Muhammadiyah Dan Adat Tanah Ulayat Minangkabau

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Muhammadiyah Dan Adat Tanah Ulayat Minangkabau MUHAMMADIYAH DAN ADAT TANAH ULAYAT MINANGKABAU Oleh: Iza Hanifuddin* Jurusan Syariah STAIN Ponorogo Jl. Pramuka No. 156 Kecamatan Ponorogo, Kabupaten Ponorogo, Jawa Timur 63471 e-mail: [email protected] Abstract:: Minangkaubaunese has believed the importance of land for centuries. Rules concerning with land within the life of Minangkabaunese traditionally can be said to be genuine community. Lands, as they believe, is basically a symbol of their own identity which is called ulayat. Furthermore, land is one of the institutional elements of matrilineal system which determines individual and communal integrity, and original and migrant residents to base any decision dealing with succeeding the right of particular region. According to rules, land are not to be sold or used for as a warranty the purpose of making loans. The influence of Muhammdiyah toward Minangkabau has colored the pattern and offered new model of the management of ulayat from succeeding communal to organizational communal by keeping the tradition concerning with the status of waqf and prohibition to be sold and diminished. All land assets, therefore, are in the control of business division of Muhammadiyah. Kata kunci: kaum tua, kongres Minangkabau, Islam abangan, madrasah al-muballighin, eigendom PENDAHULUAN berfungsi mengatur penggunaan P eradaban awal masyarakat asli tanah dan sumber alam lainnya agar adalah berburu hewan dan ikan tidak digunakan sewenang-wenang. atau mengambil hasil hutan untuk Filsafat adat mengajarkan nilai-nilai hidup. Tanah bagi mereka tidak yang agak universal sifatnya. Hak terlalu penting kecuali setelah pola terhadap tanah mencerminkan tang- hidup mereka sudah berpindah gung jawab keluarga, kelompok, dan menjadi masyarakat tani. Bagi pengelola secara bersama. Tanah masyarakat asli yang sudah hidup mesti dipelihara untuk generasi yang dengan pola pertanian dan masya- akan datang, tidak boleh dieksploi- rakat adat secara umum, tanah me- tasikan secara habis-habisan sehing- rupakan bahan alam yang amat ga menyebabkan terputusnya hu- berharga dalam pengertian-pengerti- bungan antara generasi mendatang an maknawi berkaitan budi dan dengan keturunan nenek moyang. kemuliaan hati. Persepsi mereka Menurut adat, tanah tidak boleh tentang tanah ini telah membentuk dijualbeli atau dimiliki secara pri- berbagai kebiasaan dan undang- badi, di mana tanah merupakan undang adat berkaitan tanah yang milik komuniti yang digunakan * Penulis adalah Dosen pada STAIN Ponorogo 12 Iza Hanifuddin, Muhammadiyah dan Adat Tanah Ulayat MinangKabau… 13 secara bersama oleh komuniti. Inilah Sebagai organisasi yang lahir di sebagian dari nilai-nilai filsafat adat Jawa, Muhammadiyah yang sering yang mereka pegangi yang di mana diidentikkan sebagai gerakan Islam pada hari ini sudah mulai terkikis modernis dianggap tepat berada di akibat pembangunan dan maraknya Minangkabau yang merupakan pemilikan tanah secara pribadi pusat lahirnya gerakan Islam mo- (Hasan Mat Nor, 1996: 54). dern di Nusantara. Sering didengar Masyarakat Minangkabau telah bahwa kultur keislaman masyarakat melihat pentingnya tanah sejak za- Minangkabau ialah Muhammadiyah. man dahulu. Konsep peraturan adat Oleh karena itu, melihat hadirnya berkaitan harta dan tanah yang ada Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau ini dalam kehidupan masyarakat yang sudah cukup lama, akan coba Minangkabau secara tradisional da- dilihat bagaimana sejarah Muham- pat dikatakan masih dalam taraf madiyah menjelaskan pemikiran dan masyarakat asli. Tanah bagi mereka menunjukkan praktek-prakteknya merupakan simbol adat itu sendiri. berkaitan adat tanah ulayat yang Dalam penjelasan konsep harta sudah menjadi sistem yang lebih di atas dapat diperoleh gambaran lama lagi membumi di Minang bahwa harta pusaka ada dua, yaitu Kabau. tanah dan bukan tanah. Kategori tanah termasuk apa yang tumbuh di SEKILAS SEJARAH KEDATANG- atasnya, apa yang ada di dalamnya, AN MUHAMMADIYAH DI dan apa yang ada di atasnya. MINANGKABAU Kategori bukan tanah, yaitu harta tak bergerak seperti rumah dan harta Muhammadiyah hadir di bergerak seperti keris, pakaian, Minangkabau pada tahun 1925 penghulu, dan yang berkaitan gelar sepulang kunjungan Haji Abdul kebesaran. Kendaraan dan ternak Karim Amrullah ke Yogyakarta termasuk kategori harta bergerak, untuk menjumpai KH. Ahmad tetapi tidak ada hubungannya Dahlan sebagai seorang sahabat dengan gelar kebesaran. Dengan yang sama-sama pernah belajar demikian, tanah menduduki tempat kepada Shaykh Ahmad Khatib al- yang penting dalam hal harta Minangkabawi. Muhammadiyah sen- pusaka. Bagi masyarakat adat diri didirikan pada tahun 1912 di Minangkabau, tanah adalah salah Yogyakarta. Hubungan rapat ini satu simbol dan unsur institusi adat kerana kedua-dua beliau mem- matrilineal, penentu martabat se- punyai tujuan dan perjuangan yang seorang dan suku, penentu status sama. Bahkan, KH. Ahmad Dahlan penduduk asli dan tidak asli yang berlangganan Majalah Al-Munir berfungsi sebagai dasar penentu yang beliau kelola bersama Haji pewarisan hak-hak kebesaran negeri Abdullah Ahmad. Sejarah pertemu- (A. M. Datuk Maruhum Batuah & D. an ini bermula ketika menantu H. Bagindo Tanameh, 1954: 41). beliau, yaitu Ahmad Rasyid Sutan 14 JURIS Volume 14, Nomor 1 (Juni 2015) Mansur (A.R. Sutan Mansur) telah dijelaskan membuat beliau sangat mengenal dan menjadi anggota leluasa memberikan kritikannya Muhammadiyah langsung dari pen- kepada pengurus Muhammadiyah dirinya, yaitu KH. Ahmad Dahlan yang dikatakannya tersangat taklid sejak 1921 sehingga akhirnya men- kepada setiap keputusan Muham- jadi pengurus organisasi ini di madiyah pusat yang ada di Pekalongan (Hamka, 2006: 231). Yogyakarta. Salah satu amalan yang Muhammadiyah di Sumatera dianggap taklid ialah pengumpulan Barat pertama kali berdiri di Sungai zakat secara terancang. Menurut Batang Maninjau, kampung Haji beliau, zakat tidak boleh dikum- Abdul Karim Amrullah dan me- pulkan seperti demikian, semua nyebar ke perkampungan sekitar terserah kepada pemberi zakat, danau Maninjau, seperti Matur, hendak ke mana dan kepada siapa Palembayan, Lawang, Sungai zakat tersebut diberikan. Kritikan Landir, sehingga akhirnya ke Agam. lainnya ialah perempuan Aisyah Sekalipun tidak menjadi anggota suka pergi ke mana-mana dalam Muhammadiyah, beliau diakui se- organisasi tanpa ditemani oleh bagai pembawa Muhammadiyah ke mahram-nya, perempuan menyam- Sumatera Barat dan pelindung paikan ucapan di hadapan kaum organisasi ini bersama Shaykh Jamil lelaki, perempuan turut salat Idul Jambek. Oleh karena itu, saran dan Fitri di lapangan, dan sebagainya nasehat beliau sering dijadikan sehingga beliau mesti menuliskan pertimbangan oleh pengurus kritikannya ini dalam karya tulis Muhammadiyah. bertajuk: Cermin Terus, Berguna untuk Di antara tokoh Muhammadiyah Pengurus, Pencari Jalan yang Lurus. yang lahir di daerah ini, yaitu Buku ini telah mendatangkan protes Hamka, anak Haji Abdul Karim dari kaum perempuan kerana buku Amrullah, AR. Sutan Mansur, tersebut dianggap telah melecehkan menantu beliau yang menjadi mereka dan model pakaian mereka. pengurus besar Muhammadiyah Buku ini juga dianggap sebagai buku Pusat, Yusuf Amrullah, sang adik cabul yang disejajarkan dengan buku yang menjadi ketua Muhammadiyah Sumandari-Suroto yang terbit pada di Maninjau, Zain Jambek, pe- masa itu dan diprotes oleh masya- mimpin utama Muhammadiyah, rakat kerana melecehkan Nabi Jamilah Jambek, pengurus besar Muhammad saw. Para perempuan bahagian Aisyiah Muhammadiyah, ini memprotes dan bergabung dalam Zainal Abidin Jambek, konsul SKIS (Serikat Kaum Ibu Sumatera) Muhammadiyah di Palembang, bersama MTKAAM (Majelis Tinggi Saaduddin Jambek, pengurus Kerapatan Adat Alam Minangkabau) Muhammadiyah bagian pengajaran. yang diketuai oleh seorang tokoh Bahkan, orang-orang terkenal di adat, Datuk Simarajo. Bahkan, H. Muhammadiyah pusat juga banyak Mahmud Yunus juga sempat yang berasal dari Sumatera Barat membahas buku tersebut dalam (Hamka, 1967: 163-164). forum diskusi di surau Shaykh Jamil Kedudukan Haji Abdul Karim Jambek Bukittinggi (Hamka, 1967: Amrullah yang seperti sudah 164-175). Iza Hanifuddin, Muhammadiyah dan Adat Tanah Ulayat MinangKabau… 15 Ketika Muhammadiyah mulai paling banyak memiliki sekolah, berkembang luas di Sumatera Barat, yaitu 122 sekolah. Bandingkan Shaykh Muhammad Zain, salah dengan Persatuan Muslimin Indonesia seorang Kaum Tua juga turut serta yang hanya memiliki 4 sekolah, menjadi anggota dan membawa Diniyyah 120 sekolah, Thawalib 44 Muhammadiyah tersebut ke Simabur. sekolah, dan institusi pendidikan Banyak penghulu yang ikut dalam yang diasaskan oleh Kaum Tua 45 persyarikatan ini, antara lain Datuk sekolah (Azyumardi Azra, 2003: 22). Majo Indo (Kepala Nagari Simabur), Datuk Mangkuto Majolelo, dan MUHAMMADIYAH DAN ADAT Datuk Bungsu. Bahkan, di Simabur ULAYAT ini mereka berjaya mendirikan HIS (Sekolah Rakyat) Muhammadiyah. Berkaitan amalan adat, kaum Melalui propaganda SJ. Sutan modern Muhammadiyah sebagaimana Mangkuto, Shaykh Muhammad dilaporkan oleh Peacock telah Jamil Jaho akhirnya juga bergabung memandang bahwa adat matrilineal sebagai anggota Muhammadiyah. Minangkabau sama dengan Islam Ketika kemudian diketahui bahwa Abangan di Yogyakarta (Ken Young, Kaum Muda telah menjadikan 1994: 95). Selain ini, pikiran-pikiran Muhammadiyah sebagai alat untuk Muhammadiyah lebih banyak menyebarkan faham pembaharuan- disampaikan oleh tokoh sentralnya, nya (Ken Young, 1994: 106). Kaum yaitu Hamka. Pada masa ini, Tua akhirnya banyak yang keluar ungkapan bahwa adat lama tak dari Muhammadiyah dan mendirikan lekang oleh panas, tak lapuk oleh hujan
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