SUPERHEAVY ELEMENTS Nielsbohrium, Hassium and Meitnerium

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

SUPERHEAVY ELEMENTS Nielsbohrium, hassium and meitnerium An international commission set up Following a proposal from the proposed) was found by Dubna and by IUPAP and IUPAC (International Russian Dubna Laboratory, element by Berkeley/Livermore teams, with Union of Pure and Applied Physics/ 107 was named nielsbohrium, 108 the Russian Laboratory given special Chemistry) in 1987 and chaired by hassium (after the Latin name credit. Sir Denys Wilkinson has published its 'Hassia', for GSI's home state of findings on the status of the Hesse) and 109 meitnerium in transfermium elements (beyond honour of nuclear fission pioneer Lise atomic number 100) and the credit Meitner (1878-1968). for the various discoveries. In the commission's findings, The discovery of the three heaviest discovery of the element 101 elements, 107, 108 and 109, is (mendelevium) is attributed to attributed to Darmstadt's GSI heavy Berkeley, 102 (nobelium) to Dubna, ion Laboratory, in work carried out and 103 (lawrencium) to a decade of between 1981 and 1984 by a group work at Berkeley and Dubna. The led by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried credit for element 104 (kurchatovium Munzenberg. After a proposal was or rutherfordium) and 105 (provision submitted to IUPAC, the elements ally called hahnium) is shared be were formally named at a GSI tween Berkeley and Dubna. Element ceremony on 7 September. 106 (for which no name has yet been Peter Armbruster (right) and Gottfried Munzenberg, leaders of the group which discovered elements 107, 108 and 109 at Darmstadt's GSI heavy ion Laboratory from 1981-4. At a GSI ceremony on 7 September, these respective names for these elements were formally adopted as nielsbohrium, hassium (after the Latin name 'Hassia', for GSI's home German state of Hesse) and meitnerium in honour of nuclear fission pioneer Lise Meitner. (Photo Achim Zschau, GSI) CERN Courier, November 1992 27 .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

NOBELIUM Element Symbol: No Atomic Number: 102
NOBELIUM Element Symbol: No Atomic Number: 102 An initiative of IYC 2011 brought to you by the RACI KERRY LAMB www.raci.org.au NOBELIUM Element symbol: No Atomic number: 102 The credit for discovering Nobelium was disputed with 3 different research teams claiming the discovery. While the first claim dates back to 1957, it was not until 1992 that the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry credited the discovery to a research team from Dubna in Russia for work they did in 1966. The element was named Nobelium in 1957 by the first of its claimed discoverers (the Nobel Institute in Sweden). It was named after Alfred Nobel, a Swedish chemist who invented dynamite, held more than 350 patents and bequeathed his fortune to the establishment of the Nobel Prizes. Nobelium is a synthetic element and does not occur in nature and has no known uses other than in scientific research as only tiny amounts of the element have ever been produced. Nobelium is radioactive and most likely metallic. The appearance and properties of Nobelium are unknown as insufficient amounts of the element have been produced. Nobelium is made by the bombardment of curium (Cm) with carbon nuclei. Its most stable isotope, 259No, has a half-life of 58 minutes and decays to Fermium (255Fm) through alpha decay or to Mendelevium (259Md) through electron capture. Provided by the element sponsor Freehills Patent and Trade Mark Attorneys ARTISTS DESCRIPTION I wanted to depict Alfred Nobel, the namesake of Nobelium, as a resolute young man, wearing the Laurel wreath which is the symbol of victory.
[Show full text]
The Periodic Table of Elements
The Periodic Table of Elements 1 2 Atomic Number = Number of Protons = Number of Electrons H 6 He HYDROGEN HELIUM 1 Chemical Symbol NON-METALS 4 3 4 C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Li Be CARBON Chemical Name B C N O F Ne LITHIUM BERYLLIUM Atomic Weight = Number of Protons + Number of Neutrons* BORON CARBON NITROGEN OXYGEN FLUORINE NEON 7 9 12 11 12 14 16 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar SODIUM MAGNESIUM ALUMINUM SILICON PHOSPHORUS SULFUR CHLORINE ARGON 23 24 METALS 27 28 31 32 35 40 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr POTASSIUM CALCIUM SCANDIUM TITANIUM VANADIUM CHROMIUM MANGANESE IRON COBALT NICKEL COPPER ZINC GALLIUM GERMANIUM ARSENIC SELENIUM BROMINE KRYPTON 39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe RUBIDIUM STRONTIUM YTTRIUM ZIRCONIUM NIOBIUM MOLYBDENUM TECHNETIUM RUTHENIUM RHODIUM PALLADIUM SILVER CADMIUM INDIUM TIN ANTIMONY TELLURIUM IODINE XENON 85 88 89 91 93 96 98 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131 55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn CESIUM BARIUM HAFNIUM TANTALUM TUNGSTEN RHENIUM OSMIUM IRIDIUM PLATINUM GOLD MERCURY THALLIUM LEAD BISMUTH POLONIUM ASTATINE RADON 133 137 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 209 210 222 87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo FRANCIUM RADIUM
[Show full text]
The Development of the Periodic Table and Its Consequences Citation: J
Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia The Development of the Periodic Table and its Consequences Citation: J. Emsley (2019) The Devel- opment of the Periodic Table and its Consequences. Substantia 3(2) Suppl. 5: 15-27. doi: 10.13128/Substantia-297 John Emsley Copyright: © 2019 J. Emsley. This is Alameda Lodge, 23a Alameda Road, Ampthill, MK45 2LA, UK an open access, peer-reviewed article E-mail: [email protected] published by Firenze University Press (http://www.fupress.com/substantia) and distributed under the terms of the Abstract. Chemistry is fortunate among the sciences in having an icon that is instant- Creative Commons Attribution License, ly recognisable around the world: the periodic table. The United Nations has deemed which permits unrestricted use, distri- 2019 to be the International Year of the Periodic Table, in commemoration of the 150th bution, and reproduction in any medi- anniversary of the first paper in which it appeared. That had been written by a Russian um, provided the original author and chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev, and was published in May 1869. Since then, there have source are credited. been many versions of the table, but one format has come to be the most widely used Data Availability Statement: All rel- and is to be seen everywhere. The route to this preferred form of the table makes an evant data are within the paper and its interesting story. Supporting Information files. Keywords. Periodic table, Mendeleev, Newlands, Deming, Seaborg. Competing Interests: The Author(s) declare(s) no conflict of interest. INTRODUCTION There are hundreds of periodic tables but the one that is widely repro- duced has the approval of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and is shown in Fig.1.
[Show full text]
Quest for Superheavy Nuclei Began in the 1940S with the Syn Time It Takes for Half of the Sample to Decay
FEATURES Quest for superheavy nuclei 2 P.H. Heenen l and W Nazarewicz -4 IService de Physique Nucleaire Theorique, U.L.B.-C.P.229, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium 2Department ofPhysics, University ofTennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996 3Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831 4Institute ofTheoretical Physics, University ofWarsaw, ul. Ho\.za 69, PL-OO-681 Warsaw, Poland he discovery of new superheavy nuclei has brought much The superheavy elements mark the limit of nuclear mass and T excitement to the atomic and nuclear physics communities. charge; they inhabit the upper right corner of the nuclear land Hopes of finding regions of long-lived superheavy nuclei, pre scape, but the borderlines of their territory are unknown. The dicted in the early 1960s, have reemerged. Why is this search so stability ofthe superheavy elements has been a longstanding fun important and what newknowledge can it bring? damental question in nuclear science. How can they survive the Not every combination ofneutrons and protons makes a sta huge electrostatic repulsion? What are their properties? How ble nucleus. Our Earth is home to 81 stable elements, including large is the region of superheavy elements? We do not know yet slightly fewer than 300 stable nuclei. Other nuclei found in all the answers to these questions. This short article presents the nature, although bound to the emission ofprotons and neutrons, current status ofresearch in this field. are radioactive. That is, they eventually capture or emit electrons and positrons, alpha particles, or undergo spontaneous fission. Historical Background Each unstable isotope is characterized by its half-life (T1/2) - the The quest for superheavy nuclei began in the 1940s with the syn time it takes for half of the sample to decay.
[Show full text]
Three Related Topics on the Periodic Tables of Elements
Three related topics on the periodic tables of elements Yoshiteru Maeno*, Kouichi Hagino, and Takehiko Ishiguro Department oｆ physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan * [email protected] (The Foundations of Chemistry: received 30 May 2020; accepted 31 July 2020) Abstaract: A large variety of periodic tables of the chemical elements have been proposed. It was Mendeleev who proposed a periodic table based on the extensive periodic law and predicted a number of unknown elements at that time. The periodic table currently used worldwide is of a long form pioneered by Werner in 1905. As the first topic, we describe the work of Pfeiffer (1920), who refined Werner’s work and rearranged the rare-earth elements in a separate table below the main table for convenience. Today’s widely used periodic table essentially inherits Pfeiffer’s arrangements. Although long-form tables more precisely represent electron orbitals around a nucleus, they lose some of the features of Mendeleev’s short-form table to express similarities of chemical properties of elements when forming compounds. As the second topic, we compare various three-dimensional helical periodic tables that resolve some of the shortcomings of the long-form periodic tables in this respect. In particular, we explain how the 3D periodic table “Elementouch” (Maeno 2001), which combines the s- and p-blocks into one tube, can recover features of Mendeleev’s periodic law. Finally we introduce a topic on the recently proposed nuclear periodic table based on the proton magic numbers (Hagino and Maeno 2020). Here, the nuclear shell structure leads to a new arrangement of the elements with the proton magic-number nuclei treated like noble-gas atoms.
[Show full text]
Periodic Table 1 Periodic Table
Periodic table 1 Periodic table This article is about the table used in chemistry. For other uses, see Periodic table (disambiguation). The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their atomic numbers (numbers of protons in the nucleus), electron configurations , and recurring chemical properties. Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number, which is typically listed with the chemical symbol in each box. The standard form of the table consists of a grid of elements laid out in 18 columns and 7 Standard 18-column form of the periodic table. For the color legend, see section Layout, rows, with a double row of elements under the larger table. below that. The table can also be deconstructed into four rectangular blocks: the s-block to the left, the p-block to the right, the d-block in the middle, and the f-block below that. The rows of the table are called periods; the columns are called groups, with some of these having names such as halogens or noble gases. Since, by definition, a periodic table incorporates recurring trends, any such table can be used to derive relationships between the properties of the elements and predict the properties of new, yet to be discovered or synthesized, elements. As a result, a periodic table—whether in the standard form or some other variant—provides a useful framework for analyzing chemical behavior, and such tables are widely used in chemistry and other sciences. Although precursors exist, Dmitri Mendeleev is generally credited with the publication, in 1869, of the first widely recognized periodic table.
[Show full text]
IUPAC/IUPAP Provisional Report)
Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(11): 1773–1832 Provisional Report Sigurd Hofmanna,*, Sergey N. Dmitrieva, Claes Fahlanderb, Jacklyn M. Gatesb, James B. Robertoa and Hideyuki Sakaib On the discovery of new elements (IUPAC/IUPAP Provisional Report) Provisional Report of the 2017 Joint Working Group of IUPAC and IUPAP https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0918 Received August 24, 2018; accepted September 24, 2018 Abstract: Almost thirty years ago the criteria that are currently used to verify claims for the discovery of a new element were set down by the comprehensive work of a Transfermium Working Group, TWG, jointly established by IUPAC and IUPAP. The recent completion of the naming of the 118 elements in the first seven periods of the Periodic Table of the Elements was considered as an opportunity for a review of these criteria in the light of the experimental and theoretical advances in the field. In late 2016 the Unions decided to estab- lish a new Joint Working Group, JWG, consisting of six members determined by the Unions. A first meeting of the JWG was in May 2017. One year later this report was finished. In a first part the works and conclusions of the TWG and the Joint Working Parties, JWP, deciding on the discovery of the now named elements are summarized. Possible experimental developments for production and identification of new elements beyond the presently known ones are estimated. Criteria and guidelines for establishing priority of discovery of these potential new elements are presented. Special emphasis is given to a description for the application of the criteria and the limits for their applicability.
[Show full text]
Product Profiles Chemical Element Index
Product Profiles Chemical Element Index Chemical Element Index – By Name (Alphabetical) Atomic Atomic Atomic Name Symbol Number Name Symbol Number Name Symbol Number Actinium Ac 89 Hassium Hs 108 Promethium Pm 61 Aluminum Al 13 Helium He 2 Protactinium Pa 91 Americium Am 95 Holmium Ho 67 Radium Ra 88 Antimony Sb 51 Hydrogen H 1 Radon Rn 86 Argon Ar 18 Indium In 49 Rhenium Re 75 Arsenic As 33 Iodine I 53 Rhodium Rh 45 Astatine At 85 Iridium Ir 77 Rubidium Rb 37 Barium Ba 56 Iron Fe 26 Ruthenium Ru 44 Berkelium Bk 97 Krypton Kr 36 Rutherfordium Rf 104 Beryllium Be 4 Lanthanum La 57 Samarium Sm 62 Bismuth Bi 83 Lawrencium Lr 103 Scandium Sc 21 Boron B 5 Lead Pb 82 Seaborgium Sg 106 Bromine Br 35 Lithium Li 3 Selenium Se 34 Cadmium Cd 48 Lutetium Lu 71 Silicon Si 14 Calcium Ca 20 Magnesium Mg 12 Silver Ag 47 Californium Cf 98 Manganese Mn 25 Sodium Na 11 Carbon C 6 Meitnerium Mt 109 Strontium Sr 38 Cerium Ce 58 Mendelevium Md 101 Sulfur S 16 Cesium Cs 55 Mercury Hg 80 Tantalum Ta 73 Chlorine Cl 17 Molybdenum Mo 42 Technetium Tc 43 Chromium Cr 24 Neilsborium Ns 107 Tellurium Te 52 Cobalt Co 27 Neodymium Nd 60 Terbium Tb 65 Copper Cu 29 Neon Ne 10 Thallium Tl 81 Curium Cm 96 Neptunium Np 93 Thorium Th 90 Dubnium Db 105 Nickel Ni 28 Thulium Tm 69 Dysprosium Dy 66 Niobium Nb 41 Tin Sn 50 Einsteinium Es 99 Nitrogen N 7 Titanium Ti 22 Erbium Er 68 Nobelium No 102 Tungsten W 74 Europium Eu 63 Osmian Os 76 Uranium U 92 Fermium Fm 100 Oxygen O 8 Vanadium V 23 Fluorine F 9 Palladium Pd 46 Xenon Xi 54 Francium Fr 87 Phosphorus P 15 Ytterbium Yb 70 Gadolinium
[Show full text]
The Quest to Explore the Heaviest Elements Raises Questions About How Far Researchers Can Extend Mendeleev’S Creation
ON THE EDGE OF THE PERIODIC TABLE The quest to explore the heaviest elements raises questions about how far researchers can extend Mendeleev’s creation. BY PHILIP BALL 552 | NATURE | VOL 565 | 31 JANUARY 2019 ©2019 Spri nger Nature Li mited. All ri ghts reserved. ©2019 Spri nger Nature Li mited. All ri ghts reserved. FEATURE NEWS f you wanted to create the world’s next undiscovered element, num- Berkeley or at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, ber 119 in the periodic table, here’s a possible recipe. Take a few Russia — the group that Oganessian leads — it took place in an atmos- milligrams of berkelium, a rare radioactive metal that can be made phere of cold-war competition. In the 1980s, Germany joined the race; I only in specialized nuclear reactors. Bombard the sample with a beam an institute in Darmstadt now named the Helmholtz Center for Heavy of titanium ions, accelerated to around one-tenth the speed of light. Ion Research (GSI) made all the elements between 107 and 112. Keep this up for about a year, and be patient. Very patient. For every The competitive edge of earlier years has waned, says Christoph 10 quintillion (1018) titanium ions that slam into the berkelium target Düllmann, who heads the GSI’s superheavy-elements department: — roughly a year’s worth of beam time — the experiment will probably now, researchers frequently talk to each other and carry out some produce only one atom of element 119. experiments collaboratively. The credit for creating later elements On that rare occasion, a titanium and a berkelium nucleus will collide up to 118 has gone variously, and sometimes jointly, to teams from and merge, the speed of their impact overcoming their electrical repul- sion to create something never before seen on Earth, maybe even in the Universe.
[Show full text]
Periodic Table P J STEWART / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY PHOTO SCIENCE / STEWART J P
Periodic table P J STEWART / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY PHOTO SCIENCE / STEWART J P 46 | Chemistry World | March 2009 www.chemistryworld.org Periodic change The periodic table, cherished by generations of chemists, has steadily evolved over time. Eric Scerri is among those now calling for drastic change The periodic table has become recurrences as vertical columns or something of a style icon while In short groups. remaining indispensable to chemists. In its original form The notion of chemical reactivity Over the years the table has had the periodic table was is something of a vague one. To make to change to accommodate new relatively simple. Over this idea more precise, the periodic elements. But some scientists the years, extra elements table pioneers focused on the propose giving the table a makeover have been added and the maximum valence of each element while others call for drastic changes layout of the transition and looked for similarities among to its core structure. elements altered these quantities (see Mendeleev’s More than 1000 periodic systems Some call for drastic table, p48). have been published since the table rearrangements, The method works very well for Russian chemist Dimitri Mendeleev perhaps placing hydrogen the elements up to atomic weight developed the mature periodic with the halogens. 55 (manganese) after which point system – the most fundamental A new block may be it starts to fall apart. Although natural system of classification needed when chemists there seems to be a repetition in the ever devised. (Not to mention the can make elements in highest valence of aluminium and hundreds if not thousands of new the g-block, starting at scandium (3), silicon and titanium systems that have appeared since the element 121 (4), phosphorus and vanadium (5), advent of the internet.) and chlorine and manganese (7), Such a proliferation prompts this is not the case with potassium questions as to whether some tables and iron.
[Show full text]
Chemical Investigations of Element 108, Hassium (Hs)
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Title Chemical investigations of Element 108, Hassium (Hs) Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4p69z3hd Author Dullmann, Christoph E. Publication Date 2003-07-03 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California This abstract was prepared for an invited oral presentation at the “2nd International Conference on the Chemistry and Physics of the Transactinide Elements”, TAN03, in Napa, CA, November 16- 20, 2003. prepared: July 3, 2003 LBNL-52278 Ext. Abs. Chemical investigations of element 108, hassium (Hs) Ch.E. Düllmann1,2 1Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, USA 2University of California, Berkeley, USA [email protected] INTRODUCTION The basic aim of chemistry experiments of transactinide elements (TAN) is to establish their place in the periodic table of the elements, i.e. to determine if their chemical behavior is similar to the one of supposed homologs. In this contribution I will try to give an overview of all chemical experiments on element 108, hassium (Hs) that have been reported to date. Based on the systematics of the periodic table, Hs is expected to be a member of group 8 and therefore homologous to osmium (Os) and ruthenium (Ru). As a member of the transactinide series, its experimental investigation is complicated by low production cross-sections and short half-lives. It has therefore been successfully investigated only recently. Already in the seventies of the last century, several authors mentioned the tetroxides of the two heavier group 8 elements, Ru and Os, to be very outstanding compounds with respect to their unusually high volatility.
[Show full text]
Upper Limit of the Periodic Table and the Future Superheavy Elements
CLASSROOM Rajarshi Ghosh Upper Limit of the Periodic Table and the Future Department of Chemistry The University of Burdwan ∗ Superheavy Elements Burdwan 713 104, India. Email: [email protected] Controversy surrounds the isolation and stability of the fu- ture transactinoid elements (after oganesson) in the periodic table. A single conclusion has not yet been drawn for the highest possible atomic number, though there are several the- oretical as well as experimental results regarding this. In this article, the scientific backgrounds of those upcoming super- heavy elements (SHE) and their proposed electronic charac- ters are briefly described. Introduction Totally 118 elements, starting from hydrogen (atomic number 1) to oganesson (atomic number 118) are accommodated in the mod- ern form of the periodic table comprising seven periods and eigh- teen groups. Total 92 natural elements (if technetium is consid- ered as natural) are there in the periodic table (up to uranium hav- ing atomic number 92). In the actinoid series, only four elements— Keywords actinium, thorium, protactinium and uranium—are natural. The Superheavy elements, actinoid rest of the eleven elements—from neptunium (atomic number 93) series, transactinoid elements, periodic table. to lawrencium (atomic number 103)—are synthetic. Elements after actinoids (i.e., from rutherfordium) are called transactinoid elements. These are also called superheavy elements (SHE) as they have very high atomic numbers. Prof. G T Seaborg had Elements after actinoids a very distinct contribution in the field of transuranium element (i.e., from synthesis. For this, Prof. Seaborg was awarded the Nobel Prize in rutherfordium) are called transactinoid elements. 1951.
[Show full text]