Coverage (temporal) 1969 Source Northwestern University Libraries Description Note.
    [Show full text]
  • John Brown's Body Lies A-Mouldering in Its Grave, but His Soul Goes
    52 I THE NEW AFRICAN I MAY 1965 struggle of the South African people this man, a member of the privileged group. gave his life because of his passionate belief in racial equality. This will serve to strengthen the faith of all those who fight against the danget of a "race war" and retain their faith that all human beings can live together in dignity irrespective of the colour of their skin. I have, of course, known of Mr. John Harris and his activity in the movement against apartheid in sports for some time. Last July, a few days before his arrest, the attention of the Sub-Com­ mittee was drawn to a confidential A THIRD-GENERATION SOUTH AFRICAN, message from him on the question of Frederick John Harris was born in sports apartheid. 1937 and spent part of his childhood I have recently received a message on a farm at Eikenhof in the Transvaal. sent by him from his death cell in From earliest days his intellectual Pretoria Central Prison in January. He brilliance was recognised in the family wrote: circle. He became a radio "Quiz kid" "The support and warm sympathy of and his relatives, several of whom were friends has been and is among my basic teachers, used to say half-seriously of reinforcements. I daily appreciate the him that he would one day be Prime accuracy of the observation that when Minister. From an early age his main one really has to endure one relies ultimately on Reason and Courage. I've dream was of himself as a statesman been fortunate in that the first has stood in an ideal South Africa.
    [Show full text]