Bmw-Foundation-Global-Table-E-Book

2014 /15 Europe and the Emerging Economies – Sharing Responsibility

Management: Maja Heinrich and Barbara Müller, Berlin Art Director: Ariane Busch, Berlin Managing Editor: Fabrice Braun, Munich Photography: Claudia Leisinger, London Production: Verlag Herder GmbH in cooperation with Graspo CZ, Zlín Printed in 2016

ISBN 978-3-451-31139-0

BMW Foundation Herbert Quandt Reinhardtstrasse 58 10117 Berlin, Germany

BMWFoundation

@BMWFoundation BMWStiftung BMWStiftung BMWStiftung BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE | Introduction Contents

Introduction Europe and the Emerging Economies – Sharing Responsibility. By Michael Schaefer �� 8 Friendship Matters. By Alejandro Litovsky �� 14 A New Kind of Discussion – The BMW Foundation Global Table �� 18

1st Berlin Global Forum 1st Berlin Global Forum – Sharing Responsibility. By Maja Heinrich �� 28 Recommendations: The New Silk Road, Energy, Refugees �� 32

1. Energy: From Independence to Inter-dependence An International Process Full of Energy. By Julian Popov & Abdullah M. Al-Shehri �� 40 Energy Security First. By Janusz Reiter �� 44 The Great Sino-Russian Expectations: An Opening for Europe and Eurasia. By Inna Veleva & Liudmila Filippova �� 46

2. The New Silk Road: Game Changer for Inclusive Diplomacy Europe’s Strategic Interest to Drive the New Silk Road. Connecting global leaders: participants of the 1st Global Table in Hangzhou, China. By Wei Shen, André Loesekrug-Pietri & Michael Schaefer �� 54 Silk Road: A Bumpy Road Ahead. By Moritz Rudolf �� 58 The Port of Bagamoyo: A Test for China’s New Maritime Silk Road in Africa. By Frannie Léautier, Michael Schaefer & Wei Shen �� 62

3. Resources and Sustainable Development The BMW Foundation Assured Mutual Dependence. By Alejandro Litovsky & Michael Schaefer �� 68 Fresh Hope in the Chinese Fight Against Pollution. Interview with Ma Jun �� 72 Our Mission interplay between innovation and society. In this Gas and Oil in East Africa: How the People and the Environment Can Benefit �� 76 The BMW Foundation brings together leaders area, we concentrate on promoting social fi- Actions, Please! Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals. from across communities, cultures, and coun- nance, social entrepreneurship, pro bono, and By Joseph Semboja & Michael Schaefer �� 80 tries to drive Social Innovation, promote Global social intrapreneurship. The City of the Future: Sustainable Urban Growth. By Ole Scheeren & Eric Chang �� 82 Dialogue, and encourage Responsible Leader- ship. We are convinced that our approach breaks Our Network Impact of the Global Tables down barriers between politics, business, and Responsible leadership is the element that links Five Things I Learned. By Frannie Léautier �� 88 civil society and allows society to benefit from the various activities of the BMW Foundation. A Belt and Road of Trust. By Wei Shen �� 92 the creativity and diversity that result from At the heart of our work is our Responsible Lea- How Global Tables Can Foster Global Leadership to Promote Resilient Communities. cross-sector collaboration. ders Network that connects some 2,000 indivi- By Thais Corral �� 96 duals from business, politics, and society. Thanks New Thinking, New Connections. By Abiodun Williams �� 100 Our Key Areas to their influence and wealth of expertise, these A Small World. By Bhairavi Jani �� 104 We pay particular attention to Europe’s role in global leaders from different professional, cultu- What a Professor Takes Home from It. By Cristina D’Alessandro �� 106 the world, especially its relations with its neigh- ral, and socio-economic backgrounds are able to boring countries and the emerging economies. spread ideas, help scale social organizations, and Participants �� 110 The BMW Foundation, moreover, explores the contribute to social cohesion. References �� 112

4 5 BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE | Utad estiaecerum Introduction | BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE

"Although most international conferences are accompanied by a number of parallel processes for non-governmental representatives, there are still far too few frameworks offering them serious participation in strategic decision- making. It is the objective of the BMW Foundation Global Table to make a contribution to an open and strategic dialogue across borders and sectors."

New perspectives: Michael Schaefer, Chairman of the Board, BMW Foundation , during the 2nd Global Table in Menaggio, Italy, October 2014.

6 7 BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE | Introduction

capable of or willing to take global responsibili- guard the interests of European member states. ty. Only China is developing what David Sham- Europe must realize that solutions to most baugh has called a “growing global footprint,” complex challenges can only be found in close but none of these new actors will be a global cooperation with our neighboring regions. The power in the medium-term future. They will ne- EU should replace its often reactive mode of en- vertheless play important roles in their respec- gagement and develop more proactive strategies Europe and the tive regions. that involve all relevant stakeholders. This incre- Thus, what we are experiencing is a global ased international responsibility should also in- power vacuum. This power vacuum forms the clude a new strategy to assist failing or failed Emerging Economies backdrop to the severe crisis scenarios that are states in rebuilding their societies. The Balkans, challenging our societies. Militant extremism Northern Africa, and Afghanistan are bitter continues to take root in the world’s poorly go- examples of the failure of the international com- verned spaces, with the belt of terror extending munity to do so despite the enormous effort that – Sharing from Pakistan via Syria and the Islamic State to has been made in terms of military protection, Boko Haram in Nigeria and destabilizing entire manpower, and funds. International experts of- societies. Poverty and conflicts are producing ten choose to impose their (western) vision of Responsibility unprecedented numbers of refugees and mi- what a particular society should look like rather grants. Climate change is not a faraway threat to than empowering the local population to rebuild future generations – its effects are already visible its own society. by Michael Schaefer, Chairman of the Board, BMW Foundation, and changing the face of entire nations. Resour- Given these experiences of failed engage- Berlin and Munich ces like water and land are scarce and could be- ment, ordinary people feel increasingly discon- come the source of new conflicts that are likely nected; they are unable to understand the ac- to produce even more migration. tions and occasional aimless activism in Brussels, The complexity of these challenges is enor- Washington or New York. An ever greater mous. Solutions are at best piecemeal. number of people is frustrated by observing the Our societies are starting to understand that appalling discrepancy between the enormous di- t is a truism to say that we are living in the mental norm of our European order – the invio- today crises and conflicts in seemingly faraway mension of a scientifically acknowledged threat midst of an age of uncertainty. lability of borders – in Crimea, is in danger of countries affect us faster and much more directly like climate change and the minimal consensus Of course, Francis Fukuyama was wrong isolating itself. Putin has tried to counter this than ever before. Ebola has been a striking ex which the international community has been I when he proclaimed the “end of history” trend and given Russia an active military and po- ample, in which an epidemic in Africa became a able to produce. after the Berlin Wall fell and the Cold War en- litical role in the Syria conflict. While it is true threat to Europe merely as a result of our inter- The fact that COP 21, the World Climate Con- ded. But those who projected a swift transition that solutions in Ukraine or Syria will not be connected, international air travel. In Libya, fai- ference in Paris, has just produced a platform for from the old bipolar system of the post-World possible without Russia, its return to a global ling statehood became an open invitation to cri- action, provides cause for some degree of opti- War II era to a new multipolar international or- leadership role will require a major turn-around minals to smuggle thousands of migrants from mism. This process which started as a top-down, der were equally mistaken – or, at least, well in the Ukraine crisis. Africa to Europe. government-driven affair unable to produce si- ahead of global developments. Europe, after the triumph of its unification, is And then there are the frustrated young Eu- gnificant results, turned into a bottom-up pro- What we are experiencing at the moment is struggling with the consequences of having ad- ropeans who, attracted by the radicalism of the cess driven by a host of civil-society organiza- neither a unilateral world dominated by one re- mitted new member states to the EU far too Islamic State filling the power vacuum in Iraq tions, bringing new energy and dynamism to the maining superpower nor a global order in which quickly. Internally, it is torn between the need to and Syria, join the jihad, wreak havoc on the intergovernmental negotiation process. The ulti- old and new powers are ready to shape and sta- integrate further and reform its structures while local population and also become a potential mate test, however, will be in implementing the- bilize our world. Some even speak of an “apo- at the same time keeping its own people on threat to their own home countries. se agreements. lar” world. I would rather call it an ascending board the European vessel. Moreover, it is chal- Our governments are struggling to find the While fundamental doubts about the effec- but still incomplete multipolar world order. lenged by a multitude of crises that are testing its key for tackling such threats. They respond with tiveness of the existing global governance struc- The United States, the only remaining super- very rationale and vision. In this mixture of dis- short-term remedies rather than developing tures continue, the climate negotiations could be power, is capable but unwilling of displaying glo- orientation and risks, the EU is unable to deepen long-term strategies. And in most cases they are an indicator of a new trend. Governments, busi- bal power after its nightmare experiences in Af- the integration that is essential for Europe to still focusing on national solutions to complex nesses, and civil society will have to develop a ghanistan and Iraq. Washington is still able to play the leadership role it should and could assu- regional or global challenges, disregarding the new form of strategic partnership if we want to call the shots, but no longer can, or wants to, act me. The emerging economies, the BRICS, and fact that even joint European or “western” stra- successfully tackle the enormous global challen- on its own. Russia, by breaching the most funda- even more so the “Next Ten” are far from being tegies will not be sufficient anymore to safe- ges ahead.

8 9 BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE | Introduction

In view of a reality that is being perceived by ment on seventeen Sustainability Development many as exhaustingly complex, people instinc- Goals, the so-called SDGs, could be a historic tively long for simple solutions. This wide-spread breakthrough, if – and this is a big if – if they are uncertainty has become the breeding ground for implemented by action. Action by governments, a new form of nationalism, this ugly phenome- by businesses, and by civil society. But that will non which devastated Europe in the twentieth not be enough. A more effective system of global century. Many societies in Europe, America, and governance remains an urgent priority. Asia are once again confronted with nationalis- tic trends, often for very different reasons. How The second trend is regionalism should we respond to these developments? What Europe has led the way towards regional inte- are the right processes for finding solutions wit- gration by reconciling seemingly irreconcilable hout risking the integrity of our societies? There countries like France and Germany. By integrat- are no easy answers. ing small and big nations. By developing an un- But there are a number of trends of which we precedented cordon sanitaire of norms, values, need to make better use if we want to arrive at and common interests which have served as a sustainable solutions. These trends are comple- guarantee for peace and prosperity for two en- mentary in nature. What we need is a systemic tire generations. Despite its present crisis of change. We need it at all levels, not just superfi- identity, which is a necessary but painful pro- cial reforms of the old system. I see three major cess, the EU’s attraction for others remains un- levels where an urgent systemic change is re- broken. Or else the new member states would quired. not have struggled to become part of the Union. Or else hundreds of thousands of migrants The first and irreversible trend is globalism would not do everything to reach Europe. But In our lifetime we have witnessed unparal- the “EU project” is in dire need of adjustment, leled human achievements: the halving of ex- of effective governance reforms. It is hard work treme poverty, the exploration of space, the rise in progress. If Europe wants to play its role in the A magic place: the 2nd Gobal Table in Italy, at Lake Como. of the internet, the advancement of freedom and world, this project needs to be successful. Only a justice following the defeat of fascism and other more integrated Europe will be able to take on a forms of totalitarianism. At the same time, our leadership role in the world. The third important trend is participation be taken into consideration in national decision- societies are confronted with an ever more com- Elsewhere, there are similar trends towards Governments will continue to play a very im- making processes. But that will not be sufficient. plex mix of new threats. intra-regional cooperation. ASEAN, the Shang- portant role in shaping the global order and in Close cooperation between local communities In theory, everyone agrees that such global hai Cooperation Organization, the African Un- tackling the challenges facing our nations. But and civic organizations cannot be limited to the challenges require multilateral and possibly ion, Mercosur, to name just a few, are examples governments are not the sole international ac- national framework or even the European one; global solutions, but our international system is of these trends, although in very different phases tors anymore. Businesses, local communities, they ought to be included in the interaction with not at all prepared for this. It is totally outdated. of development. It speaks for the wisdom of the scientific and academic institutions as well as a the affected neighboring societies, i.e. Turkey, The declared objective of the EU to contribute fathers of the United Nations that the UN Char- host of civil society organizations have become Lebanon or Jordan. Most of these new actors, to more “effective multilateralism” is far from ter highlights the special importance of regional actors in the international system. These new ac- however, remain in their respective silos, devel- being achieved. The structures of the United Na- and inter-regional cooperation, although it has tors represent very different interests and val- oping positions within their interest groups, tions – an organization that today is more need- never been realized to the extent possible. ues, but they reflect important trends within our both nationally and internationally. Although ed than ever – still reflect the post-World War II In addition to more effective global govern- societies. A stunning recent example is the active most international conferences are accompanied era. Long overdue reforms of the global governance, we need to establish creative and efficient engagement of thousands of citizens and non- by a number of parallel processes for non-gov- ance system continue to be stymied by national new processes of intra-regional and inter-region- governmental organizations in welcoming and ernmental representatives, there are still far too interest, and not just by the permanent members al cooperation. What we need are inclusive con- supporting refugees coming to Germany. Others few frameworks offering them serious participa- of the UN Security Council. Global security, jus- cepts connecting regions instead of building new have taken a more cautious position, highligh- tion in strategic decision-making. tice, and governance are more intricately con- walls. The common basis of such concepts must ting that the capacity for hosting refugees is lim- nected than ever, but international practice be the rule of law and jointly agreed norms and ited, while a minority, albeit a very loud one, is The BMW Foundation Global Table: Realizing widely ignores his fact. A sign of hope could be standards. The road to develop such new stand- voicing harsh criticism at this open policy of inclusive dialogue the Sustainability Summit, which opened last ards of governance must be inclusive and build granting asylum to those in need of protection. It is the objective of the BMW Foundation year’s 70th anniversary of the UN. The agree- on the existing system of international law. All of these positions are relevant and need to Global Table process to make a contribution to

10 11 Introduction | BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE

an open and strategic dialogue across borders 3. A concentration on opportunities: Parti- oncilable – unlike in the real political world with a network of renowned international uni- and sectors. The Global Table offers an intimate cipants looked to develop opportunities for su- where solutions are often prevented by sup- versities to allow refugees anywhere in the world framework for decision-makers from Europe, stainable solutions – opportunities without bor- posed national interests, the definition of which to enroll in online study courses for two years the United States, and the emerging powers. ders, as we called it. This philosophy of is often a result of non-transparent intra-govern- without having to submit documentation. This is concentrating on convergence, rather than con- mental processes. designed to overcome a key obstacle for many Three elements make it special: flict, of interests was characteristic of the Global Participants also looked for innovative con- young people who had to leave their countries 1. A small format: Only 24 participants, crea- Table process. Together with our main partner cepts connecting societies and regions. A con- without any official documents. In addition to tive minds representing all sectors of society, a during this first cycle, the Earth Security Group, cept which caught their particular attention was the donation, the BMW Foundation plans to pro- mix of both male and female, experienced and we focused on issues of global relevance, in par- the “One Belt, One Road” initiative by China. It vide guidance and advice to the founders and young participants, half from Asia, Africa, and ticular on different aspects of “resource securi- was seen by some as a new form of inclusive di- activate its international Responsible Leaders the Americas, half from Europe, are invited to ty,” trying to understand the underlying conflicts plomacy, by others as an intelligent way of ex- Network on behalf of Kiron. engage in an open dialogue. It is a perfect format of interest and identifying options for bridging tending Chinese influence in its neighboring re- for frank and intimate eye-level discussions bet- them. With this overarching focus in mind, the gions. The diverse discussions resulted Rethinking Governance: The Second Cycle ween European and non-European decision-ma- five Global Tables discussed issues like energy nevertheless in a clear recommendation: actors of the BMW Foundation Global Table kers on relevant issues of global importance and security, the conflict between climate change along the “New Silk Road” – from Central Asia True to the BMW Foundation’s mission to for identifying mutual interests and areas of con- and social innovation in urbanization processes, to Turkey and Europe, from South East Asia to contribute to an ever more inclusive dialogue vergence as a basis for sustainable solutions. and the question why good resource manage- MENA and Africa – should engage with China to between communities, cultures, and countries, 2. A magic place: The five Global Tables of ment is vital for translating future economic develop this concept, which is still at the level of we have decided to dedicate the second cycle of the first thematic cycle represented a global booms into social gains for the local population. symbolic diplomacy. the Global Table process to various aspects of journey – from Central China via Lake Como in Because every participant took part as a free “governance.” This is also in line with the overall Italy, Campo Bahia in Brazil, and Luslawice near agent, without representing his or her organiza- The 1st Berlin Global Forum: Sharing ambition of the BMW Foundation to support Krakow in Poland to the Ngorongoro Crater in tion, discussions often took surprising turns even Responsibility responsible leadership across sectoral and natio- Tanzania – each place offering an intriguing on contentious issues like energy security. They The first cycle of five BMW Foundation Glob- nal borders. image of the region hosting the Global Table and proved that creative solutions are possible, even al Tables concluded with the 1st Berlin Global The key findings from the first cycle on re- a perfect setting for building trust. to complex problems where interests seem irrec- Forum which was entitled “Europe and the source security revealed that most problems can Emerging Economies – Sharing Responsibility.” be traced to a lack of or poor governance struc- More than 60 Global Table participants from all tures. Therefore, we will examine what internati- On the main stage of the Penderecki European Music Center: participants talk about energy security during the 4th Global Table in Poland. over the world were joined by 150 leaders from onal responsibility and cooperation in the 21st politics, business, and civil society for intensive century should look like to cope with the com- discussions at Berlin’s Westhafen, the city’s old plex challenges faced by the global community. port. We wanted to trigger an influential debate Crises no longer stop at national borders but al- on vital challenges and opportunities for the fu- most always also affect regional or international ture of cooperation between Europe and its security and development. This can be seen, for neighboring regions, extending the atmosphere example, by the current refugee crisis. Likewise, that had characterized all Global Table events in it takes cross-sector and international coopera- Europe and the emerging economies to this tion for the recently adopted UN Sustainable high-level gathering. The Forum concentrated on Development Goals to achieve their aims. Re- three issues: energy security, China’s New Silk gional and global decision-making structures Road initiative, and the refugee crisis. Very dif- must be adapted to these new conditions and ferent in nature and scope, these issues were all and circumstances. Informal and formal process- of particular relevance to the topic of “shared es involving all relevant stakeholders need to responsibility.” From the plenary discussions, reflect the growing responsibility of new actors workshops, and innovative formats emerged rec- such as the private sector and civil society. ommendations for action, which are also part of To achieve robust, viable solutions, we ur- this book. The BMW Foundation also offered sig- gently need to create new decision-making pro- nificant practical support to the refugee commu- cesses and give more consideration to closing nity by donating one hundred scholarships – the gap between security, rule of law, and good worth 120,000 Euro – to Kiron Open Higher governance. We hope that this book will be a Education. This Berlin-based start-up cooperates small but significant contribution to this effort! ■

12 13 BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE | Introduction Utad estiaecerum | BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE

Friendship Matters

by Alejandro Litovsky, Founder and CEO, Earth Security Group, London

ver the past two years I have had the macy. I see friends, and my instinctive reaction is pleasure of acting as a strategic advi- to smile. The shared laughter, the sparkle in their sor and partner of the BMW Founda- eyes, an embrace saying goodbye after only O tion, working for the wonderful Mi- three days together are what I remember the chael Schaefer, to develop the concept of the most. “Global Table” and support its implementation. My conclusion is that friendship matters to Now, as we conclude the experimental phase resolving global challenges. Friendship is inevi- leading to the first Berlin Global Forum, a prom- table when people meet like this: outside the ising concept may be taking shape. In the years rigid boxes of formal meetings. The beauty and to come, global governance must quickly be- inspiration of nature replaces the boredom of come more effective. This will require more sen- conference rooms; listening to others is just as sitivity to integrating different points of view. interesting as having something to say; one is As I look at the pictures of the 80+ partici- more aware of how others improve and perfect pants I have met, I no longer see the “represent- one's own ideas. atives” of countries and sectors – despite a di- The Global Tables addressed difficult topics. versity spanning from China to Germany, and In Poland, the focus was on Eurasia's energy se- from global logistics to architecture and diplo- curity, with companies and policy-makers from

The beauty and inspiration of nature: Alejandro Litovsky at the 1st Global Table in Hangzhou, China, July 2014.

14 15 Introduction | BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE

Russia, Turkey, Central Asia, and Europe realiz- other countries pivotal to the migration agenda ing how much can be gained from cooperative will soon place Europe in a position of having to energy models. negotiate with a more holistic understanding of In Hangzhou in China, in a region that will risks and opportunities. After all, Greece has host the G20 in 2016, the Global Table involved one of the highest intensities of sunlight in Eu- senior decision-makers and Chinese business rope and is a country well placed to develop Eu- leaders to give meaning to the notion of global rope's solar industry, create jobs, and help Eu- leadership for sustainability. rope rethink its energy security. More integrated In Brazil, where the megacity of Sao Paulo is thinking is needed, and linking issues that also facing an existential water crisis, the Global Ta- hold market opportunities for European compa- ble opened a space for European companies to nies is vital to the steps ahead. understand how they can help. There were also And then: the Volkswagen scandal. It was un- opportunities for new industries, like the case of thinkable that a leading European company in solar power investments from India holding the the world, standing for European values of effi- potential to help build Brazil's renewable power. ciency and performance, would cheat regulators It has been a lot of work to design, plan, and on the emission levels of its diesel vehicles. But facilitate these meetings so that the experience it happened, and many outside Europe will see of tackling complexity and difference would this event as a stark reminder that the Global evolve into moments of converging interests and Tables' slogan of “shared responsibility” does go shared ideas. The potential of this model is huge both ways. and will hopefully be realized over the next All these tensions, whether geo-strategic or years as the foundation continues to develop the industrial, echo a crisis of trust. program in this direction. Without building trust across borders, Europe I am very pleased that the Earth Security cannot face the internal or external challenges Group has been able to support the origination that lie ahead. Since I am not European, the Sharing ideas: decision-makers in Hangzhou talk about the key role China plays in the shift towards a multipolar world order. of the process. We have provided our original re- Global Table experience to me has been as much search to frame perceptions and the tone of the about the future of Europe as it has been about discussion as well as to guide the communica- the growth of emerging markets on the global tions and emerging collaborations. stage. The experience has been yet another confir- Stripping the jargon out of global relations, mation for me of how important it is for corpora- the bottom line is that honesty, humbleness, and tions seeking to grow in emerging markets to use coexistence are three critical values that must these types of engagements to inform the poli- form part of any effort to create a sustainable "Honesty, humbleness, and cies that are needed to support sustainable de- global society. I am honored to have been part of velopment. The BMW Group's efforts to intro- this foundational journey. I now wish that the coexistence are three critical duce the BMW “i” in countries like Brazil, which promise of the BMW Foundation Global Tables' requires the development of a broader urban impact will be fully realized over the next years. electric infrastructure, which is beyond the ca- Friendship matters, building trust is essential, the values that must form part pacity of a single company, is a case in point. future is uncertain and depends on the quality However, while the Global Tables have pro- of relationships. ■ vided inspiration, darker events have enveloped of any effort to create a Europe and the world, increasing the uncertainty of Europe's own standing as well as its rela- sustainable global society." tionship with countries across its borders. The wave of migration that is resulting from an escalating and chaotic war in the Middle East is testing Europe's cohesion and leadership. This has come just after the Greek crisis and its near- exit from the European Union. Greece as well as

16 17 BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE | Introduction

AN LITHO: Bitte Bundversatz ergänzen DANKE 06/2015 – 4th Global Table Luslawice, Poland

10/ 2014 – 2nd Global Table Menaggio, Italy

07/2014 – 1st Global Table Hangzhou, China

09/2015 – 5th Global Table Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania 03/2015 – 3rd Global Table Santa Cruz Cabrália, Brazil A New Kind of Discussion

The BMW Foundation Global Table engages decision- makers from all over the world in a strategic dialogue across sectors and generations. By enabling a frank and diverse dialogue outside existing international frameworks, it provides a platform for stakeholders to identify mutual interests.The first cycle of the Global Table focused on the issue of resource security. It started in July 2014 and featured five Global Tables alternating between Europe and the new global powers. BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE | Introduction

Eco resort in the green tea hills: the “Naked Retreat” in Hangzhou. Quintessentially Europe: Villa Vigoni near Lake Como.

1st BMW Foundation Global Table, July 2014 2nd BMW Foundation Global Table, October 2014 Hangzhou, China Menaggio, Italy

Challenges: As the world’s fastest-growing emerging economy, China needs to find a balance Challenges: The 2nd Global Table dealt with two specific challenges faced by emerging economies between unlimited growth and limited resources. This holds especially for its response to the issue as well as the opportunities this offers for their relationship with Europe: Key topics were the major of resource security, which is likely to set an example for the whole world – for better or worse. gas discoveries off the coast of Tanzania and their importance for the development of this emerging Furthermore, China plays a key role in the shift towards a multipolar world order. Geopolitical economy in East Africa, as well as the crisis in European-Russian relations and its consequences for mega-trends such as globalization on the one hand and a return to nationalism on the other hand issues of energy security. are also manifestly evident in this emerging economy. Location: Villa Vigoni on Lake Como in Italy stands for international understanding and intercultu- Location: “Get Naked” is the motto of the eco retreat located in the lush green tea hills near Hang ral dialogue. The eighteenth-century estate is quintessentially European – and, as a German-Italian zhou, a metropolis in eastern China. The motto is not to be taken literally, however. In Chinese, it association, also serves as a source of inspiration for individuals from politics, diplomacy, business, refers to opening one’s heart and being completely oneself – which was exactly the spirit in which arts and culture. As such, it was the perfect setting for the BMW Foundation Global Table, which the participants approached the discussions. Meeting the highest sustainability standards, the “Na- brings together people across sectors and continents to deepen the understanding between Europe ked Retreat” is also considered a model of sustainable tourism, a relatively new concept in China. and emerging economies. Outcomes: Participants played a critical role by contributing ideas and giving direction to the Glo- Outcomes: From the debates on energy supply interdependencies emerged the key subject of the bal Table strategy. Another key aspect was the sense of ownership that participants developed to- 4th Global Table in Poland: energy security and governance. We also put the topic on the agenda of wards the process. They agreed that there is a need for more innovative and informal spaces for di- the 2015 Munich Security Conference, one of the most important security policy forums worldwide. plomacy. Europe and the emerging economies have to urgently develop such spaces to review the To make the results of the discussions on Tanzania available to local decision-makers, the BMW common challenges and opportunities ahead and explore creative ways of building the partnerships Foundation decided to hold the 5th Global Table in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area – in coope- required to address them. ration with the Dar es Salaam, Tanzania-based Uongozi Institute.

20 21 BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE | Introduction

Oasis of tranquility: Campo Bahia Resort. Innovative meeting place: European Krzysztof Penderecki Centre for Music near Krakow.

3rd BMW Foundation Global Table, March 2015 4th BMW Foundation Global Table, June 2015 Santa Cruz Cabrália, Brazil Lusławice, Poland

Challenges: At a time when Brazil was experiencing an acute drought that affected the supply of Challenges: Energy security is a pivotal concern for both Europe and Eurasia. Cooperation on this water and electricity in major cities, the 3rd Global Table revolved around climate change and its issue would be as advantageous as growing fragmentation would be detrimental. The 4th Global Ta- impact on cities and their populations. Challenges include initiating new collaborations to unlock ble explored the possibilities for cross-regional, public-private partnerships, and the potential of new smart investments in infrastructure, transport and mobility; policy cooperation; and international, geopolitical concepts, such as China’s New Silk Road strategy, to enhance energy cooperation and cross-sector networks to make planning and preparedness more responsive. drive regional integration through infrastructure investments and trade corridors across Eurasia. Location: The Campo Bahia resort near the Brazilian coastal town of Santa Cruz Cabrália served as Location: Nestled between Germany, Ukraine, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic, the European the headquarters of the German soccer team during the 2014 Soccer World Cup and is an oasis of Krzysztof Penderecki Centre for Music near Krakow is located in the very heart of Europe. This in- tranquility and peace in the middle of a tropical rainforest. This magical place which boosted the novative meeting place in rural southern Poland offers a unique space outside the confines of con- team spirit of the World Cup champions was also the perfect environment for a creative and construc- ventional multilateral conferences. The fact that the Global Table discussion took place on the center’s tive dialogue between Europe and the emerging economies at the 3rd Global Table. main stage invited a whole new level of creativity and set a strong incentive to harmonize diverging Outcomes: At the 3rd Global Table, cross-sector networks were created to promote sustainable in- opinions. frastructure projects at the local level. Global events such as the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Outcomes: Participants drafted a set of policy recommendations, emphasizing the need to take a Janeiro could be used to present best practice examples to a wider public. In addition, participants more inclusive approach to the European Energy Union process. These recommendations were sent developed draft frameworks for a cross-sector forum on traffic concepts. This will serve local commu- to strategic decision makers, such as the Vice President of the European Commission in charge of nities, businesses, regional governments, and administrations as a platform for a well-functioning Energy Union. We decided to share our key findings with opinion leaders in China and Europe and stakeholder dialogue. to take a closer look at the Maritime Silk Road, the second component of China’s One Belt, One Road concept, at the 5th Global Table in Tanzania.

22 23 BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE | Introduction

Spectacular concentration of biodiversity: the Ngorongoro Farm House Hotel in Tanzania. Landmark of a vibrant capital: the modern glass dome of the Reichstag, the German parliament.

5th BMW Foundation Global Table, September 2015 1st Berlin Global Forum, November 2015 Ngorongoro Conservation Berlin, Germany Area, Tanzania This conference marked the highlight of a journey that we embarked on with the BMW Founda- tion Global Table taking us to China, Italy, Brazil, Poland, and Tanzania. The 1st Berlin Global Forum Challenges: The 5th Global Table addressed three major challenges, all of which are closely related brought together participants of the five Global Tables with other high-level decision-makers from to governance issues and hold particular relevance for the development of Tanzania: resource go- business, diplomacy, academia, culture, and civil society. The goal was to trigger a debate on challen- vernance and equitable revenue sharing arrangements in resource-rich countries; the strategic dia- ges and opportunities for the future of cooperation between Europe and its neighboring regions. logue between the African and Chinese stakeholders of the Maritime Silk Road; and accountability The conference location is at the Berlin Westhafen, a symbol of the checkered economic history mechanisms for implementing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. and ongoing transformation of the vibrant capital of Berlin. In the 20th century, the Berlin Westhafen Location: Nestled in the stunning landscape of Ngorongoro Crater and surrounded by a spectacu- with its 430,000 square meters was a dominant economic factor for the booming industrial city on lar concentration of wildlife, the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, a World Heritage site, is not only the Spree river. The location used to be one of the huge warehouse facilities that belonged to the important for biodiversity conservation, but has also yielded much evidence of human evolution. inland port. After World War II, a big part of the harbor had been destroyed. However, by 1950 the Here, the Global Table topics vividly came to life: the challenge of balancing tourism and protec- docksides not only had been rebuilt but extended. The German reunion brought a container loading ting a unique ecosystem, and of implementing non-corrupt governance structures that prevent poa- station, a roll-on/roll-off facility and a marina. The Westhafen exemplifies the development of Berlin, ching and represent the interests of the local population. the city of constant change and self-reinvention. Not only was the harbor rejuvenated, new life has Outcomes: The participants formulated policy recommendations, including a set addressed to Afri- also been breathed into many of the city‘s vacant historic factories: they now serve as event loca- can and Chinese leaders, which may help redefine Sino-African relations within the framework of tions, clubs or testing ground for innovations and offbeat business models. Former warehouses, bre- the Maritime Silk Road. Since all topics discussed were related to specific projects of the Uongozi weries and even airports are now home to the start-up community – the driving force behind the Institute, our partner in Tanzania, the results and findings will be incorporated into its works. new incarnation of Berlin 4.0.

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1st Berlin Global Forum

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1st Berlin Global Forum – Sharing Responsibility

by Maja Heinrich, Project Manager, BMW Foundation, Berlin

Peter Altmaier, Head of the Federal Chancellery: “ Helping people in danger is a universal value”.

he 1st Berlin Global Forum marked who were supposed not to talk about each other Defending the controversial decision to keep the highlight of a journey that we had but with each other. Germany’s doors open, Altmaier did not mince "We are now in a embarked on with the BMW Foundati- The keynote speech was given by Peter Alt- words: “We are now in a situation where we situation where we Ton Global Table. In November 2015, maier, Head of the Federal Chancellery, while have to say ‘Yes’ to the integration of people have to say ‘Yes’ to more than 60 participants from the first cycle’s Günther Oettinger, EU Commissioner for Digi- who will stay in Germany for a certain period or five Global Tables came together with some 150 tal Economy and Society, shared his views on forever.” Helping people whose life were in dan- the integration of the international decision-makers at Berlin’s West- Europe’s energy security in the digital age. Other ger was not a European but a universal value, he hafen to talk about the shared responsibility of guests included Rosen Plevneliev, President of said. No matter how long somebody was going people who will stay Europe and the emerging economies in solving Bulgaria, and industry and business representa- to stay, the important thing was to provide refu- in Germany." complex challenges. tives such as Norbert Reithofer, Chairman of gees with the prospect of integration. The discussions at the 1st Berlin Global Fo- BMW AG’s Supervisory Board, and Franny This idea was also taken up by Norbert Reit- rum revolved around three themes that are both Léautier, co-founder of the Tanzanian Mkoba hofer. With a view to the BMW Group’s global own rules, against its own values and identity.“ topical and urgent: Europe’s energy security, Private Equity investment fund. reach, he said: “For us it is absolutely essential In contrast to the often narrow national de- China’s New Silk Road concept, and the global In his opening speech, Peter Altmaier took an to integrate people from all over the world. We bates, the 1st Berlin Global Forum tried to open dimension of the refugee crisis. The invited unequivocal stand on the refugee crisis: “Ger- have no other choice, otherwise we cannot work up a 360-degree perspective. This is, of course, guests comprised people from the political, eco- many and Chancellor Angela Merkel had to as a global corporation anymore.” also the idea behind the BMW Foundation Glo- nomic, and civil-society sectors. People from 41 make a strategic choice: either to hide behind Bulgaria’s president Rosen Plevneliev also bal Table – which was translated into a one-day countries, including several EU member states, others and wait what the outcome of the crisis called for solidarity: “Today, by imposing mutual forum in front of a much larger audience. Or, as Ghana, Kyrgyzstan, the United States, India, would be and protect national sovereignty as blockades of borders, by using water cannons Michael Schaefer, Chairman of the Board, BMW Brazil, Iran, and Syria. People from a wide vari- best as possible, or to take a courageous step and tear gas against the refugees, in the very Foundation, put it: “In the 21st century we need ety of cultural and professional backgrounds that could inspire others.” heart of Europe, the EU is standing against its a systemic change and totally new approaches to

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Breakout session energy: debating climate change and the Sustainable Development Goals. Rosen Plevneliev, President of Bulgaria, and Norbert Reithofer, Chairman of the Supervisory Board of BMW AG: a dialogue across sectors. tackle problems. We need to unite forces within fed on the commitment of the participants who gy Union is to lower energy costs for consumers mankind is currently being put to the test,” said our societies and with other societies to develop crowded the workshop rooms on the first floor and companies and increase economic growth. Daniel Gerlach, editor-in-chief of Zenith, a ma- joint strategies. We need to team up to start of the former grain silo in Berlin’s Westhafen. Or if a participant such as Wei Shen, professor gazine focusing on the Middle and Far East. identifying joint opportunities for sharing the Heated arguments notwithstanding, the key was at Lancaster University and an expert on China’s “The way we respond to the refugee crisis now limited resources of our planet rather than build to find shared convergences – not to argue or to “One Belt, One Road” initiative, tells his Euro- could well be a blueprint for the future.” fortresses to defend our national interests.” insist on one’s own position but to listen and pean colleagues how important it is for Europe Especially in times of crisis, foundations pla- The point was to take people outside their learn from one another and, ultimately, to explo- to adopt a common position on this enormous yed an important role in society, said Markus usual professional environment and to provide re new solutions and approaches. project – and to get involved strategically. In Hipp, executive director of the BMW Foundati- them with an informal setting and an opportuni- Searching for a consensus among people contrast to the usual procedure in Brussels, the on: “Today, it’s not just about talking, it’s really ty to build trust and listen to each other – and from different countries, cultures, and professio- government in Beijing has not submitted a de- about identifying players that can contribute.” then to get the findings and results out into the nal backgrounds at the 1st Berlin Global Forum tailed blueprint but a rather vague and open The BMW Foundation believes that Kiron Open world. “The trick will be not only to engage peo- is one thing; implementing it at the political le- concept that leaves lots of room for trial and er- Higher Education could be such a player. Kiron ple to talk, but to subsequently implement what vel another. How can this be done? For example, ror. While this procedure is characteristic of is a Berlin-based start-up offering online courses has been talked about in the political, economic, if a participant such as Julian Popov, the widely China’s reform policies, it is rather foreign to free of charge to refugees. This approach holds and civil-society sectors,” said Schaefer. connected former Minister of Environment of many European forum participants. the potential of having a positive impact on the Shared responsibility in times of crisis, but Bulgaria, takes the Forum’s recommendations The Berlin Global Forum was a dialogue lives of thousands of young refugees and provi- also individual responsibility – these topics were for actions to the relevant channels – such as among equals. And a very emotional one, espe- ding them with an opportunity to take charge of discussed in small, almost intimate working Maroš Šefcovic, EU Commissioner for Energy cially when it came to the refugee issue. This also their lives. By donating 100 scholarships – the groups at the Forum. Whether they revolved Union, whose remit is to promote the European became clear when the working group modera- equivalent of about 120,000 Euro – to Kiron, around the refugee issue, energy security or Energy Union at the European level. Through tors presented the groups’ results and recom- BMW Foundation has taken a concrete step to- China’s New Silk Road initiative, the discussions building new infrastructure networks, the Ener- mendations to the plenary session. “Maybe wards supporting the integration of refugees. ■

30 31 BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE | 1st Berlin Global Forum "In the 21st century we need a systemic change and totally new approaches to tackle problems. We need to unite forces."

The 1st Berlin Global Forum brought together participants from the five Global Tables that took place in 2014/15 with other high-level decision-makers from business, diplomacy, academia, the arts, and civil society. The BMW Foundation wants to share its results, present the potential of this cross-sectoral process to a broader public, and chart a course for global partnerships in the 21st century. Our ultimate goal is to promote mutual understanding und trust between Europe and the emerging economies. With the answers, solutions, and political recommendations resulting from the 1st Berlin Global Forum, we want to inject new ideas into the political debate and formal negotiation processes.

Promoting understanding: the final Global Table discussion.

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The New Silk Economically, the OBOR region offers very good growth prospects for European companies. Geo- Road politically, Europe shares China’s interest in stability in the region. Playing a major part in the Recommendations from the discussions at initiative would, moreover, strengthen Europe’s the 1st Berlin Global Forum: global position.

• Europe should abandon its reservations about The EU should develop its own strategy, defined the Chinese “One Belt, One Road” (OBOR) by its security policy, economic, and cultural in- initiative and take a strategic approach by terests. The concept should not be reduced to bringing its own interests to the concept. infrastructure projects. • Cooperation among China, Central Asia, and Europe along the “Northern Belt” should in- The Maritime Silk Road focuses on improving clude Russia. Intergovernmental cooperation the connectivity between the regions involved, must be accompanied by Track II diplomacy enhancing the quality of infrastructure invest- in order to include civil society. ments in Africa, and promoting cultural under- • The Maritime Silk Road should be seen as an standing between China and Africa (expansion opportunity to rebalance the interests of Eu- of tourism and academic exchange). rope, Africa, and China. To this end, it is important that Europe no longer sees the exten- For Africa, the Silk Road opens up new opportu- sive Sino-African relations as a threat to its nities for economic growth and employment. own position. Taking part in the Maritime Silk Road also • The African recipient countries need to imple- strengthens Africa’s negotiating position and its ment the Sustainable Development Goals and options vis-à-vis its traditional partners in Euro- make sure that the planned infrastructure pe and the United States. Unlike many Western Fish bowl discussion: Amel Karboul, Founder of Change, Leadership and Partners; former Tunisian Minister of Tourism. projects comply with social and environmen- countries, China is treating Africa as an equal tal standards. and does not attach any conditions to joint ven- • Proposal (addressed to China): organization tures and development cooperation. ers to successful investments in renewable portunity to abolish subsidies for non-renewable of a Silk Road Forum with representatives energies. This also means supporting global energies. from government, business, and civil society. The Silk Road concept is so far paying little at- investment activities through a dialogue with tention to the interests of the United States, In- institutional investors. Renewable energies create jobs and “green” Discussions: dia, and ASEAN. These countries and regional • Proposal (addressed to the EU Commission): growth; they contribute to both democratization organizations should be more strongly involved establishing an international forum that com- (from consumer to “prosumer”) and climate China’s “One Belt, One Road” initiative is an in the consultations, not least to prevent compe- bines energy security with sustainability and protection. Their implementation needs to be open concept; all states along this belt are invi- tition between different processes (TPP, TTIP). climate change issues. This forum should not part of a broader development agenda to in ted to contribute to its development. As an ex be limited to EU member states, but be open crease the acceptance, and enable the scaling, of ample of inclusive diplomacy, it could become a to all interested stakeholders. renewable energies. “game changer.” Most participants of the Global Forum were in favor of putting China’s “good- Discussions: A transparent market and open, non-subsidized will” to the test and developing the project as an Energy competition ensure a level playing field for Eu- opportunity for shared responsibility. In terms of shared responsibility, Europe and the rope and the emerging economies and increase Recommendations from the discussions at emerging economies should agree on taking na- supply security. A well-functioning technology the 1st Berlin Global Forum: China is pursuing its own goals through the tional steps towards decarbonizing the global transfer can strengthen Europe’s energy security Northern Belt initiative: opening new markets • The energy market needs to be democratized, economy (as agreed at the G7 Summit in 2015) and help drive the development of emerging po- (to reduce China’s industrial overcapacity); sta- i.e., all societies and regions must have the – for example, at international meetings such as wers – this is especially true for Africa. The focus bilizing its unstable Central Asian neighborhood; same access to electricity and energy. the World Climate Conference. should be on local projects and solutions. Exem- and exporting its economic model with its focus • The G20 presidency (China in 2016, Germa- plary success stories can be supported through, on infrastructure and interconnectivity. ny in 2017) is called upon to dismantle barri- The current low price of oil is a window of op- for example, best-practice awards.

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Visualizing the refugee crisis: graphic-recording specialist Christian Rothenhagen. Forging a new cooperation: Markus Hipp, Executive Director of the BMW Foundation (center), and Vincent Zimmer, Co-Founder, Kiron (right).

• Governments, businesses, and civil society What is required now is global leadership and To this end, we need objective information, Refugees need to engage in cross-sector collaborations action, not further analyses and case studies. not myths or hysterical sensationalism in the to identify new solutions and approaches. Already existing recommendations for action media. Recommendations from the discussions at Civil-society engagement alone cannnot be a such as the Sustainable Development Goals the 1st Berlin Global Forum: long-term solution. need to be implemented. The most important factor for integration is employment and the social participation that fol- • Political decision-makers in countries of ori- Discussions: The division into “economic refugees” and “war lows from it. Governments and businesses need gin, transit, and immigration need to assume refugees” is legally correct and has concrete to step up their efforts. more shared responsibility; institutions such Migration is a human condition – not a state of consequences for the taking in of refugees. Many as UN, NATO, and EU have to cooperate emergency or an exception. There has been mo- discussants, however, saw this division as artifi- Ethnic and religious diversity is a plus, not a more closely. vement across the globe since the beginning of cial. People flee for different reasons, burden, and can lead to economic, cultural, • The conditions in the refugee camps in the the history of mankind. Main theme: from worse and no matter the reason, both transit and and social wealth. ■ transit countries (education, employment, to better! These movements will increase as a immigration countries need to find a way of health) must be fundamentally improved so result of climate change and population growth. dealing with refugees. that these countries can provide refugees 1st Berlin Global Forum: with long-term shelter and protection and of- The international community has so far failed to A new narrative is needed. Refugees must no www.youtube.com/watch?v=8lV-nW8M1dg fer them a hopeful future. reach a consensus on how to properly deal with longer be seen as a “disaster,” but as human • One main reason for migration is the lack of the refugee crisis. The UN, EU, and NATO could beings who want to change their lives for a good governance. Therefore, the aim must be not prevent the crisis, even though the problem variety of reasons – as has always been to promote the topic of good governance at could be seen coming for years (e.g., Syria). the case. the global level.

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Energy: From Independence to Inter- dependence 138 39 BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE | Energy Utad estiaecerum | BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE

An International Process Full of Energy

by Julian Popov, Chairman, Buildings Performance Institute, Brussels Former Minister of Environment and Water, Bulgaria, 2nd and 4th Global Table & Abdullah M. Al-Shehri, Governor, Electricity & Cogeneration Regulatory Authority (ECRA), Saudi Arabia, 4th Global Table

nergy security is an elusive concept. and economic progress, and either leads to ex- Oil and gas importers see it mostly as cessive political distortion of the markets or to security of supply, while exporters see large stranded assets that should be written off. E it as security of demand. Others focus But how do you build trust in such a com- on affordable access to energy for all or on envi- petitive, politically charged, and often unpre- ronmental sustainability for generations of use. dictable sector like energy? Whatever approach we take, it is critical to We should first recognize that the nature of have an adequate international energy security energy is changing. We used to divide countries dialogue based on transparency and trust. Oth- broadly into energy producers, energy consum- erwise countries will interpret energy security ers, and transit countries. Energy producers used primarily as energy independence, act as energy to be blessed with excessive resources, transit islands, and try to secure full supply of energy countries with favorable geography, and energy for themselves inside their national borders. The consumers used to be dependent on producers result could be expensive overcapacity that can- and transit routes. This division is increasingly not pay for itself, that slows down technological being challenged. Energy consumption in tradi-

Building trust: Julian Popov at the 2nd Global Table in Italy, where particpiants discussed the international ramifications of energy security.

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terdependencies and policies.There are three oped its changing energy import strategy in dia- things that such a forum should avoid. logue with the main current exporters. And it is First, it should not be led or dominated by a important for the establishment of a proper en- single country or a block of countries. It will not ergy security forum to be an inclusive process be a problem if it is initiated by a few, but it must from its inception. Second, the European Union not put some ahead of others. is in the process of revising both its energy and Second, it should not have a global ambition. foreign affairs policies. It would be wise if the Global energy security is a noble objective, but EU from the start integrated an open energy it would be impractical to try to bring everybody policy dialogue into its energy security and for- around the table. eign policy. It would be a mistake not to do so. And, third, it should not aim at legally bind- The fact that the foreign and the energy poli- ing decisions. There are plenty of bodies, such as cies of the EU member states are mostly, though the World Trade Organization, the Energy Char- not completely, a national rather than a EU do- ter or the Energy Community, that are doing an main could be an advantage rather than a prob- excellent job developing legal rules or enforcing lem. That puts the European Commission in a compliance in the energy sector. better position to be a facilitator rather than a What is missing from the international energy leader or a dominant player. scene is an open dialogue on long-term energy The rapidly transforming energy sector could policies. The European Commission could initi- be steered in a direction of prosperity for all. ate it for two reasons. First, the European Union Failing to do so could lead to tensions and con- is the largest energy importer in the world. The frontation that could easily leave the realm of changing energy realities might disrupt its posi- energy trade and spill over into international re- tion as a buyer. It would be good if the EU devel- lations and security. ■

Open dialogue on long-term energy policies: Abdullah M. Al-Shehri at the 4th Global Table in Lusławice, Poland, June 2015. tional producers like Saudi Arabia, Iran or Alge- energy alone. Denmark, a country that in the ria is growing steeply. BP, for instance, is expect- 1970s was almost entirely dependent on import- ing that primary energy consumption in the ed energy, is now the only EU country that is a Middle East, a region which we associate pri- net exporter of energy and often generates more marily with energy production and export, will than 100 percent of its electricity from its wind grow by 77 per cent by 2035. power farms. Energy producers used to treat energy as a Advances in energy efficiency are also affect- cheap domestic resource. Not anymore. More ing the traditional energy import-export rela- "What we need is a new and more traditional energy producers are tak- tion. Highly efficient buildings could be much ing steps to remove energy subsidies, introduce more easily heated with locally produced renew- market prices, and increase energy efficiency – able electricity and supplied with hot water from inclusive international forum policies that are more typical of energy-consum- solar collectors. With the introduction of the ing countries. Near Zero Energy Buildings standard for new to share and debate the Traditional energy consumers are also turning buildings, the European Union will change the into key producers. The U.S. shale revolution is view that gas is the best solution for heating. only one example of the uncertain balance be- These trends require different governance increasing complexity of tween consumers and producers that could from what we have now. A simple producer-con- change in the space of a few years. sumer relationship can no longer guarantee our Renewable energy is transforming the old di- energy security. What we need is a new, inclusive international energy interde- vision as well. In the first half of 2014, 13 per- international forum to share and debate the in- cent of electricity in Germany came from wind creasing complexity of international energy in- pendencies and policies."

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Energy Security First

by Janusz Reiter, Chairman of the Board, Center for International Relations, Warsaw, 1st and 4th Global Table

The EU as a provider of public goods: Janusz Reiter, former Polish Ambassador to Germany and the United States, at the 4th Global Table in Lusławice. urope is taking a crash course in strate- chy as an alternative to national or local ones. gic thinking. In the East, it has been We can use the Energy Union for our neighbor- trying to find a common response to hood policy as well as for our international secu- lem. Furthermore, the EU can play an instru- "Europe as a major E the war in Ukraine, more successfully rity strategy. Ukraine is an example of a country mental role in managing and mitigating the re- than many would have expected. It is also deal- that should be involved in our energy security gional competition for power and influence. Can economic power ing with the dramatic refugee problem from the thinking, and not only as a country in need. It that be done without the United States? Energy South. In both cases Europe is learning that if it can contribute to Europe's energy security as a security policy could be a vehicle of Europe’s can play a key role in does not go to the challenges and conflicts in its supplier of electricity, including zero emission strategic interests, but it should not be an accel- establishing an neighborhood, they may get closer to Europe or power, an operator of gas storage facilities or a erator of naive great power ambitions. even become an internal problem. The gap be- transit country for gas infrastructure projects. Since the end of World War II, the United international energy tween its internal power and its external influ- Strengthening Ukraine’s energy security will States has been the only provider of so-called security system." ence threatens to make Europe dysfunctional. In certainly help stabilize Europe’s security envi- public goods in international relations. It is get- international relations, Europe increasingly faces ronment. After the experiences of the recent cri- ting more and more overstretched in this role the famous challenge that if it is not at the table sis, nobody can seriously doubt that the immedi- but remains indispensible for global security Energy is a strategic asset, not only for those with the other powers, it may end up on the ate neighborhood matters to Europe. But what policy. Europe will have to learn to play the role countries who hold major deposits of energy re- menu. That could easily happen with regard to would be the added value of a stronger EU pres- of another provider of public goods but not in sources. Europe as a major economic power European energy policy. ence in regions like Central Asia? order to replace the United States. Ask decision- with slowly growing political influence can play The European Energy Union is going to fix The economic interests in the resource-rich makers in the Middle East or East Asia whether a key role in establishing an international energy the fragmentation of the EU energy markets, the region are obviously part of the answer. But Eu- they can imagine their region without the Unit- security system. source of economic inefficiencies and political rope also has a strategic interest in Central Asia. ed States. The answer, whether they like it or This is why the BMW Foundation Global Ta- weakness. However, as Julian Popov and Abdul- The region can either add to global security ten- not, will clearly be no. Would they welcome a ble process comes at the right time and address- lah M. Al-Shehri (page 40) rightly noted, the sions, including international terrorism, or it can greater European presence in their region? Their es the relevant questions. And this is also why it goal is not to establish European energy autar- contribute to the solution of the security prob- answer will be yes. should be continued. ■

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The Great Sino- Russian Expectations: An Opening for Europe and Eurasia

by Inna Veleva, Project Manager, BMW Foundation, Berlin & Liudmila Filippova, Program Manager, Russian International Affairs Council, Moscow, 4th Global Table

Exploring opportunities for cooperation between the EU and the Eurasian Economic Union: Inna Veleva at the 1st Global Table in Hangzhou.

espite Russia’s publicly orchestrated China and Russia again reaffirmed their shared Power of Siberia pipeline, the collapse of hydro- 12-month period, as Moscow started to accept pivot to Asia, which was accompa- intent to work towards a new, multipolar system carbon prices and China’s decreasing demand payments for its hydrocarbon exports to China nied by various rhetorical commit- of international relations. Though elaborately for natural gas, together with greater availability in yuan. Amid the news that China has overtak- D ments and diplomatic gestures, the staged on every level, their interest in challeng- of liquefied natural gas (LNG) inside China, are en the U.S. as the world’s leading importer of Sino-Russian relationship has taken a downturn ing the superiority of the Western-dominated seriously threatening the implementation of crude oil, Russia recently surpassed Angola as following the sharp devaluation of the ruble and global financial order is not enough, however, to what had been labelled an “historic” agreement. the second-largest oil supplier to China, and, in China’s stock-market crash. The subsequent dis- translate the emerging powers’ common narra- Furthermore, talks on the development of the May, even outstripped Saudi Arabia in the illusionment among China’s and Russia’s elites tive of a new power-sharing arrangement into Power of Siberia-2 pipeline have reached a stale- amount of oil it supplies to China. creates a window of opportunity for Europe to reality. Particularly with tumbling oil prices and mate, and their breakdown seems imminent. In By prolonging sanctions over Ukraine, EU revisit its strategy towards the Eurasian Econom- deflating housing bubbles pushing many ad- addition to the impasse in energy cooperation, foreign ministers have undoubtedly exacerbated ic Union and to engage all major stakeholders vanced economies into recession, a collabora- the volume of Chinese direct investment in the Russia’s diplomatic and economic isolation, from Russia and the Central Asian republics in a tion that is based on pragmatic considerations is Russian economy has decreased by 20 percent pushing the Kremlin towards an even greater de- transparent and inclusive political dialogue on a exposed to higher volatility and faces a greater over the first months of 2015, as announced by pendence on China. However, Russia’s initial level playing field. risk of being trumped by short-term priorities Zhi Lin, the Director of the Department for euphoria at “turning east“ appears to have evap- and changing circumstances. Moreover, what is Eastern Europe and Central Asia at the Chinese orated following the precipitous crash of China’s Russia’s pivot to Asia: Much ado about being perceived as a standstill illustrates the sub- Ministry of Commerce: “As you know, the ruble stock market and signs of economic slowdown nothing? stantial gap between publicly communicated in- rate fell in the first half of the year, it is unstable, in China, and the optimism regarding a possible During the 7th BRICS Summit, which was tentions and actual implementation. all this affects the real activities and psychology alignment of China’s Economic Silk Belt with held jointly with the 15th Shanghai Cooperation A year after Gazprom and the China Nation- of investors.” However, the investment outflow the Eurasian Economic Union has given way to Organization Summit in the geographical heart al Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) closed the did not prevent the volume of RUB/CNY trade growing disappointment. The financial lifeline of Eurasia – in the Russian city of Ufa – both $400 billion deal for the construction of the from skyrocketing 400 percent during a for Moscow – Chinese loans to Russian compa-

46 47 BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE | Energy nies and investments – could be running dry, and Kyrgyzstan. Tajikistan’s possible accession is confronting Putin’s administration with an ad- under debate. Before the crisis, Ukraine, sharing ditional significant challenge. With the Russia- the legacy of the Soviet cluster-based economy China axis being shaken by recent economic and located in close proximity to the EEU mem- fluctuations, the EU finds itself in a position to ber states of Belarus and Russia, was seen as a become an agenda-setter in its Eastern neigh- prospective member state as well. Since it also borhood and revisit its stance on engaging with shared a neighborhood with the European Un- the Eurasian economic space. A necessary pre- ion, Ukraine considered the implications of sign- condition for exploring such rapprochement ing the Association Agreement. Yet the debate in would be gaining a comprehensive understand- Ukraine – a member of both a Russia-driven CIS ing of the structure and institutional dynamics of and a EU-driven Eastern Partnership that ex- the Eurasian Economic Union. cluded Russia – was hugely overpoliticized, dis- missing the precise economic terms of the two The Eurasian Economic Union alternative integration projects and significantly After World War II, Europe was just a jumble contributing to the current crisis. Surprisingly or of rival states that differed in political and eco- not, Russia is still the Ukraine's major trade nomic structure. Peace in the region did not look partner. stable at the time, and the European govern- In his analysis for the European Union Insti- ments chose economic, monetary, and political tute for Security Studies, Nicu Popescu distin- integration as a new development path, which guished between three dimensions of the Eura- has proved to be a viable mechanism for ensur- sian Union: the real, the imaginary, and the ing peace and security within their borders. likely. The real Eurasian Economic Union is an In the aftermath of the Cold War, the former international organization for regional economic Soviet republics had to choose between creating integration with a bureaucratic structure, an ad- a new architecture of regional cooperation and ministrative staff of about 1,000, and headquar- adapting the already existing systems and mech- ters near Paveletsky railway station in Moscow. Talking about regional integration: Liudmila Filippova at the 4th BMW Foundation Global Table in Poland. anisms. Similar to the European integration pro- Institutionally, the EEU comprises the Supreme cess originating in the establishment of the three Eurasian Economic Council (SEEC) composed European communities, there have been three of heads of member states and serving as its ject. Taking into account recent episodes of of a Eurasian alliance introduced by President major integration associations established by the main body, the Eurasian Intergovernmental Eco- Crimea’s accession to Russia, accompanied by Nazarbayev in 1994 referred first and foremost republics of the former Soviet Union: the Com- nomic Council (EIEC) at the heads-of-govern- Russia’s uncompromising attitude towards an to an economic grouping meant to strengthen monwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Un- ments level, the Eurasian Economic Commission outraged international community, Western the already existing trade relations and to boost ion State of Russia and Belarus, and the Eura- (EEC) as the permanent supranational regulato- watchfulness seems justified. And still, beyond productivity and economic growth. (The politi- sian Economic Union (EEU). The CIS, mostly ry body located in Moscow, and the Court of the these concerns about post-Soviet patronage and cal and security dimensions of the project were because of its limited economic program and EEU as the judicial body located in Minsk. A clientelism lie plenty of untapped opportunities. never brought into play.) One might thus be in- strong focus on political cooperation, as well as unanimous vote is required at the SEEC, the clined to think that, with Russia becoming less the Union State of Russia and Belarus, which EIEC, the Council of the EEC and, to a certain Implications for Eurasia appealing as a partner due to falling oil prices, was the only attempt at political integration of extent, the Board of the EEC. The EEU also If nothing else, the escalation of the Ukraini- its collapsing currency, and tightening economic the CIS countries, failed to meet high expecta- works closely with the Eurasian Development an crisis has made the EEU countries appear in a sanctions, Central Asian states might want to re- tions and were but partly brought to life. By con- Bank. completely new light. Contrary to common ex- think their priorities and come to question their trast, the EEU, although often referred to as a Nevertheless, the actual target of the West’s pectations, the former Soviet republics of Bela- participation in the Eurasian Economic Union. political union, has never put the coordination widespread mistrust and deep-rooted anti- rus and Kazakhstan demonstrated their determi- This would be a rather ill-considered conclusion, of its member states’ foreign policies or the es- Kremlin bias is the other Eurasian Union, the nation to preserve neutrality amid exacerbating as it does not take into account the long history tablishment of supranational political institu- imaginary one, the one revolving around geopo- tensions between Moscow and Kiev. Balancing of coexistence and cooperation between Russia tions on its agenda. As such, will economic inte- litical aspirations. The ambitious dream of a gen- the competing interests of Russia, China, and and its former Soviet Socialist republics. To un- gration with clear-cut rules lead to greater peace uine and politically viable Eurasian Economic the U.S. in the Kremlin’s “near abroad” has been derstand the complex dynamics underlying this and stability in Eurasia? The member states of Union perceived as a new round of post-Soviet essential for upholding the Central Asian states’ relationship, one must go beyond simple cost- the Eurasian Economic Union are Belarus, Ka- reintegration is what really accounts for Europe’s multi-vector foreign policy. But let’s come back benefit analyses and tap into a comprehensive zakhstan, Russia, and newly acceded Armenia current skepticism towards Putin’s flagship pro- to the EEU. One should not forget that the idea constructivist approach, exploring cultural, so-

48 49 Energy | BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE

new entity cannot be in Europe’s long-term in- cross-regional energy cooperation, expanding terest. Especially with Russia slipping more and the international energy security dialogue and more into the role of China’s elder sister (whom improving energy supply administration by you respect but whose advice you are not obliged bringing together decision-makers from con- to follow) or worse, Western states could ap- sumer, producer, and transit countries. Further- proach Moscow, offering a way back into an in- more, in view of interlinked security threats ternational community of states sharing burdens such as cross-border conflict, failing statehood and responsibilities. spillover, and the spread of Islamic State jihadist One possible scenario would be to explore propaganda and attacks, developing a joint opportunities for cooperation between the EU counter-terrorism strategy engaging stakehold- and the EEU and to initiate talks for identifying ers from Europe, Russia, China, and the Central a shared legal and institutional framework based Asian region is indispensible for the long-term on a jointly developed set of rules. Any negotia- stabilization and security of politically fragile tions of this kind should be inclusive and trans- transit regions and contested resource-rich ter- parent. Despite Russia’s and China’s competing ritories and in the interest of all countries. In this interests over Central Asian states participating regard, the collaboration between the EU and in China’s One Belt, One Road initiative (with the Shanghai Cooperation Organization fighting its vague rhetoric of a “win-win“ cooperation) the three evils of terrorism, separatism and ex- and the Eurasian Economic Union (which, on tremism in the region is long overdue. the contrary, has already elaborated a set of The “romantic“ dream of Greater Europe has complex regulations), the parties managed to been shattered. The Eurasian Century might reach a preliminarily agreement to coordinate have begun, and while Russia has asserted itself the development of the two projects. The Krem- as a Eurasian power, Europe’s role in the future lin has realized that it could maintain its influ- order remains to be defined. Instead of further ence and confront the rising economic ambitions encouraging political fragmentation, European Stunning venue: outside the Penderecki European Music Centre in Poland. of China in Central Asia only through involve- decision-makers should finally start building ment and close coordination. That is the oppor- truly sustainable bridges rather than relying tunity (with regard to both China and Russia) upon short-lived transportation rafts. This means cial, and linguistic factors. Underlining the im- the opportunity of creating a common electrici- that Brussels is currently missing out on in the drawing on existing strategic interests and trans- portance of deepening cooperation with Russia ty market by 2019 as well as common oil and region. lating them into mutually beneficial trade, in- despite current challenges, the statement by for- gas markets by 2025. The establishment of the As Djoomart Otorbaev also pointed out, har- vestment, and security policies, especially in the mer Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan Djoomart electricity market seems quite realistic, as it will monizing different models of regional economic field of energy cooperation and counterterror- Otorbaev illustrates the depth of this relation- be able to build on the old Soviet grid system integration and engaging openly with all rele- ism. In view of Germany’s chairmanship of the ship: “We are not selecting our partners based and will essentially create economies of scale. vant stakeholders would increasingly benefit the Permanent Council of the Organization for Se- on crude oil prices or, as a matter of fact, any Furthermore, Russia has long been a major des- landlocked Central Asian states by substantially curity and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) in other economic turbulence that might occur.” tination for labor migrants from CIS countries. enhancing connectivity, improving transit corri- 2016, the time might be ripe to take initiative. Such a bond sealed with collective memories of Not only has exporting their workforce helped dor and transportation infrastructure, and un- As Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier a shared past cannot be easily overshadowed by alleviate unemployment and ease social tensions locking new investment opportunities. Turning stated in an address to the Council in Vienna: what are seen as temporary financial difficulties. within the source countries, but migrant remit- the geographical position into a strategic advan- “We have come a long way on this journey. To- At the same time, the position of the EEU tances from Russia have significantly contribut- tage would necessarily improve their negotiation day’s storms, including that raging in Ukraine, member states does not lack pragmatism either. ed to these countries’ GDP. In this regard, the leverage and could also make their foreign poli- should not and must not put a stop to that jour- The EEU countries inherited from the USSR a accession of Central Asian states to the EEU, cies more proactive. This would then allow Eu- ney!” set of interconnected and mutually reinforcing which ensures the free flow of labor, implies in- rope to concentrate on strategic areas of conver- Nevertheless, reconciling the interests of ma- infrastructure facilities – road, rail, and energy creasing employment opportunities and im- gence such as energy diversification and regional jor stakeholders – including those of previously networks – which, even if partly outdated, may proved working conditions for their nationals. security. neglected corridor states – requires reestablish- be considered a competitive advantage for any Beyond optimizing trade routes and boosting ing trust and dialogue at eye-level, identifying integration initiative in the region. With energy An opening for Europe? economic growth in Europe’s eastern neighbor- common core values, reaching a shared vision being the conventional cornerstone of Russia’s Therefore, ignoring these regional dynamics hood, a potential cooperation between the EU for developing the Eurasian space, and taking economic partnerships, what the EEU offers is and betting on the institutional failure of the and the EEU could also lay the foundation for steps to make this shared vision a reality.■

50 51 BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE | Utad estiaecerum Utad estiaecerum | BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE

The New Silk Road: Game Changer for Inclusive Diplomacy 252 53 BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE | The New Silk Road Utad estiaecerum | BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE

Europe’s Strategic Interest to Drive the New Silk Road

by Wei Shen, Director, Confucius Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, 4th and 5th Global Table & André Loesekrug-Pietri, Founding Chairman, A CAPITAL Fund, Brussels, 4th Global Table & Michael Schaefer, Chairman of the Board, BMW Foundation, Berlin and Munich

hina reinvents the Silk Road and Officially first announced in Astana in 2013 plans to build new roads, railways, by President Xi Jinping, this “New Silk ports and pipelines. So far there has Road”concept has been the catchword in China, C been no proper EU response, but Eu- which aims at improving connectivity between rope should not miss the opportunity to formu- China, the rest of Asia, and Europe. So far there late its own respective interests and make the has been no proper EU response. The Silk Road Silk Road a Europe-China initiative. Initiative merges the land-based Silk Road from 2015 marked a milestone for the relations be- China via Central Asia to Turkey and the EU as tween the European Union and China, as they well as the maritime route via the Indian Ocean celebrated the 40th anniversary of diplomatic and Africa to Europe. Both are intended to de- relations established on May 6, 1975, which has velop transportation infrastructure, facilitate now evolved to myriad global issues. Though the economic development, increase trade and peo- EU-China Summit in Brussels was shadowed by ple-to-people exchange. This 21st century initia- the Greek crisis, important discussions centered tive is not merely an occassion for China to ro- on how both parties can mutually benefit from manticise its historical legacies, it carries major the synergies of China’s ambitious “One Belt, strategic economic and geopolitical calculations. One Road” initiative and European Commis- sion President Jean-Claude Juncker's Invest- China seems to pursue three key objectives ment Plan. First, China needs a new impetus for its econ-

Shining a new light on China: the Silk Road initiative as a wake-up call for Europe.

54 55 The New Silk Road | BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE

and other related initiatives send out a clear sig- nal: China is ready to take a greater role in re- "The EU has a gional and global governance. Over the past dec- unique opportunity ades, China was an agenda follower rather than agenda setter. A key principle of China’s foreign to formulate its policy has been a “peaceful rise with a low pro- own respective file.” Accordingly, China initially accepted and integrated into the existing system of global gov- interests and ernance. This phase is coming to an end. China’s eco- intentions and offer nomic power and political weight are strong ar- concrete proposals guments for Beijing that its development must not continue to be subject to rules mainly de- to China." cided by industrialized nations. Beijing intends to be more pro-active in protecting its national interests. ergy supply. This region could be a major new Based on a mixture of Marxist and Confucian market for European companies, leveraging old traditions, the Chinese leadership has started to European influence to engage profitably with articulate more explicit policies towards regional Chinese and local firms. Europe could also use it and global governance, through concepts such as as a door-opener to the increasingly difficult but the “Harmonious Society” by former President critical Chinese market itself, as China will need Hu Jintao, and President Xi Jinping’s “new type allies when engaging overseas. of major power relations.” These concepts, most- This would likewise be an intelligent move to ly ignored by western governments, are not just bind Russia into a regional cooperation through slogans. They have led to a number of visible these two initiatives, irrespective of the present Debating the opportunities of the New Silk Road: Wei Shen (left) and Michael Schaefer. changes in China’s foreign engagement: the conflict. Discussions between the EU, EAEU and Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the BRICS, China on a Free Trade Agreement could be a G13, and economic forums such as the Boao Fo- medium-term objective. omy. Although its GDP grew around 7.4 per cent initiative lies in its strategic and geopolitical im- rum. last year, the lowest growth since the 1990s, and portance. China seeks to build a cordon sanitaire Will the EU be an agenda follower or an a further slowdown seems inevitable. Given the of regional stability. China’s leadership firmly A potential game changer for global agenda setter? massive overcapacity in the manufacturing sec- believes economic prosperity is the only way to governance As China’s largest trading partner and a part- tor, the vast and largely inefficient state-owned maintain peace in its fragile neighborhood, from This strategic shift is potentially a game ner without geopolitical conflicts with China, enterprises with falling return on equity, the real volatile Central Asia via a fragmented Pakistan changer for global governance. Its explicit focus Europe should not wait for the “One Belt, One estate bubble and increasing environmental and war-torn Afghanistan to the terror belt in on a wide definition of inclusiveness, the right to Road” concept to be further elaborated – it is a pressures, China urgently needs to find new eco- MENA. The Chinese government has resisted development, and a relatively fuzzy manage- “moving concept”: for Chinese decision-mak- nomic engines. The “One Belt, One Road” focus the idea of labelling the “Belt and Road”project ment style will inevitably challenge the current ers, concepts are subject to trial and error, like on infrastructure development matches well as its own Marshall Plan – but in the mind-set of “Western” principles of global governance. pilot projects, they are developed as they ma- with the appetite of Chinese SOEs with overca- Chinese leaders, the commonality of economic The surprisingly highly successful launch of ture. The EU has a unique opportunity to formu- pacity headaches. interests with the corridor nations and a sound AIIB may just be a “teaser” from China on the late its own interests and intentions and offer Second, the Silk Road will also help to allevi- infrastructure bond will be the best way to pre- existing institutions. But it should be taken as a concrete proposals to China making the Silk ate China’s thirst for energy, with new gas pipe- vent regional conflicts and a viable way to ex- wake-up call. The ball is now in the court of the Road a truly Sino-European initiative, linking lines in Central Asia and new deep water har- port China’s model of development; the right to EU to decide if and how to engage in these both ends of the Road. ■ bors in South Asia to be constructed. These develop, irrespective of political systems. emerging processes. Although Europe continues massive infrastructure projects will also acceler- to struggle with its own crisis, it should make the ate the RMB’s internationalization and its emer- China is ready to take a greater role Silk Road its own and a strategic priority. gence as an alternative reserve currency, a strate- Strategically, the “Belt and Road” concept For the EU, there are major interests at stake: gic economic objective. and the establishment of the Asian Infrastructure regional stability at Europe’s doors, economic Third and most important: the core of this Investment Bank (AIIB), the Silk Road Fund, development and improved diversification of en-

56 57 BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE | The New Silk Road

Silk Road: A Bumpy Road Ahead by Moritz Rudolf, Research Associate, Mercator Institute for China Studies, Berlin, 4th Global Table

he Silk Road Initiative is the major OBOR represents an economic step backwards: project for Chinese President Xi Jin- instead of placing more emphasis on domestic ping. On every state visit and in every demand, Beijing is speculating on new export China needs trust: Moritz Rudolf on the challenges of the plans for “One Belt, One Road”. T diplomatic forum, he has promoted his markets in unstable regions such as Pakistan. The idea of “One Belt, One Road” (OBOR). Beijing overcapacity of Chinese state-owned enterprises wants to create China-centered infrastructure is not addressed, but simply exported abroad. In The Chinese leadership has until now only been nese leadership risks losing the very thing it networks in order to expand its own economic this way, the leadership is hampering its own able to reach a handful of vague cooperation most needs from neighboring countries to make and political influence in Eurasia. ability to overcome the structural crisis of the agreements, such as those with Russia and Hun- OBOR become a reality: trust. But the time when the country was able to Chinese growth model. gary. But none of those states (and maybe not In addition to this, the problem of unfortu- make economically unprofitable investments on For the time being, OBOR remains a specula- even China itself) knows what OBOR really nate timing arises, a problem which could result the basis of political motives is long gone. Bei- tive bubble. Part of the initiative is to create means. Xi Jinping wants to promote the idea of in the collapse of Xi’s grand plan. In the light of jing had intended to invest more than $900 bil- about 20 cross-border Special Economic Zones. a “community of common destiny.” He has, the crisis in Ukraine, the prospects for a joint lion in infrastructure expansion in Eurasia. How- Khorgos, on the border with Kazakhstan, serves however, not been able to convey what this term Chinese-Russian-European project have never ever, the money is now needed to stabilize its as a cautionary example: two years after the go- signifies and he has failed to convince other looked worse. Moreover, ISIS threatens to stagnating economy and nervous financial mar- ahead, China has built a city consisting of a states why the OBOR should be attractive for spread to the very Central Asian regions that are kets. China’s currency reserves decreased drasti- number of multi-story shopping centers in the other countries. key to the success of OBOR. cally in August 2015. desert. In one of those buildings, for example, While Xi promises win-win situations, the Despite these obstacles, the Chinese “Silk Due to financing difficulties, a number of in- there are roughly one hundred shops, each one biggest winner would be China. This is because Road PR” is in full swing. Berlin and Brussels frastructure projects have come to a standstill. of them selling exactly the same product: fur Beijing is at once the project’s architect, finan should exercise restraint and should not allow For example, the gas pipeline known as “Power coats. cier, and builder. The suspicion towards OBOR is themselves to be dazzled by this PR offensive. of Siberia,” the subject of an agreement signed By way of contrast, on the Kazak side stands also fueled by China’s increasingly aggressive Individual projects should only be considered if by Russia and China in May last year, is in dan- only a yurt and a couple of plastic camels. Inside foreign policy. By following a more assertive ap- they are in the direct interest of Europe and are ger of flopping. In addition, the release of funds the yurt, one can buy German sweets and Rus- proach in the South China Sea territorial dis- economically viable. ■ for the construction of the Altai gas pipeline to sian beer; there is no sign of any customers. At putes or, more recently, by displaying modern connect western Siberia and China has been de- the same time, there is a lack of partners for the military hardware during the World War II com-

layed indefinitely. At a more basic level, the OBOR initiative: China is virtually on its own. WILHELM/ MERICS ROMAN FROM 60/61: IMAGE PAGE memoration military parade in Beijing, the Chi-

58 59 BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE | The New Silk Road Utad estiaecerum | BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE

AN LITHO: Bitte Bundversatz ergänzen DANKE

60 61 BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE | The New Silk Road

states, together with landlocked and geographi- "Careful coordination cally disadvantaged corridor countries, to bring in their respective interests. Africa and Europe will be needed to should give China the benefit of the doubt and become active co-drivers of the process. reduce misunder- At a time when China combines the world’s standings and second largest economic power with growing The Port of military capability, the “One Belt, One Road” internal rivalry in (OBOR) initiative is being portrayed by the Chi- Africa. Creating the nese leadership as an illustration affirming the Bagamoyo: A Test country’s peaceful rise and its readiness to necessary degree of shoulder greater regional and global responsibil- transparency and ity. The New Maritime Silk Road reflects a stra- for China’s New tegic vision of a zone of economic development trust will be also that maps along the key ports and maritime trade routes of the South China Sea and the In- essential for long- dian Ocean, with Africa as a strategic center term engagement Maritime Silk Road point. Projects to be undertaken under the “Belt and Road” framework in Africa are located in with China." Bizerte, Tunisia; Dakar, Senegal; Dar es Salaam, in Africa Tanzania; Djibouti, Djibouti; Libreville, Gabon; First, given Bagamoyo’s historical link to Maputo, Mozambique; and Tema, Ghana. Germany, and Europe’s knowledge of and past By Frannie Léautier, Co-founding Partner and Chairperson, The Tanzania Port Authority recently an- experiences with African nations, China should Mkoba Private Equity Fund, Dar es Salaam, 1st, 2nd, and 5th Global Table nounced its approval of a $10 billion project to also be open to policy coordination and devel- develop a port at Bagamoyo, financed by China opment cooperation with the European Union & Michael Schaefer, Chairman of the Board, BMW Foundation, Berlin and Munich and Oman. Located about 60 kilometers north and other relevant stakeholders, which could & Wei Shen, Director, Confucius Institute, Lancaster University, of Dar es Salaam, Bagamoyo is expected to be- also potentially eradicate the increasing neoco- Lancaster, 4th and 5th Global Table come the biggest port in Africa once completed, lonial speculation in the West over China’s “ex- handling 20 times more cargo than Dar es Sa- ploitative engagement” in Africa. The question laam port. The project will link Bagamoyo port also remains whether China’s ongoing and ex- to the central corridor railway and the TAZARA tensive crackdown on government corruption Railway through an extended link. A parallel proposed by President Xi Jinping could be fi- highway linking Bagamoyo to the Uhuru High- nally aligned with the EU’s longstanding efforts way going to Zambia will also be built. An inte- to overcome widespread corruption and poor gral part of the Bagamoyo project will be an Ex- governance in Africa. he following text reflects the discus- cies of his presidency could turn out to be laying port Development Zone (EDZ) which will Brian Eyler’s 2014 report on the partnership sions at the 5th BMW Foundation the foundation stone for the construction of the include the construction of an industrial city as that China and Thailand have established to Global Table on the opportunities that Bagamoyo port, which also happens to be in his well as upgrades to road and railway infrastruc- “construct investment vehicles for the develop- T China’s New Maritime Silk Road hometown, located 60 kilometers up the coast ture. Bagamoyo will be a strategic pillar and ment of twelve strategic ports” – including seven (MSR) initiative holds for East Africa. The ideas from Dar es Salaam. Funded by China Mer- connect the MSR with other East African coun- African ports (in Djibouti, Tanzania, Mozam- on testing the inclusiveness of the “One Belt, chants Holdings International and Oman’s State tries, including Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, bique, Gabon, Ghana, Senegal, and Tunisia) – of- One Road” initiative build on the 4th BMW Government Reserve Fund, the project presents the Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi, fers a possible cooperation framework for other Foundation Global Table in Poland, which fo- an opportunity to test the potential of China’s Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya, South Sudan, Co- nations to be involved in both MSR and the Silk cused on the Silk Road Economic Belt connect- 21st Century Maritime Silk Road as game moros, Madagascar, and Seychelles. Road Economic Belt (SREB). During President ing China, Central Asia, and Europe. changer for Africa’s development. Will the New The Bagamoyo port provides opportunities to Xi Jinping’s visit to Africa in 2013, he proposed Following the Tanzanian general election of Silk Road succeed in aligning the “Chinese shape the approach taken to developing the oth- the four principles of “sincerity, real results, af- 2015, President Jakaya Kikwete will hand over Dream” with an African one? The answer will er nodes in the Maritime Silk Road and for Chi- finity, and good faith” as a blueprint for bilateral power to John Magufuli after serving two terms largely depend on China’s ability to create a na to work with its development partners in Af- relations. Premier Li Keqiang, highlighting the in high office. One of the most important lega- truly inclusive process, allowing all participating rica and Europe. unity of the “Chinese Dream” and the “African

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Dream,” said that the MSR was the best testing protects the activities and livelihood of the pre- ground for China’s promise and commitment to sent inhabitants, and prepares for a brighter fu- Africa. ture. This includes energy, water use, construc- In order for the MSR to be as inclusive as it tion techniques, materials used, traffic claims to be and for it to produce win-win re- management and urban planning, to name just a sults, China will need to be open-minded, inno- few areas. vative, more flexible, and prepared to move be- Fourth, Bagamoyo is a microcosm of Tanza- yond its foreign-policy comfort zone. nia’s modern path to development, as its resi- Second, Bagamoyo and other construction dents are more diverse than in other parts of the sites on the MSR in Africa and Asia are located country. The city accumulated such diversity in natural habitats. In the case of Bagamoyo, the over the years due to its role in trade, fine sailing future port is surrounded by endangered man- culture, sufficient water supply, fertile hinter- grove swamps, local fishing activities, and small- land, and closeness to the rice-producing region holder agriculture. These activities are highly along the Ruvu River. Maintaining a peaceful sensitive to weather and the elements. It is im- multicultural society despite a tremendous portant to ensure that sustainability principles growth in population due to in-migration to are followed during the design, construction, serve the Export Development Zone, the port, and operation phases of the projects. The agree- and the growing city is paramount. As modern ment on the Sustainable Development Goals cities in Tanzania are becoming as diverse as (SDGs) at the United Nations General Assembly Bagamoyo as a result of the in-migration of dif- in September 2015 is a great opportunity to en- ferent ethnic groups in search of jobs, efforts un- sure that the planned port and industrial city fol- dertaken to ensure a harmonious society in low the best possible sustainability principles. Bagamoyo could be scalable across Tanzania. Third, Bagamoyo is a historic city with im- Finally, Bagamoyo will go from a sleepy “dot- portant landmarks for tourism, located close to toir” for Dar es Salaam to a major port with a Dar es Salaam and Zanzibar. It was founded at Pan-African and global role along the Maritime Market in Tanzania: developing an economy that is still based on agriculture. the end of the 18th century and was the original Silk Road. Planning and managing such a city is capital of German East Africa. It used to be one light-years away from the manner in which the of the most important trading posts along the city is currently planned and managed. Atten- prove the bargaining position of African states Africa to achieve the optimistic vision in the East African coast. Despite such important land- tion will have to be paid to building the capa- vis-à-vis China. This is of particular importance “Africa Rising” narrative through its key port marks and cultural activities, Bagamoyo is a bilities and competences as well as the systems when it comes to standard-setting or defining cities and their interconnected road, rail, and poor area, depending on smallholder farming, and processes for the city to be able to play this the conditions for extractive activities of foreign power links. Then Bagamoyo would eventually small traders, tidal fishing, and jobs in govern- important role. Time is the essence as port con- mining companies as well as for large-scale con- resemble the town described in the old Swahili ment administration. The town has an adequate struction is supposed to be completed by 2017. struction projects. Coordination among one an- caravan song: water supply, but a shortage of sewerage and Nevertheless, careful coordination will be other and securing transparency regarding the electricity. needed to reduce misunderstandings and inter- various national interests will also allow African ”Be happy, my soul, let go all worries A town of some 30,000 people, the city is ex- nal rivalry in Africa. Creating the necessary de- leaders to identify areas of convergence, Soon the place of your yearnings is pected to grow tremendously with this new port gree of transparency and trust will also be es- strengthen regional integration, and adopt a reached the town of palms – Bagamoyo” and industrial park investment. It is important to sential for long-term engagement with China in multi-vector diplomacy approach. This will pro- preserve the historical and architectural land- the framework of the Maritime Silk Road. There- vide African countries with the necessary politi- ■ marks, which are of importance to tourism and fore, to ensure effective coordination, it would cal leverage to negotiate with Europe and China the livelihood of many local residents. Coordi- be important to establish a multi-national coor- as well as other powers. nation with the Department of Antiquities in dinating body including stakeholders from all Furthermore, African leaders should explore Tanzania is critical at all stages of the design, participating countries. This coordinating body the potential of existing exchange formats and construction, and operation of the port and in- would have the task of overseeing cross-border institutions such as the Forum on China-Africa dustrial city. projects on the basis of a level playing field, tak- Cooperation (FOCAC), which held its 6th Minis- This would be a great opportunity for Baga- ing the legitimate interests of all stakeholders on terial Conference on December 4-5, 2015 in Jo- moyo to engage in green design and construct a board. hannesburg. Last but not least, a successful ap- truly sustainable city that preserves the past, Negotiating with one voice would also im- proach to the Maritime Silk Road would allow

64 65 BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE | Utad estiaecerum Utad estiaecerum | BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE

Resources and Sustainable Development 366 67 BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE | Resources and sustainable development Utad estiaecerum | BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE

Assured Mutual Dependence

by Alejandro Litovsky, Founder and CEO, Earth Security Group, London & Michael Schaefer, Chairman of the Board, BMW Foundation, Berlin and Munich

uring the Cold War, the certainty of threatening other players with curtailing food or “mutually assured destruction” energy exports, but all bear the systemic risks. steered the nuclear arms race away Countries have become unavoidably interde- D from catastrophe: a would-be attack- pendent, and climate change, water stress, and er would face immediate retaliation, inevitably the loss of ecological resilience all increase the ending in both sides’ annihilation. Today, a very volatility of this mutual dependence. In a world different race is taking place – a race for the of limited and scarce resources, countries and earth’s vital resources, and it threatens to under- companies will be forced to make decisions that mine stability in key regions of the world. The affect one another’s security. growing dependence of countries on one anoth- In order to navigate this interdependence, er’s food, water, and energy requires that the the Earth Security Index 2014, produced by the global response to sustainability is taken at the Earth Security Initiative, shows countries’ com- highest political level. Unlike the nuclear arms bined vulnerabilities that might increase the risk race of the twentieth century, the resource-secu- exposure of governments and companies, unless rity agenda is not linear. Mutually assured de- more strategic approaches and sustainable in- struction was explicitly acknowledged during vestments are put in place. The ESI identifies the Cold War in statements from both sides. In four areas of mutual dependence that will likely the race for resources that defines the twenty- shape global security in the coming decades: first century, no actor is directly or indirectly Choke points. Countries’ growing demand for

Thinking ahead: preserving earth’s vital resources for the generations to come.

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as a “pump” that helps moisture travel between processes for creating a common understanding different regions. Deforestation can thus have a of risks and opportunities across national bor- destabilizing effect on weather patterns, ampli- ders. Successful multilateral responses, like the fying the frequency and severity of extreme Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, continue to be events such as floods and droughts.The resulting supported by more flexible global platforms, liabilities to key industries and the financial sec- such as the Nuclear Threat Initiative, based on tor are clear. In Brazil, for example, deforesta- relationships and trust established outside the tion in Amazonia has slowed significantly over box of formal multilateralism. the last five years, but Brazil has already lost This year, as world leaders discuss the next more than eleven million hectares of rainforest; generation of sustainability, development, and its exposure to extreme weather has also steadi- climate frameworks, they will need to put their ly risen, with floods causing $4.7 billion in losses security and mutual dependence at the heart of in the year 2011 alone. the responses. Here, too, the world will need to Land productivity bottlenecks: Agriculture systems are reaching resource limits, and persis- tent governance gaps compromise their ability to ensure food security, dignified livelihoods, "The world will and ecological stewardship. Companies, inves- need to create tors, governments, and communities confront a series of critical barriers to increasing the food informal platforms availability that the world needs: local popula- that supplement tions’ insecure land ownership; receding water tables, owing to unsustainable extraction rates; traditional inefficient use of pollution-causing inputs like multilateralism." fertilizers and pesticides; the loss of vital ecosys- Village in Brasil: deforestation in Amazonia has slowed significantly over the last five years. tems, affecting the resilience of food production; and certain areas’ inability to cope with extreme weather. create informal platforms that supplement tradi- energy, water, food, and land cannot be satisfied Peru, and the United Arab Emirates – are heavily In some regions of India, for example, these tional multilateralism. In particular, the outdat- without incurring tradeoffs among limited dependent on cereal imports from a small num- issues are playing out in tandem. Insecure land ed divisions between rich and poor countries available resources. Choke points are reached ber of suppliers. Moreover, grain suppliers’ ex- tenure acts as a disincentive for smallholder and their responsibilities must be revised. As when the available resources are insufficient to posure to extreme weather may compromise farmers to commit to productivity-enhancing in- new powers like China, Brazil, India, and other satisfy demand. In China and India, for example, their ability to sustain supplies, with knock-on vestments; water extraction rates are depleting G-20 economies bid to reform global govern- this means that in certain regions there may not effects for import-dependent countries. In 2010, aquifers as a result of permissive policies; and ance systems, their vulnerability to resource se- be enough water in the short term to run coal- for example, Russia imposed an export ban on food security remains out of reach for millions curity must invigorate these processes. fired thermal power stations and irrigate large wheat following a severe drought. The resulting of people, despite rapid economic growth in ur- Only then will the world be on track to im- fields to grow crops. In China, 60 per cent of food-price increases are believed to have played ban areas. Countries and companies will in- prove the security of all. ■ planned coal-fired power plants will be built in a role in Egypt’s revolution. creasingly need to invest in sustainable land in water-stressed regions. Teleconnections: Anticipating systemic eco- order to hedge their resource risks. Food: The growing dependence of many logical risks will be increasingly important for In 2015, global frameworks are due to be countries on food, water, and energy imports sectors such as reinsurance and infrastructure agreed to address climate change, coordinate re- creates new opportunities for trade and invest- investments. “Teleconnections” refer to weather sponses to natural disasters, and guide the ment, but it also exposes countries to critical events that are related to one another over large world’s development agenda. Some of these vulnerabilities. Australia, for example, is a large geographic distances. They are well known to multilateral processes – in particular those seek- coal exporter but imports most of its refined science but not properly discussed by the indus- ing an ambitious global climate agreement – ap- fuels and holds just three days of fuel stockpiles. tries, investors, and governments whose security pear to be moving in slow motion and against The challenges of mutual dependence are depends on environmental stability. For exam- the grain of geopolitical interests. particularly acute with respect to food. As the ple, tropical rainforests play a crucial function in In the past, the case for high-level nuclear ESI shows, some countries – including Egypt, maintaining stable weather and rainfall, acting governance was urgent and clear, but required

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Fresh Hope in the Chinese Fight Against Pollution

An Interview with Ma Jun, Founding Director, Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs, Beijing, 1st Global Table

a Jun is China’s most high-profile posed to health hazards. In response to this, the environmental activist. He believes government and other stakeholders make huge that the time has never been better efforts to clean this up, spending a lot of resourc- M to fight environmental destruction. es. Unfortunately, we have not seen a turning He participated in the 1st BMW Foundation point yet. It is not just about technology or mon- Global Table in Hangzhou. ey; it is about the lack of motivation. The enforcement of rules and regulations remains too You have developed a digital map based on gov- weak. In order to change this, we have to engage ernment data that shows the worst polluted Chi- with a wide range of stakeholders, and the pre- nese cities and which companies are responsible condition for this is access to information. With for this mess. How did you get the government that in mind we have built a national pollution and industry sector to cooperate with your ini- map database. It represents a list of corporate tiative? pollution records. In China we face serious environmental chal- What was the reaction? lenges. Hundreds of millions of people are ex- Some of the stakeholders started using this

Green Man of the Year: Ma Jun at the eco retreat located near Hangzhou, venue of the 1st Global Table.

72 73 BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE | Resources and sustainable development data in a proactive way. A large number of cor- lead. This can finally help to break the deadlock porations and brands started using our data to of weak law enforcement. green their supply chains – and that motivates others to correct their behavior, too. You must have been facing a lot of trouble. At the beginning there were some suspicions on behalf of local governments and companies. Transparency in Environmental Issues: It is a new way of doing things in a country that Founded by Ma Jun in 2006, the Beijing- does not have a long history of transparency and based Institute of Public and Environmental participation. But from the beginning, we have Affairs publishes online air and water pollu- used government-sourced data. This makes it tion maps at the local and regional levels. An easier to win trust and credibility. And it is not a app to go with the website has been made dead end. We are not only exposing problems; available. For a long time, China has kept en- those companies get help to solve their prob- vironmental data under wraps. Since the be- lems, for example from NGOs. ginning of 2014, it is mandatory to make these data accessible to the public – includ- Are you being criticized for slowing down eco- ing data from 15,000 companies that are re- nomic growth? quired to report their emissions to the Chi- It is understood that our transparency project nese Ministry of Environmental Protection. has not undermined social and economic development in China. It actually helps to release the social and environmental pressure. We even Is transparency alone the key factor to solving have a new amendment to the environmental crucial environmental problems and putting protection law with a special chapter fully on enough pressure on governments? transparency and public participation. Our central government has shown the political will to solve these problems. They want to In the 1990s, you worked as an investigative Preserving nature: ”Environmental transparency is the key first step forward.” bring the pollution of air, water, and soil under journalist for the South China Morning Post, re- control. But on a local level, governments still porting on environmental issues. What role does cannot balance growth and environmental is- the Chinese media play in building environmen- are facing big environmental challenges. It is dif- now, there is a big momentum in China to clean sues. They put the GDP growth rate ahead of tal awareness? ficult to balance the trade-off. We need a differ- up air, water, and soil. We need to come together, nature. It is not easy to change this. In a way, All the progress made in China, including ris- ent decision-making process that allows for all take advantage of the progress in transparency transparency and the public supervision based ing public awareness, has so much to do with the stakeholders to be informed and get involved. being made in the developing world, like China, on it is one of the few options that the central extensive media coverage on this topic. Report- What is missing are the affected communities, and scale up green global sourcing, manufactur- government has to impose checks on local gov- ers have more space to do stories on environ- the concerned public, and the NGOs who care ing, and investment. That will not only help clean ernments. mental issues than on other issues as there is about environmental protection. We need to get up China, but will also prevent other developing more consensus. This is very helpful for organi- them involved. The major progress made in Chi- countries from becoming safe havens for pollu- Has the central government come up with a zations like ours. We started eight years ago with na on environmental transparency is the key first tion. ■ plan? three employees, now we are 20. It is a small step forward. They are working to expand environmental organization, but we manage to make an impact. The interview was conducted by Inna Veleva transparency at a local level. Government and We owe a lot to our friends in the media, who Do you think an intimate format like the BMW and Maja Heinrich. other stakeholders try to tap into this public par- had the courage to give us so much coverage. Of Foundation Global Table can help tackle univer- ticipation and create checks and balances on course, every now and then there are still some sal problems like environmental pollution? government’s behavior. This is something very difficulties. It is extremely important to have such a mul- new in China. It is based on this understanding ti-stakeholder and cross-sector round-table dis- that the central government allowed disclosure You have been named China’s “Green Man of cussion, because we live in a globalized world. of our monitoring data of more than one thou- the Year” and one of the most influential people Most of our challenges do not have borders – sand major water and air emitters. Nothing on in the world by Time Magazine. Is this an honor and the environment is a clear example. All the this scale of disclosure has been happening in or a burden? local initiatives need to be integrated into the other parts of the world. China has taken the The recognition is based on the fact that we process. The big topic is climate change. Right

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Gas and Oil in East Africa – How the People and the Environment Can Benefit

An Effective Policy Framework by the Participants of the 5th Global Table, Tanzania

he BMW Foundation Global Table se- fossil resources are the main causes of climate ries was conceived to provide an alter- change and that the energy sector is by far the native space for establishing trust and largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, T tapping into areas of convergence be- recommend the following: tween Europe and the emerging powers. Through Governments should review further exploita- frank and meaningful dialogue, we want to raise tion plans of oil and gas reserves in East African awareness of the importance of shared leader- countries, taking into account the increasing ship in addressing global challenges. We seek to competitiveness and growing potential of renew- transform common national and regional inter- able energy sources. ests into mutually beneficial policies. Furthermore, all necessary steps must be tak- In light of the continuing large-scale exploi- en to exploit oil and gas reserves in a sustaina- tation of oil and gas reserves in East African ble, climate-friendly manner, considering plane- countries, the participants of the 5th BMW tary boundaries, the impact of climate change Foundation Global Table, acknowledging that on the environment, the livelihood of peoples, carbon emissions and pollution from burning national economies, and regional security. To

Mutual dependence: the Ngorongoro Conservation Area in Tanzania, venue of the 5th Global Table.

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communities. The inclusion of all stakeholders "Income generated from the start of discussions is crucial to ensure by revenue sharing that the economic benefits of natural resource should be reinvested extraction will be distributed fairly. in a manner that 2. Governance and accountability: An executive and a supervisory body – the latter consist- helps communities ing of representatives of the distinct segments of prepare for the time local communities, including women, youth, farmers, and small-scale entrepreneurs, national when the resources and local government, and the companies involved – should ensure the representation of all are exhausted, for stakeholders’ interests in a transparent and ac- example by investing countable setting.

in the development 3. Clearly defined vision and core values: The of secondary stakeholders should agree upon a basic set of rules, based on common core values and a vision industries." of how the economic benefits of natural resource extraction can be translated into a significant financial, economic, and social return on investment for the country, the companies, and the achieve these ends, participants of the 5th BMW local communities involved. Foundation Global Table invite East African gov- Creating a mechanism for distributing the ernments to consider the following steps to en- economic benefits of natural resource extraction sure effective resource governance and manage- fairly would strengthen the interest of local com- For the benefit of all stakeholders: distributing the economic benefits of natural resource extraction fairly. ment as well as fair revenue sharing. These steps munities in the successful and profitable ma- are aimed at complementing existing policy, le- nagement of natural resource extraction and cre- gal, and institutional frameworks for resource ate greater planning security for the extractive the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. rate-community involvement and transparency governance and management as implemented in industry. Moreover, regular monitoring and evaluation standards. It should adhere to good corporate countries like Mozambique, Tanzania, Uganda, work by independent organizations should be standards, which take into consideration envi- and Kenya. 4. Long-term focus: The objectives of the dia- commissioned. ronmental safety standards, impact assessment, A formal, regular dialogue process should be logue process should be transformational chang- and benchmarking in line with global and re- initiated with the goal of implementing a comes within society, increasing social and human In order for these common core values and gional practices.■ mon framework for resource governance, re- capital and entrepreneurship and providing visions to be put into practice, a revenue-sharing source management, and revenue sharing at the long-term benefits that translate into sustainable framework is required. Income generated by rev- national or regional level. development, promoting secondary industries, enue sharing should be reinvested in a manner improving governance and the rule of law, and that helps communities prepare for the time The dialogue process would benefit from in- ensuring social stability. In addition, the dia- when the resources are exhausted, for example corporating the following features: logue process should be set up as a process of by investing in the development of secondary continuing and continual dialogue, consisting of industries, in the improvement and expansion of 1. Inclusiveness: regular, formal meetings of a decision-making existing infrastructure, and in the provision of All key stakeholders should be involved (central body. public and social services to reduce poverty, em- and local governments, extractive industries as power communities, and develop human capital. well as other private sector representatives, local 5. Transparency: Transparency rules governing Financial mitigation mechanisms should be set communities, academia, and civil society organi- licensing and contract negotiations and the op- in place for this purpose. zations), in order to clarify each party’s specific eration of the dialogue’s decision-making body The framework chosen should adhere to the interests and also to build on the expertise of should be set by consensus and agreed upon at highest international standards applicable to the multilateral institutions and regional economic the time the platform is created, drawing upon financial industry and build on existing corpo-

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litical will for their implementation. As elected representatives, they are in a unique position to "This time we must put pressure on national governments to align not repeat one of existing laws, policies, regulations, and reporting rules with SDGs and to mainstream SDGs in the the biggest short- Actions, Please! national development strategies and plans. comings of the Concrete actions at the local level Millennium In order to bridge the gap between policy and Development Goals: implementation, local communities should be Implementing the better informed regarding international and na- After they were tional political commitments and ways to engage and exert pressure on decision-makers that are signed off, it took Sustainable expected to translate the abstract vision of the several years to SDGs into concrete, measurable actions at the local level. Mobilizing the support of moral and realign national Development Goals religious leaders could be key to gaining broader priorities towards public consent for the SDG vision. As the SDGs are principally to benefit future the MDGs." by Joseph Semboja, CEO, Uongozi Institute, Dar es Salaam, 5th Global Table generations, the youth should have their say in & Michael Schaefer, Chairman of the BMW Foundation, Berlin and Munich the matter. In order to encourage young people to participate within the broader debate, it is necessary to include the concept of the SDGs in national school curricula and to create opportunities for regular, active engagement with deci- garding waste, use of excess produce, social sion-makers. rights, etc.) and to quantifying and reporting The advancement of information technology their actions and outcomes towards the imple- – especially in the emerging economies – un- mentation of the SDGs, so that progress can be locks myriad new opportunities. Social media openly discussed and evaluated by the public. here is good reason to be proud of and better ones than 15 years ago) to hold our gov- can be used to share and spread success stories, Local communities and countries that have optimistic about the Sustainable De- ernments, our leaders, and ourselves accounta- build communities and create ownership. Around achieved extraordinary progress should be re- velopment Goals (SDGs) which were ble. the globe, new apps are already used to report warded a status of a “front-runner club” and T adopted by the UN member countries A circle of decision-makers from business, and track the negative environmental impact of given special recognition, setting incentives for on September 25, 2015. The SDGs are the result government, and civil society from countries certain industries and hold both local govern- other countries to catch up and preventing dis- of tough political negotiations and unprecedent- like China, Russia, Ghana, Tanzania, Turkey, ment and corporate officials accountable. So couragement. The United Nations and other ed civil society consultations, and for the next Germany, Poland, Nigeria, Egypt and France, why not develop a variant of “Yelp” to encour- international institutions should support efforts 15 years will set the framework and benchmarks who had gathered in September at the BMW age the crowd-sourced reviews of local compa- to recognize high levels of commitment, action, for ending extreme poverty and securing a more Foundation 5th Global Table in Tanzania, are nies’ or governments’ efforts towards sustainable and impact. sustainable future. proposing the following process to be started at development? The universal character of all these recom- But as with all declarations, the real Sustain- the national level immediately: mendations is only one side of the coin. What able Development Goals work started when the To ensure a transparent accountability pro- More accountability should not be underestimated is the critical im- world leaders returned from New York and are cess, each signatory country should establish a Private business involvement is crucial to portance of comprehending and accommodating expected to translate words into action. This high-level oversight body comprised of appoint- achieving the new development goals. While any specific local needs, as well as geographical and time we must not repeat one of the biggest ed representatives from government, business, voluntary engagement within the private sector societal dynamics in the context of the long- shortcomings of the Millennium Development and civil society, to monitor and report on pro- is welcome and should be acknowledged accord- term SDG process. Only then can national and Goals: After they were signed off, it took several gress on both the national and local level. ingly, it is not enough to ensure compliance with local actors adapt and prioritize approaches to- years to realign national priorities towards the Furthermore, it is critical to inform parlia- the SDGs. Companies should ideally be ac- wards a more sustainable world. ■ MDGs. This time must be different and we must mentarians and other legislators to raise their countable to the oversight body, to committing use all tools at hand (and fortunately there are awareness of the SDGs in order to mobilize po- themselves to previously ratified score cards (re-

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The City of the Future: Sustainable Urban Growth

by Ole Scheeren, Architect and Founder, Büro Ole Scheeren, Beijing, 1st Global Table & Eric Chang, Partner Büro Ole Scheeren, Beijing

or more than ten years Ole Scheeren we define social structures and an environment has been working in China. During that of communal livability by identifying positive time the German architect, who took interdependencies and through the creation of F part in the 1st Global Table in Hang- spaces that foster collective participation and ac- zhou, has seen sustainability getting more and countability. The city of the future does not more important: “Architecture can no longer ex- merely rely on technology and an ability to pro- ist without confronting the issues of sustainabil- tect the natural environment. The intelligent and ity.” The following text describes how urban sustainable management of resources and their growth can become sustainable. distribution has to merge with an ability and commitment to social place making. In this con- The development of smart cities has often been text, I would like to present one of our projects cited as a model that seeks to address urban as a case study, which can provide a more fo- challenges in the face of climate change. Ho- cused example of how urban growth and density wever, smart cities can only be smart by virtue can be shaped by an integrative approach and of building a holistic view of complete urban design for resilience: The Interlace in Singapore, ecology, not merely by harnessing new technolo- which I designed while working at the Office for gies and big data. At the center of every city Metropolitan Architecture (OMA). stands a profoundly social question: how do we Completed in 2014, this large-scale residen- live our lives not only individually, but how do tial development comprises 1,040 apartment

Thinking long-term: architect Ole Scheeren at the 1st Global Table in Hangzhou, China.

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units embedded in a tropical landscape. The de- ty of urban substance, but also with the measure sign of The Interlace generates an extensive net- of individual behavior within a collective whole. work of private and shared social spaces in a Early engagement of community members offers radical reinterpretation of contemporary life in a a platform to identify which qualities and shared community. Thirty-one apartment blocks, each communal experiences would be desirable. De- six stories tall, are stacked in a hexagonal ar- fining the actual brief, i.e. the goals and targets rangement around eight generous courtyards. of a plan or development, through a joint, trans- Instead of following the default typology of parent, and inclusive process of public-private large-scale housing in dense urban environments engagement, provides a foundation for sustained – clusters of isolated towers – the design turns current and future support. vertical isolation into horizontal connectivity The question of public governance versus pri- and reinstates the notion of a sustainable com- vate investment is also particularly relevant to munity as a central issue in urban growth. the sustainability and resilience of cities. The city Sustainability features are incorporated in the state of Singapore, for example, has a keen design through careful environmental analysis awareness that its future growth needs to incor- and integration of low-impact passive energy porate focused strategies of sustainability to ad- strategies. A series of iterative site-specific envi- dress its naturally limited territory and resourc- ronmental studies, including wind, solar, and es. It benefits from a proactive and highly daylight analysis, were carried out to determine engaged group of urban planning agencies which intelligent strategies for the building envelope work in parallel with commercial investors to and landscape design. Microclimates generated outline the goals of future urban development. through a combination of greenery, shading pro- These agencies closely monitor and review the vided by the building’s massing, and wind-gen- development of designs during the planning pro- erated evaporative cooling ensure the usability cess with regard to planning parameters, green of the communal outdoor spaces for communal building criteria, and landscape and transport Office for Metropolitan Architecture and Büro Ole Scheeren's vertical village in Singapore: The Interlace has been named the World Building life throughout the year. integration, and offer commercial incentives to of the Year 2015. Celebrated for being "an example of bold, contemporary architectural thinking," the project is the eighth building to win the illustrious award. It is considered to be a "radical new approach to contemporary living in a tropical environment." The project was chosen by the Council of Tall provide public amenities for the common good. Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) in Chi- Through this dialogue, it is possible to mobilize cago as winner of the inaugural worldwide Ur- the collective intelligence of a wider group of ban Habitat Award 2014 in recognition of its public and private entities. The ambitions and groundbreaking contributions to the urban goals of city-building are thus shaped by multi- realm and social sustainability. It also received ple stakeholders, making it possible to gather the Green Mark Gold Plus Award from Singa- varied input and garner public support. pore’s Building Construction Authority. Sustainability is largely an issue of long-term "Social interaction is The Interlace opens a space of collective ex- thinking – how to plan for the future. By taking perience and reunites the desire for individuali- an inclusive approach to defining objectives on ty with a sense of togetherness and living in a the scale of city building, the focus needs to shift integrated with the natural community. Social interaction is integrated with from short-term profits towards long-term ben- the natural environment in a synthesis of tropi- efits, and both legislative structures and private environment in a synthesis cal nature and habitable urban space. The char- initiatives need to define incentivized frame- acter of a vertical village embedded in a rich works for investors to seek participation in col- landscape of activities and nature is manifested lective future-building. As the resources of large of tropical nature and throughout the project. The design generates a corporations and multinationals now eclipse the multiplicity of qualities and choices for its in- budgets of cities and even countries, a growing habitable urban space." habitants – a sense of richness and freedom in awareness that sustainability is not only good the choices you make, encouraging social inter- business but an economic necessity should effect action and contributing to the overall sense of change that provides alternative avenues of community. The sustainability of urban growth is leadership and the creation of new prototypes of tightly intertwined with the overall sustainabili- integrative urban planning. ■

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Impact of the Global Tables

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"I have incorporated many elements from the Global Tables into my work. The methods of dialogue used at the Global Tables have enabled me to change my approach when dealing with complex negotiations. I regularly seek out perspectives of other stakeholders and engage in structured and open-ended discussions to achieve a deeper commitment to action."

Open to different perspectives: Frannie Léautier at the 1st Global Table in China.

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Five Things I Learned

by Frannie Léautier, Co-founding Partner and Chairperson, Mkoba Private Equity Fund, Dar es Salaam; 1st, 2nd, and 5th Global Table

learned five main things from the Global Ta- to change my approach when dealing with com- bles. First, that it was possible to engage with plex negotiations. I regularly seek out perspec- people from very diverse perspectives and tives of other stakeholders and engage in struc- I backgrounds to build a common under- tured and open-ended discussions to achieve a standing on critical issues facing the world in a deeper commitment to action. I leave time for limited amount of time, if you have the right ap- difficult conversations and invest in getting to Changing the approach: "I also learned a tremendous amount about sustainability." proach to dialogue. Second, that when you com- know the people and not just the issues they bine hard facts, presented in an interesting way, care about. As for the substantive side, I have with open-ended conversations on issues of been able to use some of the work on indicators Following my participation in the Global Ta- different approaches to problem-solving which I common interest, you can spark coalitions for that were presented at the Global Tables (the bles, I am more open to different perspectives learned at the Global Tables. The way I conduct action that can take critical issues forward in a Earth Security Index) to further the work we and have become more skilled at and patient and chair board meetings has also benefitted significant manner. Third, that maintaining inter- had started in our fund on embedding sustaina- about learning from others who come at issues from the learnings during the Global Tables. My est in working together on complex issues re- bility in our decisions and actions when consid- from a different vantage point. This has allowed agenda setting is a combination of both formal quires not only building common understanding ering investment options. I presented our ap- me to collaborate with a geographer to write a and informal approaches, and on several boards on the substance but also on the values critical proach using the Earth Security Indicators in book “Spaces and Moments of Leadership: A where I am chair or vice chair, we are now able for transformation. Fourth, I learned about the New York at a Sustainable Development Solu- Geographical Perspective,” published by Pal- to come to an agreement more easily on difficult Earth Security Index and how it can be used to tions Network (SDSN) lecture at Columbia Uni- grave MacMillan in October 2015. I would never issues without sacrificing innovative ideas or di- track complex and interdependent issues and to versity in September 2014. We were able to get have thought of collaborating with someone verse opinions. I also learned a tremendous map out the consequences of action or inaction a discussion going and initiate engagement in from such a different field before. Other changes amount about sustainability and the role of a in real time. This lesson has proved very useful in areas of sustainability using a LinkedIn page. in my professional perspective relate to the variety of stakeholders in countries as diverse as my professional life. Finally, I learned about Some ideas from the discussions at the Global types of approaches I now use regularly to find Brazil, Poland, China, and Germany. These les- leadership from the participants at the Global Tables made their way to the final set of indica- solutions to complex problems in my day-to-day sons have been extremely helpful in shaping a Tables and especially about the unique ways in tors agreed upon in the SDG Outcome Docu- work. I have been able to engage in stakeholder strategy for an organization whose board I sit on which they engage to achieve transformation in ment as well as at the Financing for Develop- conversations across countries, sectors, and com- and that is engaged in issues related to sustaina- the diverse countries and specializations they ment Conference in Addis Ababa in July 2015. panies with terrific commitments to solving bility. So I would say that I have been able to come from. Finally, lessons learned have been very useful in challenging problems in a short space of time. transfer a lot of what I have learned to my day- I have incorporated many elements from the my approach to research, where I have become For example, a group of stakeholders have com- to-day job. Participating in the Global Tables has Global Tables into my work. The methods of dia- bolder in investigating issues from different van- mitted to resolving sustainability issues in three been one of the highlights of my professional logue used at the Global Tables have enabled me tage points, including from other disciplines. value chains because of a method of bringing in engagements in the past two years. ■

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A Belt and Road of Trust

by Wei Shen, Director, Confucius Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, 4th and 5th Global Table

hen I received the invitation defined and placed more emphasis on breakout from Michael Schaefer for the group discussions. Thirdly, and probably most 4th BMW Foundation Global Ta- puzzling, the topic of the Global Table was En- W ble in Poland in June 2015, I was ergy Security and Governance in Eurasia, which honored and at the same time did not know is not exactly my main area of expertise. So why what to expect. I have attended many academic was I invited? However, when I later received conferences and workshops, so I was curious the list of participants, I found out that I was not how the Global Table would differ from the oth- the only one who was not a “usual suspect” for ers, despite its fancy title. Well, the conference the Global Table. venue, the Krzysztof Penderecki European Cen- During the preparation for the Global Table, I tre for Music, was the first thing to catch my at- got to know more about its concept. It is an “out tention. Why a music hall far away from the of box” event and brings together a unique mix beautiful city center of Krakow, a UNESCO of participants from different spectrums of life. It World Heritage Site? Secondly, when I looked at is global, not only in terms of the topics which the program, there were neither the usual key- are of global concern and involve interregional note speeches nor the usual line-up of paper connections, but also in terms of the perspec- presentations as at other international confer- tives it gathers, from the industrialized countries, ences. Instead, the program was rather less well emerging powers, academia, business communi-

China as agenda setter: Wei Shen at the 5th Global Table at the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania, September 2015.

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stunning! The remoteness of the location means tion of Chinese communities. I realized that not that the ambience is intimate and friendly, as all of the accusations were wrong and that China compared to the impersonality of some large could benefit hugely by working in a better way conference hotels. I joked with the BMW Foun- with other international partners, especially dation colleagues that “there was no way out (of with the EU because of the two regions’ histori- the venue),” but it was perfect for intensive de- cal, religious, and linguistic links. bates and exchanges. I was particularly pleased to learn about the The Global Table gave me the chance to un- current $10 billion development plan China has derstand how the Central Asian states are ma- proposed for the Tanzanian port city of Baga- neuvering between the two giants – Russia and moyo, with the aim of making it the largest port China – and that sometimes cooperation is not on the African continent and a model project of necessarily based on strong mutual trust but in- the OBOR initiative. But I feel that China still stead the result of a lack of trust in the alterna- has much to learn about the local environment, tive partner. I also gained first-hand knowledge development needs, and community interests in on how energy politics unfolds in the Middle Bagamoyo; if it fails to do so, I can hardly see East and how the EU member states are strug- how the investment will produce sustainable and gling with their long-standing energy depend- mutually beneficial outcomes for both Tanzania ence on Russia. and China. The feedback I received at the Global Table In both Poland and Tanzania, I was impressed made me aware of the possible reasons behind by the frankness of the discussions and the rich- the EU’s apparent reservation over OBOR, and ness of the generated ideas. I came away believ- since then I have come to believe that China, if ing that while the backbone of the OBOR is in- it wants the Economic Belt to work, needs to frastructure connectivity, the essence is demonstrate its commitment to proclaimed prin- undoubtedly trust and confidence between Chi- ciples like inclusiveness, interconnectedness, na and the pathway nations along the belt and Unusual encounters, fresh inspiration: participants of the 5th Global Table in Tanzania. flexibility, and win-win to Eurasian and Europe- the road. While the financing of the construction an nations through concrete actions and trans- projects may be obtained from the various sup- ty, civil society organizations and beyond. Due Road connecting China via the Indian Ocean parency. port mechanisms such as the Asia Infrastructure to my research interests in China’s geopolitics and Africa to Europe. Both routes are intended I was very privileged to also be invited by the Investment Bank and the Silk Road Fund, it is and diplomacy, I was asked by the organizers to to develop transportation infrastructure, facili- BMW Foundation to the 5th Global Table in Tan- the “people bonds” that will eventually decide comment on what China sees as the opportuni- tate economic development, and increase trade zania, which was (again!) organized meticulous- the initiative’s longevity. ties and challenges that result from energy inter- and people-to-people exchange along the coun- ly, this time in partnership with the Uongozi In- As people-to-people exchange has been list- dependence in that region, and what its implica- tries and regions bordering these routes. For stitute. Nestled in the Ngorongoro Conservation ed as a key part of the OBOR initiative, I hope it tions would be for the entire Eurasian region as China, OBOR is about selling a Chinese vision Area, the Global Table took place in an idyllic will translate into many and diverse socializa- well as surrounding Russia and Europe. of global economic development and regional farmhouse, an impeccable choice that could not tion processes, to encourage dialogue among the After preparatory discussions with the excel- integration. It is based on the Chinese narrative have been more conducive to a direct and con- people in the OBOR countries, especially lent project team at the BMW Foundation, I de- of a peaceful past along the lines of the “ancient structive dialogue. through the mobility of youth. cided to focus my input at the Global Table on silk road”, such as Admiral Zheng He’s seven sea Being in Africa, I could not resist the opportu- The BMW Foundation Global Table series has China’s newly launched “One Belt, One Road” expeditions during China’s Ming Dynasty in the nity, kindly offered to me by the organizers, to set a good example of how even the most sensi- (OBOR) initiative. This ambitious strategy was fifteenth century to places as far as Africa. present the Maritime Silk Road to the African tive issues can be addressed, when participants first announced by Chinese President Xi Jinping However, despite the interests from some EU colleagues from different national backgrounds remove their national and professional “hats” in Astana in 2013. Since then, it has been la- member states, the response from Brussels has and professional sectors. China-Africa relations and engage with each other in an open and re- belled the new “Silk Road” between China and been lukewarm, and I was keen to test this Chi- have attracted much attention in the past de spectful way. Chinese policy-makers have been Europe and mentioned in all major policy docu- nese idea on the participants at the Global Table cade, and I have always been eager to learn how using the Confucian ideal of harmony as a po- ments in China. in Poland, many of whom came from the corri- some of the controversial debates on the Chi- litical slogan, and EU leaders have often prided “One Belt, One Road” refers both to the dor states on the OBOR map. As soon as I ar- nese involvement in Africa are actually reflected themselves on achieving “unity in diversity”. land-based Silk Road Economic Belt stretching rived at the Krzysztof Penderecki European in the local contexts. Let us hope that the One Belt, One Road initia- from China via Central Asia to Turkey and the Centre for Music, I immediately knew why this I learned much more than I expected, from tive will give us a chance to seek common inter- EU and to the twenty first century Maritime Silk particular venue had been chosen. It was simply the concerns over illegal mining to the segrega- ests and build a belt and road of trust! ■

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How Global Tables Can Foster Global Leadership to Promote Resilient Communities

by Thais Corral, General Coordinator, REDEH, Rio de Janeiro, 1st and 3rd Global Table

he Global Table initiative by the BMW rative action across sectors. For too many of us Foundation is part of a new paradigm today, “global” simply means projecting our of civilization and leadership emerg- own particular beliefs, values, and perspective T ing around the globe, based on the onto the world around us instead of realizing evidence that no single person can possibly hope that “global” requires awakening to a new and to capture and integrate the awesome complexi- integral dimension of reality. The global solu- ty of today’s global leadership challenges and tions we seek must unite us across all potential opportunities. We need each other to collective- divides – ethnicity and culture, religion and poli- ly understand and bring to life this new para- tics, societal sectors and social classes, profes- digm of leadership and cooperation. The Global sions and types of organizations, the “inner” Tables have invited us to join this crucial dia- and the “outer,” heart and mind – divisions that logue about global developments, inspiring are as problematic as and often more uncon- pragmatic leadership approaches that have the scious than the national borders we are used to potential to enhance individual and cultural dig- acknowledging. Our definition of “global leader- nity, while also representing new sound collabo- ship” therefore attempts to include and bridge

A new paradigm of leadership: Thais Corral, women's rights campaigner and environmentalist , at the 1st Global Table in China.

96 97 BMW FOUNDATION GLOBAL TABLE | Impact all these aspects of our diversity. Too often we and the 3rd Global Table in Brazil my three dec- assume that we can apply to the world the pre- ades of experience of mobilizing resources to conceived attitudes we have inherited from our create collaborative projects articulated with un- families and cultures, from our professions or derserved communities on the ground. There political ideologies. In fact, this is not “global” was an alignment between the main theme of thinking at all. It is merely applying our own pa- the Global Table which took place in Campo Ba- rochial perspectives to a larger geographical hia, Brazil, in March 2015 and my own expertise “scale.” Instead, we need to hear and learn from and knowledge. Given this opportunity, the par- each other. ticipants of the Global Table in Brazil chose Sinal About ten years ago, I had the opportunity to do Vale as the field of experimentation of our join a network of senior leadership practitioners collaboration. around the world and across sectors. Represent- Sinal do Vale is a living laboratory for the ing different fields of dialogue, conflict resolu- transition to sustainability, made up of an inno- tion, and education, we were interested in fur- vative agroforestry farm and a dynamic, interna- ther inquiring into how we can reinvent tional platform for change makers. In one of the governance, business and economic develop- world's most biodiverse yet threatened biomes, ment, strengthen civil society, innovate in educa- Sinal offers a portfolio of activities that respond tion and project management, and help to bridge to the challenges of social-environmental resto- diverse sectors and cultures. One of the main ration and provide change-makers a space for aspects fundamental to our work together meant both dialogue and practical experimentation in that we all had in common a focus on leadership the field of sustainability. Sinal has embraced in an interdependent world and also recognized Rio “Green Belt” as a project that involves lead- that we needed to address these changes in our er organizations working on landscape restora- own lives. In our inquiry and research we tion around the Guanabara Bay and Rio de Ja- reached the conclusion that there are several neiro where eight million people live. Rio principles inherent in this new global leadership “Green Belt” is needed to contain the urban Collaboration for innovation: Thais Corral introducing the Sinal do Vale project. dimension: encroachment, protecting the remnant biodiver- • advocating worldviews that focus on the sity of the Atlantic rainforest. Sinal do Vale has whole and that bridge countries and cultures, been identified as a catalyst for the initiative of the exercise, we also mobilized the B Corp action tested by November 2015 which could be disciplines and sectors; given its mission of promoting dialogue and company TriCiclos – whose president is part of replicated in schools across the country. The pro- • exploring the relationships between the local learning among different sectors and cultures. the BMW Foundation Responsible Leaders Net- gress can be followed on our Facebook page and the global, the personal and the univer- As a catalyst, Sinal wants to demonstrate how work – representatives of local neighborhood Aventura dos Sabores. sal; to move towards resilient communities. This is a associations, and other experts. By November These simple actions show that collaboration • seeking pragmatic yet inspired solutions rath- vast and complex theme, but it is possible if we we envision having a concrete and feasible plan for innovation and positive change is possible. It er than following ideological or fundamental- start small and galvanize collaboration which is of action with clear deadlines for implementa- requires the ability to help the group to collabo- ist dogma; real, has value, and is viable. Given our little tion. rate around aspects that are feasible and can de- • moving beyond heroic individualism to col- time and scarce financial resources, we decided liver results in a short period of time, which will lective intelligence and collaborative action; to organize Impact Sessions together with the 2. As part of another forum, the Innovation Lab nurture the process as it faces new complexities • acknowledging the integrity of the heart and BMW Foundation and invite stakeholders and on Food and Nutrition by Novos Urbanos, led and challenges. ■ the mind, of body and soul. experts interested in the topic. by another BMW Foundation Responsible Lead- er, Denise Chaer, and her team, we could har- In dialogue, we need to find solutions that Two areas of collaboration have emerged and ness collaboration among leaders of several sec- come from our shared humanity and support the two impact sessions were organized: tors to implement a program in the primary sustainibility of our societies. 1. One addressed the issue of garbage, which is schools of Santo Antonio. The action has again critical in the communities located in the peri- gained ground through an Impact Session to How to form and contribute to resilient urban area of Rio that we call the Green Belt of which we invited representatives of AMIL, the communities – Sinal do Vale as a prototype: Rio de Janeiro. The municipality of Duque de biggest insurance company in Brazil, representa- As a social entrepreneur and social innovator, Caxias, where the Santo Antonio neighborhood, tives of Coca-Cola, and other independent I have brought to the 1st Global Table in China our prototype, is located, was engaged. As part stakeholders. Our goal is to have a prototype for

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New Thinking, New Connections

by Abiodun Williams, President, The Hague Institute for Global Justice, The Hague, 2nd Global Table

career in the United Nations and at implications of natural resource exploitation for the helm of international think tanks international security and governance. Our dis- has afforded me the opportunity to cussion was nimbly moderated and sensibly A engage in dialogue with some of the drew on the far-sighted work of Alejandro world’s most challenging thinkers. It has also Litovsky and his Earth Security Initiative. From enabled me to debate pertinent issues with a a global governance perspective, the links drawn varied group of scholars, practitioners and lead- by Mr. Litovsky and others between the balance ers from a variety of different backgrounds, of global power, the distribution of resources, prompting new thinking on my own part. But and prevailing governance arrangements cor- few events achieve these goals alone; in that roborated research being done at The Hague In- sense, the BMW Foundation’s Global Table se- stitute and offered new pathways for question- ries’ success in doing so was quite remarkable, ing conventional wisdom on the international and is a testament to the foresight of its organi governance architecture. zers. The timing of the Global Table was, for the As a participant in the 2nd Global Table, purposes of my own work, quite propitious, not “Limited Resources – Opportunities Without least given the ongoing work of the Commission Borders,” in Menaggio, Italy, I talked with those on Global Security, Justice & Governance, a engaged first-hand in confronting the challenges high-level panel on UN reform chaired by for- posed by increasing limits to our use of natural mer U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine K. Al- resources, and offered a practitioner’s perspec- bright and former Nigerian Foreign Minister tive, viewing the issue through the prisms of Ibrahim Gambari. Michael Schaefer is another Conflict Prevention, Rule of Law, and Global prominent member of the Commission and was Governance, the areas of focus for my own or- able to contribute to its work not only in terms ganization, The Hague Institute for Global Jus- of his impressive expertise, but also through the tice. I was struck at the meeting by the various outstanding network to which he and the BMW

People from various backgrounds: Abiodun Williams at the 2nd Global Table in Italy, October 2014.

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"Reflecting on the Global Table, and on why its relevance endures, plaudits must go to the Foundation and the way in which it conceived a gathering of leading authorities on an important subject, and managed to do so in a Questioning conventional wisdom: ” The informal atmosphere spured new thinking and new connections.” way which fostered collegiali- Foundation have access. The discussion on natu- their institutional briefing books. The informal ral resources at the Global Table fed directly into atmosphere which predominated at Lake Como, ty and encouraged partici- the work of the Commission and helped to and the lack of a rigid structure to the meeting shape several of the recommendations which – even as it was well-moderated – combined to were presented at its launch, which took place at spur new thinking and new connections, enrich- pants to speak from their own the Peace Palace in The Hague in June 2015. Sa- ing the debate. The Global Table Series is an in- liently, the Commission drew attention to the spired initiative by the BMW Foundation and is security and governance implications of the un- making a sterling contribution to contemporary expertise as well as from their precedented transboundary movement of ille- discussions of critical issues in the field of secu- gally extracted natural resources and called for rity, justice, and governance. I am delighted that institutional briefing books." changes to the Extractive Industries Transparen- the Foundation has elected to focus its upcoming cy Initiative (EITI), including to ensure comple- Global Table cycle on the topic of good mentarity to the Sustainable Development governance, which is an imperative at the heart Goals, which were agreed in New York this Sep- of not only international development but also tember. of international security. It is my own belief that Reflecting on the Global Table, plaudits must without the rule of law, there can be no growth, go to the Foundation and how it conceived a no peace, and no guarantee of human rights. I gathering of leading authorities on an important welcome the contribution that will be made by subject, and managed to do so in a way that fos- the BMW Foundation and Global Table partici- tered collegiality and encouraged participants to pants to this field and look forward to support- speak from their own expertise as well as from ing this important initiative further. ■

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A Small World by Bhairavi Jani, Executive Director, SCA Group, Mumbai, 2nd Global Table

“ It's a world of laughter, a world of tears / It’s ment of trust, fellowship, and mutual respect a world of hopes and a world of fears / There’s that the BMW Foundation Global Table created, so much that we share / That it’s time we're allowed each one of us to fully appreciate the aware / It’s a small world after all.” interconnectedness of the world. Inspired by this The Sherman Brothers, in the early 1960s, impactful experience, I returned home to India wrote this song for a Walt Disney show, hoping to look at what we can do to find solutions to to spread the message of peace and harmony. many of India’s challenges and how we can in- Every time I hear it I am compelled to ask the volve the world more and more in that process. question: How do peace and harmony take From a business perspective, our strength lies in place in a world rife with economic, ecological, supply chain and logistics, and we decided to fo- social, religious, and racial conflict? Recognizing cus on using our strength as a point of conver- Eye-opening experience: ”Even the food pricing policy in my own country, India, has food security implications in Africa.” that Indonesia’s livelihood scarcity leads to im- gence and identify two challenges that deeply migration conflict in Australia, the melting of impaired India but could not be solved without Arctic ice causes flash floods in India’s Himala- global expertise. reduce the post-harvest losses for five major awareness and guidance, many of these crafts yan states, and the loss of security in Syria leads The first challenge at hand was arresting post- crops in India from 38 percent to less than ten remain stuck in time; making them relevant for to a refugee crisis in Europe, we humbly come to harvest food losses in India. Even though India is percent in the next five years. modern use and also making sure they reach accept that it is, indeed, a small world. the second-largest producer of fruits and vegeta- If these pilots succeed, the repercussions for markets beyond local cities, we need to devise At the BMW Foundation Global Table at Lake bles in the world, 38 percent post-harvest losses India – and for the world – are huge. If the fair trade supply chains and connect these small Como, it was an eye-opening experience to lis- make it one of the hungriest and most malnour- world’s second largest producer of fruits and rural communities to global markets. This will ten and acknowledge that even the food pricing ished nations in the world; 7,000 people die vegetables can reduce its post-harvest losses, the entail creating global supply chains that create policy of my own country, India, has food secu- every day in India due to malnourishment. To impact on global food security and hunger erad- local livelihoods, and we are excited to begin rity implications in African nations. As we face this challenge and take help from colleagues ication can be significant. The outcome in the this initiative this year. worked closely in groups to focus on a particular and experts from around the world, the SCA first six months has been overwhelming. The ex- I am hopeful that with reflection, humility, nation, Tanzania, the complexity of decisions Group, under its Research and Development di- tent of collaboration that has emerged has convergence, and collaboration, we will be able that Tanzania must undertake and the global fac- vision, created an initiative for taking a crop- shocked the cynics. For me personally, it was in- to move forward on both these and many more tors and actors that affect those decisions clearly specific approach in reducing post-harvest loss- spiring to see how people came together despite initiatives. And that makes me question why the presented to all of us an unambiguous truth: that es. We sought help from Dutch farmer co-ops their national, racial, and personal differences. world cannot collaborate more to ensure that a in an interconnected world, isolation is not just a and academia in undertaking workshops and The entire process until now has taught an im- more humane human society is left behind for figment of one’s imagination but is self-delusion- training for farmers. We introduced experts on portant lesson, and that is of building trust and future generations. Because just as the Sherman al and destructive to peace and harmony. specific crops from different nations to examine creating collaborative ecosystems for the world Brothers wrote in their song, “There is just one From this reflection emerges the humility to the post-harvest chains for five major fruits and to work together. The initial success of the first moon and one golden sun. / And a smile approach others across the world, to seek col- vegetables. As a result, a consortium of experts initiative has given way to the second one. In- means friendship to everyone. / Though the laboration on meeting challenges that are seem- from ten different nations is now working to- dia’s artisans and their handicrafts don’t manage mountains divide, / And the oceans are wide ingly difficult to surmount locally. The environ- gether as a team with one single objective: to to reach the global markets. Due to lack of / It's a small, small world.” ■

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"The experience of the Global Table made me realize that while we focus on natural resource governance, exploitation, and transformation, we easily underestimate that there could or will be an 'after,' a moment in which these resources will no longer be exploited for various reasons."

A casual atmosphere: Cristina D’Alessandro at the 5th Global Table in Tanzania.

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have learned over the years that students are "I am more than more involved and their learning is optimized if they have fun, I will now add that excitement ever convinced that about what is done together produces more involvement and action. This, of course, applies to the link between teaching, too. natural resource In terms of my research, I am now more de- termined and in a better position to use more exploitation and What a Professor comparative approaches between African dy- urban spaces is namics and what happens in Latin America and Asia. Now I not only have the determination, strong and deserves Takes Home from It but also the practical facilities (having met peo- a deep analysis at ple with whom this is possible) and opportunities to do so. various levels, by Cristina D’Alessandro, Professor, Paris School of International Beyond teaching and research, I am also in- Affairs, Sciences Po, Paris, 5th Global Table terrogating what “action” really means for my starting with local present and future career. I used to think that, as case studies." an academic, doing policy research was a way – maybe the only or at least the most efficient way – to have a concrete impact on the world, especially on African realities. Nowadays I wonder if reasons. We often fail to consider this time, as if I can do more and better, and how to do it. I natural resources will be there and usable forev- don’t have any satisfactory answer for now, but I er. This means that policy advisors like myself do knew it already, but I am even more con- been made possible and facilitated by the isola- am searching for it. not help people prepare for this moment, with vinced after the 5th BMW Foundation Glob- tion of the place, by the suggestive and aestheti- From a practical point of view, after the 5th possible consequences that could be dramatic, al Table in Tanzania that places where action cally pervasive beauty of the space surrounding Global Table, I want to focus on more local case especially for local communities and disadvan- I and events happen are key in shaping them. the event: the Ngorongoro Farm House, its si- studies, analyzing them in detail with other par- taged social groups. I am referring not only to the physical location lence, the coffee trees, the vegetation, and the ticipants. I am especially refering to the Baga- In conclusion and to summarize in a sentence of a place and its characteristics, but also to the marabous. I keep wondering what the real role moyo case study, which we looked at during the what natural resource governance is about, to- special alchemy created by a specific group of the isolation has been in the dynamics created event. day, in East Africa and elsewhere, I would say meeting at a specific moment in time. In the end, within a few days among a diverse group of peo- After participating in the 5th Global Table in that it is a matter of frameworks and stakeholder it is about what I would call, for lack of a better ple who in most cases did not know each other. Tanzania, I am more than ever convinced that involvement. How may everyone (including my- word, group leadership: a specific dynamic cre- Knowledge was created more by sharing than the link between natural resource exploitation self) improve these mechanisms? ■ ated by a particular group, producing a synergy, by discovering something new, emphasizing and urban spaces is strong and deserves a deep a common process, through its co-presence (be- some aspects usually taken for granted or forgot- analysis at various levels, from local case studies ing there together). ten and making them concrete and operational, (like what is happening in Bagamoyo) to region- I also learned how important ambiance is: a producing action (papers, declarations, etc.) and al consequences for city-regions specifically cre- friendly, open, and informal setting allows shar- soliciting participants to engage, both formally ated by natural resources. This takes me to an- ing more freely, without fears about perception as well as informally. other key take-away: the confirmation that the and possible use (and misuse) of information – My participation in the 5th Global Table will dynamics in our global world are intrinsically even when it is confidential. This creates a influence both my teaching and my research. Es- and inevitably multiscalar, meaning that they unique, positive setting that goes far beyond the pecially at the graduate level, but possibly also encompass various levels, from the most local to place itself and is so different from academic or for undergraduate courses, I will do my best to the international and global. scientific types of conferences. This feeling, at encourage and privilege group dynamics and The experience of the Global Table also made least for me, came also from the nice moments settings. Even if grades and evaluations push me realize that while we focus on natural re- spent “outside the real meeting”: at breakfast, university professors like me to favor individual source governance, exploitation, and transfor- lunch, and dinnertime, around the fireplace at expressions and performances of students, I will mation, we easily underestimate that there could night, and during the post-conference in the try to put in place more collective activities, es- or will be an “after,” a moment in which these Ngorongoro Conservation Area. All this has pecially trying to involve the whole class. If I resources will no longer be exploited for various

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Future Council, Hamburg (5) Röttgen Norbert Head of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, Lei Teng Senior Vice President, Russia-China Investment Fund, German Bundestag, Berlin (1) Moscow (4) Robins Nicola Director Incite, Scarborough (3) Leisinger Claudia Portrait and Documentary Photographer, Rudolf Moritz Research Fellow, Mercator Institute for China London (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) Studies (MERICS), Berlin (4) Li Lailai China Country Director , World Resources Institute Sach Karsten Head of Divison, European and International Participants in China, Beijing (1) Environmental Policy, Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Lina Li Project Manager, Adelphi consult GmbH, Berlin (2) Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Berlin (1) Litovsky Alejandro Founder and CEO, Earth Security Group, Savran Aslin First Secretary, Directorate General for Energy, London (1, 2, 3, 4) Water and Environmental Affairs, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Global Tables 1-5 Loesekrug-Pietri André Founding Chairman, A Capital Fund, Foreign Affairs, Ankara (4) Beijing (4) Schaefer Michael Chairman of the Board, BMW Foundation Lokurlu Ahmet CEO, Soliterm Group, Aachen (4) Herbert Quandt, Berlin and Munich (1, 2, 4, 5) Low Cheryl Director, Social Lending, Simply Giving.com, Kuala Scheeren Ole Architect and Founder, Büro Ole Scheeren, Lumpur (1) Beijing (1) Ma Jun Founding Director, Institute of Public and Environmental Semboja Josef Chief Executive Officer, Uongozi Institute, Dar es Adeyanju Matthew Kwabena Treasurer, Sekondi Takoradi Chamber Engelke Lutz Founder and Managing Partner, TRIAD Berlin Affairs, Beijing (1) Salaam (5) of Commerce and Industry, Takoradi (5) Projektgesellschaft mbH, Berlin (3) Maclay Michael Executive Chairman, Montrose Associates, Serre Julien Policy and Strategy Adviser, European Investment Adeyemi Kunlé Founder , NLÉ, Amsterdam (5) Estevadeordal Antoni Manager of the Integration and Trade Sec- London (1) Bank, Luxembourg (3) Abdul Rahman Eirliani Campaigns Director , Kailash Satyarthi tor, Inter-American Development Bank, Washington D.C. (2) Marton-Lefèvre Julia Former Director, General International Union Shaw Fiona Managing Director, Global Analytics Willis Group, Children‘s Foundation, New Delhi (2) Faller Tanja G. Senior Investment Manager, MEAG Munich Ergo for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Gland (1) London (2) Al Shehri Abdullah M. Governor, Electricity and Cogeneration AssetManagement, Munich (5) Mayer Mariano Head of the General Direction of Entrepreneurship Shen Wei Director, Confucius Institute, Lancaster University, Regulatory Authority, Riyadh (4) Fergütz Oscar Program Director, Sustainable Cities and Extractive City of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (5) Lancaster (4, 5) Amann Ralf Director, Brazil gmp – von Gerkan, Marg und Partner , Industries Fundación Avina, Curitiba (3) Militelli Valeria Corporate Affairs Director, Cargill, Sao Paulo (1, 3) Shi Ming Journalist and Writer, Berlin/China (4, 5) Rio de Janeiro (3) Filippova Liudmila Program Manager, Russian International Molina Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Senior Officer, NATO Simon Tobby Founder and Chairman, Synergia Foundation, Aslan Ali TV Host and Journalist, Deutsche Welle TV, Berlin (5) Affairs Council, Moscow (4) Operations Division, Brussels (2) Bangalore (1) Becker Thomas Vice President, BMW Group, Munich (3) Gao Shixian Deputy Director, General National Development Moura Costa Pedro President, BVRio Environmental Exchange, de Simoni Walter Program Officer , Latin America Regional Beckmann Bernd Partner, Raue LLP, Berlin (4) and Reform Commission (NDRC), Beijing (4) Rio de Janeiro (3) Climate Initiative, Rio de Janeiro (3) Besada Hany Regional Advisor, African Mineral Development Gerdts Michael German Ambassador (ret.), Owner, East Africa Müller Alexander Secretary, General Institute for Advanced Sittoni Pamela Maktosi Managing Editor , The EastAfrican, Centre (AMDC), United Nations Economic Commission for Africa Consultancy, Berlin (5) Sustainability Studies, Potsdam (3) Nation Media Group Limited, Nairobi (1) (UNECA) , Addis Ababa (5) Grossmann Christian Director, Climate Change, The World Navani Rajan Managing Director, Jetline Group of Companies, Skala-Kuhmann Astrid Director Global Partnerships and Bhattacharya Avijit Chief Executive Officer , Tata Cleantech Bank Group, Washington (4) Pune (1) Emerging Economies, German Federal Enterprise for International Capital Ltd., Mumbai (3) Großmann Wolf-Dieter Co-Founder, International Center of Nery Luciana Deputy Chief Resilience Officer, Rio de Janeiro‘s Cooperation (GIZ), Eschborn (1) Bickmeyer Anette Vice President, Sustainability Management Climate and Society (ICCS), Research Fellow at the Hamburg Operations Center, Rio de Janeiro (3) Stanic Ana Founder and Solicitor, Advocate E&A Law E.ON SE, Düsseldorf (4) Institute of International Economics; Visiting Professor of Qualitative Onken Jan Moritz Conductor and Artistic Director, Münster (5) Limited, London (2) Blachowicz Andrzej Managing Director, Climate Strategies, Systems Science, University of Graz (4) Oriol Josep Principal and Head of Environmental, Social and Tervo Liisa Chief Partnership Advisor, Uongozi Institute, Dar es London (5) Harks Enno Deputy Director, External Affairs and Senior Political Governance Matters, Kibo Capital Partners, Nairobi (5) Salaam (5) Boscov Adriana Corporate Sustainability Superintendent, Advisor BP Europe SE, Berlin (4) Orofino Alessandra Executive Director and Co-Founder , Meu Thamotheram Chandraraj CEO, Preventable Surprises, SulAmérica Seguros, Rio de Janeiro (3) Head Peter Founder and Chief Executive Director , The Ecological Rio, Rio de Janeiro (3) London (3) Bourbon Parme Jaime Ambassador to the Holy See, Dutch Sequestration Trust, London (3) Otorbaev Djoomart Former Prime Minister, Government Williams Abiodun President, The Hague Institute for Global Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Rome (2) Hipp Markus Executive Director, BMW Foundation Herbert of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek (4) Justice, The Hague (2) Brickell Julia Head of Hong Kong Office, International Finance Quandt, Berlin (3) Oyewole 'Dapo Special Adviser to the Minister of State for Finance, Wolf Gregor Program Leader, Sustainable Development Corporation (IFC), Hong Kong (1) Jani Bhairavi Executive Director, SCA Group of Companies, Federal Ministry of Finance, Abuja (1) The World Bank, Brasilia (3) Cai Solomon Chief Executive Officer, Globelink, China Investment Mumbai (2) Özdil Eser Secretary, General Petform, Ankara (5) Yunt Emre Director General, Multilateral Economic Affairs, Energy Ltd. , Shanghai (1) Kanza Elsie Head of Africa / Member of the Executive Committee, Passy Solomon Founder and President, The Atlantic Club and Environment, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs , de Carvalho Andre Pereira Researcher, Fundação Getulio World Economic Forum, Geneva (2) of Bulgaria, Sofia (3) Ankara (1) Vargas (FGV), São Paulo (3) Khong Cho-Oon Chief Political Analyst, Shell International BV , Patel Rachna Managing Director, Solar Kiosk Kenya Limited, Zhang William Y. CEO, China Great Wall Group Holdings Co., Camara Alejandra Director, Genesis, Buenos Aires (4) The Hague (2) Thakkar (5) Beijing (1) Chalyi Oleksandr President, Grant Thornton Ukraine, Kiev (2) Klabin Roberto President, Lide Sustainability, Lide - Grupo de Pighi Milena Head of Corporate Social Responsibility, BMW Zhou Hong Professor of European Politics and Modern History, Chaudhry Ravi Founder and Chairman, CeNext Consulting and Líderes Empresariais, São Paulo (3) Group, Munich (2) Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), Beijing (1) Investment, New Delhi (1, 2) Kortunov Andrey Director, General Russian International Affairs Popov Julian Chairman of the Board of Directors, Buildings Zipse Oliver Board of Management Member for Production, Contius Stephan Head of Division, Federal Ministry for Council, Moscow (2) Performance Institute, Brussels (2, 4) BMW Group, Munich (1) Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Berlin (2) Krüger Harald Chief Executive Officer, BMW Group, Munich (2) Reiter Janusz Chairman of the Board, Center for International Zuberi Adam Principal Petroleum Geologist, Ministry of Energy Corral Thais General Coordinator, REDEH, Rio de Janeiro (1, 3) Kryukov Valeriy Deputy Director for Science, Institute of Eco- Relations, Warsaw (1, 4) and Minerals, Dar es Salaam (5) D‘Alessandro Cristina Professor, Sciences Po, Paris (5) nomics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Datt Divya Fellow, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), Novosibirsk (5) New Delhi (1) Léautier Frannie Co-founding Partner and Chairperson, Mkoba (1) = 1st BMW Foundation Global Table, Hangzhou, China, July 2014. (2) = 2nd BMW Foundation Global Table, Menaggio, Italy, October 2014. (3) = 3rd Denning Glenn Director, Center on Globalization and Sustainable Private Equity Fund, Dar es Salaam (1, 2, 5) BMW Foundation Global Table, Santa Cruz Cabrália, Brazil, March 2015. (4) = 4th BMW Foundation Global Table, Lusławice, Poland, June 2015. (5) = 5th Development, New York (5) Leidreiter Anna Senior Program Manager, Climate Energy World BMW Foundation Global Table, Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania, September 2015.

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LIST OF REFERENCES Liudmila Filippova, Inna Veleva: The Great Sino-Russian Expectations: An Opening for Europe and Eurasia. Published: Can Europe Fill the Gap in China-Russia Relations? The Diplomat, 31.10.15. Wei Shen, André Loesekrug-Pietri, Michael Schaefer: Europe’s Strategic Interest to Drive the New Silk Road. Version published: It‘s in our interest to join Belt and Road strategy. China Daily European Weekly, 31.07.15. Version published: Route de la Soie et banque asiatique : l‘Europe doit s‘intéresser aux projets chinois. La Tribune, 02.07.15. Version published: Diplomatie mit neuen Mitteln, IP 1/2, 2016. Frannie A. Léautier, Michael Schaefer, Wei Shen: The Port of Bagamoyo: A Test for China’s New Maritime Silk Road in Africa. Published: A Test for China’s New Maritime Silk Road in Africa. The Diplomat, 01.12.15. Moritz Rudolf: Silk Road: A Bumpy Road Ahea. Published: China‘s ‚Silk Road‘ Initiative Is at Risk of Failure. The Diplomat, 24.09.15. Joseph Semboja, Michael Schaefer: Actions, Please! Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals. Published: Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals. Alliance Magazine, 05.10.15. Published: SDGs: Beyond the Decla- ration. The Citizen, Tanzania, 26.09.15.Michael Schaefer, Alejandro Litovsky: Assured Mutual Dependence. Published: Assured Mutual Dependence. Project Syndicate, 29.01.14. Julian Popov, Abdullah M. Al-Shehri: An International Process Full of Energy. Version published: Navigating the Ener- gy Revolution. Project Syndicate, 03.11.15.

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