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“A Study of the Significant Factors Affecting the Academic Achievements of Government Secondary Schools, Karachi” Is About Mainly This Issue

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“A Study of the Significant Factors Affecting the Academic Achievements of Government Secondary Schools, Karachi” Is About Mainly This Issue A STUDY OF THE SIGNIFICANT FACTORS AFFECTING THE ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTS OF GOVERNMENT SECONDARY SCHOOLS, KARACHI A Dissertation By AFTAB AHMED SHAIKH Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D.) in Education Under the Supervision of PROF. DR. SYED ABDUL AZIZ PROF. DR. NASIR SULMAN Presented to: Hamdard Institute of Education and Social Sciences HAMDARD UNIVERSITY KARACHI, PAKISTAN June 2015 Dedicated to: My late parents, teachers, Education System of Sindh And my family ii ABSTRACT Karachi is called a “mini Pakistan” due to its unique socio-political chemistry, diversity of cultures, imbalance and blend of huge population from the both rural and urban areas. During the past few decades, demographic variations have greatly changed the lifestyle of the people economic of Karachi in civic facilities including health and education. Education is one of the important elements of social sectors that influences the society at micro and macro level. Quality of education, particularly in government secondary schools has dropped during the last few decades in Karachi. Present study, titled as, “A Study of the Significant Factors Affecting the Academic Achievements of Government Secondary Schools, Karachi” is about mainly this issue. Hypotheses were developed on important question i.e. Are the existing physical, administrative and academic facilities of the government secondary schools in Karachi sufficient to give the expected results? Hence, the study is meant to identify those scholastic and socioeconomic factors that affect the academic achievement of the contextual schools of Karachi. The study is limited to the Govt. Secondary Schools, located within six administrative districts of Karachi and working under the Education and Literacy Department, Government of Sindh, Pakistan. Education Officers, Senior School Heads, teachers, students of 573 schools and related were the population for this study based. A sample of 144 out of 573 schools was taken. During the research, three sets of questionnaires were developed for the respondents (students, teachers and parents) after ensuring validity and reliability. Rating sheet was developed to rate each of the schools in the sample against each of the situational factors by the raters (Education Officers/Senior School Heads). Data of the three years’ result of Secondary Schools Examination (held under Board of Secondary Education Karachi) and School Census Data from Sindh Education Management and Information System was transformed into software module for usage. The research was carried out in two phases. First phase of identification of 18 situation pedagogical factors (variables) was completed by scanning of the views of respondents collected through 345 questionnaires (115 by each group of the respondents). Seven of these 18 factors were found to be relating with external (home and environment) while 11 were found relating with school itself. The second phase of rating of schools against each variable during which each rater i rated each of the 18 variables on the scale from 1-11 (best-worst) and scores thus obtained. Similarly, the grading score of each school was also determined through the three years’ annual examination result (held under Board of Secondary Education Karachi). Finally, with the statistical analysis, the values of correlations between “the mean scores of rating” (against each of 18 variables) and “mean score of grading of result (academic achievement)” were calculated. Result thus found was used for making inferences. According to the findings, the 18 variables i.e. were found to be significantly correlating with the academic achievements thus affecting the performance of schools. Hence, scholastic factors e.g. the teachers terms of service, theirs and school head’s competencies, basic, academic facilities in school, maintenance of school building, its location and financial stability, strict admission, examination policies and resort to tuition while domestic factors e.g. parents’ education and their occupations, household income, students’ residence and parents contact are correlate with the academic achievements. The study stressed need to attend the weak areas highlighted above. The leading recommendations were: 1. Establishing Provincial Think Tank for Education replacing the bureaucratic approach, 2. Decentralization of Powers, 3. Education Group of Services in Provincial and National Civil Services of Pakistan, 4. Pilot Programs for Subsidizing and Privatization of Unsuccessful Schools, 5. Programs for Creating Educational Leadership, 6. Declaring Emergency in Education, 7. Effective Monitoring and Inspection System, 8. Whole Campus Development Program for Selected Schools in each District. 9. Skill Development Trainings for Students and Parents, 10. Parents Awareness and Empowerment of School Management Committees Program. The study also suggested to initiate change in the mindset towards education and educationists, through mass mobilization. Keywords: Sindh: Karachi: Secondary Schools: Significant Factors: Academic Achievements ii CERTIFICATE OF APPROVA L This is to certify that MR. AFTAB AHMED SHAIKH has completed his research thesis entitled “A Study of the Significant Factors Affecting the Academic Achievements of Government Secondary Schools, Karachi”, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Ph. D. in Education under our supervision. We have reviewed the content and the methodology and it is according to the prescribed standard as set by the Hamdard Institute of Education and Social Sciences (HIESS), Hamdard University Karachi, Pakistan. The Thesis is based on his own personal research work carried under our supervision and is not copied from any thesis written earlier on the subject. _____________________________ ___________________________ PROF. DR. SYED ABDUL AZIZ PROF. DR. NASIR SULMAN Supervisor Co-Supervisor Dated: ______________________ Dated: ______________________ iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all I am grateful to our creator, the one who in spite of my weakness, slackness and deficiencies; has considered me worth of getting knowledge and complete this work to serve the humanity. I am deeply grateful to all the participants, particularly the parents, students, teachers and education officers; who have extended their proactive and extra-ordinary support to me. Without their cooperation and willingness, this study would never be completed. I thank to my late mother, friend Prof. Irfan Ahmed and my sweet friendly sister Prof. Suboohi Shaikh; who have always guided and provided me reinforcement to achieve higher education for building a sound professional career. I also pay tribute to my teachers and research supervisors; whose proactive cooperation, matchless guidance and encouragement made it possible to complete this work. They are my source of inspiration who provided what the best teachers could teach in a skilled and friendly way. I am thankful to the whole of my sweet family of School Education of Karachi for its affection and matchless support. I extend my special gratitude to all my friends, colleagues, senior educationists and professionals particularly Mr. Ahmed Nawaz Niazi, Mr. Abdul Latif Mughal and Syed Muhammad Ali, Statistician; for their professional reinforcement, cooperation and support. I am thankful to officers and staff of: defunct EDO Office Karachi, Directorate of School Education, Board of Secondary Education Karachi, Reform Support Unit, Education & Literacy Department Sindh and District Education Offices; for sharing valuable data and extending all possible support. Last but not the least; I would like to pay my hearty thank to my wife and sons for their positive support, especially my wife’s extraordinary contributions in sharing the family responsibilities during research. AFTAB AHMED SHAIKH iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract i Certificate of Approval iii Acknowledgement iv Table of Contents v List of Abbreviations vi List of Tables ix List of Figures xi Chapter – I INTRODUCTION 01 1.1 Background of the Study 01 1.2 Statement of the Problem 03 1.3 Significance of the Study 03 1.4 Hypotheses 04 1.5 Definition of the Key Concepts 05 1.6 Limitations of the Study 06 1.7 Procedure 07 Chapter – II THE SITUATION OF SECONDARY EDUCATION IN 10 PAKISTAN, A REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Government Policy and State of Secondary Education 10 2.2 Secondary Education and Scholastic Factors 20 2.3 Home Environment, Parents, Social Influence and 35 Secondary Education 2.4 Socio-Economic Factors and Secondary Education 37 2.5 Impact of Parents’ Socio-Economic Status on Children’s Achievement 42 2.6 Education in Karachi Region 44 2.7 Conclusion 47 Chapter – III: RESEARCH DESIGN 50 3.1 Population 50 3.2 Sample 50 3.3 Research Instrumentation 50 3.4 Analysis of Data for Correlation 53 Chapter – IV:FINDINGS OF THE STUDY 55 4.1 Internal Pedagogical or Scholastic Factors 55 4.2 External Pedagogical or Socio-economic Factors 99 4.3 Combined Analysis of Internal and External Pedagogical Factors 134 4.4 Hypotheses Testing 159 Chapter – V: SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION 163 5.1 Summary and Recommendations 163 5.2 Conclusion 176 REFERENCES 178 APPENDICES A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K AND L 188 – 224 v List of Abbreviations Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank AEPAM Academy of Education, Planning and Management (GoP) B.A Bachelor of Arts B.Com Bachelor of Commerce B.Ed Bachelor of Education B.Sc. Bachelor of Science BSEK Board of Secondary Education Karachi
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